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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 







Revised Edition 
THE NEW 

AMERICAN 



BOTANIST AND FLORIST 



INCLUDING LESSONS IN THE 



STRUCTURE, LIFE, AND GROWTH OF PLANTS 



TOGETHER WITH 



A SIMPLE ANALYTICAL FLORA 

DESCRIPTIVE OF THE NATIVE AND CULTIVATED PLANTS GROWING IN THE 
ATLANTIC DIVISION OF THE AMERICAN UNION 

I) ■ ,■ 

: g * • by 

ALPHONSO WOOD, A.M., Ph.D 

LATE PROF. OF BOTANY IN THE COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, NEW YORK ; AUTHOR OF THE 
CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY, ETC. 



REVISED AND EDITED BY 

OLIVER R. WILLIS, A.M., Ph.D 

INSTRUCTOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN THE ALEXANDER INSTITUTE ; AUTHOR OF PLANTS OP 
NEW JERSEY AND FLORA OF WESTCHESTER CO., N. Y. 




/ 



Copyright, 1870 and 1889, by 

A. S. BARNES & COMPANY 

NEW YORK AND CHICAGO 



N 






WOOD'S BOTANIES. 



OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY, pp. 340, 12mo. An introduction to the 
Science, full of lively description and truthful illustrations ; with a limited Flora, hut 
a complete System of Analysis. 

THE BOTANIST AND FLORIST, pp. 620, 12mo. A thorough text-book, com- 
prehensive and practical ; with a Flora, and System of Analysis equally complete. 
" I have been deeply impressed, almost astonished (writes Prof. A. Winchell, of 
University of Michigan), at the evidence which this work bears of skillful and 
experienced authorship— nice and constant adaptation to the wants and conveniences 
of students in Botany," etc. 

REVISED LESSONS IN THE LIFE AND GROWTH OF PLANTS. 
These Lessons constitute the introductory part of the "Botanist and Florist." The 
chapters on Structure and Morphology have been revised, and those on Histology and 
Physiology rewritten. The Lessons will still be the introduction to the " Botanist 
and Florist ; " they will also be published separately in a book of about 200 pp., and 
present the subject to the student in a clear, concise manner. They will be a 
suitable companion and introduction to any of the Manuals of the Floras of the 
several parts of the country. 

THE CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY, pp. 850, 8vo. The principles of the Science 
more fully announced and illustrated — the Flora and Analysis complete, with all our 
plants portrayed in language both scientific and popular. " The whole science (writes 
Prof. G. H. Perkins, of Vermont University), so far as it can be taught in a college 
course, is well presented, and rendered unusually easy of comprehension. I regard 
the work as most admirable." 

THE PLANT RECORD— a beautiful book, for classes and amateurs, showing, in 
a few pages, how to analyze a plant— any plant, and furnishing tablets for the sys- 
tematic record of the analysis. 

FLORA ATLANTICA, or WOOD'S DESCRIPTIVE FLORA, pp. 448, 
12mo. This work is equivalent to the Part IV of the Botanist and Florist, being a 
succinct account of all the plants growing East of the Mississippi Elver, both native 
and cultivated, with a system of analytical tables well-nigh perfect. 

WOOD'S BOTANICAL APPARATUS— a complete outfit, for the field and the 
herbarium. It consists of a portable trunk, a Wire Drying Press, a Knife-trowel, a 
Microscope, and Forceps. 



"FOURTEEN WEEKS" IN EACH SCIENCE. 

By J. Dormah Steele, Ph.D., LL.D., F. G. S., Etc. 



PHILOSOPHY. 
CHEMISTRY. 



U 



Wow Beady : 

PHYSIOLOGY. 
GEOLOGY. 
A KEY to Practical Questions in Steele's Works 
Sawn volumes: each, post-paid, $1.25. 



ZOOLOGY. 

ASTRONOMY. 



PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION. 

In preparing the present work, it was our purpose to furnish 
the student in Botany with a complete manual within the compass 
of an ordinary duodecimo volume. To this end, we have revised 
the introductory treatise and recorded the principles of the Science 
in fewer words, occupying but two thirds the space so used in the 
Class-book. We have thus made room for the introduction of a 
series of Synoptical Tables — a feature entirely new — exhibiting the 
principles contained in the several chapters at a single glance, and 
in their combined relations. They are intended for the blackboard, 
and we are confident that both teacher and pupil will find them an 
essential aid both to the understanding and memory. 

Our new Flora will be found a phenomenon in brevity. Within 
the space of 426 duodecimo pages, in fair leaded type, we have 
recorded and defined nearly 4,500 species — all the known Flowering 
and Fern-like plants, both native and cultivated (not excepting the 
Sedges and Grasses), growing in the Atlantic half of the country. 
This has been attained by avoiding repetitions. In the final defini- 
tion of the species (see, for example, B. bulbosus, the Bulbous But- 
tercup, p. 20), we give but one, two, three, rarely four lines. This 
can not, of course, include its full portraiture. It includes only 
those few features which have not already been given elsewhere, 
and which here serve to distinguish the B. bulbosus from the two 
preceding species with which it stands grouped in the table. But 
the full portraiture of B. bulbosus (and of every species) will nev- 
ertheless be found in the Flora. Some of its features are given 
under its genus, Ranunculus ; some under its Order ; some under 
its Cohort ; others under its Class and its Sub-kingdom. Moreover, 
all along the path of its analysis through the tables its characters 
are announced and recognized ; so that if all the statements descrip- 
tive of B. bulbosus were collected, we should have nearly a half 
page of text, and no important character left unnoticed. 



IV PREFACE. 

Between the cultivated exotics and the wild native or natural- 
ized species constituting our own flora, a distinction is made in the 
type. The names of the latter are expressed in full-face Roman 
for the species, and Italic for the varieties. The names of the 
exotics are in small capitals. 

The geographical limits of the present flora are the same as 
those adopted in the Class-book ; viz., all the States of the Ameri- 
can Union lying east of the Mississippi River. This will necessarily 
include so many of the plants of the States bordering on the west- 
ern shore of the Mississippi, that the book may be regarded as 
well adapted to those States also. 

It gives me great pleasure to acknowledge my obligations to 
the friends whose names occur below and in many other parts of 
our work, for their contributions of new and rare plants, and for 
valuable information concerning them ; — first, and especially, to 
Prof. Thos. C. Porter, of Lafayette College ; to E. L. Hankenson, 
Newark, N.Y. ; to John "Wolf, Canton, 111. ; to Chs. H. Peck, Al- 
bany, ]ST.Y. ; to Wm. R. Qtrard, Esq., Poughkeepsie, N.Y. ; to N. 
Colman, Iowa ; to Rev. J. H. Carruth, Kansas ; to Dr. W. 
Matthews, Dakota ; to H. Mapes, Michigan, etc., etc. 



EDITOR'S PREFACE. 

Dr. Wood's "Lessons in the Structure and. Growth of 
Plants " was designed for an introduction to this delightful 
department of Natural History, and to qualify the student in 
Botany to make intelligent use of a Flora. The book is well 
known to educators, and the instructors in our high-schools and 
colleges have acknowledged its worth and conferred upon it the 
highest degree of approval by using it as a text-book. 

It was written more than twenty years ago ; since then im- 
proved methods of examination, with the aid of new microscopical 
appliances, have revealed much in all departments of biology, and 
especially in the structure and formation of plant-tissues. 

These discoveries have introduced in some parts new and in 
others additional names. 

To bring the work to the advanced state of the science, the 
chapters on Organography have been revised, and the parts on 
Histology and Physiology have been entirely rewritten and 
newly illustrated, and the whole reset in fresh and modern type. 

The third chapter of the Introduction has been recast, en- 
larged, and newly illustrated. 

In preparing the parts that are rewritten, the Editor has 
aimed not to enlarge, but rather to be more concise than the 
Author was upon the same subjects, believing that in a text-took 
brief and clear statement is more acceptable to the teacher and 
useful to the learner than lengthy discussion. 

The chapters and sections on Structure, or Organography, 
have been revised as to nomenclature ; but otherwise have not 
been disturbed, and the sequence of subjects has been preserved. 

The Index and Glossary have been altered and enlarged, to 
suit the additional and revised matter; the words in the Glossary 
have been divided and accented to correspond with the latest 
authorities on Pronunciation. 



Vi EDITOR'S PREFACE. 

It was the intention of the Author that this work should be a 
text-hook suited to the needs of students in our Academies, 
High-schools, and Colleges, intending his " Object Lessons in 

Botany" to meet the wants of younger pupils; hence, in the 
changes that have been made this design has been kept in view. 

The work now, with its revision, new matter, additional illus- 
trations, and fresh type, is substantially a new book. 

Its original character for educational purposes has been care- 
fully preserved and in several features improved. It is in its new 
form a suitable introduction and companion to any of the man- 
uals of the Flora of North America. 

It affords the Editor great pleasure to record the acknowledg- 
ment of his obligations to his personal friends among the botanists 
of New York and vicinity for their sympathy in the work. 

He is especially indebted to Dr. Geo. Macloskie, Senior Pro- 
fessor of Botany and Zoology in the John C. Green School of 
Science, at the College of New Jersey, for efficient aid and judi- 
cious criticism, upon the subjects of Histology and Physiology, 
where the statements are based upon microscopic examination. 

His gratitude is due to Dr. John S. Newberry, of Columbia 
College, for his kind suggestions and encouragement. 

Also to Hon. Judge A. Brown and to Mr. W. H. Rudkin, of 

New York, for their kind and valuable advice. 

O. R. WILLIS, Editor. 
White Plains, New York, 

March, 1889. 



SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS. 

An enlightened instructor is disappointed, on opening a text-book, if he 
does not find some hint from the author as to the mode of using it. 

Our best teachers of Botany differ as to what should he the subject first 
presented to the pupil's notice. 

One would commence with the Seed ; another, with the Flower ; a third, 
with Histology and Physiology. 

These Lessons are so arranged that the learner may commence either 
with the Flower, which would lead through Organography, or Structural 
Botany, up to the Seed ; or, if the teacher prefer, be can have his class com- 
mence with the Second part, which treats of the Cells and Vessels that build 
up plants and trees. 

In either case, we advise that the four chapters which make up the intro- 
duction be carefully studied, by using them as reading and talking lessons, 
with simple illustrations, until they are well understood. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS: 



TOGETHER WITH A SYLLABUS OE THE MORE PRACTICAL SUB- 
JECTS, DESIGNED AS EXERCISES ON THE BLACKBOARD, 
PRELIMINARY TO THE LESSONS. 



N. B— We give the Syllabus of but a few Chapters, and of fewer entire, in order that the 
pupil may exercise his own skill in supplying deficiencies. The teacher should require 
this. The abbreviation (etc.) indicates a table unfinished. 

INTRODUCTION Page 9 

Chapter I. Aids to the Study of Botany 9 

Chapter U. Departments of Science 11 

* Existence, individually ; (§ 13.) 

a As an inorganic mass, is A Mineral. 

b As an organic body, 

—Endowed with, life A Plant. 

— Endowed with life and perception An Animal. 

* Existence, collectively, Nature. (§ 12), etc. 

* Existence, objectively, Science. (§ 16-18), etc. 

* Department of Botany. (§ 19-23), etc. 

* Classification. (§ 27-30), etc. 

* Nomenclature. (§ 25, 26.) 

a Local appellatives in common use Trivial Names. 

b Universal appellatives adopted in Science Latin Names. 

— The name of the Genus Generic. 

— The name of the Species ^, Specific. 

— The name of the Individual Proper. 

Chapter in. Stages of Plant Life 15 

First Stage ; asleep in the Seed Embryo. 

Second Stage ; development. 

— a Awakening and beginning to grow , Germination. 

— b Developing leaves and branches "Vegetation. 



2 CONTENTS. 

Third Stage ; leaves transformed to flowers Flowering. 

Fourth Stage; maturity. 

— c Flowers maturing into fruit Fructification. 

— d Fruit ripe and the plant exhausted. Hibernation Death. 

Chaptee IV. Term of Plant Life 20 

§ Plant fruiting but once, and 

—a Dying in its first year ® Annual Herb. 

—b Dying after its second year @ Biennial Herb. 

—c Dying after many years Monocarpic. 

§ Plant fruiting more than once (perennial), 

a With annual stems, is a U Perennial Herb. 

b With perennial stems becoming woody. 

1, If lower than or equaling the human stature Undershrub. 

2, If taller, 7 to 20 feet high Shrub. 

3, If still taller, with a distinct trunk A Tree. 

t Trees with annual foliage, shed in Autumn .Deciduous. 

+ Trees with perennial foliage Fvergreen. 

PART FIRST.— STRUCTURAL BOTANY, OR ORGANOGRAPHY 23 

Chapter I. The Flower. It may consist of 23 

a The leafy Envelopes, or Perianth, in 2 whorls or sets. 

1, The outer circle, of Sepals, usually green Calyx. 

2, The inner circle, of Petals, usually colored Corolla. 

6 The Essential Organs, also in 2 whorls or sets. 

3, An outer set, of Stamens, within the corolla Andrcecium. 

4, The inner and central set, of Pistils Gyncecium. 

e The base, or platform on which these organs stand Torus. 

Chapter H. Plan of the Flower.— The Typical Flower 25 

1, Consisting of 4 whorled sets of organs, is Complete. 

2, Each set having the same number of parts — Symmetrical. 

3, The parts composing each set uniform Regular. 

4, All the parts separate and distinct from each other Free. 

5, Parts of adjacent sets alternating in position Alternate. 

Chapters DH. and IV. Anomalous Flowers. Deviations from the Type. 28 

1, Variations in the Radical Number From ty to ^, 

2, Deficiencies, rendering the flower 

a Incomplete. 

— Corolla wanting Apetalous. 

—Corolla and calyx both wanting Naked. 

b Imperfect. 

—The stamens wanting $ Pistillate. 

—The pistils' wanting $ Staminate. 



CONTENTS. 3 

c Unsymmetrical, from, the suppression of a part of some set. 
d Organs opposite, from the suppression of some entire set. 

3, Redundancies. 

a Organs increased in number, 

—By multiples Multiplication. 

— By clusters Chorisis. 

b Appendages. 

— Horn-like nectaries projecting backward Spurs. 

—Attached to the inside of the petals Scales. 

-Enlarged scales Crown. 

— Olandular bodies Glands. 

4, Union of Parts. 

a By Cohesion. 

—Petals united Gamopetalous, or Monopetalous. 

—Stamens united Monadelphous. 

—Pistils united Compound. 

b By Adhesion. 

—Parts blended with the Calyx Perigynous. 

—Parts blended with the Ovary Epigynous. 

5, Irregularities. — Torus lengthened, excavated, etc. 

— Like organs, becoming unequal in size, etc. 

Chapter V. Of the Eloral Envelopes, or Perianth 36 

Chapter VI. Eorms of the Perianth 41 

1, Dialypetalous, or Polypetalous. 

* Regular. 

— a Eour long-clawed petals spreading at right-angles.. Cruciferous. 

— b Five short-clawed spreading petals Rosaceous. 

— cEive spreading petals on long erect claws. ..Caryophyllaceous. 
—d A 6-leaved gradually spreading perianth Liliaceous. 

* Irregular. 

— e Eive petals, 2 pairs and an odd one Papilionaceous. 

—f Six petals, one of them lip-like Orchidaceous. 

2, Gamopetalous, or Monopetalous. (§ 102.) 

* Regular. 

— a Tube very short, border flat, spreading Rotate. 

—b Tube very short, border wide, concave, Oup-form, etc., etc. 

* Irregular. 

— c Cylindrical tube split down, etc. (§ 103.) 
| Transformations of the Perianth. (§ 104-108.) 

1, In the Compositae. A circle of dry scales or bristles Pappus. 

2, In the Bog-Rushes. A circle of 6 (more or less) bristles Setae. 

3, In the Sedges (Carices). A bottle-shaped envelope Perigynium. 

4, In the Grasses. Chaff -like coverings Glunus, and Pales. 



CONTENTS. 

Chapter VII. Attributes of the Essential Organs.— Parts 46 

1, In respect to Number.— a etc. (§ 118, two conditions.) 

2, In position. 

—a On the torus, free from all other organs Hypogynous. 

— b Adherent to the calyx, etc. (§ 119, four other conditions.) 

3, In cohesions. 

—a United into one set, etc. (§ 120, five modes.) 

Chapter VHI. The Pistils— Its Parts (§ 125) 52 

1, The simple ovary. 

—a Encloses a single cavity Its Cell. 

— b Produces little buds becoming seeds Ovules. 

— c And two fleshy ridges bearing the ovules Placentae. 

2, The compound ovary. 

—a May contain as many cells as carpels. 

— b Must have 2 (or a double) placentae in each cell. 

— c And an equal number of ovules in each cell. 

3, The number of carpels in a compound ovary is known— 

1, By the number of distinct styles, if any. 

2, By the number of distinct stigmas. 

3, By the number of the cells ; or, if there be but one, 

4, By the number of external lobes, angles, or sutures. 

Chapter IX. The Ovules 58 

Chapter X. The Fruit.— Pericarp. — Dehiscence 60 

Chapter XI. Porms of the Pericarp. (See Syllabus, § 150) 64 

Chapter XH. The Seed 69 

Chapter XIH. G-ermination 74 

Chapter XIV. The Boot, or Descending Axis. — Porms 78 

* Axial Boots, or Tap-Boots, having the main axis devoloped. 

1, The woody tap-root of most trees, branching Bamous. 

2, Tuberous tap-roots. 

—a Shaped like a spindle (Beet) Fusiform. 

—6 Shaped like a cone (Carrot) Conical 

— c Shape rounded or depressed (Turnip) Napiform. 

* Inaxial Boots, having only the branches developed. 

3, Boot consisting of numerous thread-like divisions Fibrous. 

4, Boot fibro-tuberous. 

—a Some of the fibers thickened Fasciculate. 

—b Fibers abruptly knotted Nodulous. 

—c The knots at regular intervals Moniliform. 

—d Fibers bearing little tubers Tubercular. 



CONTENTS. 5 

Chapter XV. Of the Stem, or Ascending Axis 84 

Chapter XVT. Forms of the Leaf -Stems, aerial, caulescent 88 

1, Jointed, or hollow stems of Grasses, Sedges, Canes Culm. 

2, The stout woody stem of Trees, covered with bark Trunk. 

3, The woody, simple columns of Palms, etc., without bark Caudex. 

4, Weak, slender stems, climbing or trailing Vine. 

Chapter XVII. Forms of Scale-Stems, acaulescent 92 

1, Slender, prostrate, rooting, on or in the ground Creeper. 

2, Fleshy, thick, rooting, mostly under ground Rhizome. 

3, Swollen with starch, under ground, with buds (eyes) Tuber. 

4, Bulbous, solid, with thin scales, under ground Corm. 

5, Bulbous, consisting mostly of thick scales Bulb. 

Chapter XVm. The Leaf -Bud. Vernation (and Estivation, Chap. XXTV) 97 

* Separate ; regarding a single leaf (petal or sepal) in bud. 

1, Leaf flat, neither folded nor rolled in the bud Open. 

2, Bent forward, apex toward the base Reclined. 

3, Folded on the axis Conduplicate. 

4, Folded in plaits like a fan Plicate. 

5, Rolled on its axis downward Circinate. 

6, Rolled with its axis. 

— a From one edge into a scroll Convolute. 

—b From both edges inward Involute. 

— c From both edges backward Revolute. 

* General ;— regarding the whole bud. 

1, Edges meeting, Valvate. 

— With the margins straight Valvate. 

— With the margins involute Induplicate, 

— With the margins revolute Reduplicate. 

2, One edge overlapping, each leaf oblique .... Twisted or Contorted. 

3, Both edges overlapping, Imbricate. 

a Conduplicate leaves, alternately. 

— Embracing Equitant. 

—Half embracing Obvolute. 

b Leaves in threes, one of them exterior Triquetrous. 

c Leaves in fives, two of them exterior Quincuncial. 

d Each leaf or petal embracing all those within Convolute. 

e Exterior petal largest (Sweet Pea) Vexillary. 

4, G-amopetalous corolla folded in plaits. 

—Plaits straight Plicate. 

—Plaits oblique Supervolute. 

Chapter XLX. Of the Leaf .— Phyllotaxy 102 



6 CONTENTS. 

Chapter XX. Morphology of the Leaf .— § Venation 106 

1, Veins simple and parallel, as in the Endogens Parallel-veined. 

2, Veins dividing without uniting again, as in Perns Pork- veined. 

3, Veins netted, as in the Exogens, viz. : 

a Larger veins arranged as in a feather Pinni- veined. 

b Larger veins 5 to 9, arranged as the fingers Palmi- veined. 

c Larger veins only 3, arranged as the fingers Triple- veined. 

§ Special Veins. 

1, In feather-veined leaves. 

— The chief vein forming the axis Mid-vein. 

— Lateral branches of the mid-vein Veinlets. 

— The branches of the veinlets Veinulets. 

2, In palmi-veined leaves, or triple-veined. 

a The coequal veins running through the blade, are Veins 

b The branches of the veins, are (as in feather-veined) Veinlets, 

Chapter XXI. Porms of Leaves. (Morphology, continued) 112 

* Pinni-veined Leaves. 

a Lower veinlets longer than the upper. 

1, Outline of an egg Ovate. 

2, Outline of a lance, or narrow-ovate Lanceolate. 

3, Porm of the Q-reek letter A Deltoid. 

b The middle veinlets longest, lower and upper equal. 

4, Circular, or nearly so Orbicular. 

5, Outline of an elliptic spring. Elliptical. 

6, Egg-shaped, with equal rounded ends Oval. 

7, Narrowly oval, with obtuse ends Oblong. 

The upper veinlets longest. 

8, Inversely ovate, narrower at the base Obovate. 

9, Inversely lanceolate, narrower at the base Oblanceolate. 

10, Obtuse at apex, narrowed to the base Spatulate. 

11, Shaped like a wedge, the point at base , Cuneate. 

d Lowest veinlets longest and recurved. 

12, A re-entering angle, or sinus, at base. Heart-shaped. .Cordate. 

13, Base-lobes ear-shaped Auriculate. 

14, Base-lobes arrow-shaped Sagittate. 

15, Base-lobes turned outward Hastate. 

* Dissected Porms. 

a Pinnately cut or divided. 

1, "With regular lateral segments Pinnatifid. 

2, With segments recurved or hooked Buncinate. 

3, Terminal segment enlarged Lyrate. 

4, Segments many and narrow Pinnatisect. 

5, Segments and sinuses rounded Sinuate. 

b Palmately cut or lobed. 



CONTENTS. 7 

6, Lobes only 3 Trilobate. 

7, Lobes 5 or more Palmately-lobed. 

8, Lobes deeply divided Palmately parted. 

9, Side-lobes again 2-lobed Pedate. 

Chapter XXII. Forms of Compound Leaves 118 

* Pmnately compound. 

a Once compounded, consisting of — 

1, Two leaflets opposite and equal Binate. 

2, Three leaflets, the odd one petiolulate . .. .Pinnately-trifoliate. 

3, Pour or more equal leaflets, all in pairs Equally pinnate. 

4, Pive or more equal leaflets, all but one in pairs.. Odd-pinna.te. 

5, Alternate leaflets smaller .Interruptedly pinnate. 

b Twice compounded, consisting of— 

6, Nine leaflets (or 3 trifoliate leaves) Biternate. 

7, Pifteen or more leaflets (3 pinnate leaves) Bipinnate. 

c Thrice compounded, having 27 leaflets Triternate, etc. 

d Irregularly much compounded Decompound. 

* Palmately compounded, consisting of— 

10, Three equal leaflets all alike sessile (Clover). ..Palmi-trifoliate. 

11, Pive or 7 leaflets, all equally sessile Digitate 

Chapter XXTEI. Transformations of the Leaf 124 

Chapter XXTV. Metamorphosis of the Flower. (See Chap. XVin)... 129 

Chapter XXV and XXVI. Inflorescence.— Special Forms 134 

§ Evolution. 

— a One flower only from a bud Solitary . 

— b Prom axillary buds, the lowest first opening Centripetal. 

— c Prom terminal buds, the central first Centrifugal. 

§ Special Forms of Inflorescence. 
* Centripetal, or Indefinite. 
a Flowers sessile. 

— 1, Along a slender rachis Spike 

—2, Along a thick fleshy rachis Spadix. 

— 3, On an extremely short rachis Head 

—4, Spike of imperfect fls. caducous together .Ament. 

b Flowers borne on pedicels. 

5, Along the sides of a lengthened rachis Raceme. 

6, Along a short rachis, the lower pedicels lengthened. Corymb. 

7, Clustered on an extremely short rachis Umbel. 

c The pedicels themselves branched. 

—8, Loosely Panicle. 

— 9, Compactly ,,,,,.,.,,, Thyrse. 



8 CONTENTS. 

* Centrifugal, or Definite. 

1, Clusters open, loose, of various forms Cyme. 

2, Clusters compact, terminal Fascicle. 

3, Clusters compact, axillary and opposite Verticils. 

4, Cyme unilateral, unrolling as it develops Scorpoid Raceme. 

PART SECOND.— PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY. 143 

Chapter I. Of the Vegetable Cell 143 

Chapter II. Of the Vegetable Tissues 156 

Chapter HI. Tissues and Plant Growth and Dicotyledonous Structure . 161 

Chapter IV. Monocotyledonous Structure 168 

Chapter V. Deaf Structure, Circulation and Movements of Fluids 171 

Chapter VI. Fertilization ; Polination ; Cross-fertilization 176 

PART THIRD.— SYSTEMATIC BOTANY 183 

Chapter I. General Principles of Classification 183 

Chapter H. The Natural System '. 186 

Chapter HI. Rules for Nomenclature 193 

Chapter IV. Botanical Analysis 195 

INDEX AND GLOSSARY 199 



PUBLISHERS' NOTE. 



In this new edition, the small figures on the inner corners of the pages 
refer to the pagination of the old editions. Hence, teachers may use the 
books of both the old and the new editions in their classes without difficulty. 

The pronunciation of all difficult words has been carefully indicated in 
the Glossary, on page 199. 



INTRODUCTION 



CHAPTER I. 

AIDS TO THE STUDY OF BOTANY. 

1. The proper season for the commencement of 
the study of Botany in schools is late in winter, at 
the opening of the first session after New- Year's. The 
class will thus be prepared beforehand, by a degree of 
acquaintance with first principles, for the analysis of 
the earliest Spring-flowers — the Blood-root, Liverwort, 
Spring-beauty, Sweet Mayflower, and the Violets. We 
have arranged the topics of the present treatise with 
a special view to the convenience of the learner in 
this respect, beginning with that which is the first 
requisite in analysis — the Flower. 

2. Specimens of leaves, stems, roots, fruit, flowers, etc., in unlimited sup- 
ply are requisite during the whole course. In the absence of the living, let 

the dried specimens of the herbarium be consulted. Crayon sketches upon 
the blackboard, if truthful, are always good for displaying minute or obscure 
forms. In the city, classes in Botany may employ, at small expense, a col- 
lector to supply them daily with fresh specimens from the country. More- 
over, the gardens and conservatories will furnish to such an abundant supply 
of cultivated species for study and analysis, with almost equal advantage, — 
since the present work embraces, together with the native flora, all exotics. 

3. An Herbarium (Latin, hortus siccus, or h. s.) is a 
collection of botanic specimens, artificially dried, pro- 
tected in papers, and systematically arranged. Herba- 



10 INTRODUCTION. [9, 10. 

via are useful in many ways : — (a) for the preservation 
of specimens of rare, inaccessible, or lost species ; 
(6) for exchanges, enabling one to possess the flora of 
other countries ; (c) for refreshing one's memory of 
early scenes and studies ; (d) for aiding in more exact 
researches at leisure ; (e) for the comparison of species 
with species, genus with genus, etc. 

4. Apparatus. — For collecting botanic specimens, a 
strong knife for digging and cutting is needed, and a 
close tin box, fifteen inches in length, of a portable 
form. Inclosed in such a box, with a little moisture, 
specimens will remain fresh a week. 

5. Specimens for the herbarium should represent 
the leaves, flowers, and fruit — and, if herbaceous, the 
root also. Much care is requisite in so drying them 
as to preserve the natural appearance, form, and color. 
The secret of this art consists in extracting the moist- 
ure from them before decomposition can take place. 

6. The drying-press, to be most efficient and con- 
venient, should consist of a dozen quires of unsized 
paper, at least 11x16 inches folio ; two sheets of 
wire-gauze (same size) as covers, stiffened by folded 
edges ; and three or four leather straps a yard in 
length, with buckles. When in use, suspend this press 
in the wind and sunshine ; or, in rainy weather, by 
the fire. In such circumstances, specimens dry well 
without once changing. But if boards be used instead 
of wire-gauze, the papers must be changed and dried 
daily. Succulent plants may be immersed in boiling 
water before pressing, to hasten their desiccation. 

7. The lens, either single, double, or triple, is very 
serviceable in analysis. In viewing minute flowers, 
or parts of flowers, its use is indispensable. Together 



10, 11.] DEPARTMENTS OF SCIENCE. 1 1 

with the lens, a needle in a handle, a penknife, and 
tweezers are required for dissection. 

8. The compound microscope is undoubtedly a 
higher aid in scientific investigation than any other 
instrument of human invention. It is like the bestow- 
ment of a new sense, or the opening of a new world. 
Through this, almost solely, all our knowledge of the 
cells, the tissues, growth, fertilization, etc., is derived. 
The skillful use of this noble instrument is itself an 
art, which it is no part of our plan to explain. 

9. On the preparation of botanical subjects for examination we remark : 
the field of view is small, and only minute portions of objects can be seen at 
once ; the parts must be brought under inspection successively. 

10. The tissues of leaves, etc., are best seen by transmitted light. They 
are to be divided by the razor or scalpel into extremely thin parings or cut- 
tings. Such cuttings may be made by holding the leaf between the two 
halves of a split cork. They are then made wet and viewed upon glass. The 
stomata are best seen in the epidermis stripped off ; but in the Sorrel-leaf 
(Oxalis violacea) they appear beautifully distinct upon the entire leaf. 

11. Woody tissues, etc., may be viewed either as opaque or transparent. 
Sections and cuttings should be made in all directions, and attached to the 
glass by water, white of egg, or Canada balsam. To obtain the elementary 
cells separately for inspection, the fragment of wood may be macerated in a 
few drops of nitric acid added to a grain of chlorate of potassa. Softer 
structures may be macerated simply in boiling water. 



CHAPTER II. 

DEPARTMENTS OF SCIENCE. 

12. Three great departments in nature are univer- 
sally recognized : the mineral, vegetable, and animal 
kingdoms. The first constitutes the Inorganic; the 
other two, the Organic World. 

13. A mineral is an inorganic mass of matter — 
that is, without distinction of parts or organs. A 



1 2 INTRODUCTION. [11, 12. 

stone, for example, may be broken into any number 
of fragments, each of which will retain all the essen- 
tial characteristics of the original body, so that each 
fragment will still be a stone. 

14. A plant is an organized body, endowed with 
vitality but not with sensation, composed of distinct 
parts, each of which is essential to the completeness 
of its being. A Tulip is composed of organs which 
may be separated and subdivided indefinitely, but no 
one of the fragments alone will be a complete plant. 

15. Animals, like plants, are organized bodies en- 
dowed with vitality, and composed of distinct parts, 
no one of which is complete in itself ; but they are 
elevated above either plants or minerals by their 
power of perception. 

16. Physics is the general name of the science 
which treats of the mineral or inorganic world. 

17. Zoology relates to the animal kingdom. 

18. Botany is the science of the vegetable king- 
dom. It includes the knowledge of the forms, organs, 
structure, growth, and uses of plants, together with 
their history and classification. Its several depart- 
ments correspond to the various subjects to which 
they relate. Thus, 

19. Morphology treats of the special organs of plants 
as compared with each other ; it especially relates to 
the mutual or typical transformations which the 
organs undergo in the course of development. 

20. Vegetable Histology treats of the elementary 
tissues — the organic units or cells out of which the 
vegetable fabric is constructed. 

21. Physiological Botany is that department which 
relates to the vital action of the several organs and 



12, 13.] DEPARTMENTS OF SCIENCE. 1 3 

tissues, including both the vital and chemical phe- 
nomena in the germination, growth, and reproduction 
of plants. It has, therefore, a practical bearing upon 
the labors of husbandry in the propagation and cult- 
ure of plants, both in the garden and in the field. 

22. Systematic Botany arises from the consideration 
of plants in relation to each other. It aims to arrange 
and classify plants into groups and families, according 
to their mutual affinities, so as to constitute of them 
all one unbroken series or system. 

23. Descriptive Botany, or Phytology, is the art of 
expressing the distinctive characters of species and 
groups of plants with accuracy and precision, in order 
to their complete recognition. A Flora is a descrip- 
tive work of this kind, embracing the plants of some 
particular country or district. 

24. Finally, in its extended sense, Botany comprehends also the knowledge 
of the relations of plants to the other departments of nature — particularly to 
mankind. The ultimate aim of its researches is the development of the 
boundless resources of the vegetable kingdom, for our sustenance and pro- 
tection as well as education ; for the healing of our diseases and the allevia- 
tion of our wants and woes. This branch of botanical science is called 
Applied Botany, including several departments — as Medical Botany, or Phar- 
macy ; Agricultural Botany, or Chemistry ; Pomology, etc. 

25. The name of a plant or other natural object 
is twofold, — the trivial or popular name, by which it 
is generally known in the country ; and the Latin 
name, by which it is accurately designated in science 
throughout the world. For example, Strawberry is 
the popular name, and Fragaria vesca the Latin or 
scientific name, of the same plant. In elementary 
treatises, like the present, for the sake of being readily 
understood, plants are usually called by their popular 
names. Yet we earnestly recommend the learner to 



14 INTRODUCTION. [13. 

accustom himself early to the use of the more accu- 
rate names employed in science. 

26. The Latin name of a plant is always double — 
generic and specific. Thus Fragaria is generic, or the 
name of the genus of the plant — vesca is specific, or 
the name of the species. 

2 7. A Species embraces all such individuals as 
may have originated from a common stock. Such 
individuals bear an essential resemblance to each other 
as well as to their common parent, in all their parts. 
For example, the White Clover (Trifolium repens) is a 
species embracing thousands of contemporary individ- 
uals scattered over our hills and plains, all of common 
descent, and producing other individuals of their own 
kind from their seed. 

28. To this law of resemblance in plants of one 
common origin there are some apparent exceptions. 
Individuals descended from the same parent often 
bear flowers differing in color, or fruit differing in 
flavor, or leaves differing in form, etc. Such plants 
are called Varieties. They are rarely permanent, often 
exhibiting a tendency to revert to their original type. 
Varieties occur chiefly in species maintained by culti- 
vation, as the Apple, Potato, Rose, Dahlia. They also 
occur more or less in native plants (as Hepatica tri- 
loba), often rendering the limits of the species ex- 
tremely doubtful. They are due to the different cir- 
cumstances of climate, soil, and culture to which they 
are subjected, and continue distinct until left to mul- 
tiply spontaneously from seed in their own proper soil, 
or some other change of circumstances. 

2 9. A Genus is an assemblage of species closely 
related to one another in the structure of their flowers 



X 

13, 14.] THE STAGES OF PLANT LIFE. 15 

and fruit, and having more points of resemblance than 
of difference throughout. Thus, the genus Clover (Tri- 
folium) includes many species, as the White Clover 
(T. repens), the Red Clover {T. pratense), the Buffalo 
Clover (T. reflexum), etc., agreeing in floral structure 
and general aspect so obviously that the most hasty 
observer would notice their relationship. So in the 
genus Pinus,. no one would hesitate to include the 
White Pine, the Pitch Pine, the Long-leafed Pine 
(P. strobus, P rigida, and P. palustris), any more than 
we would fail to observe their differences. 

30. Thus individuals are grouped into species, and 
species are associated into genera. These groups con- 
stitute the bases of all the systems of classification in 
use, whether by artificial or natural methods. 



CHAPTER III. 

THE STAGES OF PLANT LIFE. 

31. In its earliest stage of life, the plant is an 
embryo sleeping in the seed. It then consists of two 
parts, the radicle or rootlet, and the plumule. Both 
may be seen in the Pea, Bean, or Acorn. Besides the 
embryo, the seed contains also its food in some form, 
provided for its first nourishment. 

32. When placed just beneath the surface of the 
soil, it absorbs moisture, which, with the genial warmth 
of Spring, awakens the embryo, and it begins to feed 
and grow. The radicle protrudes (Pig. 2, r), turns 
downward, seeking the dark damp earth, avoiding the 
air and light, and forms the root or descending axis. 
The plumule, taking the opposite direction (Pig. 3, p), 



16 



INTEODUCTION. 



[14. 



ascends, seeking the air and light, and expanding 
itself to their influence. This constitutes the 
stem or ascending axis, bearing the leaves. 
Thus the acorn germinates, and the Oak en- 
ters upon the second stage of its existence. 

33. At first the ascending axis is merely 
a bud, that is, a growing point clothed with 
and protected by little scales, the rudiments 
of leaves. As the growing point 
advances and its lower scales grad- 
ually expand into leaves, new scales 
successively appear above. Thus 
the axis is always terminated by a 
bud. 

34. The terminal bud ex- 
pands into leaves, and the 
ascending axis (Fig. 4, p) in- 
creases in length and diam- 
eter. Besides the terminal 
bud, one is formed in the 
axil of each leaf. If none 
of the buds in the 
axils of the leaves de- 
velop, the plant at 
the end of the grow- 
ing season will pre- 
sent a young oak, as 
Fig. A, but if one should grow, the little tree would 
appear as in Fig. B. 

35. During successive periods of growth the lateral 
buds develop, forming branches and branchlets, and 
season after season the main axis lengthens and in- 
creases in diameter, the branches multiply and enlarge, 





Acorn (seed of Quercus) germinat- 
\ ing ; 1, section showing the radicle (r) 
which is to become the root, and the 
two cotyledons (c) which are to nourish 
it ; 2, the radicle r, descending ; 3 and 4, the radicle, r, de- 
scending, and the plumule (_p) ascending. 



THE STAGES OF PLANT LIFE. 



17 



until the full-grown oak in all its beauty and majesty 
stands before us (Fig. C). 

The student is struck with wonder and admiration 
as he watches these stages of growth ; how is it, he 
asks, that the tiny plant which was nestling in the 
acorn has been changed into this gigantic oak ? When 
he comes to study the cells and tissues of which this 





A, A young oak at the end of the first season of growth, the markings on the stem, d, d, are the scars 
]eft by the fallen leaves ; at each scar there is an undeveloped bud ; some of these may grow during the 
next season, and develop into branches. B, A young oak at the end of the first season, one of the lateral 
buds having grown and produced a branch. 

great tree is made up, his amazement will increase as 
he realizes the paucity of material and the magnitude 
of the structure ; the insignificance of the beginning 
and the grandeur of the end. "The economy of causes 
and the prodigality of effects ; the simplicity of laws 
and the complexity of results." 

36. The tree is now complete, possessing the organs 
necessary to discharge the functions of plant growth. 
It has root, rootlets, stem, branches, branchlets, and 



18 



INTKODUCTION. 



leaves. The root fastens it firmly in the ground ; 
the rootlets take up liquids from the soil ; the stem, 
branches, and branchlets are furnished with vessels 
and passages through which the fluids find their way 
to the leaves, where, under the influence of air and 



*pft& 




C, Quercus alba. 

sunlight, they are changed and fitted for plant 
food. 

37. The next stage in the plant's life is the produc- 
tion of the flower. To accomplish this, a change takes 
place in the mode of development. Some of the buds, 
instead of extending the axes of the branchlets or 
forming new branchlets, expand their scales, producing 



THE STAGES OF PLANT LIFE. 



19 



crowded whorls, each succeeding whorl differing from 
the last ; some of the parts possessing great delicacy 




K, young branchlet of Q. alba, with aments, etc. D, a staminate ( $) flower ; E, the same ; F, a 
pistillate ( 9 ) flower with five stigmas ; G, vertical section of the same ; J, branchlet with full-grown 
leaves and mature fruit ; J, section of the acorn showing the two thick cotyledons and embryo at top. 

of organization, and, frequently, marked beauty of 
color. (See Figures B, E, F, G, H, /, J.) 



2 INTRODUCTION. [16. 

38. The next stage is the production of fruit, in 
which flowering is the first step ; the showy parts of 
the flower soon wither and fall away ; the pistil, hav- 
ing been fertilized, is left, and continues to grow and 
finally matures into the ripe Fruit (Figs, I, J"). 

We found the plant slumbering in the Seed ; we 
have followed and watched its behavior through all 
the stages of its Life. 

39. We have seen the seed placed in the damp 
soil, where it absorbed moisture, enlarged, ruptured its 
shell, sent forth a sprout, which began to increase in 
two directions, one part enlarged downwards into the 
earth and formed a root ; the other part grew upwards 
and became a stem. The stem clothed itself with 
leaves, sent forth branches, and adorned itself with 
flowers. These several achievements were succeeded 
by the crowning act of vegetable life, the production of 
mature seed in which a new Plant reposes, in embryo. 



•»♦+• 



CHAPTER IV. 

TERM OR PERIOD OF PLANT LIFE. 

40. Flowering and fruit-bearing is an exhausting 
process. If it occur within the first or second year of 
the life of the plant, it generally proves fatal. In all 
other cases, it is either immediately preceded or fol- 
lowed by a state of repose. Now, if flowering be pre- 
vented by nipping the buds, the tender annual may 
become perennial, as in the florist's Tree-mignonette. 
We distinguish plants, as to their term of life, into 
the annual ((D), the biennial ((D), and the perennial 
( U ). An annual ( CD ) herb is a plant whose en- 



16, 17.] TEEM OR PERIOD OF PLANT LIFE. 2 1 

tire life is limited to a single season. It germinates 
from the seed in Spring, attains its growth, blossoms, 
bears fruit, and dies in Autumn; as the Flax, Corn, 
Morning-glory. 

41. A biennial herb (©) is a plant which germi- 
nates and vegetates, bearing leaves only the first 
season, blossoms, bears fruit, and dies the second ; as 
the Beet and Turnip. Wheat, Rye, etc., are annual 
plants ; but when sown in Autumn, the sudden frost 
prevents flowering, and they become biennials. 

42. Monocarpic herbs. — The Century-plant {Agave), the Talipot-palm, etc., are 
so called. They vegetate, "bearing leaves only, for many years, accumulating 
materials and strength for one mighty effort in fructification, which being 
accomplished, they die. In some species the term of life depends on climate 
alone. The Castor-bean {Ricinus) is an annual herb in the Northern States, 
a shrub in the Southern, and a tree of large size in its native India. So 
Petunia, annual in our gardens, is perennial at home (in Brazil). 

43. Perennial plants are such as have an indefinite 
duration of life, usually of many years. They may be 
either herbaceous or woody. Herbaceous perennials, or 
'perennial herbs (2j:), are plants whose parts are annual 
above ground and perennial below. In other words, 
their roots or subterranean stems live from year to 
year, sending up annually, in Spring, flowering shoots 
which perish after they have ripened their fruit in 
Autumn ; as the Lily, Dandelion, Hop. 

44. Woody perennials usually vegetate several years, 
and attain well-nigh their ordinary stature before flow- 
ering ; thenceforward they fructify annually, resting or 
sleeping in winter. They are known as trees (5), 
shrubs (b), bushes, and undershrubs (b) — distinctions 
founded on size alone. 

45. A shrub (£>), is a diminutive tree, limited to 
eighteen or twenty feet in stature, and generally divid- 



22 INTRODUCTION". [17, 18. 

ing into branches at or near the surface of the ground 
(Alder, Quince). If the woody plant be limited to a 
still lower growth, say about the human stature, it is 
called a bush (Snowball, Andromeda). If still smaller, 
it is an undershrub (b) (Whortleberry). 

46. A tree (5) is understood to attain to a height 
many times greater than the human stature, with a 
permanent woody stem, whose lower part, the trunk, 
is unbranched. 

47. As to age, some trees live only a few years, rapidly attaining their 
growth and rapidly decaying, as the Peach ; others have a longevity exceed- 
ing the age of man ; and some species outlive many generations. Age may be 
estimated by the number of wood-circles or rings seen in a cross-section of the 
trunk (§ 408), each ring being (very generally) an annual growth. Instances 
of great longevity are on record. See Class Book of Botany, §§ 99, 100. The 
monarch tree of the world is the Calif ornian Cedar — Sequoia gigantea. One 
which had fallen measured 26 feet in diameter, and 363 in length ! The 
wood-circles of this specimen are unusually thick, yet count up to 1,330. 
Among those yet standing, are many of even greater dimensions, as beautiful 
in form as they are sublime in height — the growth, probably, of more than 
2,000 years. One of the Sequoias is estimated at 1,500 years ; another of 
these monsters, felled in 1875, had 2,130 rings ; still another was estimated 
by Dr. Gray to be 3,200 years old. One of these monster trees has recently 
been discovered, in Tulare County, California, by an engineer of the Comstock 
mines, that measures more than 56 feet in diameter at a point seven feet 
from the ground. 

48. Trees are again distinguished as deciduous (5) 
and evergreen (b) — the former losing their foliage in 
Autumn, and remaining naked until the following 
Spring ; the latter retaining their leaves and verdure 
throughout all seasons. The Fir tribe (Coniferse) in- 
cludes nearly all the evergreens of the North ; those 
of the South are far more numerous in kind — e. g. } 
the Magnolias, the Live-oaks, Holly, Cherry, Palmetto, 
etc. 



PART FIRST. 

STRUCTURAL BOTANY; OR, ORGANOGRAPHY. 



CHAPTER I. 

THE FLOWEE. 



49. The flower is the immediate agent in the pro- 
duction of the seed with its embryo, and to this end 
its whole structure is designed. Moreover, its superior 
beauty attracts earliest attention, and an intimate 
knowledge of its organism is the first requisite in 
analysis and classification. 

50. The flower may consist of the following mem- 
bers — the floral envelopes and the essential floral or- 
gans. The floral envelopes consist of one or more 
circles or whorls of leaves surrounding the essential 
organs. The outer of these whorls is called the calyx ; 
and the other, if there be any, the corolla. The calyx 
may, therefore, exist without the corolla ; but the 
corolla can not exist without the calyx. 

51. Calyx is a Greek word signifying a cup. It is 
applied to the external envelope of the flower, consist- 
ing of a whorl of leaves with their edges distinct or 
united, usually green, but sometimes highly colored. 
The leaves or pieces composing the calyx are called 
sepals. 



24 STEUCTUKAL BOTANY. [19, 20. 

52. Corolla is a Latin word signifying a little 
crown, applied to the interior envelope of the flower. 
It consists of one or more circles of leaves, either dis- 
tinct or united by their edges, usually of some other 
color than green, and of a more delicate texture than 
the calyx. Its leaves are called petals. 

53. Perianth (nepi f around, avOog, flower) is a word 
in common use to designate the floral envelopes as a 
whole, without distinction of calyx and corolla. It is 
used in description, especially when these two envel- 
opes are so similar as not to be readily distinguished, 
as in the Tulip, Lily, and the Endogens generally ; 
also where only one envelope exists, as in Phytolacca, 
Elm, etc. 

54. The essential floral organs stand within the cir- 
cles of the perianth, and are so called because they 
are the immediate instruments in perfecting the seed, 
and thus accomplishing the final purposes of the 
flower. These organs are of two kinds, perfectly dis- 
tinct in position and office — viz., the stamens and the 
pistils. 

55. The stamens are those thread-like organs situ- 
ated just within the perianth and around the pistils. 
Their number varies from one to a hundred or more ; 
but the most common number is five. Collectively 
they are called the andrceceum. 

56. The pistils (called also carpels) occupy the 
center of the flower at the absolute terminus of the 
flowering axis. They are sometimes numerous, often 
apparently but one, always destined to bear the seed. 
Collectively they are called the gynceceum. 

57. The torus or receptacle is the axis of the 
flower, situated at the summit of the flower-stalk. It 



20, 21.] 



PLAN OF THE FLOWER. 



25 



commonly appears a flattened or somewhat convex 
disk, whose center corresponds to the apex of the axis. 
On this disk, as on a platform, stand the floral organs 




5, Flower of the Strawberry. 6, Flower of the Pink. 7, Flower of the Lily (Lilium superbum). The 

pupil will point out the parts. 

above described, in four concentric circles. The gynee- 
ceum (pistils) occupies the center ; the andrceceum 
encircles it ; the corolla is next without ; and the 
calyx embraces the whole. 



«♦♦♦ 



CHAPTER II. 



PLAN OF THE FLOWER. 



58. Such, in general, is the organization of the 
flower. It is simple enough in theory ; and in most 
of the plants with which he meets, the student will 
easily recognize these several organs by name. But, 
in truth, flowers vary in form and fashion to a degree 
almost infinite. Each organ is subject to transforma- 
tions, disguises, and even to entire extinction ; so that 
the real nature of the flower may become an intricate 
and perplexing study. 



2 6 STRUCTURAL BOTAOT. [21, 22. 

59. As we shall soon see, in all these variations 
there is method. They are never capricious or acci- 
dental, however much they may appear so. Unity in 
diversity is characteristic of Nature in all her depart- 
ments, and eminently so in the flowers ; and the first 
step in the successful study of them is to discover 
that unity — that simple idea of the floral structure in 
which all its diversities harmonize. Before flowers 
were created, that idea or type was conceived; and to 
possess it ourselves is a near approach to communion 
with the Infinite Author of Nature. 

60. The typical flower, one that exemplifies the 
full idea of the floral structure, consists of four differ- 
ent circles of organs, as before described, placed circle 
within circle on the torus, and all having a common 
center. Such a flower must possess these ^ve attri- 
butes — viz. : It must be 

a, Complete ; having the four kinds or sets of 
organs arranged in as many concentric circles. That 
it is perfect, having both kinds of the essential organs, 
is necessarily included under its completeness. 

5, Regular ; having the organs of the same name 
all similar and alike ; that is, all the petals of one 
pattern, all the stamens alike in form, size, position, 
etc. 

c, Symmetrical ; having the same number of organs 
in each set or circle. 

d, Alternating in respect to the position of the 
organs. This implies that the several organs of each 
set stand not opposite to, but alternating with the 
organs of the adjacent set; — the petals alternate with 
the sepals and stamens ; the stamens alternate with 
the petals and pistils. 



22, 23.] 



PLAN OF THE FLOWER. 



27 



e, That the organs be distinct, all disconnected and 
free from each other. 

61. This is the Type. But it is seldom fully real- 
ized in the flowers as they actually grow, although the 
tendency toward it is universal. Deviations occur in 
every imaginable mode and degree, causing that end- 
less variety in the floral world which we never cease 
to admire. For example, in our pattern flowers (5, 6, 
7), the pistils seem too few in the Pink and Lily, and 
the stamens too many in all of them. 

62. The flower of the Flax (10) combines very nearly all the conditions 
above specified. It is complete, regular, symmetrical. Its organs are alter- 
nate and all separate ; and (disregarding the slight cohesion of the pistils at 
their base) this flower well realizes our type. Admitting two whorls of 
stamens instead of one, we have a good example of our type in Stone-crop 
(Sedum ternatum), a little fleshy herb of our woods. Its flowers are both 
4-parted and 5-parted in the same plant. See also the 12-parted flowers of 
the common Houseleek. 




8, Flower of Crassula lactea, regular, symmetrical, organs distinct. 9, Diagram showing its plan. 
10, Flower of the Scarlet Flax. 11, Diagram of its plan. 

63. The flowers of Crassula (8), an African genus 
sometimes cultivated, afford unexceptionable examples, 
the sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils each being five 
in number, regularly alternating and perfectly separate. 



28 STRUCTURAL BOTANY. [23. 



CHAPTER III. 

STUDY OF ANOMALOUS FLOWERS. 

64. The true method of studying the flower is 

by comparing it with this type. So shall we be 
able, and ever delighted, to learn the nature of each 
organ in all its disguises of form, and to discern the 
features of the general plan even under its widest 
deviations. The more important of them are included 
under the following heads, which will be considered in 
order: 1, Variations of the radical number of the 
flower; 2, Deficiencies; 3, Redundancies; 4, Union of 
parts ; 5, Irregularities of development. 

65. The radical number of the flower is that which 
enumerates the parts composing each whorl. Here 
nature seems most inclined to the number five, as in 
Grassula, Flax, Rose, and Strawberry. It varies, how- 
ever, from one to twelve, and is expressed by word or 
sign as follows : di-merous, or 2 -parted (ty), tri-merous 





12, Flower of Hippuris, one-parted. 13, Flower of Circaea Lutetiana, 4/ 14, Flower of Xyris, 4/. 

or 3-parted (^/), penta-merous or 5-parted ($/), etc. 
The flowers of Hippuris (12) are 1 -parted, having but 
one stamen and one pistil. Those of Circaea (13) are 
2-parted, having 2 sepals, 2 petals, 2 stamens, etc. 



23, 24.] 



STUDY OF ANOMALOUS FLOWERS. 



29 



Those of Xyris (14) are ty, having all the parts in 3s. 
Xyris is one of the Endogens. Trimerous flowers are 
characteristic of this great group of Plants, while pen- 
tamerous flowers commonly distinguish the Exogens. 

66. Deficiencies often occur, rendering the flower 
incomplete. Such flowers lack some one or more en- 
tire sets of organs. When only one of the floral 
envelopes, the calyx, exists, the flower is said to be 
apetalous or monochlamydeous {xka\ivc, a cloak), as in 
Elm, Phytolacca. These terms are also loosely applied 
to such plants as Rhubarb, Anemone, Liverwort, where 
the pieces of the perianth are all similar, although in 
two or three whorls. When the perianth is wholly 
wanting, the flower is said to be achlamydeous, or 
naked, as in Lizard-tail (15). 






15, Flower of Saururus (Lizard-tail)— achlamydeous. 16, Flower of Fraxinus (Ash). 17, Flower 
of Salix (Willow), staminate— 18, pistillate. 

67. Imperfect flowers are also of frequent occur- 
rence. They are deficient in respect to the essential 
organs. A sterile or staminate flower (denoted thus <3 ) 
has stamens withous pistils. A fertile or pistillate 
flower ( ? ) has pistils without stamens. Such flowers 
being counterparts of each other, and both necessary 
to the perfection of the seed, mast exist either to- 
gether upon the same plant or upon separate plants 
of the same species. In the former case, the species 



30 STRUCTURAL BOTANY. [24, 25. 

is monoecious (8), as in Oak ; in the latter case, dioe- 
cious ($ $ ), as in Willow. The term diclinous, denot- 




20 

19, Pistillate flower of Balm-of-Gilead. 20, Staminate. 21, Begonia — a, staminate ; 6, pistillate. 

ing either 8 or $ $ without distinction, is in common 
use. 

68. A neutral flower is a perianth or calyx only, 
having neither stamens nor pistils. Such are the ray- 
flowers of many of the Composite, and of the cymes 
of Hydrangea, High-cranberry, etc., which in cultiva- 
tion may all become neutral, as in the Snow-ball. 

69. Unsymmetrical flowers. — The term symmetry, 
as used in Botany, refers to number only. A flower 
becomes unsymmetrical by the partial development of 
any set or circle in respect to the number of its 
organs. The Mustard family, called the Crucifers, 
afford good examples. 

70. The flowers of Mustard, Cress, etc., are understood to be 4-merous ( 0. 
The sepals are four, petals four, but the stamens are six and the styles but 
two. The stamens are arranged in two circles, having two of those in the 
outer circle suppressed or reduced to mere glands. Two of the carpels are 
also suppressed (429). In the Mint family and the Eigworts one or three of 
the stamens are generally abortive. Here, while the flowers are ^, the sta- 
mens are four in some species and only two in others. The missing stamens, 
however, often appear in the guise of slender processes — the rudiments of 
stamens — proving in an interesting manner the natural tendency to sym- 
metry. 

71. In the ^flowers of Poppy, the sepals are but two; in fy Spring-beauty 

they are but two ; in both cases too few for symmetry. In Larkspur (26) the 

fy flowers have but four petals; and in Monk's-hood (29), also ^, the petals 



25, 26.] 



STUDY OF ANOMALOUS FLOWERS. 



31 



are apparently but two, strangely deformed bodies. A careful inspection, 
however, generally reveals the other three, very minute, in their proper 
places, as displayed in the cut. 

72. "Organs opposite" is a condition much less fre- 
quent than "organs alternate," but is highly interest- 
ing, as being sometimes characteristic of whole fami- 
lies. Thus in the Primrose, Thrift, and Buckthorn 
families, the stamens always stand opposite to the 
petals ! 

73. How happens this? Among the Primworts 
this question is solved in the flowers of Lysimachia 




Diagrams. — 22, Flower of Samolus, showing the rudimentary stamens alternating with the perfect. 
23, Flower of a Labiate plant, showing the place of the deficient stamen. 24, Flower of Asarum — three 
sepals, twelve stamens, etc. 25, Flower of Saxifrage — two pistils, ten stamens, etc. 

and Samolus, where we find a circle of five teeth 
(abortive filaments) between the petals and stamens, 
alternating with both sets, thus restoring the lost sym- 
metry. Hence we infer that in such cases generally 
a circle of alternating organs has been either partially 
or wholly suppressed. In the Buckthorn, however, a 
different explanation has been given. 

74. Redundancy. — TJie multiplication of organs is 
exceedingly common, and usually according to a defi- 
nite plan. The increase takes place, as a rule, by cir- 
cles, and consequently by multiples. That is, e.g., the 
stamens of a ^ flower, if increased, will be so by 3s ; 
of a fy flower by 5s, etc., — sometimes to the extent of 
twenty such circles. 



32 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



[26, 27. 



75. In the Crowfoot, Rose, and other families with numerous stamens, the 
arrangement is in crowded spirals, like the phyllotaxis of the plants with the 
internodes undeveloped. The carpels of the Crowfoot are also generally mul- 
tiplied, yet often, on the contrary, diminished, as in the Pseony. In Rosaceae, 
also, the stamens are generally multiplied, while the carpels exist in all con- 
ditions as to number. Thus in Strawberry they are multiplied, in the Apple 
they are regularly five, in Agrimony reduced to two, and in the Cherry to 
one. In Magnolia* the ty flowers have three sepals in one circle, six or nine 
petals in two or three circles, numerous stamens and carpels in many circles 
of each. In the ft flowers or Blood-root there are two sepals, eight petals, 
twenty-four stamens, and two carpels. 

76. Chorisis. — In other cases, the organs seem to be increased in number 
by clusters, rather than by circles, as when in the same circle several stamens 
stand in the place of one — e.g., in Squirrel-corn, St. Johnswort, Linden. Such 
cases afford wide scope for conjecture. Perhaps each cluster originates by 
division, as the compound from the simple leaf ; or as a tuft of axillary leaves ; 
or thirdly, by a partial union of organs. 



•♦♦+■ 



CHAPTER IV. 

ANOMALOUS FLOWERS — CONTINUED. 

77. Appendicular organs consist of spurs, scales, 
crown, glands, etc., and often afford excellent dis- 
tinctive marks. The old term nectary was indiscrim- 




26, Flower of Delphinium Consolida (common Larkspur), die playing s, s, s, s, s, the five sepals — a, the 
upper one spur; c, the corolla of four petals, here united into one and produced into a spur. 27, Flower 
of Impatiens fulva (Touch-me-not). 28, Displaying », s, s, y, the four sepals, y being saccate and spurred ; 
p, p, the two petals, both double, preserving the symmetry. 

inately applied to all such organs, because some of 
them produced honey. 



26-28.] STUDY OF ANOMALOUS FLOWERS. 33 

78. Spurs are singular processes of the flower, tu- 
bular and projecting from behind it. In Columbine 
each petal is thus spurred ; — in Yiolet, one petal only ; 
in Larkspur, two petals and a sepal, the spur of the 
latter inclosing that of the former. The curved spur 
of the Jewel-weed belongs to a sepal (27, 28). 

79. Scales are attached to the inner side of the 
corolla, usually upon the claw of the petals, as in 
Buttercups, or within the throat of the corolla tube, 
as in the Borrageworts. Similar appendages, when 
enlarged and conspicuous, constitute a crown in 
Catchfly, Corn-cockle, Narcissus. See also the stami- 
nal crown of the Silk-grass (Asclepias). 

80. Glandular bodies are often found upon the re- 
ceptacle in the places of missing stamens or carpels, 
or as abortive organs of some kind. Examples are 
seen in the Crucifers and Grape. In Grass-Parnassus 
they are stalked and resemble stamens. 

81. The union of organs in some way occurs in 
almost every flower ; and, more perhaps than any 
other cause, tends to disguise its plan and origin. 
The separate pieces which stood each as the repre- 
sentative of a leaf, now, by a gradual fusion, lose 
themselves in the common mass. Nevertheless, marks 
of this process are always discernible, either in parts 
yet remaining free, or in the seams where the edges 
were conjoined. The floral organs may unite by cohe- 
sion or adhesion. 

82. Cohesion, when the parts of the same whorl are 
joined together ; as the sepals of the Pink, the petals of 
Morning-glory, the stamens of Mallows, the carpels of 
Poppy. Adhesion, when the parts of different whorls 
are conjoined ; as the stamens with the corolla in 



34 



STKUCTUKAL BOTANY. 



[27, 28. 



Phlox, with the pistils in Milkweed, Lady's-slipper ; 
or calyx with ovary, in Apple or Wintergreen (G-aul- 
theria). The adjective free is used in a sense opposite 
to adhesion, implying that the organ is inserted on (or 
grows out of) the receptacle, and otherwise separated 
from any other kind of organ. The adjective distinct 
is opposed to cohesion, implying that like organs are 
separate from each other. More of this in another 
chapter. 




29, Flower of Aconitum Napellus displayed ; s, s, s, s, s, the five sepals, the upper one hooded; p, p, p, 
the five petals, of which the two upper are nectaries covered hy the hood, and the three lower very minute. 
30, Flower of Catalpa, 2-lipped, 5-lobed. 31, Corolla laid open, showing the two perfect stamens and the 
three rudimentary. 

83. Irregular development. — Our typical flower is 
regular ; and observation proves that all flowers are 
actually alike regular in the early bud. Those in- 
equalities or " one-sided " forms, therefore, which char- 
acterize certain flowers, are occasioned by subsequent 
irregular growth from a regular type. The irregu- 
larity of flowers occurs in a thousand ways and 
modes ; — in the unequal size of like organs ; in their 
dissimilar forms and positions; in their unequal cohe- 
sions, and in their partial suppressions. So in the 
Violet (50), Monk's-hood (29), Catalpa (30), the Labi- 
ates (69), the Pea tribe (59), etc. 



28, 29.] 



STUDY OF ANOMALOUS FLOWEKS. 



85 



84. The torus, or receptacle, is sometimes strangely 
modified. In the little Myosurus (32), in some But- 
tercups, and in the Tulip-tree we find a lengthened or 
spindle-shaped torus — lengthened according to the 




32, Flower (magnified) of Myosurus ; a vertical section showing its elongated torus, etc. 33, The 
same, natural size. 34, Flower of Isopyrum biternatum; vertical section, showing the convex or globular 
torus, etc. 35, Flower of Rose, showing its excavated torus. 

nature of a branch (§ 35), and all covered with the 
multiplied pistils. On the contrary, we have in the 
Rose (35) and Lady's-mantle (38), an excavated torus, 
within which the carpels are held, while the other 
organs are borne upon its elevated rim. 





36, Paeonia Moutan, showing its very large disk (d) sheathing the ovaries (p). 37, Pistil of the Lemon, 
with its base surrounded by the disk, d. 38, Section of flower of Alchemilla, showing its single simple 
pistil, large disk, and excavated torus. 

85. The disk is a portion of the receptacle raised 
into a rim somewhere in the midst of the whorls. It 
is found between the ovary and stamens in Pseony 



36 STRUCTUBAL BOTANY. [29-31. 

and Buckthorn. It bears the stamens in Maple and 
Mignonette, and crowns the ovary in the Umbelliferse. 

86. Combined deviations are quite frequent, and sometimes obscure the 
typical character of the flower to such a degree as to require close observa- 
tion in tracing it out. The study of such cases is full of both amusement 
and improvement. For example, the fy Poppy has suppression in the calyx, 
multiplication in the stamens and carpels, and in the latter cohesion also. 
The & Sage has cohesion and irregularity in the calyx, every kind of irregu- 
larity in the corolla, suppression and irregularity in the stamens, suppression 
and cohesion in the pistils. The & Cypripedium is perfectly symmetrical, yet 
has irregular cohesion in the calyx, great inequality in the petals, cohesion, 
adhesion, and metamorphosis in the stamens, and cohesion in the carpels. 

{Ln this way let the pupil analyze the deviations in the flower of G-era- 
nium, Hollyhock, Moth-mullein, Larkspur, Sweetbrier, Touch-me-not, Petunia, 
Snapdragon, Violet, Polygala, Squirrel-corn, Orchis, Henbit, Monk's-hood, 
Calceolaria, etc.) 



♦ ♦» 



CHAPTER V. 

THE FLORAL ENVELOPES, OB PEBIANTH. 

87. In our idea of the typical flower, the perianth 
consists of two whorls of expanded floral leaves encir- 
cling and protecting the more delicate essential organs 
in their midst. As a rule, the outer circle, calyx, is 
green and far less conspicuous than the inner circle 
of highly colored leaves — the corolla. But there are 
many exceptions to this rule. Strictly speaking, the 
calyx and corolla are in no way distinguishable except 
by position. The outer circle is the calyx, whatever 
be its form or color ; and the inner, if there be more 
than one, is the corolla. 

88. Both blade and petiole are distinguishable in 
the floral leaves, especially in the petals. The blade, 
or expanded part, is here called limb, or lamina ; the 
petiolar part, when narrowed into a stalk, is called the 
claw. In form, or outline, there is a general resem- 



30, 31.] 



THE FLORAL ENVELOPES. 



87 



blance between the limb and the leaf. It is ovate, 
oval, lanceolate, obcordate, orbicular, etc. In margin 
it is generally entire. (See § 308.) 

89. Some peculiar forms, however, should be noticed, 
as the bilobate petal of the Chickweed (44), the pin- 
natifid petal of Miterwort (43), the inflected petal of 
the Umbelliferae (42), the fan-shaped petal of Pink, the 
fringed (fimbriate) petal of Campion (Silene stellata) 
(40), the hooded sepal of Napellus (2 9), the saccate 





Fo7-ms of petals. — 39, Buttercup, showing the scale at base. 40, Mignonette, fringed at top. 41, Silene 
stellata, fringed and unguiculate. 42, Flower of Osmorhiza longistylis, petals inflected. 43, Flower ot 
Mitella diphylla, petals pectinate-pinnatifid. 44, Petal of Cerastium nutans, 2-cleft. 

petal of Calceolaria, Cypripedium (71). The limb is, 
moreover, often distorted into a true nectary, spurred 
(see § 78), or otherwise deformed, as in Napellus, 
Coptis, etc. 

90. We have seen that the floral organs are often 
in various ways united. A calyx with its sepals united 
into a tube or cup was formerly said to be monosepal- 
ous, and ,a similar corolla was called monopetalous ; 
gam,osepalous and gamopetalous are now substituted 
for those words. Polysepalous is applied to a calyx 
with distinct sepals, a corolla with separate petals is 
polypetalous. 

Gamosepalous and gamopetalous have in Germany given place to the more 
appropriate words synsepalous and sympetalous. 

Polysepalous and polypetalous have also been superseded by the more accurate 
terms aposepalous and apopetalous. 



38 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



[31, 32. 



91. The gamosepalous calyx, or gamopetalous co- 
rolla, although thus compounded of several pieces, is 
usually described as a simple organ, wheel-shaped, cup- 
shaped, tubular, according to the degree of cohesion. 
The lower part of it, formed by the united claws, 
whether long or short, is the tube ; the upper part, 
composed of the confluent laminse, is the border, or 
limb; the opening of the tube above is the throat. 

92. The border is either lobed, toothed, crenate, 
etc., by the distinct ends of the pieces composing it, 
as in the calyx of Pink, the calyx and corolla of 
Primula, Phlox, and Bellwort, or it may become, by a 
complete lateral cohesion, entire, as in the Morning- 
glory. Here the compound nature of the organ is 
shown by the seams alone. 

93. A terminal cohesion, where summit as well as 
sides are joined, forming a cap rather than cup, rarely 
occurs, as in the calyx of the garden Eschscholtzia and 
the corolla of the Grape. 




45, Flower of Saponaria (Bouncing Bet); petals and claws quite distinct. 46, Phlox; claws united, 
with lamina distinct. 47, Spigelia (Pink -root), petals still further united. 48, Quamoclit coccinea ; petals 
united throughout. 

94. The modes of adhesion are various and im- 
portant, furnishing some of the most valuable dis- 



32, 33.] 



THE FLORAL ENVELOPES. 



39 



tinctive characters. An organ is said to be adherent 
when it is conjoined with some dissimilar organ, as 
stamen with pistil. All the organs of our typical 
flower are described as free. 

95. The term hypogynous (v™, under, yw?J, the 
pistil) is an adjective in frequent use, denoting that 





the organs are inserted into the torus under, or at the 
base of the ovary or pistil. Organs so situated are, of 
course, in the normal condition and free, there being 
no adhesions. Observe and explain the sections of 
Jeffersonia and Violet (49, 50). 

96. Perigynous (nepi, around) is a term applicable 
to the stamens and pet- 
als only, and implies that 
they are (apparently) in- 
serted on the calyx or 
corolla around the free 
ovary. In Phlox, the 
stamens are perigynous 
on the corolla-tube. In 
Cherry and Plum, the 
petals and stamens are perigynous on the calyx-tube. 
(See 51.) 

97. Epigynous (ini, upon) denotes that the. organs 




40 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



[33, 34. 



are inserted (apparently) upon the ovary, as appears 
in Apple, Pear, Caraway, Sunflower. (See cuts 42, 
51.) The common phrases "calyx superior," "ovary 
inferior," have the same signification as " calyx epigy- 
nous," all implying the apparent insertion of the 
organs upon or above the ovary. In this condition 






52, Ribes aureum and (54) Fuchsia gracilis ; ovary inferior or adherent, stamens and petals epigynous 
{above the adherent ovary). 53, Saxifraga Virginiensis; ovary half-superior. 

all the organs, or at least the calyx, are blended with 
the ovary to its top. Hence the phrases "ovary adher- 
ent," or "oalyx adherent," have also the same mean- 
ing, and are preferable, because in accordance with the 
fact. (Explain the sections of Golden Currant and 
Ear-drop — 52, 54.) 

98. Calyx inferior or free, ovary superior or free, 
are all phrases of the same import as calyx hypogy- 
nous. Between the two conditions, calyx superior and 
calyx inferior, there are numerous gradations, of which 
one only is defined, to wit, calyx half-superior, as ex- 
emplified in the Mock-orange and Saxifrage (53). 



34, 35.] 



FORMS OF THE PERIANTH. 



41 



CHAPTER VI. 



FORMS OF THE PERIANTH. 

99. The innumerable forms of the perianth, whether 
calyx or corolla, or both, are first to be distinguished 
as polypetalous or gamopetalous, and secondly, as 
regular or irregular. The POLYPETALOUs-re^Zar forms 
are typified by the four figures below, and described 
in the following paragraphs. 




Forms of corollas. — 55, Cheiranlhus (Stock). 56, Silene regia (Scarlet Catchfly). 57, Pyrus coronata. 

58, Amaryllis (Atamasco Lily). 

100. First, Cruciform (crucis, of a cross) or cross- 
shaped corollas consist of four long-clawed petals, 
placed at right angles to each other, as in Mustard, 
Wall-flower (55). 2d, Caryophyllaceous or pink-like 
corollas consist of five petals with long, erect claws, 
and spreading laminae ; as in the Pink (56). 3d, 
Rosaceous or rose-like corollas are composed of five 
short-clawed open petals; as in the Rose (Fig. 57). 
4th, Liliaceous flowers, like the Lilies, consist of a 



42 



STEUCTUEAL BOTANY. 



[35. 



six-leaved perianth ; each leaf gradually spreading so 
as to resemble, as a whole, the funnel-form (58). 

101. Polypetalous-irregular forms (59, 71) may gen- 
erally be referred to these two types — the papiliona- 
ceous and the orchidaceous. The Papilionaceous (pa- 
pilio, butterfly) corolla or flower may consist of five 
dissimilar petals, designated thus : the upper, largest, 
and exterior petal is the banner (vexillum) ; the two 
lateral, half -exterior, are the wings (alas) ; the two 
lower, interior petals, often united at their lower mar- 
gin, are the keel (carina). The flowers of the Pea, 




59, Papilionaceous flower of the Pea. 60, Displayed: v, the vexillum; a, a, the alae; c, c, the carina. 
61, Section of flower of Dicentra Cucullaria. 



Locust, Clover, and of the great family of the Legu- 
minosae in general are examples. The Orchidaceous 
is a form of the perianth peculiar to the Orchis, and 
to that large and singular tribe in general. It is a 
6 -parted double perianth, very irregular, characterized 
chiefly by its lip, which is the upper petal (lower by 
the twisting of the ovary) enlarged and variously 
deformed. 

102. Gamopetalous-regular perianths (62-6 7) may 
include mainly the following forms, although some of 
th&fcn may become irregular. First, Rotate, wheel- 
shaped, or star-shaped, is a form with tube very short, 



35, 36.] 



FORMS OF THE PERIANTH. 



43 



if any, and a fiat, spreading border ; as the calyx of 
Chickweed, corolla of Trientalis, Elder. It is some- 
times a little irregular, as in Mullein. 2d, Cup-shaped, 
with pieces cohering into a concave border, as in the 
calyx of Mallows, corolla of Kalmia, etc. 3d, Cam- 
panulate, or bell-shaped ; when the tube widens ab- 
ruptly at base and gradually in the border, as in 




Forms of corollas. — 62, Campanula Americana; rotate. 63, Campanula divaricata. 64, Andromeda; 
urceolate. 65, Convolvulus (Morning-glory). 66, Petunia. 67, Lonicera sempervirens (Honeysuckle). 

68, Dandelion; ligulate corolla (c), 5-toothed; a, five anthers united into a tube around s, the style. 

69, Synandra grandiflora, ringent, upper lip 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed. 70, Linaria (yellow Snapdragon), per- 
sonate. 71, Cypripedium acaule, orchidaceous. 



the Harebell, Canterbury-bell. 4 th, Urceolate, urn- 
shaped ; an oblong or globular corolla with a narrow 
opening, as the Whortleberry, Heath. 5th, Funnel- 
form (infundibuliform), narrow-tubular below, gradu- 
ally enlarging to the border, as Morning-glory. 6th, 
Salver-form (hypocrateriform), the tube ending ab- 
ruptly in a horizontal border, as in Phlox, Petunia, 
both of which are slightly irregular. 7th, Tubular, a 



44 STRUCTURAL B0TAXY. [36, 37. 

cylindraceous form spreading little or none at the bor- 
der ; as the calyx of the Pink, corolla of the Honey- 
suckle. It is often a little curved. Tubular flowers 
are common in the Compositae, as the Thistle, Sun- 
flower, when they are often associated with the next 
form, the ligulate. 

103. Gamopetalous - irregular perianths may be 
either ligulate or labiate. The ligulate corolla (ligula, 
tongue) is formed as if by splitting a tubular corolla 
on one side. The notches at the end plainly indicate 
the number of united petals composing it, as also do 
the parallel longitudinal seams. (See Figs. 68, 69*.) 
The labiate, bilabiate or lip-shaped, resembling the 
mouth of some animal, is a very common form, result- 
ing from the unequal union of the parts, accompanied 
with other irregularities. In the labiate corolla three 
petals unite more or less to form the lower lip, and 
two to form the upper. In the calyx, when bilabiate, 
this rule is reversed, according to the law of alterna- 
tion of organs ; two sepals are united in the lower lip 
and three in the upper, as seen in the Sage and the 
Labiate Order generally. Labiate flowers are said to 
be galeate or helmeted when the upper lip is concave, 
as in Catmint ; ringent or gaping when the throat or 
mouth is wide open (69) ; personate or masked when 
the throat is closed as with a palate, like the Snap- 
dragon (70). 

104. Certain reduced forms of the perianth should 
be noticed in this place. The Pappus (nd-nog, grand- 
father, alluding to his gray hairs) is the hair-like calyx 
of the florets of the Compositae, and other kindred 
Orders. The florets of this Order are collected into 
heads so compactly that the calyxes have not room 



37, 38.] 



FOEMS OF THE PERIANTH. 



45 



for expansion in the ordinary way. The pappus is 
commonly persistent, and often increases as the fruit 
matures, forming a feathery sail to waft away the 
seed through the air, as in the Dandelion and Thistle. 
It varies greatly in form and size, as seen in the cuts ; 
sometimes consisting of scales, sometimes of hairs, 
again of feathers or bristles. Sometimes it is mounted 
on a stipe, which is the beak of the fruit. 






Cypsela (incorrectly called akenium) of the Compositse, with various forms of pappus. 72, Ecripta 
procumbens, no pappus. 73, Ambrosia trifida. 74, Helianthus grosse-serratus, pappus 2-awned. 75. 
Ageratum conizoides, pappus of five scales. 76, Mulgedium, capillary pappus — cypsela slightly rostrate. 
77, Lactuca elongata, rostrate cypsela. 



105. Again : the calyx, or the limb of the calyx, is 
reduced to a mere rim, as seen in the Umbelliferse. 
In the Amentaceous Orders, the whole perianth di- 
minishes to a shallow cup, as in the Poplar and Wil- 
low, or altogether disappears, as in the Birch, Ash, 
and Lizard-tail (15, 16). 

106. Setae, meaning bristles in general, is a term 
specifically used to denote the reduced perianth of the 
sedges. In the Bog-rush (Scirpus) there is, outside the 
stamens, a circle of six setae, representing a 6-leaved 
perianth (78). In the Cotton-grass (Eriophorum) the 
setae are multiplied and persistent on the fruit, becom- 
ing long and cotton-like. 

107. Perigynium is the name given to the urceo- 
late perianth of Carex, investing the ovary, but allow- 
ing the style to issue at its summit. It is composed 



46 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



[38, 39. 



of two united sepals, as indicated by the two teeth at 
the top (79). 

108. Glumes and pales represent the floral en- 
velopes, or rather the involucre 

of the Grasses (436). Their al- 
ternating arrangement clearly 
distinguishes them from a peri- 
anth. 

109. The duration of the 
calyx and corolla varies widely, 
and is marked by certain gen- 
eral terms. It is caducous 
when it falls off immediately, 
as the calyx of Poppy, co- 
rolla of Grape ; deciduous 
when it falls with the stamens, 
as in most plants ; and per- 
sistent, if it remain until the fruit ripens, as the calyx 
of Apple. If it continue to grow after flowering, it is 
accrescent ; and if it wither without falling off, it is 
marescent. 




78, Flower of Scirpus lacustris, magni- 
fied; consisting of six setae, three stamens, 
three pistils united, except the stigmas. 
79, Flower of Carex rivularis 5 , with g, 
its glume, p, its hottle-shaped perigynium, 
2-toothed at top, enveloping the triple 
ovary ; stigmas, three. 



4 ♦» 



CHAPTER VII. 



OF THE ESSENTIAL ORGANS. — THE STAMENS. 



110. Within the safe enclosure of the floral envel- 
opes stand the essential organs — the stamens and pis- 
tils — clearly distinguishable from the perianth by their 
more slight and delicate forms, and from each other by 
various marks. In the complete flower the andrceceum 
next succeeds the corolla in the order of position, 
being the third set, counting from the calyx. 



39, 40.] 



THE ESSENTIAL ORGANS. 



47 



111. A perfect stamen consists of two parts — the 
filament, corresponding with the petiole of the typical 
leaf ; and the anther, answering to the blade. Within 
the cells of the anther the pollen is produced, a sub- 
stance essential to the fertility of the flower. Hence 
the anther alone is the essential part of the stamen. 




80, Andrcecium and gyncecium of Frankenia (after Peyer). 81, Stamen (adnate) of Morning-glory. 
82, Same enlarged, with pollen grains discharged ; /, filament ; a, a, anther, 2-lohed ; c, top of the con- 
nectile. 83. Ranunculus. 84, Same, cut transversely. 85, Iris, cut transversely (extrorse). £6, Ama- 
ryllis, versatile. 87, Larkspur, innate. 88, Same, cut. 

112. The filament {filum, a thread) is the stalk sup- 
porting the anther at or near its top. It is ordinarily 
slender, yet sustaining itself with the anther in posi- 
tion. Sometimes it is capillary, and pendulous with 
its weight, as in the Grasses. 

113. The anther is regularly an oblong body at the 
summit of the filament, composed of two hollow par- 
allel lobes joined to each other and to the filament by 
the connectile. In front of the connectile, looking 
toward the pistil, there is usually a furrow ; on its 
back a ridge, and on the face of each lobe a seam, 
the usual place of dehiscence or opening, all running 
parallel with the filament and connectile. 

114. The stamen, as thus described, may be considered regular or typical 
in form, and is well exemplified in that of the Buttercup (Fig. 83). But the 
variations of structure are as remarkable here as in other organs, depending 
on such circumstances as; 1st, The attachment of filament to anther. This 



48 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



[40. 



may occur in three ways. The anther is said to be innate when it stands cen- 
trally erect on the top of the filament; adnate when it seems attached to one 
side of the filament ; versatile when connected to the top of the filament by a 
single point in the back. 2d, The modes of Dehiscence, or opening, are also 
three — viz., valvular, where the seam opens vertically its whole length, which 
is the usual way; porous, where the cells open by a chink or pore, usually at 
the top, as in Rhododendron and Potato ; opercular, when by a lid opening up- 
ward, as in Sassafras, Berberis (92). 3d, The facing of the anther is also an 
important character. It is introrse when the lines of dehiscence look toward 
the pistil, as in Violet ; extrorse when they look outward toward the corolla, as 
in Iris. 4th, The connectile is usually a mere prolongation of the filament, ter- 
minating, not at the base, but at the top of the anther. If it fall short, the 
anther will be emarginate. Sometimes it outruns the anther, and tips it with a 
terminal appendage of some sort, as in Violet, Oleander, and Paris. Again, 
its base may be dilated into spurs, as in two of the stamens of Violet. 5th, If 
the connectile be laterally dilated, as we see gradually done in the various 
species of the Labiate Order, the lobes of the anther will be separated, form- 
ing two dimidiate (halved) anthers on one filament, as in Sage and Brunella. 
Such are, of course, 1-celled (96). 
P 




Peculiar forms of stamens. — 89, Pyrola rotundifolia ; p, dehiscence by pores at top. 90, Vaccinium 
uliginosum ; p, dehiscence. 91, Berberis aquifolium, anthers opening (92) by valves upward. 93, Anther 
of Violet, introrse, with an appendage at top. 94, Oleander, sagittate, appendaged. 95, Catalpa, lobes of 
anther separated. 96, Sage, lobes of anther widely separated, on stipes ; b, barren lobe without pollen. 
97, Malva, anther 1-celled. 98, Ephedra (after Peyer), anther 4-celled. 



115. The cells of the anthers are at first commonly 
four, all parallel, becoming two only at maturity. In 
some plants the four are retained, as in the anthers of 
Ephedra (98). In others, as Mallows, all the cells 
coalesce into one (97). 

116. Appendages of many kinds distinguish the stamens of different spe- 
cies. In the Ericaceae there are horns, spurs, tails, queues, etc. In Onions and 
G-arlic, the filament is 2 or 3 forked, bearing the anther on one of the tips. 
Sometimes a pair of appendages appear at base, as if stipulate. It is often 
conspicuously clothed with hairs, as in Tradescantia. (See 89-94.) 

117. Slaminodia, or sterile filaments with abortive anthers or none, occur 
singly in many of the Figworts and Labiates, or in entire whorls next within 
the petals, alternating with them, as in Loose-strife. The curious fringes of 
the Passion-flower are regarded as composed of staminodia (112). 



41.] 



THE ESSENTIAL ORGANS. 



49 



118. The number of the stamens is said to be defi- 
nite when not exceeding twenty, as is sometimes 
definitely expressed by such terms as follow, com- 
pounded of the Greek numerals — viz., monandrous, 




Essential organs. — 99, Rhododendron, five stamens (a), one pistil (p), oblique or slightly irregular. 100, 
Flower of ^Esculus (Buckeye), regular, 5-toothed calyx (c), very irregular 4-petalled corolla, seven stamens 
unequal, one style (s). 101, Flower of Hydrastis ; s, sepals deciduous. 



having one stamen to each flower ; diandrous, with 

two stamens ; petandrous, with five stamens. If the 

number exceeds twenty, it is said to be indefinite 
(denoted thus, oo ) or polyandrous. 




102. Stamens (diadelphous) of a Leguminous plant. 103, Stamens (syngenesious) of a Composite ; /, 
filaments distinct ; a, anthers united ; s, stigmas revolute, etc. 104, Tetradynamous stamens of a Crucifer. 

105, Gynandrous column of Cypripedium ; o, ovary ; r, torus ; s, sterile stamen ; a, twopollinia ; c, stigma. 

106, Didynamous stamens of Lophospermum. 

119. The position or insertion of the stamens (§55) 
may be more definitely stated here as hypogynous, on 



50 STRUCTURAL BOTANY. [41, 42. 

the receptacle below the ovaries ; perigynous, on the 
calyx around the ovary ; epipetalous, on the corolla, as 
in Phlox ; epigynous, on the ovary at its summit, and 
gynandrous (yvvtj, pistil, dvdpeg, stamens) on the pistil, 
that is, when the stamens are adherent to the style, 
as in Orchis. Inequality in length is definitely marked 
in two cases, as tetradynamous (r^rpag, four, dvva/iig^ 
power) when the stamens are six, whereof four are 
longer than the other two, as in all the Crucifers ; 
didynamous, where the stamens are four, two of them 
longer than the other two, as in all the Labiates (104, 
106). 

120. Cohesion is as frequent with stamens as with 
petals. They are monadelphous (adeX^bg, a brother) 
when they are all united, as in Mallow, into one set 
or brotherhood by the filaments ; diadelphous in two 
sets, whether equal or unequal, as in Pea, Squirrel- 
corn ; polyadelphous, many sets, as in St. Johnswort ; 
and syngenesious, when they are united by their an- 
thers, as in the Compositae. Finally, the absence of 
the stamens altogether, whether by abortion, as in the 

? flowers of Veratrum, or by suppression, as in Oak, 
occurs in various modes, rendering the plant monoe- 
cious (£), dioecious ($ $), or polygamous ( $ % 2), as 
already explained (§ 67). 

121. The pollen is in appearance a small, yellow 
dust, contained in the cells of the anther. When 
viewed with the microscope, it appears as grains of 
various forms, usually spheroidal or oval, sometimes 
triangular or polyhedral, but always of the same form 
and appearance in the same species. Externally they 
are curiously, and often elegantly figured with stripes, 
bands, dots, checks, etc. Each grain of pollen is a 



42, 43.] 



THE ESSENTIAL ORGANS. 



51 



membranous cell or sac containing a fluid. Its coat is 
double — the outer is more thick and firm, exhibiting 




Pollen grains.— 107, Pinus larico. 108, Basella rubra. 109, Ranunculus repens. 110, Scolymus grandi- 

florus. Ill, Passiflora incarnata. 

one or more breaks where the inner coat, which is 
very thin and expansible, is uncovered. In the fluid 
are suspended mol- 
ecules of inconceiv- 
a b 1 e minuteness, 
said to possess a 
tremulous motion. 
When the mem- 
brane is exposed to 
moisture, it swells 
and bursts, d i s - 
charging its con- 
tents. 

122. In the Or- 

112, Section of the Passion -flower (Passiflora ccerulea) ; b, bracts 
ChldS and Sllkweed °^ ^ e mv °l ucre ' s > sepals ; p, petals ; a, a, staminodia or sterile 

filaments ; c, stipe ; o, ovary ; d, stamens ; t, stigmas. 

tribe, the pollen 

grains do not separate as into a dust or powder, but 
all cohere into masses called pollinia, accompanied by 
a viscid fluid. 




5 2 STRUCTURAL BOTANY. [43, 44. 



CHAPTER VIII. 

OF THE ESSENTIAL ORGANS. — THE PISTILS. 

123. The Gynaeceum occupies the center of the 
flower, at the termination of the axis. It consists 
regularly of a circle of distinct pistils (§ 60), sym- 
metrical in number with the other circles. It is sub- 
ject to great variation. The pistil may be distinct 
and simple, as in Columbine, or coherent in various 
degrees into a compound body, as in St. Johnswort. 
Also instead of being free and superior, as it regularly 
should be, it may adhere to the other circles, as 
already explained (§ 97), and become inferior ; that 
is, apparently placed below the flower, as in the Cur- 
rant (52). 

124. The number of the pistils is by no means 
confined to the radical of the flower. They may be 
increased by multiples, becoming a spiral on a length- 
ened receptacle, as in Tulip-tree, or still remaining a 
circle, as in Poppy. On the other hand, they may be 
reduced in number often to one, as in Cherry and Pea. 
Certain terms are employed to denote the number of 
pistils in the flower, such as monogynous, with one 
pistil ; trigynous, with three ; polygynous, with many, 
etc. 

125. The simple pistil may usually be known from 
the compound, by its one-sided forms — having two 
sides similar and two dissimilar. If the pistils appear 
distinct, they are all simple, never being united into 
more than one set, as the stamens often are. The 



44, 45.] 



THE ESSENTIAL OKG-ANS. 



53 



parts of a simple pistil are three — the ovary (o, 113) 
at base, the stigma (s) at the summit, and the style 
(sty) intervening. Like the filament, the style is not 
essential ; and when it is wanting, the stigma 
is sessile upon the ovary, as in Anemone (116). 
In order to understand the relation of these 
parts, we must needs first study — 

126. The morphology of the pistil. — As 




113 ! : 






116 



113, Pistil of Tobacco. 114, Pistil, stamens, and calyx of Azalea. 115, Trillium — stigmas (d) and anthers 
(s) nearly sessile. 116, Pistils of Rue Anemone (A. tJialictroides) — stigmas sessile. 

before stated, the pistil consists of a modified leaf 
called a carpel (ftapnbg, fruit), or carpellary leaf. This 
leaf is folded together toward the axis, so that the 
upper surface becomes the inner, while the lower be- 
comes the outer surface of the ovary. By this arrange- 
ment two sutures or seams will be formed — the dorsal, 
at the back, by the midvein ; the ventral, in front, by 
the joined margins of the leaf. This view of the 
pistil is remarkably confirmed and illustrated by the 
flowers of the Double Cherry (124, 125), where the 
pistil may be seen in every degree of transition, re- 
verting toward the form of a leaf. This carpellary 
leaf stands in the place of the pistil, having the edges 
infolded toward each other, the midvein prolonged and 
dilated at the apex, as shown in 125. 



54 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



[45, 46. 



12 7. The placentae are usually prominent lines or 
ridges extending along the ventral suture within the 
cell of the ovary, and bearing the ovules. They are 
developed at each of the two edges of the carpellary 
leaf, and are consequently closely parallel when those 
edges are united, forming one double placenta in the 
cell of each ovary. 

128. The simple carpel, with, all its parts, is completely exemplified in the 
Pea-pod. When this is laid open at the ventral suture, the leaf form becomes 
manifest, with the peas (ovules) arranged in an alternate order along each 
margin, so as to form but one row when the pod is closed. In the pod of 
Columbine (127), the ovules form two distinct rows, in the simple Plum car- 
pel, each margin bears a single ovule ; and in the one-ovuled Cherry, only one 
of the margins is fruitful. 




117, Simple pistil of Strawberry, the style lateral. 118, Simple pistil of Crowfoot, cut to show the 
ovule. 119, Simple pistil of the Cherry. 120, Vertical section showing the ovule (o), style (s), stigma (a). 
121, Cross-section of the same. 122, Compound pistil of Spring-beauty. 123, Cross-section of the same, 
showing the three cells of the ovary. 124, Expanded carpellary leaf of the Double Cherry. 125, The same 
partly folded, as if to form a pistil. 

129. The stigma is the glandular orifice of the 
ovary, communicating with it either directly or 
through the tubiform style. It is usually globular 
and terminal, often linear and lateral, but subject to 
great variations in form. It is sometimes double or 
halved, or 2-lobed, even when belonging to a single 
carpel or to a simple style, as in Linden, where these 
carpels are surmounted by three pairs of stigmas. 

130. The compound pistil consists of the united 
circle of pistils, just as the monopetalous corolla con- 



46.] 



THE ESSENTIAL ORGANS. 



55 



sists of the united circle of petals. The union occurs 
in every degree, commencing at the base of the ovary 
and proceeding upward. Thus in Columbine, we see 
the carpels (pistils) distinct ; in early Saxifrage, coher- 
ing just at base ; in Pink, as far as the top of the 
ovaries, with styles distinct ; in Spring-beauty, to the 
top of the styles, with stigmas distinct ; and in Rho- 
dodendron, the union is complete throughout. 




r 131 
127 ^f "^129 ^ 

126, Ovary (follicle; of Larkspur, composed of a single carpellary leaf. 127, Ovaries of the Columbine, 
five, contiguous but distinct. 128, Compound ovary of Hypericum, of carpels united below with distinct 
styles. 129, Ovary of another Hypericum of three carpels completely united. 130, Ovary of Flax; carpels 
five, united below, distinct above. 131, Dianthus (Pink). 132, Saxifraga. 

131. To determine the number of carpels in a com- 
pound ovary is an important and sometimes difficult 
matter. It may be known : 1st, By the number of the 
styles ; or, 2 d, By the number of the free stigmas (re- 
membering that these organs are liable to be halved 
— § 129) ; or, 3d, By the lobes, angles, or seams of the 
ovary ; or, 4th, By the cells ; or, 5th, By the placentae. 
But in Dodecatheon, etc., all these indications fail, so 
perfect is the union, and we are left to decide from 
analogy alone. 

132. The student will notice two very diverse 
modes of cohesion in the carpels of the compound 
ovary. First and regularly, the carpels may each be 
closed, as when simple, and joined by their sides and 



56 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



[46, 4? 



fronts; as in St. Johnswort (129) and Lily (171). In 
this case, lie may prove the following propositions. 
1st. The compound ovary will have as many cells as 
carpels. 2d. The partitions between the cells will be 
double, and alternate with the stigmas. 3d. A parti- 
tion dividing the cell of a single carpel must be a 
false one; as occurs in Flax (13 6). 4th. The Pla- 
centa, as well as the ventral suture, will be axial. 

133. Again: the carpels may each be opened and 
conjoined by their edges, as are the petals of a gamo- 
petalous corolla. So it is in the ovary of Violet (13 7) 
and Rock-rose (139). In this case, 1st. There will be 
no partition (unless a false one, as in the Crucifers), 
and but one cell ; 2d. The Placental will be parietal, 
i. e.j on the wall of the cell {paries, a wall). 




133, Samolus Valerandi, section of flower showing the free axial placenta. 134, Ovary of Scrophula- 
riaceae. 135, Ovary of Tulip. 136, Cross-section of ovary of Flax, 5-celled, falsely ]0-celled. 137, Ovary 
of Violet, 1-celled. 138, Ovary of Fuchsia, 4-celled. 139, Ovary of Rock-rose, 1-celled, 5-carpelled. 
140, Gentianaceae, 2-valved, 1-celled. 

134. Between the two conditions of axial (or central) and parietal placenta, 
we find all degrees of transition, as illustrated in the different species of St. 
Johnswort and in Poppy, where the inflected margins of the carpels carry the 
placentae inward, well-nigh to the axis. Moreover, the placentae are not al- 
ways mere marginal lines, hut often wide spaces covering large portions of 
the walls of the cell, as in Poppy and Water-lily ; in other cases, as Datura 
(168), they become large and fleshy, nearly filling the cell. 

135. A free axial placenta, without partitions, occurs 

in some compound one-celled ovaries, as in the Pink 



47, 48.] 



THE ESSENTIAL ORGANS. 



57 



and Primrose orders (133). This anomaly is explained 
in two ways — first, by the obliteration of the early- 
formed partitions, as is actually seen to occur in the 
Pinks ; secondly, by supposing the placenta to be, at 
least in some cases, an axial rather than a marginal 
growth — that is, to grow from the point of the axis 
rather than from the margin of the carpellary leaf, for 
in Primrose no partitions ever appear. 

136. A few peculiar forms of the style and stigma are worthy of note in 
our narrow limits, as the lateral style of Strawberry; the basilar style of the 
Labiatae and Borrageworts ; the branching style of Phyllanthus, one of the 
Euphorbiaceae ; also the globular stigma of Mirabilis; the linear stigma of 
Mediola ; the feathery stigma of Orasses ; the filif orm stigma of Indian corn ; 
the lateral stigma of Aster ; the petaloid stigmas of Iris ; the capitate and 
perforated stigma of Violet (141-149). 




Pistils.— 141, Symphytum, basilar style, ovary 4-parted. 142, 2 Flower of Phyllanthus (EuphorbiaceEe), 
branching styles. 143, Mirabilis Jalapa, globular stigma. 144, Flower of Luzula, stigmas linear. 145, 
Feathery stigmas of a Grass. 146, Stigmas of Aster. 147, Rumex. 148, Poppy. 149, Filiform stigma of 
Zea Mays (Corn). 

137. In the Pine, Cedar, and the Coniferae generally, 
both the style and stigma are wanting ; and the ovary 
is represented only by a flat, open, carpellary scale, 
bearing the naked ovules at its base. 



58 



STKUCTURAL BOTANY. 



[48, 49. 



CHAPTER IX. 



THE OVULES. 



138. The ovules are understood to be transformed 
buds, destined to become seeds in the fruit. Their 
development from the margins and inner surface of 
the carpel favors this view ; for the ordinary leaves of 
Bryophyllum and some other plants do habitually pro- 
duce buds at their margin or on their upper surface ; 
and in the Mignonette, ovules themselves have been 
seen transformed into leaves. 

139. The number of ovules in the ovary varies from 
one to hundreds. Thus, in Buttercups, Compositse, and 
Grasses, the ovule is solitary; in Umbelliferse it is also 




.150, Pistil of Celosia ; the pericarp detached, showing the young ovules. 151, Flower of Rhubarh, 
pericarp removed, showing the young ovule. 152, A similar ovule (orthotropous) of Polygonum. 153, The 
same, full grown ; foramen at top. 154, Section showing its two coats, nucleus, and sac. 155, Anatropous 
ovule, as of Columbine ; a, foramen. 156, Section of same. 157, Campylotropous ovule, as of Bean ; 
a, foramen. 158, Section of a Cherry ; ovule anatropous, suspended. 159, Section of carpel of Ranuncu- 
lus ; ovule ascending. 160, Senecio ; ovule erect. 161, Hippuris ; ovule pendulous. 



solitary in each of the two carpels ; in the Pea order 
they are definite, being but few ; in Mullein and Poppy, 
indefinite (oo), too many to be readily counted. As to 



49, 50.] THE OVULES. 59 

position, the ovule is erect when it grows upward 
from the base of the cell, as in Compositae ; ascending, 
when it turns upward from the side of the cell ; hori- 
zontal, when neither turning upward nor downward ; 
pendulous, when turned downward ; and suspended, 
when growing directly doAvnward from the top of the 
cell, as in Birch (158-161). 

140. The ovule at the time of flowering is soft and 
pulpy, consisting of a nucellus within two coats, sup- 
ported on a stalk. The stalk is called funiculus ; the 
point of its juncture with the base of the nucellus is 
the chalaza. The nucellus was first formed ; then the 
tegmen, or inner coat, grew up from the chalaza and 
covered it; and lastly the outer coat, the testa, in- 
vested the whole. Both coats remain open at the top 
by a small orifice, the foramen. 

141. In most cases the ovule, in the course of its 
growth, changes position — curving over in various de- 
grees upon its lengthening funiculus or upon itself. 
When no such curvature exists, and it stands straight, 
as in the Buckwheat order, it is orthdtropous. It is 
andtropous when completely inverted. In this state a 
portion of the funiculus adheres to the testa, forming 
a ridge called raphe, reaching from the chalaza to the 
hilum. It is campylotropous when curved upon itself. 
In this state the foramen is brought near to the cha- 
laza, and both are next the placenta, as in the Pinks 
and Cruciferas ; and amphitropous when half inverted, 
so that its axis becomes parallel with the placenta, as 
in Mallow. Here the raphe exists, but is short. In 
campylotropous ovules there is no raphe. 

142. The ovule contains no young plant (embryo) 
yet ; but a cavity, the embryo sac, is already provided 



60 STEUCTUKAL BOTANY. [50, 51. 

to receive it just within the upper end of the nu- 
cellus. 

The relations of the ovule to the pollen grain will, be more suitably dis- 
cussed hereafter under the head of fertilization. We briefly remark here that 
the immediate contact of the two is brought about, at the time of flowering, 
by special arrangements ; and that, as the undoubted result of their combined 
action, the embryo soon after originates in the embryo sac. 



+ *» 



CHAPTER X. 

THE FEUIT. — PEKICAEP. 

143. After having received the pollen which the 
anthers have discharged, the pistil or its ovary con- 
tinues its growth and enlargement, and is finally ma- 
tured in the form of the peculiar fruit of the plant. 
The fruit is, therefore, the mature ovary. 

144. As to the other organs of the flower, having accomplished their work 
— the fertilization of the ovary — they soon wither and fall away. Some of 
them, however, often persist, to protect or become blended with the ripening 
fruit. Thus the tube of the superior calyx (§ 97) always blends with the ovary 
in fruit; as in Currant, Cucumber, etc. In Compositae, the persistent limb 
enlarges into the pappus of the fruit. In Buttercups, the fruit is beaked with 
the short, persistent style. In Clematis and Geum, it is caudate (tailed) with 
the long, feathery style. In the Potato tribe, Labiatae, and many others, the 
inferior calyx continues to vegetate like leaves until the fruit ripens. In some 
cases the fruit, so called, consists of the receptacle and ovaries blended; as in 
Apple and Strawberry. Again — in Mulberry, Pig, and Pineapple, the whole 
inflorescence is consolidated into the matured fruit. 

145. As a rule, the structure of the fruit agrees 
essentially with that of the ovary. In many cases, 
however, the fruit undergoes such changes in the 
course of its growth from the ovary as to disguise its 
real structure. An early examination, therefore, is 
always more reliable in its results than a late one. 
For example, the acorn is a fruit with but one cell 



51.] 



THE FRUIT. 



61 



and one seed, although its ovary had three cells and 
six ovules ! This singular change is due to the non- 
development of five of its ovules, while the sixth grew 
the more rapidly, obliterated the partitions by press- 
ing them to the wall, and filled the whole space it- 
self. Similar changes characterize the Chestnut, Hazel- 
nut, and that whole Order. The ovary of the Birch 
is 2-celled, 2-ovuled; but by the sup- 
pression of one cell with its ovule, the 
fruit becomes 1 -celled and 1-seeded. 





165 



1C2, Section of the ovary of an acorn, 3-celled, 6-ovuled. 163, Section of ovary of Birch, 2-celled, 
2-ovuled. 164, Vertical section of the same in fruit. 165, Pericarp of Mignonette open soon after flower- 
ing. 166, Naked seed of Taxus Canadensis, surrounded, not covered, by the fleshy pericarp. 



On the other hand, the cells are sometimes multiplied in the fruit by the 
formation of false partitions. Thus the pod of Thornapple (Datura) becomes 
4-celled from a 2-celled ovary; and the longer pods of some Leguminous 
plants have cross-partitions formed between the seeds, and the 5-celled ovary 
of the Max comes by false partitions to be 10-celled (Fig. 136). 

146. The Pericarp. — The fruit consists of the peri- 
carp and the seed. The pericarp (^spi, around) is the 
envelope of the seeds, consisting of the carpels and 
whatever other parts they may be combined with. It- 
varies greatly in texture and substance when mature, 
being then either dry, as the Pea-pod, or succulent, as 
the Currant. Dry pericarps are membranous, or coria- 
ceous (leathery), or woody. Succulent pericarps may 
be either wholly so, as the Grape, or partly so, as the 
Peach and other stone fruits. 

147. With very few exceptions the pericarp incloses 



62 



STEUCTUEAL BOTANY. 



[51, 52. 



the seed while maturing. In Mignonette (165), how- 
ever, it opens, exposing the seed, immediately after 
flowering. The membranous pericarp of Cohosh (Cau- 
lophyllum) falls away early, leaving the seed to ripen 
naked. In Yew (Taxus) the seed is never inclosed 
wholly by its fleshy pericarp ; but in most of the other 
Coniferae, the close-pressed, carpellary scales cover the 
seeds. One-seeded fruits, like those of Buttercups, etc., 
are liable to be mistaken for naked seeds. 




Capsule, 167, of Scrophulada, ^-celled: 168, of Datura Stramonium; 169, of Iris; 170, showing its mode 
of dehiscence (loculicidal). 171, of Colchicum, 3-celled. 172, Eegma, ripe fruit of Geranium, the carpels 
(cocci) separating from the axis and bending upward on the elastic styles. 



148. Dehiscence. — The fleshy pericarp is always 
indehiscent Its seeds are liberated only by its decay, 
or bursting in germination. So also in many cases 
the dry pericarp, as the acorn. But more commonly 
the dry fruit, when arrived at maturity, opens in some 
way, discharging its seeds. Such fruits are dehiscent. 
Dehiscence is either valvular, porous, or circumscissile ; 
valvular, when the pericarp opens vertically along the 
sutures, forming regular parts called valves. These 
valves may separate quite to the base, or only at the 
top, forming teeth, as in Chickweed. We notice four 
modes of valvular dehiscence, viz. : 



52, 53.] THE FRUIT. 6 3 

1. Sutural, when it takes place at the sutures of 
any 1-celled pericarp, as Columbine, Pea, Violet. 

2. Septicidal (septum, partition, ccedo, to cut), when 
it takes place through the dissepiments (which are 
double, § 132). The carpels thus separated may open 
severally by sutures (Mallows), or remain indehiscent, 
as in Vervain. 

3. Loculicidal (loculus, a cell, ccedo, to cut), when 
each carpel opens at its dorsal suture directly into the 
cell (Evening Primrose, Lily). Here the dissepiments 
come away attached to the middle of the valves. 

4. Septifragal (septum, and frango, to break), when 
the valves separate from the dissepiments which re- 
main still united in the axis (Convolvulus). 





Dehiscence; 173, septicidal; 174, loculicidal; 175, septifragal. 

149. Porous dehiscence is exemplified in the Poppy, 
where the seeds escape by orifices near the top of the 
fruit. It is not common. Circumscissile (circum- 
scindo, to cut around), when the top of the ovary 
opens or falls off like a lid, as in Plantain. Some 
fruits, as the G-erania and Umbelliferse, are furnished 
with a carpophore, that is, a slender column from the 
receptacle — a fusiform torus, prolonged through the 
axis of the fruit, supporting the carpels. 



64 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



[53, 54. 



CHAPTER XI. 



FORMS OF THE PERICARP. 



150. The morphology of the pericarp is exceedingly diversified ; but it 
Will suffice the learner at first to acquaint himself with the leading forms 
only, such as are indicated in the following synopsis and more definitely 
described afterward. 

The following is a synopsis of the principal forms of Pericarps, for the 

blackboard. 

§ 1. Free Fruits {formed by a single Flower). 

* Pericarps iiidehiscent. 

t "With usually but one seed, and 
X Uniform, or 1-coated. 

1. Separated from the seed. 

2. Inflated, often breaking away. 

3. Inseparable from the seed. 

4. Invested with a cupule (involucre). 

5. Having winged appendages. 
X Double or triple-coated, fleshy or fibrous. 

6. Three-coated. Stone cell entire. 

7. Two-coated. Stone cell 2-parted. 

8. Drupes aggregated, 
t "With two or more seeds, 

X Immersed in a fleshy or pulpy mass. 

9. Rind membranous. 

10. Rind leathery, separable. 

11. Rind hard, crustaceous. 
X 12. Inclosed in distinct cells. 



Akene (Buttercups). 
Utricle (Pigweed). 
Caryopsis (Grasses). 
Glans, Acorn (Oak). 
Samara, Key (Ash). 

Drupe (Cherry). 
Tryma ("Walnut). 
Etaerio (Raspberry). 



Berry (Gooseberry). 
Hesperidium (Orange). 
Pepo (Squash). 
Pome (Apple). 



* Pericarps dehiscent. 

t 13. Dehiscence circumscissile, seeds co. 
t Dehiscence valvular or porous ; 
X Simple, or 1-carpelled, 

14. Opening by the ventral suture. 

15. Opening by both sutures. 

16. Legume jointed. 

X Compound pericarps ; 

17. Placentae parietal with two cells. 

Silique short. 

18. Placentae parietal only when 1-celled. 

19. Capsule with carpophore and elastic 

styles. 



Pyxis (Henbane). 



Follicle (Columbine). 
Legume (Pea). 
Loment (Desmodium). 

Silique (Mustard). 

Silicle (Shepherd's Purse). 

Capsule (Flax). 

Regma (Geranium). 



§ 2. Confluent Fruits (formed of an Inflorescence). 

* 20. "With open carpels aggregated into a cone. Strobile (Pine). 

* 21. "With closed carpels aggregated into a mass. Sorosis (Pineapple). 



54, 55.] 



FORMS OF THE PERICARP. 



65 



151. The akene is a small, dry, indehiscent peri- 
carp, free from the one seed which it contains, and 
tipped with the remains of the style (Buttercups, 
Lithospermum). 

The double akene of the Umbelliferee, supported on a carpophore, is called 
cremocarp (177). The akenes of the Compositae, usually crowned with a pap- 
pus, are called cypsela (178). 

The akenes are often mistaken for seeds. In the Labiatae and Borrage- 
worts they are associated in fours (141). In G-eum, Anemone, etc., they are 
collected in heads. The rich pulp of the Strawberry consists wholly of the 
overgrown receptacle, which bears the dry akenes on its surface (184). 

152. The utricle is a small, thin pericarp, fitting 
loosely upon its one seed, and often opening trans- 
versely to discharge it (Pigweed, Prince's Feather). 




176, Akenes of Anemone thalictroides. 177, Cremocarp of Archangelica officinalis, its halves (mono- 
carps) separated and suspended on the carpophore. 178, Cypsela of Thistle with its plumous pappus. 
179, Utricle of Chenopodium (Pigweed). 180, Caryopsis of Wheat. 181, Samara of Elm. 182, Glaus of 
Beech. 1S3, Drupe of Prunus. 181, Fruit of Fragaria Indica, a fleshy torus like the Strawberry. 

153. Caryopsis, the grain or fruit of the Grasses, is 
a thin, dry, 1 -seeded pericarp, inseparable from the 
seed. 

154. Samara; dry, 1 -seeded, indehiscent, furnished 
with a membranous wing or wings (Ash, Elm, Maple). 

155. Glans, or nut; hard, dry, indehiscent, com- 
monly 1-seeded by suppression (§ 145), and invested 



m 



STKUCTURAL BOTANY. 



[55, 56. 



with a persistent involucre called a cupule, either soli- 
tary (Acorn, Hazelnut) or several together (Chestnut). 

156. Drupe, stone-fruit; a 3-coated, 1 -ceiled, inde- 
hiscent pericarp, as the Cherry and Peach. The outer 
coat (epidermis) is called the epicarp ; the inner is the 
nucellus or endocarp, hard and stony ; the intervening 
pulp or fleshy coat is the sarcocarp {p&p%, flesh). These 
coats are not distinguishable in the ovary. 

157. Tryma, a 2-coated drupe; the epicarp fibro- 
fleshy (Butternut) or woody (Hickory) ; the nucellus 
bony, with its cell often deeply 2-parted (Cocoanut). 




Fruits. — 185, Etaerio of Rubus strigosus (Blackberry). 186, Pepo ; section of Cucumber. 187, Berry 
Grape. 188, Pome ; Crataegus (Haw). 189, Pyxis of Jeffersonia. 190, Legume of Pea. 191, Loment of 
Desmodium. 192, Silique of Mustard. 193, Silicle of Capsella. 



158. Etcerio, an aggregate fruit consisting of numer- 
ous little drupes united to each other (Raspberry) or to 
the fleshy receptacle (Blackberry). 

159. Berry, a succulent, thin-skinned pericarp, hold- 
ing the seeds loosely imbedded in the pulp (Currant, 
Grape). 



55-57.] FORMS OF THE PERICARP. 67 

160. Hesperidium, & succulent, many-carpelled fruit; 
the rind thick, leathery, separable from the pulpy mass 
Avithin (Orange, Lemon). 

161. Pepo, an indehiscent, compound, fleshy fruit, 
with a hardened rind and parietal placentae (Melon). 

162. The pome is an indehiscent pericarp, formed 
of the permanent calyx and fleshy receptacle, con- 
taining several cartilaginous (Apple) or bony (Haw) 
cells. 

163. The pyxis is a many-seeded, dry fruit, open- 
ing like a lid by a circumscissile dehiscence (Plantain, 
Henbane, Jeffersonia)". 

164. The follicle is a single carpel, 1-celled, many- 
seeded, opening at the ventral suture (Columbine, Lark- 
spur, Silk-grass). 

165. The legume, or pod, is a single carpel, 1-celled, 
usually splitting into two valves, but bearing its 1 — oo 
seeds along the ventral suture only, in one row, as in 
the Bean and all the Leguminosse. It is sometimes 
curved or coiled like a snail-shell (Medicago). The 
loment is a jointed pod, separating across into 1-seeded 
portions (Desmodium). 

166. Silique. A pod, linear, 2-carpelled, 2-valved, 
2-celled by a false dissepiment extended between the 
two parietal placentae. To this false dissepiment on 
both sides of both edges the seeds are attached (Mus- 
tard). The silicle is a short silique, nearly as wide as 
long (Shepherd's Purse). The silique and silicle are 
the peculiar fruit of all the Cruciferae. 

167. Capsule (casket). This term includes all other 
forms of dry, dehiscent fruits, compound, opening by 
as many valves as there are carpels (Iris), or by twice 
as many (Chickweed), or by pores (Poppy). 



68 



STKTJCTUKAL BOTANY. 



t5f. 



168. The Regma is a kind of capsule like that of 
the Geranium, whose dehiscent carpels separate elastic- 
ally, but still remain attached to the carpophore. 

169. Strobile, or Cone; an aggregate fruit consist- 
ing of a conical or oval mass of imbricated scales, each 
an open carpel ( $ flower), bearing seeds on its inner 
side at base, i. a, axillary seeds (Pine and the G-ymno- 
sperms generally). The Gone (syncarpium, ovv j togeth- 
er) of the Magnolia tribe is a mass of confluent, closed 
pericarps on a lengthened torus (Cucumber Tree). 





\. 194 

194, Strobile of Pinus. 195, The Fig (syconus). 196, Sorosis of Mulberry. 197, Hip of Rosa, achenia 
nearly inclosed in the leathery calyx tube 



170. The Fig (syconium) is an aggregate fruit, con- 
sisting of numerous seed-like akenes inclosed within 
a hollow, fleshy receptacle, where the flowers were 
attached. 

171. Other confluent fruits (Sorosis) consist of the 
entire inflorescence developed into a mass of united 
pericarps, as in the Mulberry, Osage-orange, Pineapple. 



58.] 



THE SEED. 



69 



CHAPTER XII. 



THE SEED. 

172. The seed is the perfected ovule, having an 
embryo formed within, which is the rudiment of a new 
plant, similar in all respects to the original. The seed 
consists of a nucellus or kernel, invested with the 
integuments or coverings. The outer covering is the 
testa, the inner the tegmen, as 
in the ovule. The latter is 
thin and delicate, often indis- 
tinguishable from the testa. 

173. The testa is either 
membranous (papery), coria- 
ceous (leathery), crust aceous 
(horny), bony, woody, or fleshy. 
Its surface is generally smooth, 
sometimes beautifully polished, 
as in Columbine, Indian-shot 
(Canna), and often highly col- 
ored, as in the Bean ; or it 
may be dull and rough. It is 
sometimes winged, as in Ca- 

talpa, and sometimes clothed with long hairs, as in 
Silk-grass (Asclepias). Such a vesture is called the 
Coma. Cotton is the coma of the Cotton-seed. 




198, Aril of Nutmeg (mace). 199, Seed of 
Catalpa. 200, Seed of Willow. 201, Seed of 
Cotton. 



174. The coma must not be confounded with the pappus (§ 104), which is 
a modification of the calyx, appended to the pericarp, and not to the seed, as 
in the akenes of the Thistle, Dandelion, and other Compositae. Its intention 
in the economy of the plant can not be mistaken ; serving like the pappus to 
secure the dispersion of the seed, while incidentally, in the case of the Cotton- 
seed, it furnishes clothing and employment to a large portion of the human 
race. 



70 



STEUCTUKAL BOTANY. 



[58, 59. 



175. The aril is an occasional appendage, partially or wholly investing 
the seed. It originates after fertilization, at or near the hilum, where the 
seed is attached to its stalk (funiculus). Fine examples are seen in the gashed 
covering of the Nutmeg, called mace, and in the scarlet coat of the seed of 
Staff-tree. In the seed of Polygala, etc., it is hut a small scale, entire or 
2-cleft, called caruncle. 

176. The position of the seed in the pericarp is, like that of the ovule, 
erect, ascending, pendulous, etc. (§ 149). Likewise, in respect to its inversions, it 
is orthotropous, anatropous, amphitropous, and campylotropous (§ 141), terms already 
defined. The anatropous is hy far the most common condition. 

177. The hilum is the scar or mark left in the 
testa of the seed by its separation from the funiculus. 
It is commonly called the eye, as in the Bean. In 
orth6tropous and campyl6tropous seeds, the hilum cor- 
responds with the chalaza (§140). In other conditions 
it does not ; and the raphe (§ 141) extends between 
the two points, as in the ovules. The foramen of the 
ovule is closed up in the seed, leaving a slight mark — 
the micropyle. 

203 204 

205 




208 *"* 210 

202, Seed of Water Lily (Nymphaea), enlarged section ; alb., albumen ; a, the embryo contained in the 
embryo-sac ; s, tegmen : p, testa ; r, raphe ; or, aril ; m, orifice ; /, funiculus. 203, Seed of Bean. 204, 
Same, one cotyledon with the leafy embryo. 205, Seed of Apple. 206, One cotyledon showing the raphe 
and embryo. 207, Fruit of Mirabilis ; embryo coiled into a ring. 208, Onion ; embryo coiled. 209, Con- 
volvulus ; leafy embryo folded . 210, Embryo of Cuscuta. 211, Typha. 212, Ranunculus. 213, Hop. 

178. The seed-kernel may consist of two parts, the 
embryo and albumen, or of the embryo only. In the 
former case the seeds are albuminous; in the latter, 
exalbuminous ; a distinction of great importance in 
systematic botany. 



59,60.] THE SEED. 71 

179. The albumen or endosperm is a starchy or 
farinaceous substance accompanying the embryo and 
serving as its first nourishment in germination. Its 
qualities are wholesome and nutritious, even in poison- 
ous plants. Its quantity, when compared with the 
embryo, varies in every possible degree ; being ex- 
cessive (Ranunculaceae), or about equal (Violaceas), or 
scanty (Convolvulaceae), or none at all (Leguminosae). 
In texture it is mealy in Wheat, mucilaginous in. 
Mallows, oily in Bicinus, horny in Coffee, ruminated 
in Nutmeg and Papaw, ivory-like in the Ivory-palm, 
fibrous in Cocoanut, where it is also hollow, inclosing 
the milk. 

180. The embryo is an organized body, the rudi- 
ment of the future plant, consisting of root {radicle), 
stem-bud {plumule), and leaves {cotyledons). But these 
parts are sometimes quite indistinguishable until ger- 
mination, as in the Orchis tribe. The Radicle is the 
descending part of the embryo, always pointing toward 
the micropyle, the true vertex of the seed. The Plu- 
mule is the germ of the ascending axis, the terminal 
bud, located between or at the base of the Cotyledons. 
These are the seed-lobes, the bulky farinaceous part of 
the embryo, destined to become the first or seminal 
leaves of the young plant. The nutritive matter de- 
posited in the seed for the early sustenance of the 
germinating embryo, is found more abundant in the 
cotyledons in proportion as there is less of it in the 
albumen — often wholly in the albumen (Wheat), again 
all absorbed in the bulky cotyledons (Squash). 

181. The number of the cotyledons is variable; 
and upon this circumstance is founded the most im- 
portant subdivision of the Flowering Plants, The 



72 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



[60, 61. 



monocotyledon's are plants bearing seeds with one 
cotyledon ; or if two are present, one is minute or 
abortive. Such plants are also called Endogens, be- 
cause their stems do not grow exogenously (§ 421). 
Such are the Grasses, the Palms and Lilies, whose 
leaves are mostly constructed with parallel veins. 






214, Dicotyledonous (Bean). 215, Monocotyledonous (Wheat). 216, Polycotyledonous (Pine). 217, 
Acotyledonous (zoospore of one of the Confervae). (r, r, r, radicle ; p, p, p, plumule ; c, c, c, cotyledon ; 
a, albumen.) 

182. The dicotyledons are plants bearing seeds 
with two cotyledons. These are also called Exogens, 
because their stems grow by external accretions ; in- 
cluding the Bean tribe, Melon tribe, all our forest 
trees, etc. These are also distinguished at a glance 
by the structure of their leaves, which are net-veined 
(§ 280). More than two cotyledons are found in 
the seeds of Pine and Fir ; while the Dodder is 
almost the only known example of an embryo with no 
cotyledon. 

183. The position of the embryo, whether with or 
without albumen, is singularly varied and interesting 
to study. It may be straight, as in Cat-tail and Vio- 
let, or curved in various degrees (Moonseed and Pink), 
or coiled (Hop), or rolled (Spicebush), or bent angularly 
(Budk wheat), or folded (Cruciferse). In the last case 



61, 62.] THE SEED. 7 3 

two modes are to be specially noticed. 1. Incumbent, 
when the cotyledons fold over so as to bring the back 
of one against the radicle (Shepherd's Purse) ; 2. Ac- 
cumbent, when the edges touch the radicle (Arabis) . 

184. A few plants, as the Onion, Orange, and Conif erae, occasionally have 
two or even several embryos in a seed ; while all the Cryptogamia or flower- 
less plants have no embryo at all, nor even seeds, but are reproduced from 
spores — bodies analogous to the pollen-grains of flowering plants (217). 

185. Vitality of the seed. — After the embryo has 
reached its growth in the ripened seed, it becomes 
suddenly inactive, yet still alive. In this condition it 
is, in fact, a living plant, safely packed and sealed up 
for transportation. This suspended vitality of the seed 
may endure for years, or even, in some species, for 
ages. The seeds of Maize and Rye have been known 
to grow when 40 years old; Kidney-beans when 100; 
the Raspberry after 1700 years (Lindley). Seeds of 
Mountain Potentilla were known to us to germinate 
after a slumber of 60 years. On the other hand, the 
seeds of some species are short-lived, retaining vitality 
hardly a year (Coffee, Magnolia). 

186. The dispersion off seeds over wide, and often to distant regions, is 
effected by special agencies, in which the highest Intelligence and Wisdom 
are clearly seen. Some seeds made buoyant by means of the coma or pappus, 
already mentioned, are wafted afar by the winds, beyond rivers, lakes, and 
seas ; as the Thistle and Dandelion. Other seeds have wings for the same 
purpose. Others are provided with hooks or barbs, by which they lay hold of 
men and animals, and are thus, by unwilling agents, scattered far and wide 
(Burr-seed, Tick-seed). Again : some seeds, destitute of all such appendages, 
are thrown to a distance by the sudden coiling of the elastic carpels (Touch- 
me-not). The Squirting-cucumber becomes distended with water by absorp- 
tion, and at length, when ripe, bursts an aperture at the base by separating 
from the stem, and projects the mingled seeds and water with amazing force. 

187. Rivers, streams, and ocean currents, are agents for transporting 
seeds from country to country. Thus the Cocoa, and the Cashew-nut, and 
the seeds of Mahogany, have been known to perform long voyages without 
injury to their vitality. Squirrels laying up their winter stores in the earth ; 
birds migrating from clime to clime and from island to island, in like manner 
conspire to effect the same important end. 



74 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



[62, 63. 



CHAPTER XIII. 



GERMINATION. 



188. The recommencement of growth in the seed 
is called germination. It is the awakening of the 
embryo from its torpor, and the beginning of develop- 
ment in its parts already formed, so as to become a 
plant like its parent. 






219 



Germination of the Beechnut. — 218, Cross-section, showing the folded cotyledons. 219, The radicle 
only. 220, The ascending axis, ahove c, appears, 221, The cotyledons expand into the primordial 
leaves. 222, The first true leaves. 

189. All the stages of this interesting process may be conveniently ob- 
served, at any season, by an experiment. Let a few seeds, as of flax, cotton, 
or wheat, be enveloped in a lock of cotton resting upon water in a bulb- 
glass, and kept constantly at a proper temperature. Or, in Spring, the garden- 
soil will give us examples of all kinds everywhere. 



190. That the seed may begin to grow, or germi- 
nate, it is first planted; or, at least, placed in contact 
with warm, moist soil. Concerning the proper depth 



63.] 



GEKMINATION. 



75 



of the planted seed, agriculturists are not agreed ; but 
nature seems to indicate that no covering is needed 
beyond what will secure the requisite moisture and 
shade. Thus situated, the integuments gradually ab- 
sorb water, soften, and expand. The insoluble, starchy 
matter deposited in the cotyledons, or in the albumen, 
or in both, undergoes a certain chemical change, be- 
coming sweet and soluble, capa- 
ble of affording nourishment to 
the embryo now beginning to 
dilate and develop its parts. 
First (in the winged seed of the 
Maple, scattered everywhere) the 
radicle is seen protruding from 
the micropyle, or the bursting 
coverings. A section of this 
seed would now show the folded 
embryo, impatient of confine- 
ment (22 5). 

191. Soon after, the radicle 
has extended ; and, pale in color, 
has hidden itself in the dark, 
damp earth. Now the cotyledons, 
unfolding and gradually freed 
from the seed-coats, display themselves at length as a 
pair of green leaves. Lastly, the plumule appears in open 
air, a green bud, already showing a lengthening base, 
its first internode, and soon a pair of regular leaves, 
lobed as all Maple-leaves. The embryo is now an em- 
bryo no longer, but a growing plant, descending by its 
lower axis, ascending and expanding by its upper. 

192. With equal advantage we may watch the ger- 
mination of the Beech, represented in the figures 




Germination of Wheat- — o, the grain, 
containing the cotyledon ; c, plumule ; 
r, radicle ; s, rootlets (adventitious). 



76 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



[63, 64. 



above; or of the Oak, as displayed in figures 1, 2, 3, 
4 ; or the Pea, or Squash, and other Dicotyledons ; and 
the chief difference observed among them will be in 
the disposal of the cotyledons. In general, these arise 
with the ascending axis, as in Maple and Bean, and 
act as the first pair of leaves. But sometimes, when 
they are very thick, as in Pea, Buckeye, and Oak, they 
never escape the seed-coats, but remain and perish at 
the collum (§ 199), neither ascending nor descending. 




Germination of the Maple. — 225, Samara ; section showing the folded cotyledons at c. 226-230, Pro- 
gressive stages. 



193. The germination of monocotyledons, as seen 
in Indian Corn, Wheat, and Tulip, is in this wise. The 
cotyledon is not disengaged from the seed, but remains 
stationary with it. The radicle (r) protrudes slightly, 
and one or more rootlets (s) break out from it and 
descend. The plumule (c) shoots at first parallel with 
the cotyledon along the face of the seed, but soon 
ascends, pushing out leaf from within leaf. 

J 94. The conditions requisite for germination are 



64, 65.] 



GERMINATION 



77 



moisture, air, and warmth. Moisture is necessary for 
softening the integuments, dissolving the nutritive 
matter, and facilitating its circulation. This is sup- 
plied in the rain and dew. Air, or rather its oxygen, 
is required for the con- 
version of the starch into 
sugar — a process always 
depending upon oxidation. 
The oxygen absorbed 
unites with a portion of 
the carbon of the starch, 
producing heat, evolving 
carbon dioxide, and thus 
converting the remainder 
into grape-sugar, soluble 
and nutritive. 

195. Warmth is a req- 
uisite condition of all vital 
action, as well in the 
sprouting of a seed as in 
the hatching of an egg. 

The proper degree of temperature for our own climate 
may be stated at 60° to 90°. Extremes of heat and 
of cold are not, however, fatal to all germination. In 
one of the Geysers of Iceland, which was hot enough 
to boil an egg in four minutes, a species of Chara was 
found in a growing and fruitful state. The hot springs 
and pools of San Bernardino, California, at the con- 
stant heat of 190°, have several species of plants grow- 
ing within their waters. Many species also arise and 
flower in the snows of Mt. Hood, along their lower 
borders. Darkness is favorable to germination, as 
proved by experiment, but not an indispensable condi- 




31, 232, Germination of Indian Corn. 



78 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



[65, 66. 



tion. Hence, while the seed should be covered, for the 
sake of the moisture and shade, the covering should 
be thin and light, for the sake of a free access to air. 

196. The cause of the downward tendency of the root is a theme of much 
discussion. Some have referred it to the principle of gravitation ; others to 
its supposed aversion to light. But it is a simple and satisfactory explanation 
that its growth or cell-development takes place most readily on the moist side 
of its growing-point, and consequently in a downward direction, so long as the 
soil in contact with its lower surface is more moist than that above. Hence, 
also, the well-known tendency of roots toward springs and water-courses. 



♦ ♦» ' 



CHAPTER XIV. 

THE ROOT, OR DESCENDING AXIS. 

197. The Root is the basis of the plant, and the 
principal organ of nutrition. It originates with the 




233, White Clover — an axial root (with minute tubers). 234, Buttercups — fibrous roots, inaxial. 235, Eri- 

genia — root tuberous. 

radicle of the seed, the tendency of its growth is down- 
ward, and it is generally immersed in the soil. Its 



66, 67.] 



THE KOOT. 



79 



office is twofold ; viz., to support the plant in its posi- 
tion, and to imbibe from the soil the food necessary to 
the growth of the plant. 

198. The leading propensity of the root is to divide 
itself ; and its only normal appendages are branches, 
branchlets, fibers, and fibrillse, which are multiplied to 
an indefinite extent, corresponding with the multipli- 
cation of the leaves, twigs, etc., 

above. This at once insures a firm 
hold upon the earth, and brings a 
large absorbing surface in contact 
with the moist soil. 

199. The summit of the root, 
or that place where the root meets 
the stem, is called the collum ; the 
remote, opposite extremities of the 
fine rootlets, or. fibers, are covered 
by dry, protective cells, forming a 
root-cap ; the sides of these fibers 
are chiefly active in absorbing 
liquid nourishment, and are mostly makSedM d*ameter S d r ° ot ' cap (a) 
covered by root-hairs, which in- 
crease their absorbing surface. The hairs arise from 
the tender epidermis or skin, and perish when that 
thickens into bark. They are developed and perish 
annually with the leaves, whose servants they are. 
Few of them remain after the fall of the leaf. This 
fact plainly indicates that the proper time for trans- 
planting trees or- shrubs is the late Autumn, Winter, 
or early Spring, when there are but few tender fibriUse 
to be injured. 

200. Two modes of root-development are definitely 
distinguished. First, the Axial mode is that where 




236, Extremity of a rootlet of Ma- 



80 STRUCTURAL BOTANY. [67, 68. 

the primary, simple radicle, in growing, extends itself 
downward in a main body more or less branched, 
continuous with the stem, and forms the permanent 
root of the plant. Such is the case with the Maple, 
Mustard, Beet, and most of the Dicotyledonous Plants 
(§ 183). . 

201. Secondly, the Diffuse development is that 
where the primary radicle proves abortive, never 
developing into an axial root ; but, growing lat- 
erally only, it sends out little shoots from its sides, 
which grow into long, slender roots, nearly equal 
in value, none of them continuous with the stem. 
Of this nature are the roots of all the Grasses, 
the Lilies, and the Monocotyledons generally, and of 
the Cryptogamia. Plants raised from layers, cuttings, 
tubers, and slips are necessarily destitute of the axial 
root. 

202. The various forms of the root are naturally 
and conveniently referred to these two modes of devel- 
opment. The principal axial forms are the ramous, 
fusiform, napiform, and conical. To all these forms 
the general name tap-root is applied. The ramous is 
the woody tap-root of most trees and shrubs, where 
the main root branches extensively, and is finally dis- 
solved and lost in multiplied ramifications. 

203. Tuberous tap-roots. — In herbaceous plants 
the tap-root often becomes thick and fleshy, with com- 
paratively few branches. This tendency is peculiarly 
marked in biennials (§ 41), where the root serves as a 
reservoir of the superabundant food which the plant 
accumulates during its first year's growth, and keeps 
in store against the exhausting process of fruit-bearing 
in its second year. Such is the Fusiform (spindle- 



68, 69.] 



THE ROOT. 



81 



shaped) root — thick, succulent, tapering downward, 
and also for a short space upward. Beet, Radish, and 
Ginseng are examples. The Conical root tapers all 
the way from the collum downward (Carrot). The 
Napiform (turnip-shaped) swells out in its upper part 
so that its breadth equals or exceeds its length, as in 
Erigema (233) and Turnip (239). 




237, Maple — an axial, ramous root. 238, Parsnip— a fusiform root. 239, Turnip — a napiform root. 240, 

Corallorhiza — a coralline root. 



204. The forms of diffuse roots are fibrous, fibro- 
tuberous, tubercular, coralline, nodulous, and monili- 
form. The fibrous root consists of numerous thread- 
like divisions, sent off directly from the base of the 
stem, with no main or tap-root. Such are the roots of 
most Grasses, which multiply their fibers excessively 
in light sandy soils. Fibro-tuberous roots (or fascicu- 
late) are so called when some of the fibers are thick 
and fleshy, as in the Asphodel, Crowfoot, Paeony, 
Orchis, and Dahlia. When the fiber is enlarged in 
certain parts only, it is nodulous; and when the en- 
largements occur at regular intervals, it is moniliform 



82 



STEUCTUEAL BOTANY. 



[G9, 70. 



(necklace-like). When it bears little tubers here and 
there, as in Squirrel-corn, it is tubercular. 

205. Deposits of starch, or farinaceous matter, in 
all these cases, constitute the thickening substance of 
the root, stored up for the future use of the plant. 




241, Paeony — fibro-tuberous roots. 242, Ginseng — fusiform root. 243, Pelargonium triste — moniliform 
root. 244, Spirea filipendula — nodulous root. 245, A creeping stem, with adventitious roots. 



206. Adventitious roots are such as originate in some part of the 
ascending axis — stem or branches — whether above or below the ground. 
They are so called because their origin is indeterminate, both in place and 
time. Several special forms should be noticed; as the cirrhous roots of certain 
climbing vines (European Ivy, Poison Ivy, Trumpet-creeper) put forth in great 
numbers from the stem, serving for its mechanical support and no other 
known use. Again : the Fulcra of certain Monocotyledonous plants originate 
high up the stem, and descending obliquely enter the ground. The Indian 
Corn frequently puts forth such roots from its lower joints, and thereby be- 
comes strongly braced. The Screw Pine (Pandanus) of the conservatories 
puts forth fulcra often several feet in length. 

207. The Banian Tree (Pious Tndicus) drops " adventitious " roots from 
its extended branches, which, reaching and entering the ground, grow to sup- 
porting columns, like secondary trunks. Thus a single tree becomes at length 
a grove capable of sheltering an army. 

208. Epiphytes (eni, upon, (pvrov, a plant), a class of 
plants, called also air-plants, have roots which are 
merely mechanical, serving to fix such plants firmly 
upon other plants or trees, while they derive their 



70.] 



THE ROOT. 



83 



nourishment wholly from the air. The Long-moss 
(Tillandsia) and Conopseum are examples. 




247, Old Oak trunk with horizontal branch bearing epiphytes and para- 
sites, a, A fern (Polypodium incanum). b, Epidendrum conopseum. cc, 
Long-moss (Tillandsia). d, Mistletoe (Viscum). e, Lichen. 

209. Parasites — Three classes. Very 
different in nature are the roots of 
those plants called parasites, which feed 
upon the juices of other plants or trees. 
Such roots penetrate the bark of the nurse-plant to 
the cambium layer beneath, and appropriate the stolen 
juices to their own growth ; as the Dodder and Mistle- 
toe. Other parasites, although standing in the soil, are 
fixed upon foreign roots, and thence derive either their 
entire sustenance, as the Beech-drops and other leaf- 
less, colorless plants, or a part of their sustenance, as 
the Cow-wheat (Melampyrum) and Gerardia. 

210. Subterranean stems. — As there are aerial roots, so there are sub- 
terranean stems. These are frequently mistaken for roots, hut may he known 
hy their habitually and regularly producing buds. Of this nature are the 
tubers of the Irish Potato, the rootstock of the Sweet-flag, the bulb of the 
Tulip. But even the true root may sometimes develop buds — accidentally as 
it were — in consequence of some injury to the upper axis, or some other 
unnatural condition. 



84 



STEUCTUKAL BOTANY. 



[71. 



CHAPTER XV. 

THE STEM, OR ASCENDING AXIS. 

211. The general idea of the Axis is this: the cen- 
tral substantial portion of the plant, bearing the 
appendages, viz., roots below, and the leaf-organs 
above. The Ascending Axis is that which originates 
with the plumule, tends upward in its growth, and 
expands itself to the influence of the air and the light. 




248, Procumbent stem — Chiogenes hispidula. 



212. Although the first direction of the stem's 
growth is vertical in all plants, there are many in 
which this direction does not continue, but changes 
into the oblique or horizontal, either just above the 




249, Decumbent stem— Anagallis arvensis. 



surface of the ground, or just beneath it. If the stem 
continues to arise in the original direction, as it most 
commonly does, it is said to be erect. If it grow 
along the ground without rooting, it is said to be pro- 



71, 72.] THE STEM. 85 

cumbent, prostrate, trailing. If it recline upon the 
ground after having at the base arisen somewhat 
above it, it is decumbent. If it arise obliquely from a 
prostrate base, it is said to be assurgent ; and if it 
continue buried beneath the soil, it is subterranean. 
Such stems, although buried like roots, may readily be 
known by their buds, as already explained (§ 210). 

213. Stems are either simple or branched. The 
simple stem is produced by the unfolding of the pri- 
mary bud (the plumule) in the direction of its point 
alone. As this bud is developed below into the length- 
ening stem, it is continually reproduced at its summit, 
and so is always borne at the termination of the stem. 
Hence the axis is always terminated by a bud. 

214. The Branching Stem, which is by far the most 
common, is produced by the development of both ter- 
minal and axillary buds. The axis produces a bud in 
the axil of its every leaf ; that is, at a point just above 
the origin of the leaf-stalk. These buds remain in- 
active in the case of the simple stem, as the Mullein; 
but more generally are developed into leafy subdivis- 
ions of the axis, and the stem thus becomes branched. 
A Branch is, therefore, a division of the axis produced 
by the development of an axilla^ bud. It repeats the 
internal structure of the stem, but is sometimes pe- 
culiar in being bilaterally symmetrical or having its 
upper and under surfaces unlike. 

215. The Arrangement of the Branches upon the 
stem, depends, therefore, upon the arrangement of the 
leaves ; which will be more particularly noticed here- 
after. This arrangement is beautifully regular, accord- 
ing to established laws. In this place we briefly notice 
three general modes. The Alternate arrangement is 



86 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



[72, 73. 



where but one branch arises from each joint (node) on 
different sides of the stem, as in the Elm. The Oppo- 
site is where two branches stand on opposite sides of 
the same node, as in Maple. The Verticillate is where 
three or more branches, equidistant, encircle the stem 
at each node, as in the Pine. Dichotomous branching 
is where a main or secondary axis forks into two 
equal divisions, as often occurs in Flowerless Plants. 

216. Some plants produce adventitious roots which 
may become independent. Nurserymen in this way 
propagate scions, suckers, stolons, offsets, slips, layers, 
cuttings, and runners. The Sucker is a branch issuing 
from some underground portion of the plant, leaf- 
bearing above and sending out roots from its own 
base, becoming finally a separate, independent plant. 
The Rose and Raspberry are thus multiplied. 




250, a. Slip (Gooseberry) taking root, b, Cutting (Grape) taking root, c, Stolons or layers artificially 
arranged for propagation, d, A mode of dwarfing ; the vessel, v, is filled with soil, e, Scions ; process of 
grafting. /, A sucker. 

217. The Stolon, or Layer, is a branch issuing from 
some above-ground portion of the stem, and afterward 
declining to the ground, taking root at or near its ex- 
tremity, sending up new shoots, and becoming a new 



73, 74.] 



THE STEM. 



87 



plant. The Hobble-bush and Black-raspberry do this 
naturally, and gardeners imitate the process in many 
plants. 

218. The Scion is any healthy twig or branchlet 
bearing one or more buds, used by the gardeners in 
the common process of grafting. Slips and cuttings 
are fragments of ordinary branches or stems, consist- 
ing of young wood bearing one or more buds. These 
strike root when planted in the ground. So the Grape- 
vine and Hop. The Offset is merely a scion severed 
from the parent and set in the ground to strike root. 

219. The Runner is a prostrate, filiform branch, 
issuing from certain short-stemmed herbs, extending 
itself along the surface of the ground, striking root at 
its end without being buried. Thence leaves arise, and 
a new plant, which in turn sends out new runners, as 
in the Strawberry. 




25X, A Strawberry plant (Fragaria vesca) sending out a runner. 



2 20. The Node, or joint of the stem, marks a defi- 
nite point of a peculiar organization, where the leaf 
with its axillary bud arises. The nodes occur at regu- 
lar intervals, and the spaces between them are termed 
internodes. They provide for the symmetrical arrange- 
ment of the leaves and branches of the stem. In the 



88 STBUCTUEAL BOTANY. [73-75. 

root no such provision is made, and the branches have 
a less definite arrangement. Now the growth of the 
stem consists in the development of the internodes. 
In the bud, the nodes are closely crowded together, 
with no perceptible internodes ; thus bringing the rudi- 
mentary leaves in close contact with each other. But 
in the stem, which is afterward evolved from that bud, 
we see full-grown leaves separated by considerable 
spaces. That is, while leaves are developed from the 
rudiments, internodes are pushed out from the grow- 
ing point. 

221. There are, however, many species of plants, 
especially of herbs, in which the axis of the primary 
bud does not develop into internodes at all, or but par- 
tially in various degrees. See the axis of Trillium, 
Onion, and Bloodroot. Such stems seldom appear 
above-ground. They are subterranean. This fact 
makes a wide difference in the forms of stems, and nat- 
urally separates them into two great divisions — viz., 
the Leaf-bearing Stems and the Scale-bearing Stems. 



■»»» 



CHAPTER XVI. 

FOEMS OF THE LEAF-BEABING STEMS. 

222. The leaf-bearing stems are those forms which, 
with internodes fully developed, rise into the air 
crowned with leaves. The principal forms are the 
caulis, culm, trunk, caudex, and vine. They are either 
herbaceous or woody. Herbaceous stems bear fruit but 
one season and then perish, at least down to the root, 
scarcely becoming woody ; as seen in Mustard, Radish, 



75, 76.] 



FOEMS OF THE LEAF-BEAEING STEMS. 



89 



and Grasses. But woody stems survive the Winter, 
and often become firm and solid in substance in after 
years ; as do all the forest trees. 




252, Scale-stem tDicentra cucullaria). 253, A flower of the same. 254, A flower of D. Canadensis. 
255, Leaf-stem (Chimaphila maculata). 



223. Caulis is a term generally applied to the 
annual leafy stems of herbaceous plants. "Haulm "is 
a term used in England with the same signification. 
Caulescent and acaulescent are convenient terms, the 
former denoting the presence, and the latter the ab- 
sence of the caulis or aerial stem. 

224. The culm is the stem of the Grasses and the 
Sedges, generally jointed, often hollow, rarely becom- 
ing woody ; as in Cane and Bamboo. 

225. The teuxk is the name of the peculiar stems 
of arborescent plants. It is the central column or axis 



90 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



[76, 77. 



whicn supports their branching tops and withstands 
the assaults of the wind by means of the great firm- 
ness and strength of the woody or ligneous tissue with 
which it abounds. The trunk is usually seen simple 
and columnar below, for a certain space, then variously 
dividing itself into branches. Here it is cylindrical, 
straight, and erect, as in the Forest Pine ; prismatic 
often, as in the Gum-tree ; gnarled and curved, as in 
the Oak ; or inclined far over its base, as in the Syca- 
more. 




SB e 

256, S, Spruce. B, Beech. E, Elm ; to illustrate excurrent and deliquescent axis. 

22 6. In dividing itself into branches, we observe 
two general modes, with their numerous variations, 
strikingly characterizing the tree forms. In the one, 
named by Lindley the excurrent, the trunk, from the 
superior vigor of its terminal bud, takes precedence of 



77.] FOKMS OF THE LEAF-BEARING STEMS. 91 

the branches, and runs through to the summit, as in 
the Beech, Birch, Oak, and especially in the Spruce — 
trees with oval or pyramidal forms. But in the other, 
the deliquescent axis, as seen in the Elm and Apple- 
tree, the trunk suddenly divides into several subequal 
branches, which thence depart with different degrees 
of divergency, giving the urn form to the Elm, the 
rounded form to the Apple-tree, the depressed form to 
the Sloe-tree (Viburnum) and Dogwood. 

227. Caudex is a term now applied to the peculiar trunk of the Palms 
and Tree-ferns, simple, branchless columns, or rarely dividing in advanced 
age. It is produced by the growth of the terminal bud alone, and its sides 
are marked by the scars of the fallen leaf-stalks of former years, or are yet 
covered by their persistent bases. The stock or caudex of the cactus tribe is 
extraordinary in form and substance. It is often jointed, prismatic, branched, 
always greenish, fleshy, and full of a watery juice. Instead of leaves, its lat- 
eral buds develop spines only, the stem itself performing the functions of 
leaves. These plants abound in the warm regions of tropical America, and 
afford a cooling acid beverage to the thirsty traveler when springs dry up 
under the torrid sun. 

228. The vine is either herbaceous or woody. It is 
a stem too slender and weak to stand erect, but trails 
along the ground, or any convenient support. Some- 
times, by means of special organs for this purpose, 
called tendrils, it ascends trees and other objects to a 
great height ; as the Grape, Gourd, and other climb- 
ing vines. 

229. The twining vine having also a length greatly disproportioned to its 
diameter, supports itself on other plants or objects by entwining itself around 
them, being destitute of tendrils. Thus the Hop ascends into the air by for- 
eign aid, and it is a curious fact that the direction of its winding is always 
the same, viz., with the sun, from left to right ; nor can any artificial training 
induce it to reverse its course. This is a general law among twining stems. 
Every individual plant of the same species revolves in the same direction, 
although opposite directions may characterize different species. Thus the 
Morning-Olory revolves always against the sun. 



92 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



[78. 



CHAPTER XVII. 

FORMS OF SCALE-BEARING STEMS. 

230. The Scale-bearing stems are those forms 
which, with internodes partially or not at all developed, 
and generally clothed with scales for leaves, scarcely 
emerge from the soil. They are the creeper and rhi- 
zoma (developed), the crown, tuber, corm, and bulb 
(undeveloped). Their forms are singular, often dis- 
torted in consequence of their underground growth and 
the unequal development of the internodes. They 
commonly belong to perennial herbs, and the principal 
forms are described as follows ; but intermediate con- 
necting forms are very numerous, and often perplexing. 




257, Creeper of " Nimble Will " or Witch-grass ; a, Bud ; ib, bases of culms. 



231. The creeper is either subaerial or subterra- 
nean. In the former case, it is prostrate, running and 
rooting at every joint, and hardly distinguishable other- 
wise from leafy stems ; as the Twin-flower, the Par- 
tridge-berry. In the latter case, it is more commonly 
clothed with scales, often branching extensively, root- 
ing at the nodes, exceedingly tenacious of life, extend- 



78, 79.] 



FORMS OF SCALE-BEARING STEMS. 



93 



ing horizontally in all directions beneath the soil, 
annually sending up from its terminal buds erect stems 
into the air. The Witch-grass is an example. Such 
plants are a sore evil to the garden. They can have 
no better cultivation than to be torn and cut to pieces 
by the spade of the angry gardener, since they are 
thus multiplied as many times as there are fragments. 

232. Repent stems of this kind are not, however, without their use. They 
frequently abound in loose, sandy soil, which they serve to bind and secure 
against the inroads of the water and even the sea itself. Holland is said to 
owe its very existence to the repent stems of such plants as the Mat-grass 
(Arundo arenaria), Carex arenaria, and Elymus arenarius, which overrun the 
artificial dykes upon its shores, and by their innumerable roots and creepers 
apparently bind the loose sand into a firm barrier against the washing of the 
waves. So the turf, chiefly composed of repent Grass-stems, forms the only 
security of our own sandy or clayey hills against the washing rains. 




258, Rhizoma of Solomon's Seal (Polygonatum multiflorura). a, Fragment of the first year's growth ; 
b, the second year's growth ; c, growth of the third year ; d, growth of the present (fourth) year, bearing 
the stem, which, on decaying, will leave a scar (seal) like the rest. 259, Premorse root of Trillium erectum. 



233. The rhizome, or root-stock, differs from the 
creeper only in being shorter and thicker, having its 
internodes but partially developed. It is a prostrate, 
fleshy, rooting stem, either wholly or partially subter- 
ranean, often scaly with the bases of undeveloped 
leaves, or marked with the scars of former leaves, and 
yearly producing new shoots and roots. Such is the 
fleshy, horizontal portion of the Blood-root, Sweet-flag, 
Water-lily, and Bramble (the latter hardly different 
from the creeper). 



94 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



[79, 80. 



234. The growth of the rhizome is instructive, marking its peculiar character. 
Each joint marks the growth of a year. In Spring, the terminal bud unfolds 
into leaves and flowers, to perish in Autumn — a new bud to open the follow- 
ing Spring, and a new internode, with its roots, to abide several years. The 
number of joints indicates, not the age of the plant, but the destined age of 
each internode. Thus if there are three joints, we infer that they are trien- 
nial, perishing after the third season, while the plant still grows on. 

235. The pr^morse root, or root-stock, is short, 
erect, ending abruptly below, as if bitten square off 
(prsemorsus). This is mostly owing to the death of 
the earlier and lower internodes in succession, as in 
the horizontal rhizome. The root of Scabious and the 
rhizomes of Viola pedata and Benjamin-root are ex- 
amples. 

261 




Tubers as they grow.— -260, The common Potato (Solanum). 261, Artichoke (Helianthus). 262, Sweet 

Potato (Convolvulus). 

236. Crown of the root designates a short stem 
with condensed internodes, remaining upon some per- 
ennial roots, at or beneath the surface-soil, after the 
leaves and annual stems have perished. 

23 7. The tuber is an annual thickened portion of 
a subterranean stem or branch, provided with latent 



80, 81.] 



FORMS OF SCALE-BEARING STEMS. 



95 



buds called eyes, from which new plants ensue the 
succeeding year. It is the fact of its origin with the 
ascending axis, and the production of buds, that places 
the tuber among stems instead of roots. The Potato 
and Artichoke are examples. 

238. The stem of the Potato-plant sends out roots from its base, and 
branches above, like other plants ; but we observe that its branches have two 
distinct modes of development. Those branches which rise into the air, 
whether issuing from the above-ground or the under-ground portion of the 
stem, expand regularly into leaves, etc. ; while those lower branches which 
continue to grope in the dark, damp ground, cease at length to elongate, 
swell up at the ends into tubers with developed buds and abundance of nutri- 
tious matter in reserve for renewed growth the following year. 




263, Cornis of Putty-root (Aplectrum) ; a, of last year— b, of the present year. 264, Scale-bulb of White 
Lily. 265, Scale-bulb of Oxalis violacea. 

239. The corm is an under-ground, solid, fleshy 
stem, with condensed internodes, never extending, but 
remaining of a rounded form covered with thin scales. 
It is distinguished from roots by its leaf-bud, which is 
either borne at the summit, as in the Crocus, or at the 
side, as in the Colchicum and Putty-root (Aplectrum). 

240. The bulb partakes largely of the nature of 
the bud. It consists of a short, dilated axis, bearing 
an oval mass of thick, fleshy scales, closely packed 



96 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



[81, 82. 




above, a circle of adventitious roots around its base, 
and a flowering stem from the terminal or a lateral bud. 

241. How multiplied.— Bulbs are renewed or multiplied annually at the 
approach of Winter by the development of bulbs from the axils of the scales, 
which increase at the expense of the 

old, and ultimately become detached. 
Bulbs which flower from the terminal 
bud are necessarily either annual or bi- 
ennial ; those flowering from an axillary 
bud may be perennial, as the terminal 
bud may in this case continue to de- 
velop new scales indefinitely. 

242. Bulbs are said to be 
tunicated when they consist 2C6,B U ibofLiiiumsu P erbum, with habit of 

a rhizome ; a, full grown bulb sending up a ter- 

of concentric layers, each en- minal stem c - and two offsets hb > for the bulbs of 

^ next year. 

tire and inclosing all within 

it, as in the Onion. But the more common variety is 
the scaly bulb — consisting of fleshy, concave scales, 
arranged spirally upon the axis, as in the Lily 

243. The tuber, corm, and bulb are analogous forms approaching by 
degrees to the character of the bud, which consists of a little axis bearing a 
covering of scales. In the tuber, the axis is exoessively developed, while the 
scales are reduced to mere linear points. In the corm the analogy is far more 
evident, for the axis is less excessive and the scales more manifest ; and 
lastly, in the bulb the analogy is complete, or overdone, the scales often be- 
coming excessive. 




267, Corm of Crocus, with new ones forming above. 268, Vertical section of the same. 269, Section of 
bulb of Hyacinth, with terminal scape and axillary bulblet. 270, Section of bulb of Oxalis violacea, with 
axillary scapes. 



82, 83.] 



THE LEAF-BUD. 



97 



CHAPTER XVIII. 



THE LEAF-BUD. 

244. It is but a step from the study of the bulb to 
that of the leaf-bud. Buds are of two kinds in respect 
to their contents — the leaf-bud contain- 
ing the rudiments of a leafy stem or 
branch, the flower-bud containing the 
same elements transformed into the 
nascent organs of a flower for the tt 
purpose of reproduction. 

245. The leaf-bud consists of a 
brief, cone-shaped axis with a tender 
growing point, bearing a protecting 
covering of imbricated scales and in- 
cipient leaves. 

246. The leafy nature of the scales 
is evident from a careful inspection of 
such buds as those of the Rose, Cur- 
rant, Tulip-tree, when they are swollen 
or bursting in Spring. The student 
will notice a gradual change from the 
outer scales to the evident leaves or 
stipules within, as seen in Fig. 2 73. As 
a further protection against frost and 27 i, Branch of Pear. 

r» t 1 1 i i « tree. The terminal hud a, 

ram, we rind the scales sometimes having heen destroyed, an 

■, ,-. -. . . -, , . . . axillary bud supplied its 

clothed with hairs, sometimes var- p i aC e, and formed the axis 

. t -, . , . „, . . , -. , b. c, Thickened branch 

nished with resin. This is abundant with flower-buds : d, branch 

n . , -. -, „ ,, -with leaf -buds. 272, t, sec- 

and very aromatic m the buds 01 the tion of terminal bud ; ?, of 
Balm-of-Grilead and other Poplars. 

247. In regard to position, buds are either terminal 
or axillary, a distinction already noticed. Axillary 




98 STEUCTURAL BOTANY. 



[83, 84. 



buds are especially noted as being either active or 
latent. In the former case they are unfolded into 
branches at once, or in the Spring following their 
formation. But latent buds suspend their activities 
from year to year, or perhaps are never quickened 
into growth. Axillary buds become terminal so soon 
as their development fairly commences ; therefore 
each branch also has a terminal bud, and, like the 




273, Bud of Currant unfolding, — the scales gradually becoming lea-ves. 274, Bud of Tulip-tree, — the scales 

unfolding into stipules. 

main axis, is capable of extending its growth as long 
as that bud remains unharmed. If it be destroyed by 
violence or frost, or should it be transformed into a 
flower-bud, the growth in that direction forever 
ceases. 

248. The suppression of axillary buds tends to 
simplify the form of the plant. Their total suppres- 
sion during the first year's growth of the terminal 
bud is common, as in the annual stem of Mullein and 
in most perennial stems. When axillary buds remain 
permanently latent, and only the terminal bud unfolds 
year after year, a simple, branchless trunk, crowned 



83-85.] 



THE LEAF-BUD. 



99 



with a solitary tuft of leaves, is the result, as in the 
Palmetto of our southern borders. 

249. A partial suppression of buds occurs in almost all species, and gen- 
erally in some definite order. In plants with opposite leaves, sometimes one 
bud of the pair at each node is developed and the other is suppressed, as in 
the Pink tribe. When both buds are developed, the branches, appearing in 
pairs like arms, are said to be brachiate, as in the Labiates, In many trees 
the terminal buds are arrested by inflo- 
rescence each season, and the growth 
is continued by axillary buds alone, as 
in the Catalpa and Horse-chestnut. 
In all trees, indeed, buds are sup- 
pressed more or less, from various 
causes, disguising at length the in- 
tended symmetry of the branches, to 
the utter confusion of twigs and spray. 

250. Accessory buds, one 
or more, are sometimes 
found just above the true 
axillary bud, or clustered 
with it, and only distin- 
guished from it by their 
smaller size ; as in the 
Cherry and Honeysuckle. 

251. Adventitious or ac- 
cidental buds are such as 
are neither terminal nor 
axillary. They occasionally 
appear on any part of the plant in the internodes of 
the stem or branches, on the root or even the leaves. 
Such buds generally result from some abnormal con- 
dition of the plant, from pruning or other destruction 
of branches or stem above, while the roots remain in 
full vigor ; thus destroying the equilibrium of vital 
force between the upper and lower axis. The leaf of 
the Walking-fern emits rootlets and buds at its apex ; 
the leaf of Bryophyllum from its margin, each bud 




275, Hypericum Savothra, -with brachiate 
branches. 276, Pink (Dianthus) — axillary buds 
alternately suppressed. 



100 



STEUCTURAL BOTANY. 



m. 



here also preceded by a rootlet. Some plants are thus 
artificially propagated in conservatories from the influ- 
ence of heat and moisture on a leaf or the fragment 
of a leaf, as Begonia. 

252. Vernation or praefoliation are terms denoting 
the mode of arrangement and folding of the leaf 
organs composing the bud. This arrangement is defi- 
nitely varied in different orders of plants, furnishing 
useful distinctions in systematic botany. It may be 
studied to excellent advantage by making with a keen 
instrument a cross-section of the bud in its swollen 
state, just before expansion ; or it may be well ob- 
served by removing one by one the scales. The Forms 
of Yernation are entirely analogous to those of ^Esti- 
vation, and denoted by similar terms. 

253. Yernation is considered in two different as- 
pects — first, the manner in which the leaf itself is 
folded ; second, the arrangement of the leaves in re- 
spect to each other. This depends much upon the 
Phyllotaxy. (§ 2 61.) 





Vernation, 277, of Oak leaf ; 278, of Liriodendron (Tulip-tree). 279, of Fern ; 280, of Carex ; 281, Sage ; 

282, Iris. 

254. Each leaf considered alone is either flat and 
open, as in the Mistletoe, or it is folded or rolled, as 
follows : viz., Reclined, when folded crosswise, with 
apex bent over forward toward the base, as in the 
Tulip-tree ; Conduplicate, when folded perpendicularly, 



85, 86.] 



THE LEAF-BUD. 



101 



with the lateral halves brought together face to face, 
as in the Oak ; Plaited, or Plicate, each leaf folded 
like a fan, as in Birch. 

255. Circinate implies that each leaf is rolled or 
coiled downward from the apex, as in Sundew and 
the Ferns. 

256. The Convolute leaf is wholly rolled up from 
one of its sides, as in the Cherry; while the Involute 
has both its edges rolled inward, as in Apple, Violet ; 
and the Revolute has both margins rolled outward and 
backward, as in the 
Dock, Willow, Rosemary. 





Vernation, 283, of Birch leaf ; 284, of Lilac (imbricate) ; 285, Cherry leaves (convolute) ; 286, Dock bud 
(revolute; ; 287, Balm of Gilead (involute). 

257. The general vernation is loosely distinguished 
in descriptive botany as valvate (edges meeting), and 
imbricate (edges overlapping), terms to be noticed 
hereafter. The valvate more often occurs in plants 
with opposite leaves ; as in the St. John's-wort family, 
Hypericum Sarothra (2 7 5). 

258. Imbricate vernation is Equitant (riding astrad- 
dle), when conduplicate leaves alternately embrace — 
the outer one the next inner by its unfolded margins, 
as in the Privet and Iris (2 82). It is Obvolute when 
it is half-equitant ; that is, the outer leaf embraces 
only one of the margins of the inner, as in the Sage 
(281). Again, it is Triquetrous where the bud is tri- 
angular in section and the leaves equitant at each 
angle, as in the Sedges (280). 



102 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



J, 87. 




259. The principle of budding. — Each leaf -bud 
may be regarded as a dis- 
tinct individual, capable 
of vegetating either in its 
native position, or when 
removed to another, as is 
extensively practiced in 
the important operation 
of budding. 

260. Bulblets. — In the Tiger-lily, 
also in Cicuta bulbif era, and Aspidium 
bulbiferum, the axillary buds sponta- 289, 290, showing the process 

' J c of "hudding." 

neously detach themselves, fall to the 

ground, and become new plants. These remarkable 

little bodies are called bulblets. 



288, Vernatum of 
Sycamore bud. 





290 




CHAPTER XIX. 



PHYLLOTAXY, OR LEAF-ARRANGEMENT. 

261. As the position of the leaf upon the stem 
marks the position of the axillary bud, it follows that 
the order of the leaf-arrangement will be the order of 
the branches also. Phyllotaxis, or leaf-arrangement 
(from 4>vXXov 1 leaf, rdfa, order), depends chiefly on the 
mode of origin of the leaves at the apex of growth, 
and on the subsequent elongation and twisting of the 
axis on which they grow. 

262. In regard to position, leaves are radical when 
they grow out of the stem at or beneath the surface 
of the ground, so as to appear to grow from the roots; 
cauline ) when they grow from the stem ; and ramal 



87, 88.] 



LEAF-ARRANGEMENT. 



103 



(ramus, a branch), when from the branches. Their 
arrangement on the axis is according to the following 
general modes : 

Alternate, one above another on opposite sides, as 
in the Elm. 

Scattered, irregularly spiral, as in the Potato vine. 

Rosulate, clustered regular] y, like the petals of a 
Rose, as in the Plantain and Shepherd's-purse. 




291, Lady's-slipper (leaves alternate); 292, Synandra grandiflora (leaves opposite) ; 291, Medeola Virginica 
(leaves verticillate) ; 293, Larix Americana (leaves fasciculate). 

Fasciculate, tufted, clustered many together in the 
axil, as seen in the Pine, Larch, Berberry. 

Opposite, two, against each other, at the same node. 
Ex., Maple. When successive pairs of opposite leaves 
cross each other at right angles, they are said to be 
decussate. 

Verticillate, or whorled, more than two in a circle 
at each node, as in the Meadow-lily, Trumpet-weed. 
We may reduce all these modes to two qeneral types ? 



104 STRUCTUKAL BOTANY. [88,89. 

— the alternate, including all cases with one leaf at 
each node ; the opposite, including cases with two or 
more leaves at each node. 

263. The character of the alternate type of leaf- 
arrangement is sometimes represented by a spiral, 
which was at one time supposed to be invariable. 
This generating spiral, as it was called, is illustrated 
by Figures 295-300. Take a straight leafy shoot or 
stem of the Elm or Flax, or any other plant with seem- 
ingly scattered leaves, and beginning with the lowest 
leaf, pass a thread to the next above, thence to the 
next in the same direction, and so on by all the 
leaves to the top ; the thread will form a regular 
spiral. 

264. The Elm cycle. — In the strictly alternate 
arrangement (Elm, Linden, Grasses) the spiral thread 
makes one complete circuit and commences a new one 
at the third leaf. The third leaf stands over the first, 
the fourth over the second, and so on, forming two 
vertical rows of leaves. Here (calling each complete 
circuit a cycle) we observe, first, that this cycle is 
composed of two leaves ; second, that the angular 
distance between its leaves is J a circle (180°) ; 
third, if we express this cycle mathematically by J, 
the numerator (1) will denote the turns or revolu- 
tions, the denominator (2) its leaves, and the frac- 
tion itself the angular distance between the leaves 
(i of 360°). 

2 65. The Alder cycle. — In the Alder, Birch, Sedges, 
etc., the cycle is not complete until the fourth leaf is 
reached. The fourth leaf stands over the first, the 
fifth over the second, etc., forming three vertical rows. 
Here call the cycle -J- ; 1 denotes the turns, 3 the 



89.] 



LEAF-ARRANGEMENT. 



105 



leaves, and the fraction itself the angular distance 
(| of 360°). 

266. The Cherry cycle. — In the Cherry, Apple,, 
Peach, Oak, Willow, etc., neither the third nor the 
fourth leaf, but the sixth, stands over the first ; and 
in order to reach it the thread makes two turns 
around the stem. This arrangement is very frequent ; 
but more or less disguised by the torsions which the 
axis experiences in process of growth. 





297 r 



295, 296, 297, Showing the course of the spiral thread and the order of the leaf-succession in the axes of 
Elm, Alder, and Cherry. 298, Axis of Osage-orange with a section of the bark peeled, displaying the order 
of the leaf-scars (cycle %). 



267. In the Osage-orange, the Holly, and some 
other plants, the attempt has been made to find 
spirals of a higher order. 

268. In the leaves of House-leek and the cones of 
Pine-trees the number of members is very large. 

269. The common arrangement is represented by 
a series of fractions, each fraction indicating the pro- 
portion borne by the angular divergence to the entire 
circumference. Thus ■§, for the Cherry, indicates that 
the angular divergence between successive leaves is 



106 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY 



[90, 91. 



two fifths of a circle, or 144°. It also shows that in 
following the spiral from any particular leaf to one 
directly above it, you must go round the stem twice 
and pass to the fifth leaf above, and that there are 
five orthostichies or vertical rows of leaves (Fig. 297). 





299, Phyllotaxy of the cone (cycle 5 8 T ) of Pinus serotina. The scales are numbered (1, 2, 3, etc.) in 
order as they occur in the formative cycle. Between 1 and 22 are 8 turns and 21 scales, etc. 300, 
Cherry cycle (j?) as viewed from above, forming necessarily that kind of aestivation called quincuncial. 

2 70. It is now known that the angle of divergence 
varies in different regions of the same shoot ; and 
that frequently a shoot beginning with a simple ar- 
rangement, afterward passes on to a more compli- 
cated pattern. 



CHAPTER XX. 

MORPHOLOGY OF THE LEAF. 

2 71. The leaf constitutes the verdure of plants, and 
is by far the most conspicuous and beautiful object in 
the scenery of nature. It is also of the highest im- 
portance in the vegetable economy, being the organ 
of digestion and respiration. It is characterized by a 



91,92.] MORPHOLOGY OF THE LEAF. 107 

thin and expanded form, presenting the largest possible 
surface to the action of the air and light, which agents 
are indispensable to the life and increase of the plant. 

The leaf may be regarded as an expansion of the 
substance of the stem, extended' into a broad thin 
plate by means of a woody frame-work or skeleton, 
connected with the inner part of the axis. The ex- 
panded portion is called the lamina or blade of the 
leaf, and it is either sessile, that is, attached to the 
stem by its base, or it is petiolate, attached to the 
stem by a footstalk called the petiole. 

272. The regular petiole very often bears at its 
base a pair of leaf-like appendages, more or less ap- 
parent, called stipules. Leaves so appendaged are said 
to be stipulate; otherwise they are exstipulate. 

2 73. Therefore a complete leaf consists of three 
distinct parts — the lamina or blade, the petiole, and 
the stipules. These parts are subject to endless trans- 
formations. Either of them may exist without the 
others, or they may all be transformed into other 
organs, as pitchers, spines, tendrils, and even into the 
organs of the flower, as will hereafter appear. 

2 74. The Petiole in form is rarely cylindrical, but 
more generally flattened or channeled on the upper 
side. When it is flattened in a vertical direction, it is 
said to be compressed, as in the Aspen or Poplar. In 
this case, the blade is very unstable, and agitated by 
the least breath of wind. The winged petiole is flat- 
tened or expanded into a margin, but laterally instead 
of vertically, as in the Orange. Sometimes the margins 
outrun the petioles, and extend down the stem, mak- 
ing that winged, or alate, also. Such leaves are said 
to be decurrent (decurro, run down). Ex., Mullein. 



108 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



[92. 



275. The amplexicaul petiole is dilated at the base 
into a margin which surrounds or clasps the stem, as 
in the Umbellifers. Frequently we find the stem- 
clasping margins largely developed, constituting a 
sheath — with free edges in the Grasses, or closed into 
a tube in the Sedges. 

2 76. The petiole is simple in the simple leaf, but 
compound or branched in the compound leaf, with as 
many branches (petiolules) as there are divisions of 
the lamina. A leaf is simple when its blade consists 
of a single piece, however cut, cleft, or divided ; and 
compound when it consists of several distinct blades, 
supported by as many branches of a compound petiole. 




301, Rose leaf, odd-pinnate, with adnate stipules. 302, Violet (V. tricolor), with simple leaf (?), and free 

compound stipules. 

277. Stipules are certain leaf-like expansions, al- 
ways in pairs, situated one on each side of the petiole 
near the base. They do not occur in every plant, but 
are pretty uniformly present in each species of the 
same natural order. In substance and color they usu- 
ally resemble the leaf ; sometimes they are colored like 
the stem, often they are membranous and colorless. 
In the Palmetto the leaf-base is a coarse net-work 
resembling canvas. 

278. Stipules are often adnate, or adherent to the 
petiole, as in the Rose ; more generally they are free, 



92, 93.] 



MOKPHOLOGY OF THE LEAF. 



109 



as in the Pea and Pansy. In these cases and others 
they act the part of leaves ; again they are often very 
small and inconspicuous. 

2 79. An Ochrea is a membranous sheath inclosing 
the stem from the node upward, as in the Knot-grass 
family (Polygonacese). It is formed of the two stipules 




303, Leaf of Selinum, tripinnate, with sheathing petiole. 304, Leaf of Polygonum Pennsjivanicuni, 
with its (o) ochrea. 305, Culm of Grass, with joint (j), leaf (I), ligule ( s). 306, Leaf of Pear-tree, with 
slender stipules. 

cohering by their two margins. In case the two stip- 
ules cohere by their outer margin only, a double stip- 
ule is formed opposite to the leaf, as in the Button- 
wood. If they cohere by their inner margin, the 
double stipule appears in the leaf axil, as in the Pond- 
weed (Potamogeton). The Ligule of the Grasses is 
generally regarded as a double axillary stipule. The 
leaflets of compound leaves are sometimes furnished 
with little stipules, called stipels. 

280. Inter-petiolar stipules occur in a few opposite- 
leaved tribes, as the Galium tribe. Here we find them 
as mere bristles in Diodia, while in Galium they look 
like the leaves, forming whorls. Such whorls, if com- 
plete, will be apparently 6-leaved, consisting of two 
true leaves and four stipules. But the adjacent 
stipules are often united, and the whorl becomes 
4-leaved, and in some the whorl is 8 -leaved. 



110 STRUCTURAL BOTANY. . [93, 94. 

281. Stipules are often fugacious, existing as scales 
in the bud, and falling when the leaves expand, or 
soon after, as in the Magnolia and Tulip-tree. 

282. Nature of veins. — The blade of the leaf con- 
sists of, (1) the frame-work, and (2) the tissue com- 
monly called the parenchyma. The frame-work is 
made up of the branching vessels of the footstalk, 
which are woody tubes pervading the parenchyma, and 
conveying nourishment to every part. Collectively, 
these vessels are called veins, from the analogy of 
their functions. Venation is the division and distribu- 
tion of the veins. The several organs of venation, 
differing from each other only in size and position, 
may be termed the midvein, veins, veinlets, and veinu- 
lets. (The old terms, midrib and nerves, being ana- 
tomically absurd, are here discarded.) 

283. The Midvein is the principal axis of the vena- 
tion, or prolongation of the petiole, running directly 
through the lamina, from base to apex, as seen in the 
leaf of the Oak or Birch. If there be several similar 
divisions of the petiole, radiating from the base of the 
leaf, they are appropriately termed Veins ; and the leaf 
is said to be three-veined, five-veined, as in Maple. 
The primary branches sent off from the midvein or 
the veins we may term the Veinlets, and the second- 
ary branches, or those sent off from the veinlets, are 
the Veinulets. These also branch and subdivide until 
they become too small to be seen. 

284. Botanists distinguish three modes of venation, 
which are in general characteristic of three Grand 
Divisions of the Vegetable Kingdom — viz. : 

Reticulate or Net-veined, as in the Dicotyledons 
(called also Exogens). This kind of venation is char- 



94,95.] MORPHOLOGY OF THE LEAF. Ill 

acterized by the frequent reunion or inosculation of 
its numerously branching veins, so as to form a kind 
of irregular net-work. 

308 



Varieties of venation . — 307, Feather-veined, — leaf of Betula populifolia (White Birch), lying upon a leaf 
of Plum-tree : same venation with different outlines. 308, Palmate-veined, — leaf of White Maple, con- 
trasted with leaf of Cercis Canadensis. 309, Parallel venation, — plant of "three-leaved Solomon's seal" 
(Smilacina trifoliata). 310, Forked venation, — Climbing Fern (Lygodium). 

Parallel-veined, as in the Monocotyledons (called 
also Endogens). The veins, whether straight or curved, 
run parallel, or side by side, to the apex of the leaf or 
to the margin, and are connected by simple transverse 
veinlets hardly seen. 

Fork-veined, as in the Ferns (and other Cryptogams 
where veins are present at all). Here the veins divide 
and subdivide in a forked manner, and do not reunite. 

285. Of the Reticulate venation the student should 
carefully note three leading forms : viz., The Feather- 
veined (pinni-veined) leaf is that in which the venation 
consists of a midvein giving off at intervals lateral 
veinlets and branching veinulets, as in the leaf of 



112 STRUCTURAL BOTANY. [95, 96. 

Beech, Chestnut. In the Radiate-veined (palmi-veined) 
leaf, the venation consists of several veins of nearly 
equal size radiating from the base toward the circum- 
ference, each with its own system of veinlets. Ex., 
Maple, Crowfoot. Lastly, the Tripli-veined seems to 
be a form intermediate between the two former, where 
the lowest pair of veinlets are conspicuously stronger 
than the others, and extend with the midvein toward 
the summit (see Fig. 319). 

286. In parallel-veined venation the veins are either 
straight, as in the linear leaf of the Grasses ; curved, 
as in the oval leaf of the Orchis ; or transverse, from 
a rnidvein, as in the Canna, Calla, etc. 



CHAPTER XXI. 

MORPHOLOGY OF THE LEAF — CONTINUED. 

287. That infinite variety of beautiful and graceful 
forms for which the leaf is distinguished becomes 
intelligible to the student only when viewed in con- 
nection with its venation. Since it is through the 
veins alone that nutriment is conveyed for the devel- 
opment and extension of the parenchyma, it follows 
that there will be the greatest extension of outline 
where the veins are largest and most numerous. Con- 
sequently the form of the leaf will depend upon the 
direction of the veins and the vigor of their action in 
developing the intervening tissue. In accordance with 
this theory, leaf-forms will be classed in respect to 
their venation. 

288. Feather-veined leaves. — Of these, the follow- 
ing forms depend upon the length of the veinlets in 



96, 97.] 



MORPHOLOGY OF THE LEAF. 



113 



relation to each other and to the midvein. When the 
lower veinlets are longer than the others, the form of 
the blade will be (1) ovate, with the outline of an egg, 
the broad end at the base ; (2) lanceolate, or lance- 
shaped, narrower than ovate, tapering gradually up- 
ward ; (3) deltoid, or triangular-shaped, like the Greek 
letter A. 




Forms of leaves. — 311, Rhododendron maximum. 312, Alnus glutinosa (cult.). 313, Polygonum dum- 
etorum. 314, Papaw. 315, Impatiens fulva. 316, Celtis Americana. 317, Circaea Lutetiana. 318, Cat- 
mint. 319, Solidago Canadensis — a tripli-veined leaf. 

2»89. If the middle veinlets exceed the others in 
length, the leaf will be (4) orbicular, roundish, or quite 
circular ; (5) elliptical, with the outline of an ellipse, 
nearly twice longer than broad ; (6) oval, broadly 
elliptical ; (7) oblong, narrowly elliptical. 

290. When the veinlets are more largely developed 
in the upper region of the leaf, its form becomes (8) 
obovate, inversely ovate, the narrow end at base ; (9) 
oblanceolate, that is, lanceolate with the narrow end at 
base ; (10) spatulate, like a spatula, with a narrow base 
and a broader, rounded apex; (11) cuneate or cunei- 
form, shaped like a wedge with the point backward. 



114 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



[97, 98. 



291. Again: if the lowest pair of veinlets are length- 
ened and more or less recurved, the leaf will be vari- 




4 6 5 7 11 10 9 

320-330, Diagrams of pinnate-veined leaf-forms. 




ously modified in respect to its base, becom- 
ing (334) cordate, or heart-shaped, an ovate 
outline with a sinus or re-entering angle at 
base ; (331) auriculate, with ear-shaped lobes 
at base; (337) sagittate, arrow-shaped, with the lobes 
pointed, and directed backward; (332) hastate, halbert- 
shaped, the lobes directed outward. 




Forms of leaves. — 330, Silene Virginica. 331, Magnolia Fraseri. 336, Arabis dentata. 337, Polygonum 
sagittatum. 332, Hepatica acutiloba. 333, Asarum Virginicum. 334, Hydrocotyle Americana. 335, H. 
umbellata. 

292. Pinnatifid forms. — The following pinnate- 
veined forms, approaching the compound leaf, depend 
less upon the proportion of the veinlets than upon the 



98.] 



MOKPHOLOGY OF THE LEAF. 



115 



relative development of the intervening tissue. The 
prefix pinnate is obviously used in contrast with 
palmate among palmate-veined forms. 

293. Pinnatifid {pinna, feather, findo, to cleave), 
feather-cleft, the tissue somewhat sharply cleft between 
the veinlets about half-way to the midvein, forming 
oblong segments. When the segments of a pinnatifid 
leaf are pointed and curved backward, it becomes run- 
cinate, i. e., re-uncinate (346). When the terminal seg- 
ment of a pinnatifid leaf is orbicular in figure and 
larger than any other, presenting the form of the 
ancient lyre, the form is termed lyrate (340). 




342 339 338 340 



Feather veined leaves, approaching the compound.— -338, Quercus imbricaria — undulate. 339, Q. alba 
(White Oak)— lobate-sinuate. 340, Q. macrocarpa— lyrate. 341, Mulgedium (Milkweed). 342, Bipinnatifid 
leaf of Ambrosia artemisifolia (Hogweed). 

294. Pinnately parted implies that the incisions are 
deeper than pinnatifid, nearly reaching the midvein. 
In either case the leaf is said to be sinuate when the 
incisions (sinuses) as well as the segments are rounded 
and flowing in outline. Such segments are lobes, and 
the leaves lobate or lobed, a very generic term. 

295. Palmate forms. — The palmate venation pre- 
sents us with a set of forms which are, in general, 



116 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



[98, 99. 



broader in proportion than the pinnate, having the 
breadth about equal to the length. Such a leaf may 
be rarely broadly ovate, or broadly cordate, terms which 
require no further explanation. Or it may be Reni- 
form, kidney-shaped, having a flowing outline broader 
than long, concave at base ; or Peltate, shield-form, the 
petiole not inserted at the margin, but in the midst 




Feather-veined leaves approaching the compound.-m, Nigella (pinnatisect). 344, Cheledonium majus. 
345, Thistle (Cirsium lanceolatum). 346, Dandelion (runcinate-lyrate). 

of the lower surface of the blade. This singular form 
evidently results from the blending of the base lobes 
of a deeply cordate leaf, as seen in Hydrocotyle. It 
may be orbicular, oval, etc. 

296. The following result from deficiency of tissue, 
causing deep divisions between the veins. Leaves thus 
dissected are said to be palmately-lobed when either 
the segments or the sinuses are somewhat rounded and 
continuous. The number of lobes is denoted by such 
terms as bilobate, trilobate, five-lobed, etc. Leaves are 



99, 100.] 



MORPHOLOGY OF THE LEAF. 



117 




Palmate-veined leaves. — 347, Menispermum Canadense. 348, Passiflora cerulea. 349, Broussonetia pa- 

pyrifera. 350, Oak Geranium. 

palmately cleft and palmately parted, according to the 

depth of the incisions as above described. But the 

most peculiar modification is the 

Pedate, like a bird's foot, having 

the lowest pair of veins enlarged, 

recurved, and bearing each several 

of the segments (348). 

29 7. The forms of the paral- 
lel-veined leaves are remarkable 
for their even, flowing outlines, 
diversified solely by the direction 
and curvature of the veins. When 
the veins are straight, the most 
common form is the Linear, long 
and narrow, with parallel margins, 
like the leaves of the Grasses — a 
form which may also occur in the 
pinnate-veined leaf, when the vein- 
lets are all equally shortened. The 
ensiform, or sword-shaped, is also 
linear, but has its edges vertical, 
that is, directed upward and down- 
ward. 

298. If the veins curve, we may have the lanceolate, 




351, Ensiform leaves of Iris. 352, 
Acerose leaves of Pinus. 353, Subu- 
late leaves of Juniperus communis. 



118 STRUCTURAL BOTANY. [100,101. 

elliptical, or even orbicular forms ; and if the lower 
curve downward, the cordate, sagittate, etc. Palmate 
forms there also are, splendidly developed in the Pal- 
metto and other Palms, whose large leaves are appro- 
priately called flabelliform (fan-shaped). 

299. The leaves of the Pine and the Fir tribe (Coni- 
ferae) generally are parallel-veined also, and remark- 
able for their contracted forms, in which there is no 
distinction of petiole or blade. Such are the Acerose 
(needle-shaped) leaves of the Pine, the Subulate (awl- 
shaped) and scale-form leaves of the Cedars, etc. 



CHAPTER XXII. 

THE COMPOUND LEAF, ETC. 

300. If we conceive of a simple leaf becoming a 
compound one, on the principle of " deficiency of tissue 
between the veins," it will be evident that the same 
forms of venation are represented by the branching 
petioles of the latter as by the veins of the former. 
The number and arrangement of the parts will there- 
fore in like manner correspond with the mode of 
venation. 

301. The divisions of a compound leaf are called 
leaflets; and the same distinction of outline, margin, 
etc., occur in them as in simple leaves. The petiolules 
of the leaflets may or may not be articulated to the 
main petiole, or rachis, as it is called. 

302. Pinnately compound. — From the pinnate-veined 
arrangement we may have the pinnate leaf, where the 
petiole (midvein) bears a row of leaflets on each side, 
either sessile or petiolulate, generally equal in number 



101, 102.] 



THE COMPOUND LEAF. 



119 



and opposite. It is unequally pinnate (3 57) when the 
rachis bears an odd terminal leaflet, and equally pin- 
nate (356) when there is no terminal leaflet, and inter- 
ruptedly pinnate when the leaflets are alternately large 
and small (358). 

303. The number of leaflets in the pinnate leaf 
varies from thirty pairs and upward (as in some Aca- 
cias), down to three, when the leaf is said to be ter- 
nate or trifoliate ; or two, becoming oinate ; or finally 




Compound leaves — 354, Trifolium repens. 355, Desmodium rotundifolium. 356, Sesbania. 357, Cassia. 

358, Agrimonia. 

even to one leaflet in the Lemon. Such a leaf is theo- 
retically compound, on account of the leaflet (blade) 
being articulated to the petiole. 

304. A bipinnate leaf (twice pinnate) is formed 
when the rachis bears pinnce or secondary pinnate 
leaves, instead of leaflets (361), and tripinnate (thrice 
pinnate) when pinnae take the places of the leaflets of 
a bipinnate leaf (360). When the division is still more 
complicated, the leaf is decompound. Different degrees 
of division often exist in different parts of the same 



120 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



[102, 103. 



leaf, illustrating the gradual transition of leaves from 
simple to compound in all stages. The leaves of 
the Honey-locust and Coffee-tree (G-ymnocladus) often 
afford curious and instructive examples (362). 

305. A biternate leaf is formed when the leaflets 
of a ternate leaf give place themselves to ternate 
leaves (359), and tritemate when the leaflets of a 
biternate leaf again give place to ternate leaves. 




Compound leaves. — 359, Clematis. 360, Erigenia bulbosa. 361, Acacia. 362, Honey -locust. 

306. Palmately compound. — The palmate venation 
has also its peculiar forms of compound leaves, as ter- 
nate, quinate, septenate, etc., according to the number 
of leaflets which arise together from the summit of 
the petiole. Ternate leaves of this venation are to be 
carefully distinguished from those of the pinnate plan. 
The palmately ternate leaf consists of three leaflets, 
which are either all sessile or stalked alike ; the pin- 
nately ternate has the terminal leaflet raised above the 
other two on the prolonged rachis (354, 355). 

307. Apex. — In regard to the termination of a leaf 
or leaflet at its apex, it may be acuminate, ending 



103, 104.] 



THE COMPOUND LEAF. 



121 



with a long, tapering point ; cuspidate, abruptly con- 
tracted to a sharp, slender point ; mucronate, tipped 
with a spiny point ; acute, simply ending with an 
angle ; obtuse, rounded at the point. Or the leaf may 




363, Lemon. 364, Jeffersonia. 365, Potentilla anserina. 366, P. tridentata. 



end without a point, being truncate, as if cut square 
off ; retuse, with a rounded end slightly depressed 
where the point should be ; emarginate, having a small 
notch at the end ; obcordate, inversely heart-shaped, 
having a deep indentation at the end. 




m |; n V (I ^ o I] V jj q 

367-375, Apex of leaves. — a, obcordate ; b, emarginate ; c, retuse ; d, truncate ; e, obtuse ; /, acute ; g, 
mucronate ; h, cuspidate ; k, acuminate. 

376-380, Bases of leaves. — ?, hastate : m, n, sagittate ; o, auriculate ; p, cordate ; q, reniform. 

308. Margin. — The following terms are used to 
define the margin of the leaf or leaflet, with no refer- 
ence to the general form. If the leaf be even-edged, 
having the tissue completely filled out, the appropriate 
term is entire. Sometimes a vein runs along such a 
margin as if a hem f 



122 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



[104. 



309. But when the marginal tissue is deficient, the 
leaf becomes dentate, having sharp teeth pointing out- 
ward from the center ; serrate, with sharp teeth point- 
ing forward, like the teeth of a saw ; crenate, with 
rounded or blunt teeth. The terms denticulate, serru- 
late, crenulate denote finer indentations of the several 
kinds ; doubly dentate, etc., denote that the teeth are 
themselves toothed. 




385 



381, Serrate leaf of Chestnut. 382, Doubly serrate leaf of Elm. 383, Dentate leaf of Arrow- wood. 384, 
Crenate leaf of Catmint. 385, Repand leaf of Circsea. 386, Undulate leaf of Shingle Oak. 387, Lobed 
leaf of Chrysanthemum. 

310. The undulate, or wavy edge, is somewhat dif- 
ferent from the repand, which bends like the margin 
of an umbrella. If the veins project, and are tipped 
with spines, the leaf becomes spinous. Irregularly 
divided margins are said to be erose or jagged, lacini- 
ate or torn, incised or cut. Often, instead of a defi- 
ciency, there is a superabundance of marginal tissue, 
denoted by the term crispate or crisped. 

311. Insertion. — Several important terms descrip- 
tive of the various modes of leaf-insertion must here 



104, 105.] 



THE COMPOUND LEAF. 



123 



be noticed. A sessile leaf is said to be amplexicaul 
when its base-lobes adhere to and clasp the stem. 
Should these lobes extend quite around the stem and 
on the other side become blended together, a perfoliate 
leaf will be formed {per, through, folium, leaf), the 
stem seeming to pass through the leaves. When the 
bases of two opposite sessile leaves are so united as to 
form one piece of the two, they are said to be connate. 




390 



389 



388 



Insertion of leaves. — 388, Aster laevis (amplexicaul). 389, Uvularia perfoliata. 390. Lonicera semper virens 

(connate). 



312. Surface. — The following terms are applicable 
to any other organs as well as leaves. In the quality 
of surface the leaf may be glabrous (smooth), destitute 
of all hairs, bristles, etc., or scabrous (rough), with 
minute, hard points, hardly visible. A dense coat of 
hairs will render the leaf pubescent when the hairs are 
soft and short ; villous when they are rather long and 
weak ; sericeous, or silky, when close and satin-like ; 



124 STRUCTURAL BOTANY. [105,106. 

such a coat may also be lanuginose, woolly ; tomen- 
tose, matted like felt ; or floccose, in soft, fleecy tufts. 

313. Thinly scattered hairs render the surface hir- 
sute when they are long ; pilose when short and soft ; 
hispid when short and stiff. The surface will be setose 
when beset with bristly hairs called setce ; and spinose 
when beset with spines, as in the Thistle and Horse- 
nettle. Leaves may also be armed with stinging hairs 
which are sharp and tubular, containing a poisonous 
fluid, as in Nettles and Jatropha stimulans (503). 

314. A pruinose surface is covered with a bluish- 
white waxy powder, called bloom, as in the Cabbage ; 
and a punctate leaf is dotted with colored points or 
pellucid glands. 

315.' In texture leaves may be membranous, or 
coriaceous (leathery), or succulent (fleshy), or scarious 
(dry), rugose (wrinkled), etc., which terms need only 
to be mentioned. 

316. Double terms. —The modifications of leaves are almost endless. 
Many other terms are defined in the glossary, yet it will often be found neces- 
sary in the exact description of a plant to combine two or more of the terms 
defined in order to express some intermediate fi^ire or quality ; thus ovate- 
lanceolate, signifying a form between ovate and lanceolate, etc. 

317. The Latin preposition sub (under) prefixed to a descriptive term 
denotes the quality which the term expresses, in a lower degree, as 'subsessile, 
nearly sessile, subserrate, somewhat serrate. 



CHAPTER XXIII. 

TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE LEAF. 

318. Hitherto we have considered the leaf as foli- 
age merely — constituted the fit organ of aeration by 
its large expansion of surface. This is indeed the 
chief, but not the only aspect in which it is to be 
viewed. The leaf is a typical form ; that is, a type, or 



106,107.] TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE LEAF. 125 

an idea of the Divio e Architect, whence is derived 
the form of every other appendage of the plant. To 
trace out this idea in all the disguises under which it 
lurks, is one of the first aims of the botanist. Several 
of these forms of disguise have already been noticed 
— for example : 

319. The scales which clothe the various forms of 
scale-bearing stems are leaves, or more usually petioles, 
reduced and distorted, perhaps by the straitened cir- 
cumstances of their underground growth. The scales 
of corms and rhizomes are mostly mere membranes, 
while those of the bulb are fleshy, serving as deposi- 
tories of food for the future use of the plant. That 
these scales are leaves is evident — 1st, from their po- 
sition at the nodes of the stem ; 2 d, from their occa- 
sional development into true leaves. Of the same 
nature are the brown scales of Winter buds. 

320. The cotyledons of seeds or seed4obes are 
readily recognized as leaves, especially when they arise 
above-ground in germination, and form the first pair 
upon the young plant ; as in the Beechnut and Squash 
seed. Their deformity is due to the starchy deposits 
with which they are crammed for the nourishment of 
the embryo when germinating, and also to the way in 
which they are packed in the seed. 

321. Phyllodia are certain leaf-forms, consisting of 
petioles excessively compressed, or expanded vertically 
into margins, while the true lamina is partly or en- 
tirely suppressed. Fine examples are seen in our 
greenhouse Acacias from Australia. Their vertical 
or edgewise position readily distinguishes them from 
true leaves. 

322. Ascidia, or pitchers, are surprising forms of 



126 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



[107, 108. 



leaves, expressly contrived, as if by art, for holding 
water. The pitchers of Sarracenia, whose several spe- 
cies are common in bogs North and South, are evi- 
dently formed by the blending of the involute margins 
of the broadly winged petioles, so as to form a com- 
plete vase. The broad expansion which appears at the 
top may be regarded as the lamina. These pitchers 
contain water, in which insects are drowned, being 




391 



392 



393 



394 



395 



Ascidia. — 391, Nepenthes. 392, Sarracenia psittacina. 393, S. purpurea. 394, S. Gronovii, /?. Drum- 
mondii. 395, Acacia heterophylla — its phyllodia. 

prevented from escaping by the denexed hairs at the 
mouth. Other pitcher-bearing plants are equally curi- 
ous ; as Darlingtonia of California, Nepenthes and 
Dischidia of the East Indies. In Dionaea of North 
Carolina, the leaves are transformed to spiny, snapping 
fly-traps ! 

323. Many weak-stemmed water-plants are fur- 
nished with Air-Madders, or little sacks filled with air 
to buoy them up near to the surface. Such are the 
bladders of the common Bladder wort, formed from the 
leaf-lobes. In the Horned-bladderwort, the floats are 



108, 109.] 



TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE LEAF. 



127 



made of the six upper inflated, petioles lying upon 
the surface of the water like a wheel-shaped raft 
and sustaining the flower upon its own elevated 
stalk. 

324. The Tendril is a thread-like, coiling append- 
age, furnished to certain weak-stemmed plants as their 
means of support in place. Its first growth is straight, 
and it remains so until it reaches some object, when 
it immediately coils itself about it, and thus acquires ■ a 
firm though elastic hold. This beautiful appendage is 
finely exemplified in the Cucurbitacese and Grape, 




396, Leaf of Greenbrier, with tendrils in place of stipules. 39", Leaf ot Everlasting Pea — tendrils at end 
of rachis. 398, Leaf of Gloriosa — apex ends in a tendril. 399, Air-bladder of Horn Pondweed. 

above cited ; also in many species of the Pea tribe 
(Leguminosse), where it is appended to the leaves. It 
is not a new organ, but some old one transformed and 
adapted to a new purpose. In Gloriosa superba, the 
midvein of the leaf is prolonged beyond the blade into 
a coiling tendril. In the Pea, Yetch, etc., the tendrils 
represent the attenuated leaf -blades themselves. Again, 
the entire leaf sometimes becomes a tendril in Lathy- 
rus, while the stipules act as leaves. 

325. The petiole of the leaf of Clematis, otherwise 
unchanged, coils like a tendril for the support of the 
vine. In the Greenbrier, the stipules are changed to 
tendrils, which thus arise in pairs from the base of 
the petioles. So probably in the Gourd. 



128 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



[109, 110. 



326. But the tendrils of the Grape vine are of a different nature. Erom 
their position opposite the leaves, and the tubercles occasionally seen upon 
them, representing flower-buds, they are inferred to be abortive, or trans- 
formed flower-stalks. 

32 7. Many plants are armed, as if for self-defense 
with hard, sharp-pointed, woody processes, called spines 
or thorns. Those which are properly called spines 
originate from leaves. In Berberis the spines are evi- 
dently transformed leaves, as the same plant exhibits 




402 403 

Thorns — 400, Crataegus parvii'olia (thorns axillary). 401, Honey-locust. 402, Common Locust. 403, Ber- 
beris — a, a, its thorns. 



leaves in every stage of the metamorphosis. In G-oat's- 
thorn (Astragalus tragacanthus) of S. Europe, the pet- 
ioles change to spines after the leaflets fall off. In 
the Locust (Robinia), there is a pair of spines at the 
base of the petiole, in place of stipules. 

328. Thorns originate from axillary buds, and are abortive branches. This 
is evident from their position in the Hawthorn and Osage-orange. The Apple 
and Pear tree in their wild state produce thorns, but by cultivation become 
thornless ; that is, the axillary buds, through better tillage, develop branches 
instead of thorns. The terrible branching thorns of the Honey-locust originate 
just above the axil, from accessory buds. Prickles differ from either spines or 
thorns, growing from the epidermis upon stems of leaves, at no determinate 
point, and consisting of hardened cellular tissues, as in the Rose, Bramble. 



110,111.] METAMORPHOSIS of the flower. 129 

329. By a more gentle transformation, leaves pass 
into Bracts, which are those smaller, reduced leaf- 
forms situated near and among the flowers. So grad- 
ual is the transition from leaves to bracts — in the 
Peony, e. g. — that no absolute limits can be assigned. 
Equally gradual is the transition from bracts to sepals 
of the flower — affording a beautiful illustration of the 
doctrine of metamorphosis (§ 330, etc.). Bracts will 
be further considered under the head of Inflorescence. 



CHAPTER XXIY. 

METAMORPHOSIS OF THE FLOWER. 

330. It has already been announced (§37) that a 
flower is a metamorphosed, that is, a transformed 
branch. No new principle or element was devised to 
meet this new necessity in the life of the plant, viz., 
the perpetuation of its kind ; but the leaf, that same 
protean form which we have already detected in 
shapes so numerous and diverse, the leaf, is yet once 
more in nature's hand molded into a series of forms 
of superior elegance, touched with colors more brilliant, 
and adapted to a higher sphere as the organs of repro- 
duction. 

331. Proofs of this doctrine appear on every hand, 
both in the natural and in the artificial development 
of plants. We mention a few instances. The thought- 
ful student will observe many more. 

332. In most flowers, as in the Poppy, very little 
evidence of the metamorphosis appears, simply because 
it has been so complete. Its sepals, petals, stamens, 
and pistils — how unlike ! Can these be of one and the 



130 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



[111. 



same element ? Look again. Here is a double flower, 
a Poppy of the gardens, artificially developed ; its 
slender white stamens have indeed expanded into 
broad red petals ! 

333. The argument begins with the sepals. In the 
Rose and Paeony, and in most flowers, the sepals have 
all the characteristics of leaves — color, form, venation, 
etc. The transition from leaves to bracts and from 
bracts to sepals is so gradual as to place their identity 




404, Papaver (poppy) — s, stamens; p, stigmas. 405, sepal. 406,'Petal — all very different. 407 to 414, 
Petals of the Water-lily (Nymphaea) gradually passing into stamens. 

beyond doubt. Again, in Calicanthus, the sepals pass 
by insensible gradations into petals ; and in the Lilies 
these two organs are almost identical. Hence, if the 
sepals are leaves, the petals are leaves also. In respect 
to the nature of the stamens, the Water-lily is partic- 
ularly instructive. Here we see a perfect gradation 
of forms from stamens to petals, and thence to sepals, 
where, half-way between the two former, we find a 
narrow petal tipped with the semblance of an anther 
(410). Finally, cases of close resemblance between 
stamen and pistil, so unlike in the Poppy, are not 
wanting. For example, the Tulip-tree. 

334. Teratology. — Cases in abtificiae development where organs of one 
kind are converted into those of another kind by cultivation, afford undeni- 
able evidence of the doctrine in question — the homology of all the floral organs 
with each other and with the leaf. Such cases are frequent in the garden, and, 



Ill, 112.] 



METAMOEPHOSIS OF THE FLOWER. 



131 



however much, admired, they are monstrous, because unnatural. In all double 
flowers, as Rose, Peeony, Camellia, the stamens have been reconverted into 
petals, either wholly or partially, some yet remaining in every conceivable 
stage of the transition. In the double Buttercup t'416) the pistils as well as 
stamens revert to petals, and in the garden Cherry, Flowering Almond, a pair 
of green leaves occupy the place of the pistils. By still further changes all 
parts of the flower manifest their foliage affinities, and the entire flower-bud, 
after having given clear indications of its floral character, is at last developed 
into a leafy branch (417). Further evidence of this view will appear in the — 





416 



415, Ranunculus acris ; a single flower. 416, R. acris, p. plena, a double flower. 417, Epacris impressa, 
the flowers changing to leafy branches (Lindley). 

335. Estivation of the flower-bud. — This term 
(from cestivus, of summer) refers to the arrangement 
of the floral envelopes while yet in the bud. It is an 
important subject, since in general the same mode 
of aestivation regularly characterizes whole tribes or 
orders. It is to the flower-bud what vernation (vernus, 
spring) is to the leaf -bud. The various modes of -aesti- 
vation are best observed in sections of the bud made 
by cutting it through horizontally when just ready to 
open. From such sections our diagrams are copied. 



132 



STEUCTUEAL BOTANY. 



[H2, 113. 



336. Separately considered, we find each organ 
here folded in ways similar to those of the leaf-bud ; 
that is, the sepal or the petal may be convolute, invo- 
lute, revolute, etc., terms already defined. Collectively 
considered, the aestivation of the flower occurs in four 
general modes with their variations — the valvate, the 
contorted, imbricate, and plicate. 

337. In valvate aestivation the pieces meet by their 
margins without any overlapping ; as in the sepals of 
the Mallow, petals of Hydrangea, valves of a capsule. 



42-2 




425 -^^ 424 

418-425, Modes of aestivation. 424, Petals of the Wall-flower. 



The following varieties of the valvate occur : Indupli- 
cate, where each piece is involute — i.e., has its two 
margins bent or rolled inward, as in Clematis ; or redu- 
plicate, when each piece is revolute — having its mar- 
gins bent or rolled outward, as in the sepals of Althea. 

338. Contorted aestivation is where each piece over- 
laps its neighbor, all in the same direction, appearing 
as if twisted together, as in Phlox, Flax, Oleander (421). 

339. Imbricated aestivation (imbrex, a tile) is a term 
restricted to those modes in which one or more of the 
petals or sepals is wholly outside, overlapping two 
others by both its margins. This kind of aestivation 



113, 114.] 



METAMORPHOSIS OF THE FLOWER. 



133 



naturally results from the spiral arrangements so com- 
mon in phyllotaxy, while the valvate and contorted 
seem identified with the opposite or whorled arrange- 
ment. The principal varieties are the following : The 
Quincuncial, consisting of five leaves, two of which 
are wholly without, two wholly within, and one partly 
both, or one margin out, the other in, as in the Kose 
family (42 2). This accompanies the two fifths cycle in 
phyllotaxy, and corresponds precisely with it, each 
quincunx being in fact a cycle with its internodes 




Diagrams of flowers (as seen by cross-sections). — 126, Jeffersonia diphylla — o, ovary ; s, stamens ; d, inner 
row of petals, aestivation triquetrous ; 6, outer row of petals, aestivation contorted; c, sepals, aestivation 
quincuncial. 427, Lily. 428, Strawberry. 429, Mustard. The pupil will designate modes of aestivation. 

suppressed. (Fig. 300, § 2 66.) The Triquetrous, con- 
sisting of three leaves in each set, one of which is out- 
side, one inside, and the third partly both, as in Tulip, 
Erythronium, agreeing with the two thirds, or Alder 
Cycle (§ 2 65). The Convolute, when each leaf wholly 
involves all that are within it, as do the petals of Mag- 
nolia ; and lastly, the Vexillary, when one piece larger 
than the rest is folded over them, as in Pea (425). 

340. Plicate or folded aestivation occurs in tubular 
or monopetalous flowers, and has many varieties, of 
which the most remarkable is the supervolute, where 
the projecting folds all turn obliquely in the same 
direction, as in the Morning-glory, Thorn-apple. 

Different modes of aestivation may occur in the 
different whorls of the same flower. 



134 STRUCTURAL BOTANY. [114,115. 



CHAPTER XXV. 

INFLORESCENCE. 

341. Inflorescence is a term denoting the arrange- 
ment of the flowers and their position upon the plant. 

All the buds of a plant are supposed to be originally of one and the same 
nature, looking to the production of vegetative organs only. But at a certain 
period, a portion of the buds of the living plant, by an unerring instinct little 
understood, are converted from their ordinary intention into flower-buds, as 
stated and illustrated in the foregoing Chapter. The flower-bud is incapable 
of extension. "While the leaf -bud may unfold leaf after leaf, and node after 
node, to an indefinite extent, the flower-bud blooms, dies, and arrests forever 
the extension of the axis which bore it. 

342. In position and arrangement, flower-buds can 
not differ from leaf-buds, and both are settled by the 
same unerring law which determines the arrangement 
of the leaves. Accordingly, the flower-bud is always 
found either terminal or axillary. In either case, a 
single bud may develop either a compound inflores- 
cence, consisting of several flowers with their stalks 
and bracts, or a solitary inflorescence, consisting of a 
single flower. 

343. The Peduncle is the flower-stalk. It bears no 
leaves, or at least only such as are reduced in size and 
changed in form, called bracts. If the peduncle is 
wanting, the flower is said to be sessile. The simple 
peduncle bears a single flower ; but if the peduncle be 
divided into branches, it bears several flowers, and the 
final divisions, bearing each a single flower, are called 
pedicels. The main stem or axis of a compound 
peduncle is called the rachis. 

344. The Scape is a flower-stalk which springs 
from a subterranean stem, in such plants as are called 



115, 116.] 



INFLOKESCENCE. 



135 



stemless, or acaulescent ; as the Primrose, Tulip, Blood- 
root. Like the peduncle, it is leafless or with bracts 
only, and may be either simple or branched. The 
flower-stalk, whether peduncle, scape, or pedicel, always 
terminates in the torus (§ 57). 




Bracts (b, b, b). — 130, Cornus Canadensis, with an involucre of four colored bracts. 431, Hepatica triloba, 
with an involucre of three green bracts. 432, Calla palustris, with a colored spathe of one bract. 



345. Bracts. — The branches of the inflorescence 
arise from the axils of reduced leaves, called bracts. 
Those leaves, still smaller, growing upon the pedicels, 
are called bractlets. Bracts are usually simple in out- 
line and smaller than the leaf, often gradually dimin- 
ishing to mere points, as in Aster, or even totally sup- 
pressed, as in the Cruciferae. Often they are colored, 
sometimes brilliantly, as in Painted-cup. Sometimes 
they are scale-like, and again they are evanescent 
membranes. 

346. The Spathe is a large bract formed in some of 
the Monocotyledons, enveloping the inflorescence, and 
often colored, as in Arum, Calla ; or membranous, as 
in Onion and Daffodil. 

347. Bracts also constitute an Involucre when they 
are collected into a whorl or spiral group, In the 



136 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



[116, 117. 



Phlox, Dodecatheon, and generally, the involucre is 
green, but sometimes colored and petaloid, as in Dog- 
wood and Euphorbia. Situated at the base of a com- 
pound umbel, it is called a general involucre ; at the 
base of a partial umbel it is a partial involucre or 
involucel, both of which are seen in the Umbelliferse. 




433, Helianthus grosse-serratus — I, involucre ; r, rays, or ligulate flowers. 434, One of the disk-flowers 
with its chaff-scale (hract). 435, Acorn of Moss-cup Oak (Q. macrophylla). 436, Poa pratensis— /, spikelet 
entire ; g, glumes separated ; c, a flower separated, displaying the two pales, three stamens, and two styles. 

348. In the Composite, where the flowers are 
crowded upon a common torus, forming what is called 
a compound flower, an involucre composed of many- 
imbricated scales (bracts) surrounds them as a calyx 
surrounds a simple flower. The chaff also upon the 
torus are bracts to which each floret is axillary (434). 

349. In the Grasses, the bracts subsist under the 
general name of chaff. At the base of each spikelet 
(436) of flowers we find two bracts — the Glumes. At 
the base of each separate flower in the spikelet are 
also two bractlets — the Pales — enveloping as a calyx 
the three stamens and two styles (c). 

350. The cup of the Acorn is another example of 
involucre, composed of many scale-like bractlets. So, 
also ; perhaps the burr of the Chestnut, etc. 



117, 118.] INFLORESCENCE. 13 7 

351. The forms of inflorescence are exceedingly 
various, but may all be referred to two classes, as 
already indicated — the axillary, in which all the 
flowers arise from axillary buds ; the terminal, in 
which all the flower-buds are terminal. 

352. Axillary inflorescence is called indefinite, be- 
cause the axis, being terminated by a leaf-bud, con- 
tinues to grow on indefinitely, developing bracts with 
their axillary flowers as it grows. It is also called 
centripetal, because in the order of time the blossom- 
ing commences with the circumference (or base) of 
the inflorescence, and proceeds toward the central or 
terminal bud, as in Hawthorn or Mustard. 

353. Terminal inflorescence is definite, implying 
that the growth of the axis as well as of each branch 
is definitely arrested by a flower. It is also centrifu- 
gal, because the blossoming commences with the cen- 
tral flower and proceeds in order to the circumference, 
as in the Sweet- William, Elder, Hydrangea. 

354. Both kinds, of inflorescence are occasionally combined in the same 
plant, where the general system may be distinguished from the partial clusters 
which compose it. Thus in the Compositse, while the florets of each head 
open centripetally, the general inflorescence is centrifugal, that is, the termi- 
nal head is developed before the lateral ones. But in the Labiatae the partial 
clusters (verticillasters) open centrifugally, while the general inflorescence is 
indefinite, proceeding from the base upward. 



CHAPTER XXYI. 

SPECIAL FOEMS OF INFLOEESCENCE. 

355. Of centripetal or axillary inflorescence the 

principal varieties are : the spike, spadix, catkin, raceme, 
corymb, umbel, panicle, thyrse, and head. The spike 
is a long rachis with sessile flowers either scattered, 



138 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



[118. 



clustered, or crowded upon it, as Plantain, Mullein, 
Vervain. The so-called spikes of the Grasses are com- 




435-«, Spiranthes cernua — flowers in a twisted spike. 436-a, Orontiura aquaticum — flowers on a naked 
spadix. 437, Betula lenta — flowers in aments. 

pound spikes or spike-like panicles, bearing little spikes 
or spikelets in place of single flowers (440). 




439 441 438 



442 440 

438, Andromeda racemosa— flowers in a secund raceme. 439, Verbascum Blattaria— raceme. 440, Lo- 
lium perenne— a compound spike or a spike of spikelets. 441, Dipsacus sylvestris— head with an involucre 
of leaves. 442, Osmorhiza longistylis— a compound umbel. 443, Its fruit. 



119.] 



SPECIAL FORMS OF INFLORESCENCE. 



139 



356. The spadix is a thick, fleshy rachis, with 
liowers closely sessile or imbedded on it, and usually 
with a spathe, as in Calla (432), or without it, as in 
Golden-club (436). 

357. The catkin or ament is a slender, pendent 
spike with scaly bracts subtending the naked, sessile 
flowers, all caducous (falling) together, as in Birch, 
Beech, Oak, Willow. 

358. The raceme is a rachis bearing its flowers on 
distinct, simple pedicels. It may be erect, as in Hya- 
cinth, Pyrola ; or pendulous, as in Currant, Black- 
berry. The corymb differs from the raceme in having 
the lower pedicels lengthened so as to elevate all the 
flowers to about the same level. The corymb often 
becomes compound by the branching of its lower 
pedicels, as in Yarrow. 




444 445 

444. Staphylea trifolia — a pendulous, paniculate cyme. 445, Catalpa — a panicle. 

359. An umbel consists of several pedicels of about 
equal length radiating from the same point — the top 
of the common peduncle, as Milk-weed, Onion. When 



140 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



[119, 120. 



the pedicels of an umbel become -themselves umbels, 
as in Caraway and most of the UmbelliferaB, a com- 
pound umbel is produced. Such secondary umbels are 
called umbellets, and the primary pedicels, rays. 

360. The panicle is a compound inflorescence 
formed by the irregular branching of the pedicels of 
the raceme, as in Oats, Spear-grass, Catalpa. A thyrse 
is a sort of compact, oblong, or pyramidal panicle, as 
in Lilac, Grape. 

361. A head or capitulum is a sort of reduced 
umbel, having the flowers 
all sessile upon the top of 
the peduncle, as in the 
Button-bush, Clover. But 
the more common exam- 
ples of the capitulum are 
seen in the Compositee, 
where the summit of the 
peduncle, that is, the recep- 
tacle, is dilated, bearing the 
sessile flowers above, and 
scale-like bracts around, as 
an involucre. 

362. The capitulum of 
the Compositse is often ^^-^pp- 

called a compound flower from its resemblance, the in- 
volucre answering to a calyx, the rays to the corolla. 
The flowers are called florets — those of the outer cir- 
cle, florets of the ray, generally differing in form from 
those of the central portions, the florets of the disk. 

363. Of terminal inflorescence the following varie- 
ties are described : cyme, fascicle (verticillaster), and 
glomerule. 




446, Vernonia fasciculata — flowers in a discoid 
head with an imbricated involucre. 447, A single 
flower remaining on the receptacle. 448, A fruit 
crowned with the pappus. 449, Mulgedium — a head. 
450, A single flower remaining on the receptacle. 



120, 121.] 



SPECIAL FORMS OF INFLORESCENCE. 



141 



364. Cyme is a general term denoting any inflores- 
cence with centrifugal evolutions, but is properly ap- 
plied to that level-topped or fastigiate form which 



J4 id a £ 3 




454 



453 



452 



Diagram (452) of cyme flowers numbered in the order of their development — 453, Cyme fastigiate. 454, 
Cyme half developed — a scorpoid raceme. 

resembles the corymb, as in the Elder. If it is loosely 
spreading, not fastigiate, it is called a cymous panicle, 
as in the Chickweed, Spergula, etc. If it be rounded, 
as in the Snowball, it is a globose cyme. 





455 456 

455, Myosotis palustris — scorpioid racemes. 456, Stellaria media — a regular cyme. 

365. A scorpioid cyme, as seen in the Sundew, 
Sedum, and Borrage family, is a kind of coiled raceme, 
unrolling as it blossoms. It is understood to be a half- 
developed cyme, as illustrated in the cut (454). The 
fascicle is a modification of the cyme, with crowded 



142 



STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 



[121, 122. 



and nearly sessile flowers, as in Sweet- William (Dian- 
thus). 

366. Glomerule, an axillary tufted cluster, with a 
centrifugal evolution, frequent in the Labiatee, etc. 
When such occur in the axils of opposite leaves and 
meet around the stem, each pair constitutes a verticil- 
laster or verticil, as in Catmint, Hoarhound. 








463 464 462 



458 457 



367. The above diagrams show the mutual relations of the several forms 
of centripetal inflorescence — how they are graduated from the spike (457) to 
the head (464). Thus the spike (457) + the pedicels = raceme (458) ; the raceme 
with the lower pedicels lengthened = corymb (459) ; the corymb — the rachis = 
umbel (460) ; the umbel — pedicels — head (464), etc. 

(For the phenomena of Flowering, Coloring, the Floral Calendar, the 
Floral Clock, see the Class Book of Botany, pp. 75-77.) 



PART SECOND. 



PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY 



CHAPTER I 





VEGETABLE HISTOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 

368. The vegetable cell is the foundation of all 
plant structure, and when complete is a sac or bag-like 
body containing a semi-fluid substance 
called Protoplasm. The cell -wall in- 
creases by expansion. Spaces (vacuoles) 

appear among 
the particles 
of protoplasm, 
which are occu- 
pied by a watery 
substance called 
cell-sap. In some 
part of the cell 
a spot appears where the 
granules of Protoplasm are 
crowded together, forming a 
The cell is now 

contracted toward the wall, from which it has PnTYrn "|p-f-p flri H fhllQ fnrm'cihprl 
been separated hy reagents; p, cell-sap in a COmpieie, anU LUUS IUmiSneQ 

cells; d, cell-wall ; e. «, adjacent cell-walls ; 1S an OrganiSUl Capable Of eX- 

,, intercellular space. ercising vital functions, and 

possesses the ability to multiply itself or produce new 



465 

465, Mature cell of 
Orchis ; a, nucleus, with 
nucleolus ; 6, cell-wall ; 
c, c, protoplasm mass sep- 
arated from the cell-wall 
by alcohol. 



nucleus 



466, Section of pith-cell of Taxodium ; a, -p>i-|plp-i-io 
Iahs • h, nucleolus ; c, e, protoplasm sac 



144 



PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY. 



cells. In the early stages of the plant's life, the Proto- 
plasm is a naked mass, but it very soon surrounds 
itself with a wall, as in Figs. 465 a 

and 466. Inside the cell-wall it 
arranges itself into a great variety 
of forms. 

In Fig. 467, A shows new cells, 
with the protoplasm evenly distrib- 
uted, and nuclei forming, k, k. Fig. 
467, B, great changes have taken 
place, cell-sap has been introduced, 
and the protoplasm is much vacuo- 
lated, and appears either floating 
freely in the cell-sap, spread along the 
cell-wall, or otherwise aggregated. 
In Fig. 468, -A, the protoplasm seems 
to be aggregating, and spots or vac- 
uoles are appearing in its midst. 
Fig. 467, B, the protoplasm is form- 
ing in globular masses around por- 
tions of sap. These little vesicles 
are frequently furnished with the 
green coloring matter of the plant. 
Fig. 468, 0, highly magnified cell, 
in which the protoplasm has re- 
treated from the cell-wall under 

. 467, A, Very young cells from 

the aCtlOn Of Weak SUlphuriC aCld nearthetipoftherootofFritilla- 

ria ; B, cells from a part a little 
and iodine. higher up in the root; s, s, s, sap; 

ft, x, y, nuclei and nucleoli form- 

369. Protoplasm is complex and in g; *, protoplasm, 
constantly changing in its constitution. It yields to 
chemical analysis materials similar to egg albumen, 
and is the living substance of the cell; its appearance 
under the microscope is shown in Figs. 465-468. 




VEGETABLE HISTOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 



145 




The chemical substances that have been detected in Protoplasm are Oxygen, 
Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Iron, Phosphorus, 
Chlorine, and frequently Silicon and Sodium. 

The relative proportions of these substances differ in different orders, and 
are not constant in the same plant. 



3 70. The wall of the cell 

(Fig. 466) is produced by 
some action of the proto- 
plasm. When first formed 
it is very thin, soft, and uni- 
form in thickness ; but as it 
grows older, it is thickened 
by additional coatings, or 
strata, upon the inner sur- 
face ; sometimes of uniform 
thickness, but more fre- 
quently in VeinS, ringS, SpOtS, 468, Forms of Protoplasm ; A and B, cells 
... _ . _ _ from the stalk of Indian Corn : C, from a tuber 
Or ridgeS, iOrmmg the IOUll- of Jerusalem Artichoke after action of iodine and 
. , sulphuric acid: h, cell-wall; k, nucleus; b, nu- 

dation for the tissues and cieoius;^, protoplasm, 
vessels of plants hereafter to be considered. 

3 71. Cellulose is the substance of which the cell- 
wall is formed. It yields to the chemist the same ele- 
ments that are found in starch, whose formula is 
C 6 H 10 O 5 ; besides these, several other mineral sub- 
stances are present in minute quantities. 

372. Woody material, called lignin, is deposited or 
formed upon the walls of some cells, by which they 
are hardened and strengthened. The component parts 
of this substance are not accurately known ; there is 
reason to believe they vary in different plants, and 
even in different parts of the same plant. Mineral 
substances, principally silica and lime compounds, also 
thicken the cell-walls and increase their induration 
and strength. 



146 



PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY. 



373. Chlorophyl. — In the living cells of those 
parts of plants exposed to sunlight, granules appear, 
resembling protoplasm grains in all respects except 
color. These minute bodies are green, and furnish the 
green color to leaves and all other .green parts of 
plants; the name applied to these granules is due to 
their color, and as the leaf is the most conspicuous 
green part of the plant, the term Chlorophyl (Leaf 
Green) has been applied to this green color. Some 
authors have called chlorophyl grains stained proto- 
plasm, viewing chlorophyl as the stain, and the 
chlorophyl granule as colored protoplasm (Figs. 466, 
467). 

374. Starch is a most important plant product, 
and is formed by the action of protoplasm and chloro- 
phyl under sunlight ; it is found sparingly in the 
leaf, and when more than enough to supply the plant's 
daily wants is produced, the surplus is stored up in 
some other part of the plant, as the tuber of the 
Potato, the grains of Wheat, and other cereals, in 
which form it is utilized for animal food. Its com- 
ponent parts are identical with those of cellulose. 

Forms of starch-grains are shown in 
Figs. 469-473. The form of starch- 
grains is very various, differing in dif- 
ferent plants, and 
even in the same 
parts of the same 
471 472 plant. Fig. 473, 

469, Cells of Potato containing starch-grains. 470, Starch-grains A ri ~h n \r\ (1 flT*P 
from the Potato. 471, from the E. Indian Arrowroot. 472, Starch -^-J U^ U 1 ^1 tU tfJ ctlt ' 
granules from W. Indian Arrowroot. staXCh-graillS f TOm 

a grain of Indian Corn. Fig. 473, B, shows starch- 
grains from a grain of Wheat; these are more nearly 





VEGETABLE HISTOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 



147 



uniform in shape and size 

and somewhat lens-shaped. 
375. Crystals of a great 

variety of shape are found 

in some of the cells of 

most plants of the higher 

orders ; the most simple of 

these forms are cubical or 

prismatic ; but they occur 

in almost every variety of 

polyhedral form. In some 

orders they appear in slen- 
der needle-shaped bodies 

called Raphides. They usu- 
ally occur, solitary or in 

masses, in the cell cavity, 

but are not unfrequently 

found in the cell -wall 

(Figs. 474, 475). 

Plant crystals are the 

residua of the materials 

used in the chemical combinations that have taken 

place in the cell under the 
action of sunlight, and are 
usually composed of lime 
carbonate or lime oxalate. 
Other calcic combinations 
are, however, frequently 
present. The difficulties at- 
tending the separating of 
plant crystals from their 
474, a, Beet ceiis with surroundings have thus far 

stellate masses of crystals; B, R, inner cells, with , -j ., imrjoqqiblp 1" 

raphides escaping ; C, aleurone crystal. 1 tJIltlt/ltJU. lb lliipUQiS 1 U1C ill 




473, A, is a cell from the endosperm of a grain of 
Indian Corn, crowded with starch-grains ; the grains 
marked a, b, c, etc., to g are also from the interior of 
a grain of corn. The grains marked B are from the 
interior of a grain of Wheat. 




148 



PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY 



some cases to determine with accuracy their chemical 
constituents. 

376. Cell-sap is the watery fluid in the cell which 
suspends the food and working material taken into 
the cell from the air and the 

soil and the soluble substances 
which the plant produces, and 
is the medium by which food is 
conveyed throughout the plant's 
structure. All parts of the active 
cell are filled with water ; it con- 
stitutes a large part of the cellu- 
lose, and forms the greater part 
of the bulk of protoplasm. Sugar 
is a prominent sub- 
stance in the cell- 
sap, both cane and 
grape. Cane-sugar 
abounds in the cells 
of Sugar Cane, Sugar 
Maple, Beet, Sorghum, Indian Corn, and most of the 
higher plants ; while grape-sugar gives sweetness to 
grapes, cherries, figs, and gooseberries. In the poma- 
ceous and drupe fruits both kinds are present. For cell- 
sap in both large and small vacuoles, see Fig. 466, p; 
Fig. 467, B, s, s, s. 

377. New cells, to which the enlargement or growth 
of the plant is due, are formed in one of the three fol- 
lowing typical modes : 

378. 1, Rejuvenescence. — In this method of pro- 
ducing new cells, the entire mass of the protoplasm is 
expelled from the old cell, and, when set free, sur- 
rounds itself with a wall, thus becoming a new cell. 





475, A, cross-section of oak-gall ; d, sclerenchymatous cells ; 
c, outside tissue, with oxalate crystals , e, inner tissue containing 
starch and resin. £, forms of calcium oxalate crystals. 



VEGETABLE HISTOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 



149 



3 79. 2 j Conjugation. — New cells are also produced 
by the union of the protoplasm of two or more cells ; 
the contents of which having commingled, the com- 
bined mass incloses itself with a cellulose covering, 
and becomes a new cell. 

380. 3, Fission is the name applied to the mode of 
cell production by which two or more new cells are 
formed out of one. This is the usual mode, and may 
be treated under three heads. 

381. a. Fission Proper. — A young complete cell (Figs. 
465, 466) possesses the power to multiply. The most 
simple case of this process is the division of the cell 
into two equal, or nearly equal, parts. The protoplasm 
forms two nucleus-like spots ; a stricture then com- 
mences in the wall between the spots, and the cell 
seems to pinch itself into two. This process is shown 
in the fission of Bacterium cells (Figs. 511, 512). 

In most cases the process is accompanied by a 
stricture more or less prominent ; at the same time 
an equatorial septum appears between the nuclear 
spots, and divides the old cell into two nearly equal 
new cells (Fig. 476). In this case the stricture in the 
cell-wall is barely visible. The new cells round up and 
soon become sub-globular in form. 




4"6, Phases of a cell undergoing the process of fission ; a, complete cell with drops of cell-sap among 
the protoplasm, nucleus, and nucleolus ; 6, same, with nucleus and nucleolus divided ; c, with stricture 
and wall forming across between the nuclei ; d, same, with the septum completed, and the fission accom- 
plished ; two separate cells have been formed by dividing the old cell into two. 



150 



PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY. 



The process of cell division depends first upon the nucleus which forms a 
spindle of radiating fibrils with an equatorial disk. A middle wall, or parti- 
tion, is formed at the disk, whereby two distinct cells are produced (477).— 
Macloskie's Elementary Botany. 







477 

477, No, 1, mature cell ; 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 show the changes through which No. 1 passes preparatory to 
the final act of fission ; seen completed in No. 9. 

382. 5, Budding is another form of plant multipli- 
cation. In this mode the plant cell puts forth a pro- 
trusion which enlarges until it is about 
the size of the old cell, when a partition 
wall is thrown across at the juncture, 
making the new cell complete and inde- 
pendent. In Fig. 478 the process of bud- 
ding is shown in its several forms. 478, Yeast plant, s ac - 

charomyces cerivesiae, 

383. c, Intra-cell Formation. — Under undergoing the process 

of budding. 

this head are treated those cases in which 
several aggregations appear within the cell and the 
entire mass of protoplasm separates into two, three, or 
more parts, each of which, either at the time the divi- 
sion is going on or soon after, becomes inclosed in a 
cellulose envelope, and speedily assumes a globular 
form, as an independent complete cell. 



VEGETABLE HISTOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 



151 



In the preparation for cell division nucleus-like formations usually appear 
in the mother cell. The whole protoplasmic body breaks up into two, three, 
four, or more parts, and each quickly takes on a spher- 
ical form (Fig. 479). — Sachs'' Text-book of Botany. 

All these modes of cell multiplica- 
tion and formation are subject to great 
variation ; each has a tendency to run 
into one of the others ; the last is espe- 
cially liable to vary as to number of 
daughter cells. ,. Q _ 479 n . ■ 

4(9, Showing cell forma- 

384. The form of cells varies to «™™^r*-™^cf : 

snowing a number ot nuclei 

suit the use for which they are in- ^J^fiESS 
tended and the amount and direction SJ£VS5^JK 
of the pressure to which they are sub- a ' a ' a ' etc " nucle1 ' 
jected. The normal shape is globular or spheroidal 
when free from pressure (Fig. 480) ; when pressure 






480, Form of cells in loose parenchyma. 481, Cross-section of parenchyma cells from stalk of Indian 
Corn (X550), showing form under slight pressure; gw,gw, partition walls ; z, z, intercellular spaces. 

from surrounding cells is exerted, they be- 
come ellipsoidal, egg-shaped, prismatic, or 
polyhedral (Figs. 481,482). In the trunks 
and branches of trees and stems of herba- 
ceous plants the cells become elongated 
in the direction of growth (Fig. 467). 

385. The size of the cells in the soft 
tissue varies; the largest is about -fa of 




482, Form of cells 
under greater pressure 
from all directions. 



152 



PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY. 



an inch in diameter. 



diameters range all the way down to -5-5V0 




From this cells occur whose 

of an inch 

in diameter. In the more solid tissues they range 
from J- to J-q of an inch in length, and from T -gVo to 
-g-oVo in their cross-sections. Cells of the long staple 
cotton wool are from one to two inches in length. 

386. Spiral and annular cells are formed when 
rings, bands, or hoop-like processes 
appear on the inner surfaces of the 
walls ; in the spiral cell an uninter- 
rupted fibrous process extends the 
whole length of the cell in a spiral 
coil (Fig. 483). The annular cell has ^ s P iral cel1 from 0r - 

^ ' chid. 484, Annular cell from 

bands or hoop-like markings as though Mistletoe - 

the spiral fiber had been interrupted at several points 

(Fig. 484). 

38 7. Dotted or pitted cells are pro- 
duced when the coatings on the inner sur- 
face of the cell wall are not uniform in 
thickness, leaving thin spots, or pits, which 
J85, Dotted or are more nearly transparent when viewed 

pitted cells from ^ x 

Eider pith. under the glass, than the more thickened 

parts of the wall ; hence the name (Fig. 485). 

388. Reticulated cells are produced by 
coatings which are deposited or formed 
upon the inner surface of the cell-wall, 
where they at first appear in spots and 
lines, of different sizes and lengths (Fig. 486, Reticulated 

cell from the Mis- 

486). As the cell grows older, the markings tietoe. 
increase in length, and touching each other, form an 
irregular net-work. 

389. Collenchyma cells are cubical, cylindrical, or 
irregular in form, whose walls are much thickened 





VEGETABLE HISTOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 



153 



at the angles, while they are of ordinary thickness in 

other parts. These cells occur in 

most plants of the higher orders 

and in some ferns, and are found 

in the tissues just beneath the 

epidermis. 

390. Sclerenchyma cells, some- 
times called grit or stony cells, 
have hardened walls produced 
by deposition upon them of the 
horny substance found in the 
pits of the Cherry, Peach, and 

487, Collenchyma cells from leaf stalk 
Plum and the ShellS Of nutS; of Begonia; e, epidermal cells; d, collen- 
chyma cells; chl, chlorophyll grains; v, 
SOinetimeS found in the fleshy thickened angles where these cells meet; 

p, part of parenchyma cell. 

parts of the Pear. 






488, Sclerenchyma cells ; PP, canals connecting the cavity t with the outer surface or adjacent cells; 
1, 2, 3, thickened layers; p, in.B, cell walls. 

391. Epidermal cells appear in plate-like expan- 
sions forming the outer coverings of leaves and young 
bark ; their edges are in contact ; their boundaries are 
either straight or sinuous ; and they are elongated in 
the direction of growth. The edges are so firmly knit 
together that the entire covering of one side of a leaf 
may be removed intact. The epidermis at first is usu- 
ally formed of a single layer, but later it is sometimes 
made up of two or more layers (Pig. 489). 



154 



PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY. 



S^^S^S 1 



392. Hairs are outgrowths of epidermal cells, and 
are composed usually of greatly elongated single cells 
(Figs. 490-497), which fre- 
quently branch ; others are 
made up of a number of cells. 
Hairs take on a number of 
forms by branching. 

Scales are another form of 
epidermal outgrowth, and ap- 

,, „ _ -. . , 489, Is a vertical section of a leaf of Bank- 

pear HI tlie IOrm OI dlSkS. sia; a, a, show two layers of cells in the epi- 

. _ . dermis ;■ c, hairs found in little cavities on the 

Bristles are hair-like proc- under side of the leaf, 
esses, the walls of whose cells are hardened. 

Prickles are outgrowths of a still firmer character. 





490, Rootlet of Madder, showing cells expanded into hair-like processes. 491, Section of a glandular 
hair of Fraxinella. 492, Hair of Brionia, composed of several cells. 493, Hair surmounted by a gland, An- 
tirrhinum majus. 494, Stinging hair of Urtica dioica. 495, Jointed hair from a stamen of Tradescandia. 
496, Star-shaped hair from the petiole of Nuphar advena (X200). 497, Branched hair of Arabis. 

393. Glands are processes consisting of a single 
cell or an aggregation of cells, situated a little above, 
at, or just beneath the surface, the function of which 
is to secrete and discharge peculiar substances, as oils, 
nectar, etc. Glands sometimes terminate in a hair-like 
process (Fig. 493). 

Stinging hairs are usually setaceous and sufficiently 
rigid to perforate animal tissue ; having entered, the 



VEGETABLE HISTOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 



155 



apex breaks off and the contained irritating liquid is 
discharged into the wound, producing the sting. 

394. Stoma-cells are epidermal. Stomata are 
mouths or openings into the intercellular spaces of the 
leaves and young bark, sometimes called breathing- 
pores. They are guarded each by two half-moon- 
shaped cells whose concave sides lie next each other ; 
when filled with liquids, their concavity increases, leav- 
ing an orifice between the guard cells. For the passage 
of air and moisture when the atmosphere is dry and 
the plant can not afford to part with its fluids, the 
guard cells lose their concavity, the sides become 
straight, the orifice closes, and evaporation is arrested. 
The number of these openings is very great, many 
thousands appearing in a square inch of surface (Figs. 
498-500, 522-524). 




498, Cells of epidermis with a stoma from leaf of Helleborus fcetidus. 499, Vertical section of a stoma of 
Narcissus; a, cuticle. 500, Epidermis cells with stomata of Tradescantia Virginica — a, a, guard cells. 

395. Cork cells are cubical or tabular, and fit closely 
together ; in the outer layers they are dead and empty, 
and constitute the outer bark layers of old trees, prom- 
inent in the Quercus suber (Cork Oak). 



156 



PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY. 



CHAPTER II. 



TISSUES. 

39 6. Parenchyma is a tissue composed of short 
cells, usually with intercellular spaces among them, 
and is the foundation of vegetable structure. All cells 
may be regarded as modifications of parenchyma ; the 
various markings and forms being due to alterations 
which go on by degrees to fit them for the functions 
they are to exercise in the tissues of the plant. 

39 7. In the lower plants the entire individual con- 
sists of parenchyma, and it is found throughout the 
structure of the higher 
plants, mingled and in- 
terlaced with other tis- 
sue, especially in their 
green parts. Fig. 501 
is a microscopic view 
of a thin slice of the 
rhizome of Sanguina- 
ria Canadensis, mag- 
nified to 100 diame- 
ters ; the cells are un- 
der pressure, and vary 
greatly in size and 
shape, and have a bun- 
dle of wood-cells imbedded among them. For forms 
and size of cells see No. 385 ; also see Figs. 480-482. 

398. Prosenchyma is the generic name of the 
elongated, painted cells or fibers without intercellular 
spaces that form plant tissues. 




501, Section of the rhizome of Bloodroot ; a, a, a bundle of 
wood-cells. 



TISSUES. 



157 



399. Woody tissue is made up of slender, lengthened, 
lignified cells, which taper at the 
ends, and are found in woody 
plants overlapping each other, 
and packed in bundles (Figs. 
502-504). 

400. Bast tissue is composed 
of elongated cells, with thickened 
walls, not sufficiently lignified to 
be hard ; they are flexible and 
tough, and abound in the inner 
bark of dicotyledonous trees and of 
shrubs. 




502, Wood-cells. 503, Cross-section 
same. 504, Wood-cells in combina- 
tion forming a fibro- vascular bundle. 



401. Disk-bearing 




505, Lengthwise section of (Scotch 
Pine) Pinus Sylvestris, showing disk- 
bearing tissue ; c&, Cambium wood-cells; 
a, b, c, etc., older cells ; t, t\ t", bordered 
pits; st, large pits (x 225).— Sachs. 



tissue is constituted of length- 
ened cells, which have pits or 
lens-shaped markings, found in 
the Pine and other gymnosperms 
(Fig. 505). 

402. Vessels or ducts are 
tubes or passages through which 
the fluids pass from one part of 
the plant's structure to another. 
In the formation of these pas- 
sages elongated cells arrange 
themselves end to end, become 
anastomosed ; the walls in the 
ends of the cells are ruptured or 
disappear, and uninterrupted pas- 
sages are produced. 

403. Spiral vessels are con- 
structed by the union of spiral 
cells, in the manner described in 
the last article (Fig. 506). 



158 



PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY. 



404. Annular or ringed ducts are produced by the 
union end to end of annular cells, the walls of which 
are held apart by rings or hoop-like 
thickenings on the inner surface (Fig. 
507, A, B, C). 

405. Scalariform ducts, character- 
istic of ferns, are formed when the an- 
nular vessels are compressed into pris- 
matic forms whose sides present the 
appearance of ladders (Fig. 507, D). 

406. Dotted or pitted ducts are 
formed of dotted or pitted cells, as in 
the case of annular cells (Fig. 507, E). 

407. Sieve ducts or tubes are 
formed of colorless elongated cells, of 
large diameter ; the walls are soft and 
very much enlarged and thickened at the joints ; at 
the junctions finely perforated plates appear (Fig. 




506 



506, A, spiral vessels from a 
Melon petiole ; B, spiral vessel 
from Mamillaria. 




50, 





507, A, annular vessel from leaf-stalk of Melon; B, duct, part spiral and part annular, from Melon; C, 
part annular and part reticulated duct from Melon ; D, annular and reticulated ducts pressed into pris- 
matic shape, forming scalariform vessels, from Tree-fern ; E, pitted or dotted duct, formed by the union 
of pitted cells from melon-stalk. 

508, A) ; also on the internodes are spots of fine per- 
forations and slits (Fig. 508, B). These spots of per- 
forations are like a strainer or sieve ; hence the name. 



TISSUES. 



159 




fires? 




508, A, Cross-section of Pumpkin vine (x550); si, walls or septa at the union of cells, developing into 
sieve plates; c, c, cambium cells ; p, p, parenchyma. B, Lengthwise section, showing the enlarged joints ; 
q, an edge view of sieve septa; si, sieve spot on the side-wall. 



408. Latex vessels are 
produced by the union end 
to end of latex cells; by 
anastomosing and branch- 
ing a reticulated tissue is 
formed which conveys the 
milky juices of the plant 
through its structure. In 
the tissues of the Ficus 
elastica. Euphorbia and the 
milk weeds, besides the 
Latex tubes, numerous 
closed cells are present, 
charged with the same 
milky fluids as the ducts 
(Fig. 509). The free cells J 
frequently elongate, and 
sometimes branch. 

These vessels are ar- 

-i . , -i ■ 509, A, Latex vessels forming an irregular net- 

rangeCL in Lne SUem aS rep- work in a transverse section of the hark of Scorzonera 

Hispanica. B, A fragment of a latex vessel more 
highly magnified.— SacJis. 




resented in Fig. 510. 



160 



PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY. 




510, A, Lengthwise section of the Castor-oil plant. Beginning with the hark, r, cortical cells; gs, bun- 
dle sheath; 6, hast fibers; p, bast parenchyma; c, cambium; the cells between c and p become sieve tubes; 
t, t, pitted vessels ; q, shows an absorbed septum ; h", h", annular ducts; h, h, pitted vessels, resembling 
annular ducts; ?, vessel apparently made up partly of annular cells and partly of reticulated cells; s, spiral 
vessel, of very small caliber, next to the pith ; *', larger calibered spiral vessel ; m, pith-cells. 




510, B, Lengthwise slice of wood from an Ailanthus glandulosa, highly magnified; g, g, pitted ducts; p, p, 
wood parenchyma; If, woody fibers; st, st, cross-section of medullary rays; t, annular ducts. 



SYSTEMS OF TISSUES AND PLANT GROWTH. 161 



CHAPTER III. 

SYSTEMS OF TISSUES AND PLANT GROWTH. 

409. The brief account of the cell and its modifica- 
tions into tissues and ducts, prepares for the considera- 
tion of the manner in which these organs are arranged 
in the structure of plants. 

In the lowest groups of plant life the individual is 
either a single cell or an assemblage of soft cells, with- 
out special order of arrangement. 

410. Unicellular plants. — The most simple forms 
of plant life are single minute cells, called Bacteria, 
the smallest objects that are 
known to exercise vital func- 
tions ; they are so small that 
50,000 laid on a line side 
by side would occupy a 
space less than an inch in 
length. The typical form 
is globular, appearing under 

the microscope as a minute 511? i; Sarcine . 2> Bacterium . 3) Vibro . ^ ^ 
granule or dot, as No. 1 in lum " 

Fig. 511 ; they are, however, frequently elongated, and 
appear in an oval form, as in No. 2 ; again, they take 
on the form of a fine line, straight, curved, or crooked, 
as in No. 3 ; another time they are spiral, as in No. 4. 
These minute cells are stored with protoplasm, and 
swim in fluids from which they obtain nourishment. 
They increase by fission, and multiply with marvelous 
rapidity. They are found in the watery fluids of both 
animals and plants. 




162 



PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY. 



Some Bacteria separate into spores ; and diseases in men as well as plants 
are "believed to be due to the presence of Bacteria. They are parasitical or 
saprophytic, feeding on living or decaying matter; they are the agents of de- 
cay and revel npon the ruins they produce. As they multiply by fission, they 
are called Schizomycetes (o"x^ w , to divide, and /uukt/s, a fungus). (Fig. 512.) 



/ 


\ 


\ 




f\ 


• 


•* S ttf 


v: 


e 


% 








O ooooo 








V 


















< ^" k< "" 




c °° 






-°° o °°o *°OS60»»«»° 






















"bo 90" 


a.iHjlf$°° °° °°«» 












BIB EDO 


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0Q0D 





D 



512 

512, 4, Bacterium Termo, magnified to 1,000 diameters, undergoing the process of fission. B, Same, 
magnified to 3,000 diameters, in which the process of fission is nearly completed. C, Micrococci (xl,000) 
undergoing fission, the new cells arranging themselves in curved and crooked lines or in irregular groups. 
X>, Sarcina Ventriculi (x 1,000) undergoing fission in two directions, the new cells arranging themselves in 
square groups. 

411. The Yeast Plant (Fig. 513) is one of the most 
interesting of the unicellular organisms ; it is the agent 
of fermentation, and plays an important *@s V 
part in bread-making, where it disinte- 
grates the starch-grains in the flour, and 
thereby liberates carbon dioxide ; the gas 
set free struggles to find its way through 

° "* ° 513. Yeast Plant, Sac 

the dough, becomes entangled, forms cav- charomyces cerevisiae. 
ities in the mass, and makes it sponge-like or light. 

412. The next grade above the plant which is a 
single cell is one composed of a mass of cells without 
a special axis of growth ; as some of the Sea-weeds, 
which are mere masses of flat cells arranged in two 
layers, forming irregular leaf-like expansions. 




SYSTEMS OF TISSUES AND PLANT GROWTH. 



163 




514 



413. This book is intended to consider the higher 
plants only ; we shall therefore now proceed to describe 
the manner in which the modi- 
fied cells and vessels are ar- 
ranged in the higher organized 
plant structures. 

414. Exogenous or Dicotyle- 
donous structure. — Growth in the 
most highly organized plants is 
best illustrated by the examina- 
tion of a tree or shoot of Oak, 
Maple, Apple, or Cherry at the end of the first year of 

its life. *A cross-section of such a 
scion presents a circle of pith in 
the center, around which are con- 
centric circular rings, the inner one 
wood, the outer ones bark. In the 
figure (514), a, the pith; b, the 
wood ; c, the bark. On the inner 
edge of the wood is a ring of spi- 
ral vessels, d, which is called the 
medullary or pith sheath. The pith 
is made up of parenchyma and 
extends between the wedges of 
wood in flat cells connecting the 
pith with the bark (1, 2, 3, Fig. 
sis, 4, cross-section of the stem of 514), forming the silver grain 

a Maple at the end of the first season's . /-\i iti/ti ii 

growth; i, edge of the pith; 2, spiral seen m Oak and Maple planks, 

vessels : 3, wood region made up of . , . . -■ . -, , . „ 

woody fiber and dotted ducts and other OY HI 8u longitudinal SCCtlOn Of 

vessels; 4, cambium layer made up of , -in l • ±_ -\ 

new cells; 5, liber: 6, larger cells and thOSe and Other Cabinet WOOdS 

vessels of the liber or bast region ; 7, , , . 

cellular envelope or green bark; 8, When Spilt, 
corky envelope or outer bark ; 9, the 

skin, or epidermis. B, shows corre- 415. The WOOd is Hiade Up Of 
sponding vessels and tissues in a ver- 
tical section of the same plant, woody fiber interspersed with tis- 




164 



PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY. 



sues composed of the cells, vessels, and ducts which 
have already been described. 

416. The bark at the end of the first year's growth 
is made up of three layers : the one next the wood, 
called bast, is composed of pa- 
renchyma, sieve vessels, and li- 
ber-cells ; on account of the pre- 
dominance of the bast ducts in 
this layer, it has been called the 
bast region (Figs. 508, 516). 
The liber-cells are long, strong 
fibers, and in some plants are 
very tenacious and flexible, form- 
ing the material in Hemp, Flax, 
and other textile substances util- 
ized in manufacture of cordage 
and fabrics. 

Next to the bast is the green 
cellular layer, called phellogen, 
because by its dividing, it pro- 
duces outside of it cork, which 
increases by the addition of new 
material to the inner surface. 
The cork is usually of a brown 
or ashy color, sometimes white 
or striped ; in old trees it is 
cracked and broken by the 
growth of the wood, and falls 
off in scales or strips, as in the 
shag-bark Hickory ; in the Paper 
Birch it peels off in sheets resembling paper. Upon 
some trees it develops into thick porous layers, and 
upon the Cork Oak furnishes the cork of commerce. 




516, Is a photograph from nature of a 
layer of bast-fibi-ous bundles found in the 
secondary bark of the stem of an old Carica 
papaya. These bundles, originating in the 
cambium, are arranged in ten to twenty 
layers one over another like the leaves in 
a book. These fibers by anastamosing 
have formed an irregular net-work with 
elongated sinuous meshes. These meshes 
during their life were filled with soft sec- 
ondary cortical tissue which has been re- 
moved by maceration. 



SYSTEMS OF TISSUES AND PLANT GROWTH. 



165 



417. During the season of activity the young stem 
continues to increase both in height and diameter by 
the multiplication of cells and the formation of the 
various tissues required by the conditions of growth 
(Chap. III., Introduction) ; hence a mass of infant cells 
is constantly present between the wood and the bark, 
and in the buds of the stem and branches. 

On the approach of winter the leaves fall, the ter- 
minal buds refuse to expand, and the entire process 
of growth is arrested, until the revivifying warmth of 
the succeeding spring unlocks the imprisoned forces 
that have slept during the frosty season, when the 
fluids from the earth begin to now upward and out- 
ward through the vessels and ducts of the last year's 
wood to the bark and the leaves ; the young cambium 
cells which have slumbered through the winter are 
filled with sap and commence another season of 
growth ; the buds burst into leaves or flowers, and the 
greatest activity succeeds the late period of rest. The 
young cells multiply and increase in size, most of 
them being changed into woody fiber and ducts, com- 
mencing a new layer of wood on 
the outside of the last layer, and 
a new layer of bast on the inside 
of the old one ; also a new layer 
on the inside of the cortex layer. 
In this way the work goes on, and 
layer after la}^er is added for each 
period of activhy, which in regions 
of severe frost occurs yearly (Fig. 517, is a photograph of a cross- 

. section of an oak -stem twenty-five 

517). Wlthm the trOpiCS and all years old, showing the annual circular 

rings, the whole surrounded by the 

regions of no frost, periods of rest rough bark. 

and activity may occur more frequently than once a 




166 PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY. 

year, and therefore the number of rings on a cross- 
section does not always indicate the number of years 
in the age of a tree. But in the higher latitudes a 
new tube of wood and one of the inner bark is formed 
yearly. 

That more than one ring of wood may, and sometimes does, form in one 
season of growth, even in regions of severe frost, has been established by 
observation. 

418. Sap wood is a name applied to the new wood, 
and usually includes several of the last formed layers ; 
it is so called because the fluids in moving upward from 
the ground pass through its vessels. In most trees it 
is of a lighter color than the older layers, and on that 
account was called by early botanists Lignum alburn, 
white wood ; now called Alburnum, or white wood. 

419. Heart wood is that part of the trunk or stem 
near the center or heart, and for that reason called 
Heart wood. It is usually more dense, and therefore 
called Duramen, hard wood. In some species it is 
much darker than the sap wood, hence former botan- 
ists called it Lignum nigrum, Black wood. In some 
plants, as the Black Walnut, the Duramen is very 
dark, while the Heart wood of the Maple is not much 
darker than the sap wood, though they may grow side 
by side and draw from the earth the same materials. 
It would seem, therefore, that chemical changes take 
place either in the plant's structure or upon the ma- 
terials taken in to suit the necessities of each case. 

On account of the mode of growth in Dicotyledonous stems, the name 
Exogens, or outside growers, was formerly applied to plants of this structure. 
They are characterized by two or more seed leaves in their embryo, and pro- 
duce netted-veined leaves. See Dicotyledons, pages 163-166. 

Nearly all the trees and shrubs of the temperate 
zones are Exogens or Dicotyledonous plants, well 



SYSTEMS OF TISSUES AND PLANT GROWTH. 



167 



represented by the Oak, 
Pine, Elm, Maple, Apple, 
Pear, Peach, Cherry, and 
other fruit and timber 
trees. 

420. The root is that 
part of the plant that 
grows downward into the 
ground and holds the 
whole firmly in the soil. 
Its tissues correspond with 
those of the stem to which 
it belongs, and it increases 
in diameter by additional 
layers, one for each period 
of activity, succeeded by 
a rest. The extremity of 
the root and that of each 5i8,o,shrub; &,Fi r; c ,oak-tree. 

of its branches is encased by a layer of older cells, 

called the root cap, a con- 
trivance which seems to 
be intended to protect the 
tender infant cells just be- 
hind it, which during the 
growing season are increas- 
ing and multiplying, to ex- 
tend the root and rootlets 
in all directions in the soil. 
The parts of the root and 
rootlets near the growing 
points absorb the fluids 
which are presented to 

519, Rootlet of Maple with hairs or fibrillae; s, root 

cap. 520, Duckmeat, showing the root cap s. them in the SOU, but thlS 




519 



520 




168 PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY. 

absorption is largely helped by root hairs, which clothe 
the root and rootlets, as seen in Figs. 519, 520. Fig. 
519, root of a Maple sprinkled with hair-like processes 
or minute fibrillse ; these are usually each a single 
elongated cell, and appear on the newer parts of the 
root, a little distance from the growing point, dying or 
becoming useless on the older parts. The Root, as to 
use, form, etc., is treated in another place (see Chapter 
XIII., Structural Botany). 



■»♦»- 



CHAPTER IV. 

MONOCOTYLEDONOUS STRUCTURE. 

421. The woody fibers and vessels that make up 
the stems of Palms, Indian Corn, Bamboo, Sugar Cane, 
and all grass-like plants, are not arranged as they are 
in the Oak, Maple, and Apple, already described. A 
cross-section of a Palm stem presents 
a mass of pith, dotted all over with 
sections of woody fiber and vessels 
without any apparent order of ar- 
rangement (521) ; the whole inclosed 
in a circular ring or rind, in which 
the flbro-vascular bundles are smaller 52 i, cross-section of the trunk 
than in the body of the stem. In a 
longitudinal section the threads of woody fiber may 
be traced from the bases of the leaves in a curve out 
toward the center, and in a recurve back again to the 
side whence they started (Figs. 522, 523). In stems 
like the Indian Corn and the Grasses, with long spaces 
between the leaves and closed nodes, the fibro-vascular 
threads extend in straight lines from node to node, 




M0N0C0TYLED0N0US STRUCTURE. 



169 




where they unite with those of the next internode. 

The rind of the Corn 

stalk, Bamboo, Reed, etc., 

is smooth and flinty, due 

to the deposition of silica 

on the walls of the cells 

that compose it. This mode 

of growth is well shown in 

the Palms of tropical and 

SUb-trOpical regions, aS the 522 ' Vertical section of a Palm stem, showing 

course and direction of fibers. 523, Theoretical 

Palmetto of the Carolinas, plan of the direction of fibers in a vertical section of 

7 a Palm stem ; a, a, bases of leaves, showing direc- 

the Cocoanut Palm, many tion of fiber & rowth 

thousands of which have been planted on the coast of 

Florida. 

422. The Palm, which is the type of the mono- 

cotyledonous division of the 
vegetable kingdom, reaches 
perfection only in tropical or 
sub-tropical regions. There 
some of the members of 
this great division tower to 
the height of one hundred 
and fifty feet, straight, un- 
branched cylindrical col- 
ums, crowned with a mass 
of green foliage, presenting 
to the eye magnificent ob- 
jects of the picturesque and 
beautiful. The Palm is one 
of the most important or- 
naments in planted grounds 
in tropical countries, occu- 
524, paim, Agave, etc. pying a belt all around the 




170 PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY. 

globe of about thirty-five degrees both sides of the 
Equator. It flourishes in the bare sands of the sea- 
coast, skirts arid plains, beautifies the oasis of the 
desert, and inhabits the murky bottoms of southern 
swamps and low islands of Southern Asia and tropical 
America. These plants are of vast utility, producing 
food and many domestic and economic products. 

There are certain noticeable things in the mode of 
monocotyledonous growth. The stem has no proper 
bark, does not increase in diameter after it is perfectly 
formed, and, with few exceptions, consists of an un- 
branched cylindrical column, made up of pith inter- 
mingled with rlbro-vascular threads, generally without 
any order of arrangement, the whole inclosed in a 
rind or false bark (521-524), well illustrated in a 
cross-section of a stalk of Indian Corn. There are a 
few plants that seem to be connecting links between 
these two modes of growth ; a notable example of 
which is Dracaena draco, or Dragon-tree, which has a 
cambium region, and continues to increase in diameter. 

Formerly these plants were called Endogens, meaning Inside growers, 
in contradistinction to Exogens, or Outside growers, because the new ma- 
terial of growth was then supposed to he deposited always inside of the last 
deposit of woody bundles ; but as it is now known that the additions are 
interspersed among the former ones, in most cases without special order, the 
name is not expressive. Plants of this mode of growth have but one cotyle- 
don, or seed leaf ; their flowers are mostly three-parted, and their leaves 
generally parallel-veined. See Monocotyledons, pages 168-170. 

423. Tissues of the Pteridophyta. — The Ferns and 
their allies have a complicated and well-marked organi- 
zation ; the outer bark is similar to that of the flower- 
ing plants, and vascular-woody fiber extends through- 
out the stem, and leaf stalks ramifying in the fronds, 
to which the great beauty of this division of the 
vegetable world is due. 



LEAF STRUCTURE. 



171 



A cross-section of a Fern stem shows a mass of 
parenchyma, supported by an outer sheath or tube of 
vascular-woody bundles, the whole 
inclosed by a cortex of dense scleren- 
chyma, the leaf stems presenting the 
same structure (Fig. 525). 

424. Tissues of Bryophyta, moss- 
like plants. — The higher types of this 
division, while largely made up of 
cellular masses, have a semi-vascu- 
lar-fibro arrangement, and in some 525, section of an Acrogenous 

stem of Tree-Fern (Cyathea), 

mosses the fibers are so strong as to showing the vascular bundles 

imbedded near the circumference 

approach a woody character. oftheceiiuiarmass. 








CHAPTER V. 



LEAF STRUCTURE. 

425. Leaves are composed of the same general 
structure as the stems and branches which they clothe 
and adorn, and are made up of vessels and tissues 
already described : 1 , woody fiber, which constitutes 
the frame-work ; 2, cellular tissue, which fills up the 
spaces between the ribs or frame-work formed by the 
woody part. The leaf of a Maple, Elm, or Apple is 
composed of: 1, the leafstalk, by which it is attached 
to the stem or branch ; 2, the blade, the expanded 
part. The leaf-stalk or petiole is a column of bundles 
of woody fiber and green tissue, covered by the epi- 
dermal tissue. These bundles extend in length to suit 
the size of the blade, throwing off branches and 
branchlets to construct the frame, making an irregular 
net-work, the meshes of which are filled up by the 



172 



PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY. 



green tissue. (See Structural Botany, Chapters XX- 
XXIII. inclusive.) 

426. An important function of the leaf is to expose 
a large surface ; consequently, the blade is thin and so 
formed as to present the largest number of cells to 
the air and sunlight. 

The layer on the upper side of the blade is made 
up of oblong cells, closely packed with their ends next 
to the surface. The lower layers are made up of 
smaller, more irregular and more loosely arranged 
cells, and have their 
longer diameters in the 
direction of the surface 
of the blade. The deep 
green color of the up- 
per surface of leaves is 
largely due to the com- 
pactness of the green 
cells in the upper layer, 
while the paler color of 
the under side is the 
consequence of the 
loose arrangement of 
those in the lower strata. The epidermal covering of 
the leaf, as before described, is a thin membrane made 
up of one, two, or three layers of empty thick-walled 
cells (Figs. 489-524 inclusive). 

42 7. Respiration is the act of drawing air into the 
lungs and casting it out again. (From the Latin re, 
again, and spirare, to blow or breathe.) The air while 
in the lungs is known to part with some of its oxygen, 
and what is breathed out is charged with substances 
which it did not possess when taken in ; therefore the 




526, Magnified portion of the leaf of Viola tricolor in 
perspective; a, cells of the epidermis, sometimes called 
plate cells; b, compact layer of green cells next to the 
upper surface; c, loose cells below; d, epidermal cells of 
the lower surface, with stomata, one of which is cut to 
show its opening into the intercellular passages. 



LEAF STRUCTURE. 



173 



taking in of oxygen and its combination with other 
substances while in the lungs and the liberation of 
substances thus formed constitute respiration in ani- 
mals. So with plants ; they suck or draw in air 
through openings in the epidermis already described, 
and when it is discharged it is found to be changed in 
character, having been robbed of its oxygen or of its 
carbon dioxide. The oxygen of the air while among 





528 

527, Is the section of a young stem or branch showing, at p, the pith; a, vascular-fibro bundle, passing 
off from the stem to form the leaf-stalk and frame-work of the blade; d, the swelling just below the foot of 
the stalk; I, the base of the footstalk; b, the axillary bud; c, the articulation or point where the leaf-stalk 
is attached to the branch or stem. 523, Magnified section of a leaf perpendicular to its surface; P, hair on 
the upper surface; ST, stoma; Es, epidermis of the upper surface made up of plate cells (§ 391); Ps, oval 
cells closely packed with longer ones perpendicular to the epidermis; M, interspace beneath the stoma; 
X, interspaces among the irregular shaped, loosely packed cells of the lower stratum Pi; Fv, cross-section 
of fibro-vascular bundle; Ei, lower epidermis with hairs. (See Figs. 4S9 to 500.) 

the tissues unites with substances found there, and 
new material for plant growth is thus formed ; in the 
night carbon dioxide is breathed out. It has been 
shown by experiment that air is not only required for 
the health of plants, but that they can not exist with- 
out it ; for when placed in a vacuum, they invariably 
perish. Respiration is therefore necessary to the life 
of plants as well as to animal life. 

428. Breathing goes on in all parts of plants ex- 
posed to the air, at night as well as in the daytime ; 



174 PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY. 

and at night especially oxygen is consumed and car- 
bon dioxide is set free. This fact has led to the in- 
ference that 

Potted plants in a living room render the air unfit 
to breathe ; but carefully conducted experiments have 
shown that one hundred ordinary stove plants would 
not injure the air of a moderate sized sitting or living 
room to an extent that could be in any way injurious. 

42 9. Metabolism is the name applied to the process 
which goes on in the structure of living plants that 
alters one kind of material of plant growth into an- 
other ; an example of which is the change of starch 
into cellulose. 

430. Assimilation is the process of taking into the 
plant's structure surrounding substances and convert- 
ing them into materials for plant growth, and consists 
mainly in changing inorganic substances into vegetable 
structure. The bulk of all woody plants is largely com- 
posed of carbon, hence assimilation in such plants con- 
sists mainly in disintegrating carbon dioxide, and ap- 
propriating the carbon. Assimilation is carried on in 
the cells of the green tissue and in sunlight. 

Some of the substances suspended in the watery 
fluids of plants and the constituents of water itself are 
used directly by the protoplasm in the preparation of 
food ; carbon dioxide, however, must first be decom- 
posed, in which process its oxygen is set free, and the 
carbon enters into the ligneous structure, or both oxy- 
gen and carbon enter into new combinations which the 
protoplasm can use. For example, water and carbon 
dioxide contain all the materials found in starch. 
These compounds having been separated into their 
constituents, the elements reunite in quantities that 



LEAF STRUCTURE. 175 

produce starch and other carbohydrates, as oils, sugars, 
gums, etc. These are either used to supply the plant's 
immediate wants or stored in some of its organs for 
future use. 

The decomposition of water and carbon dioxide lib- 
erates oxygen, which may be seen in bubbles on the 
submerged parts of water plants ; this gas escaping 
into the air, helps to keep it pure. 

431. Movements of fluids. — The root takes up from 
the earth the watery substances which are presented 
to it ; the cells at the extremities of the root and 
rootlets are first gorged ; these impart to the cells and 
vessels next in contact, which take up the fluids by in- 
filtration, and so they are passed on up the stem largely 
through the cells and vessels of the last season's wood, 
and outward through the same class of cells and 
ducts, along the branches to the leaves and new twigs. 
Having reached these green parts, much of the water 
passes off by evaporation ; what remains becomes 
changed by the action of sunlight and fitted for build- 
ing up the plant's structure. It then by some mode 
of transfusion finds its way back to all the growing 
parts of the plant where new material is needed. 

432. Circulation. — Careful observation and experi- 
ment have demonstrated that there is an upward cur- 
rent of water or watery fluids through the stem, by 
way principally of the fibro-vascular tissues ; but no 
downward movement has been detected answering to 
a current. Hence there is not a circulation which cor- 
responds to what takes place in the higher animals. 
Yet the prepared sap reaches parts of the plant's 
structure lower than the points where it was prepared ; 
hence it must go downward. 



176 PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY. 

How the elaborated sap passes back and even 
downward through the cells and vessels that are at 
the same time employed conveying the crude watery 
fluids up from the root is not understood. We are not 
acquainted with any physical or chemical force which 
causes the crude sap to creep through the cells and 
ducts of the trunks and branches of great trees, hun- 
dreds of feet in height ; nor is the transfusion of the 
prepared fluids and cell materials to every part of the 
plant's structure where food is required less difficult 
to explain. 

In fact, observation and experiment have thus far 
failed to account for these mysterious movements. 



•»»+» 



CHAPTER VI. 

FEKTILIZATION. 

433. The higher plants produce seeds, each of 
which contains an embryo of a new plant. The seed 
has already been defined as the ripened ovule or as 
the fertilized and mature ovule. The fertilization of 
the ovule is accomplished by the mingling of the 
protoplasm of the pollen cell with the protoplasm of 
the ovule, which is brought about in the following 
manner : 

434. Process of Fertilization. — The ripened anther 
opens and discharges its pollen grains, some of which, 
by the action of the wind or the aid of insects, reach 
the stigma ; when one has secured a lodgment, influ- 
enced by the moist surface of the stigma, it germi- 
nates, sends down through the tube of the style a 
tube as the radicle of the seed penetrates the earth 



FERTILIZATION. 



177 



(Chapter III., Introduction). This delicate tube pro- 
longs itself downward till it reaches the ovary, enter- 
ing it ; conies in contact with 
the ovule, which it penetrates, 
and discharges the proto- 
plasm of the pollen grain 
upon the protoplasm of the 
germ cell, or ovule, and thus 
fertilizes it. The protoplasm 
of the two cells having min- 
gled, the ovule ripens into a 
seed, in which resides the 
embryo of a new plant. 

The quantity of proto- 
plasm in the ovule or germ 
cell is greater than that con- 
tained in the pollen grain. 

435. Gamogenesis (Greek 
y&poq, marriage, yevemg, pro- 
duction). — Formation by mar- 
riage is the name applied to 
this mode of fertilization. 

529, Section of the ovary of Polygonum Penn- 
436. ConjllSration is the sylvanicum, in process of fertilization. (Magni- 
fied 20 diameters.) c, Natural size; n, one of the 
name Of another mOde, Which stamens, having discharged its pollen; t, a grain 

of pollen and its tube; s, styles and stigmas; o, 
iS aCCOmplished by the Union °™ry, ovule, embryo sac containing the embry- 
- 1 - " onic globule. The extremity of a pollen-tube is 

Of tWO Similar CellS Side by seen in contact with the embryo sac. 

side, the combination resulting in a germinating cell. 

437. The ovule fertilized becomes a new center of 
growth. First it expands to a proper cell, attached to 
the wall of the sac near the micropyle. It then, by 
division and subdivision, multiplies itself, and begins to 
take form according to the species, showing cotyledon, 
plumule, etc., until fully developed into the embryo. 




178 



PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY. 



In the case of the Conifers (Pines, Cedars, Firs), where no styles or stig- 
mas exist, the pollen falls directly into the microphyle of the naked ovule, 
and its tubes settle into the tissue of the nucleus. 

438. Germination. —The ovule matures with the 
completion of the embryo, and passes into the fixed 
state of the seed in which the embryo 
sleeps. A store of nutritive matter, 
starch, gluten, etc., is thoughtfully pro- 
vided in the seed for the use of the 
young plant in germination, until its 
root has gained fast 
hold of the soil. 

439. The changes 
which occur in the 
seed at the recom- 
mencement of growth 
are simply such as are 
requisite to reduce its 
dry deposits to a solu- 530 

firm Ti[7-V»ir>Vi qTiqII ^ati 530, Ovule of Viola tricolor, showing the process of fertili- 

11U11 WI1IOI1 bllctll OOil- zation . pf poUen . t> tube; r> raphe . C) chalaza; 6) primine . „ f 

tain fVi o •nrnr^OT' m q secundine; n, nucleus; s, sac, which the tube appears to have 
Ldlil LIIU JJIUJJei lllct- penetrated. 531, Growth of the embryo in Hippuris vulgaris. 

f PTlfllQ for* r>pll "Fn-pm Q The fertilized cel1 has divided itself into several, of which c, b 
LtUld,lfc> 1D1 GUll-lUlilld- constitute the suspensor attached to the apex of the sac; a, em- 
4-:--™ ~,~ ™„ j i_ /ni i bryo dividing into two, then into four cells. 

tion or growth. Grluten 

and other nitrogenous matters, oil, starch, etc., are to 
be changed to diastase and dextrine. To accomplish 
this, water is taken up, oxygen absorbed, plant-food 
dissolved and moved to points where it is needed, and 
used in constructing new cells and tissues. 

440. Ripening of Fruits. — A_fter the fruit has attained its full growth 
the process of ripening commences, during ■which the pulp becomes gradually 
sweetened and softened, chiefly by the change of the starch into more or less 
of soluble sugar. Thus ripening is to the pericarp what germination is to the 
seed. In its earliest stage the pericarp consists of structure similar to that of 
green leaves, composed of cellular, vascular, and woody tissues, and epider- 
mis and stomata. Its distended growth afterward results from the accumula- 
tion of the flowing sap, which here finds an axis incapable of extension. Thus 





FEKTILIZATION. 179 

arrested in its progress, it gorges the pistil and adjacent parts, is condensed by- 
exhalation, assimilated by their green tissues, which still perform the office of 
leaves. Cell-formation goes on rapidly within, and the excess of cellulose is 
deposited in the cells as starch. Oxygen is usually absorbed in excess, acidi- 
fying the juices. 

441. In the same way we account for the produc- 
tion of honey in the flower. Copious deposits of starch 
are provided in the receptacle and disk (§ 85). At the 
opening of the flower, this is changed to sugar, to aid 
in the rapid development of those delicate organs 
which have no chlorophyl wherewith to assimilate 
their own food. The excess of sugar flows over in the 
form of honey. The wise economy of the honey is 
seen in fertilization. For, attracted by it, the insect 
enters the flower, rudely brushes the pollen from the 
now open anthers, and inevitably lodges some of its 
.thousand grains upon the stigma ! 

442. Experiment has proved that in all these cases of the formation of 
sugar from starch, a molecule of water is absorbed— a process which we might 
expect, since starch (C 13 H 20 10 ), or n(C 8 Hi O 5 ) contains proportionably two 
less hydrogen and one less oxygen than sugar (C 12 H 22 On) contains. 

443. Pollination, cross-fertilization, etc. — Pollen is 
essential to the fertilization of the flower. It must 
not only be produced, but must also in some way be 
conveyed to the stigma, and lodged on its surface. 
Another requisite is that the pollen and pistil shall 
either be : 1st, parts of the same flower ; or, 2d, of other 
flowers of the same plant ; or, 3d, of the same species ; 
or, 4th, of closely related species. In the first and 
second cases the process may be called self-fertiliza- 
tion ; in the third case, cross-fertilization ; in the 
fourth case, hybridization. 

4:4,4:. Whether the first, second, or third process 
shall prevail in any given species will depend on the 



180 PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY. 

structure, number, or arrangement of the floral organs. 
In the few flowers which never open, — the Cleisto- 
gamous, such as the late apetalous flowers of the Blue 
Violet, and also probably those of Gentiana Andrewsii, 
only self-fertilization is possible. But in the multitude 
of open flowers with both stamens and pistils exposed, 
as in the Lily, Rose, Morning Glory, either self or cross 
fertilization is possible unless determined by some 
other special circumstance. The stigma may receive 
pollen directly from its own stamens, or indirectly 
from other flowers near or remote, through the agency 
of winged insects, humming-birds, or of the wind. 
Again there are flowers in which the organs are so 
situated that self-fertilization is very difficult, or even 
impossible. Of this class are the Asclepiads and 
Orchids, whose pollen, cohering in masses (pollinia), is, 
inclosed in cavities, and only dragged forth by insects 
to be carried to other flowers. So in Iris, where the 
extrorse anthers and petaloid stigmas are averted from 
each other, the former beneath, and shedding its pollen 
downward. 

445. Dichogamous Plants. — In some species the 
stamens and pistils are not cotemporary in the same 
plant, but the stamens of one plant mature at the 
same time with the pistils of another plant, and vice 
versa. This necessitates cross-fertilization, and the 
agency of the wind or of insects. We have examples 
in the Grasses, the common Plantain, in Scrophularia, 
etc. 

446. Dimorphous Plants are such as the Mints 
(Mentha), the Yellow Jessamine (Gelsemium), Hous- 
tonia cserulea, etc. In these the flowers assume two 
forms, with the stamens and pistils cotemporary in 



FERTILIZATION. 181 

both. In some the stamens are exserted and pistil 
included, while in others the stamens are included and 
style exserted. This arrangement also favors cross- 
fertilization through insect agency. 

447. The service thus performed by insects in be- 
half of vegetation is very important. Numerous spe- 
cies are wholly dependent on bees, moths, flies, for the 
dissemination of their pollen, and consequently for 
their very existence. Many other species, although 
capable of self-fertilization, are still greatly benefited 
by the intercrossings of pollen which the visits of 
insects occasion. Of course the bees have no idea of 
these benefactions. They visit the flowers solely for 
their own good. The nectar which they seek is always 
so situated as to oblige them to disturb the pollen or 
pollinia as they pass and repass, get besprinkled with 
it, and so encounter the stigmas from flower to flower. 

448. It would seem important that the bee or moth 
should confine its visits during any one excursion to 
plants of the same species. And this it often does, as 
shown by observation, avoiding the mingling of its 
nectars as well as the confusion of its pollens. In 
accomplishing this, the insect may be led by habit, 
becoming accustomed, for the hour, to one form of 
nectary ; or it may be drawn by uniform odor of the 
flowers, or by their gay and special colors. For we 
observe that the flowers of grasses and of forest trees 
whose pollen is wafted by the wind, requiring no aid 
from insects, are destitute both of bright colors and of 
fragrance, and of honey. 

449. From these observations and many others of 
similar import, it is inferred that Nature insists on the 
fertilization of the stigma in every plant by all means, 



182 PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY. 

at least when growing in its native home ; also, that 
of the two general modes, self, or cross, she greatly 
prefers the latter. 

450. What are the reasons for this preference? 
The solution of this inquiry has engaged the attention 
of many skillful investigators, until it seems to be 
proved that the offspring of cross-fertilization are as a 
rule decidedly superior in size, vigor, and variety, 



PART THIRD. 

SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. 



•»♦♦• 



CHAPTER I. 

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION. 

451. Systematic Botany has for its object the ar- 
rangement of Plants into Groups and Families accord- 
ing to their characters, for the purpose of facilitating 
the study of their names, affinities, habits, history, 
properties, and uses. In this department the prin- 
ciples of Organic and Physiological Botany are applied 
and brought into practical use. 

452. But there is another and higher import in the 
study of Systematic Botany. It shows us Plants as 
related to each other and constituting one magnificent 
system. It reveals the Almighty Creator at once em- 
ployed in the minutest details and upon the boundless 
whole ; equally attentive to the perfection of the indi- 
vidual in itself, and to the completeness of the System 
of which that individual forms a necessary part. 

453. The necessity for such, an arrangement of the Species will appear 
when we consider their immense number. They meet us in ever-varying 
forms at every step, clothing the hills, mountains, valleys, and plains. They 
spring up in hedges and by the way-side. They border the streams and lakes, 
and sprinkle over their surface. They stand assembled in forests, and cover 
with verdure even the depths of the Ocean. Not less than 150,000 kinds are 
already distinguished, and the catalogue is still growing. 



184 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. 

454. Into this vast kingdom of Nature the student is introduced, and pro- 
poses to acquaint himself with each and every object. How shall he begin? 
Evidently he must begin with the individual — a single individual plant. But 
(thanks to Him who created both the plant and the mind — the object and the 
subject), he is not left to continue the study in a method so endless and so 
hopeless. As if in special regard to the measure of the human intellect and 
the means of its culture, the Great Author of Nature has grouped these 
myriads of individuals into the following divisions : 

455. Species are individuals of a common origin or 
parentage capable of producing their kind, though fre- 
quently differing from each other in size, form, and 
other unimportant characters. A species has been de- 
fined as a " succession of individuals which reproduces 
and perpetuates itself." 

456. Variety, or Race, is a sub-species. This term 
is applied to individual plants that possess marked 
variations from specific characters, but not of suffi- 
cient constancy to entitle them to the rank of species. 
These differences are frequently brought about by the 
quality of the soil or locality, but especially by culti- 
vation. 

Race characters are perpetuated and become con- 
stant by grafting, budding, and carefully selecting 
well-marked individuals from which to obtain seed. 

The desirable characters of most of our fruits and 
table vegetables are made constant in this way. 

457. Genus is the name for a Group of individual 
plants which resemble each other in the form and 
structure of their organs of Fructification and Repro- 
duction. 



Illustration. — The individuals of the Crowfoot Kind differ in the size and 
color of their flowers, some of which are yellow, others white ; in the size and 
form of their stems, some of which grow erect, others prostrate and in the 
shape of their leaves. Their organs of Eructification, however, are all con- 
structed upon the same plan, and the function of polination is performed in 



GENEKAL PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION. 18 5 

the same manner ; hence they are grouped together and constitute the Genus 
Ranunculus. 

458. Orders. —But natural affinities do not end here. The genera are yet 
too numerous for the ready and systematic study of the naturalist. He, there- 
fore, would generalize still further, and reduce the genera to still fewer and 
broader grotips. On comparing the genera with each other, he finds that they 
also possess in common certain important characters which are of a more 
general nature than those which distinguish them from each other. By these 
general characters the genera are associated into Orders. 

459. For example : comparing such genera as the Mustard, Radish, Cab- 
bage, Cress, Wallflower, etc., it is seen that, while they differ sufficiently in 
their generic characters, yet they all have certain marked resemblances in 
their didynamous stamens, siliquous fruit, whereby they are obviously asso- 
ciated in the same Order — the Cruciferee. So, also, the Pines, the Spruces, 
the Cedars, the Larches, and the Cypress, while as genera they are obviously 
distinct, yet all bear cones of some form, with naked seeds ; hence they are 
naturally grouped into one Order — the Coniferse. 

460. Classes. — In like manner the Orders, by traits of resemblance still 
more general, are associated in a few groups, each of great extent, called 
Classes. 

461. Intermediate Groups, formed on the same principles, are recog- 
nized as Subgenera, Suborders or Tribes, and Subclasses or Cohorts, which 
will be particularly noticed in another place. Of the same nature, also, are 
Varieties, which are groups subordinate to species, already described in § 28. 

462. Systems. — Two independent and widely dif- 
ferent methods of classifying the genera have been 
generally approved — the Artificial Method of Linnaeus, 
and the Natural System of Jussieu. The former is 
founded solely on characters relating to the organs of 
fructification, leaving all other natural affinities out of 
view. It is simply an arrangement devised by Linnaeus 
for convenience in the analysis of plants — as words in 
a dictionary, for convenience of reference, are arranged 
alphabetically, without regard to their nature. It. is 
now superseded by — 

463. The Natural System. — This method or system 
of classification, on the contrary, makes use of every 
natural character and takes for its basis all those 
natural affinities and resemblances of plants whereby 
Nature herself has distinguished them into groups and 



186 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. 

families. It seizes upon every character wherein plants 
agree or disagree, and forms its associations only upon 
the principle of natural affinity. Hence, each member 
of any natural group resembles the other members ; 
and a fair description of one will serve, to a certain 
extent, for all the rest. 

464. The species and genera are formed on this 
principle of classification, as above stated, and are 
truly natural associations. Individuals altogether simi- 
lar — cast, as it were, in the same mold — constitute a 
species. Species agreeing in nearly all respects, and 
differing but in few, constitute a genus. Thence the 
genera, associated by their remaining affinities in 
groups of few or many, by this same method are 
organized into Natural Orders and other departments 
of the System. 



+4~* 

CHAPTER II. 

NATUEAL SYSTEM. 

465. Botanists during the last two hundred years 
have labored to group and arrange the individuals of 
the vegetable kingdom so that the natural characters 
of each group shall be most like those of the next 
preceding group. 

4:66. In 1694, Tournefort, a French physician and 
botanist, published a method of arrangement in which 
he defined and established the term genus as we now 
understand it. 

467. Early in 1700, John Ray, an English natu- 
ralist, separated the vegetable kingdom into the fol- 
lowing general groups : 



NATURAL SYSTEM. 187 

I. Phanerogamia. — Plants that bear Flowers. 
II. Cryptogamia. — Plants that do not produce Flowers. 

Sub-divisions of Flowering Plants. 

1. Dicotyledones — Plants whose embryo has two seed 

leaves, or more than two. 

2. Monocotyledones — Plants whose embryo has one 

seed leaf. 

468. Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist, in 1736, while 
only twenty years of age, published the outlines of 
his celebrated sexual system, based upon the num- 
ber, situation, and relative length of the pistils and 
stamens, which, though artificial and misleading, earned 
for its author a deathless fame. 

469. In 1789, A. L. de Jussieu, embodying the 
grand features of Ray with those of Tournefort, laid 
the foundation of the natural system which, under 
various modifications, has come down to us. 

470. August P. de Candolle greatly modified the 
arrangement of Jussieu, especially by reversing the 
sequence, placing the most highly organized plants 
first in order. 

The following is a brief sketch of the latest ar- 
rangement, and is substantially the one mapped out 
by Sachs ; the order of sequence, however, is changed : 

471. Phanerogamia. — Flowering plants, or plants 
whose flowers or organs of fructification are exposed 
to view. 

Plants of this class have roots, stems, and leaves 
through which bundles of woody fiber extend ; they 
bear flowers, in special parts of which reproductive 
organs are produced that form embryonic bodies 



188 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. 

called seeds; these seeds germinating, become new 
plants. 

472. Cryptogamia. — Floiverless plants or plants 
that do not produce seeds ; their reproductive appa- 
ratus forms cell-like bodies, without cotyledons, called 
spores, which germinate indifferently from any part of 
the cell ; these spore-like seeds of the Cryptogams 
germinating, produce new plants. 

These plants are called flowerless, because their 
organs of reproduction are concealed or obscure ; hence 
the name Cryptogamia, or concealed nuptials. 

KINGDOM. 

VEGETABLE SUB-KINGDOM I. 

473. Phanerogamia. — Plants that bear proper flow- 
ers and produce seeds, derived from the Greek words 
(pavepog, open, and yfyiog, marriage, signifying open mar- 
riage. 

474. Class I. Dicotyledones. — Plants with two seed 
leaves or cotyledons. From the Greek words dig, two, 
and KOTvXr\d6v, a hollow disk, alluding to the shape of 
the coatings or walls of the seed leaves. 

475. Angiosperms. — Plants whose seeds are in- 
closed in a pericarp or vessel. From the Greek ayyeTov, 
a vessel, and ontpfia^ a seed, signifying plants whose 
seeds are inclosed by a covering ; as, the Apple, Maple, 
Oak, etc. 

476. Cohoet 1, A. Polypetalae. — Dicotyledonous 
plants whose flowers have both calyx and corolla ; 
corolla composed of separate petals, which are some- 
times slightly coherent at their bases ; as, the flowers 
of the Buttercup, Apple, Strawberry, etc. 

477. Cohort 2, B. Gamopetalae. — Dicotyledonous 



NATURAL SYSTEM. 189 

plants whose flowers have both calyx and corolla, with 
petals more or less united ; as, Elder, Arrow-wood, etc. 

478. Cohort 3, C. Apetalae. — Dicotyledonous plants, 
whose flowers have a calyx but no corolla, and some- 
times neither ; as, Kagweed, Goosefoot, etc. 

479. Class II. Gymnosperms, Dicotyledones or Poly- 
cotyledones. — Plants whose seed is not inclosed by a 
vessel or pericarp, derived from the Greek words 
yvfivdg, naked, and onep/ia, seed, naked seed. Stem 
elongated, solid ; leaves nearly parallel-veined ; flowers 
not perfect ; pistil scale-like ; no stigma ; ovules not 
inclosed in a vessel ; embryo with two or more oppo- 
site or whorled cotyledons. 

480. Cohort 4, D. Coniferae. — Pines, Spruces, and 
other cone-bearing trees and shrubs. 

481. Class III. Monocotyledones. — Plants whose em- 
bryo has one cotyledon, or one seed leaf. Greek fi6vog y 
alone or one, and kotvXtj66v. Blade of the leaf usually 
divided into two parts by a prominent midrib, with veins 
extending from the base to the apex parallel to the 
midrib ; flowers usually three-parted ; root not axial. 

This class is separated into three cohorts. 

482. Cohort 5, E. Spadiciflorae. — Monocotyledonous 
plants, with flowers on a spadix, frequently enveloped 
by a spathe ; Palms, Calla, and pond weeds. 

483. Cohort 6, P. Petaloideas. — Monocotyledonous 
plants whose flowers are usually perfect and complete ; 
floral envelope three-parted and double ; outer whorl 
colored green ; as, Lily, Lily of the Valley, etc. 

484. Cohort 7, G. Glumiferae. — Monocotyledonous 
plants whose floral envelope is chaff-like ; ovary single, 
with one ovule ; as, grass-like plants, Wheat, Rye, the 
Sedges, etc. 



190 



SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. 




Fig. 532, c, A Fern ; Polypodium vulgare. a, Club-moss ; Lycopodium dendroideum. b, Equisetiim 
(Scouring Rush or Horse Tail). d, a Liverwort Moss ; Marchantia. e, a Fungus or Mushroom ; 
Agaricus, in three stages of growth. 

STJB-KTNQ-DOM II. 

485. Cryptogamia. — Plants that do not produce 
proper flowers. From the Greek KpvTrroq, hidden, and 
ydfiog y marriage. 

486. Class I. Pteridophyta. — Vascular cryptogams — 
Ferns and their allies. From Greek words nreptg^ a 
fern, and <Pvt6v 7 a plant, signifying a fern-like plant. 

This class is divided into three cohorts. 

487. Cohort 1, H. Lycopodinae (Club Mosses). — 
Stem herbaceous, rooting at the nodes and creeping, 
simple or branched, sometimes tree-shaped ; foliage 
small ; leaf one-nerved ; fructification at the base of 
the leaf or in terminal catkins on the branches. Name 
from Greek words Xvkoc, a wolf, and rrovg, a foot, due 
to the fancied resemblance of the roots to the foot of 
a wolf. 



NATURAL SYSTEM. 191 

488. Cohort 2, I. Equisetacae (Horse Tails). — Stem 
straight, simple or branched, cylindrical, channeled ; 
stiff-jointed ; sheathed at the joints ; tops of the 
sheaths toothed. From Latin equus, a horse, and seta, 
a bristle or hair ; Equisetum, scouring rush. 

489. Cohort 3, J. Filicinse. — Ferns proper. Stem 
a horizontal creeping rhizome, sometimes erect ; foli- 
age pinnate or variously divided ; veins forked ; fructi- 
fication on the back or edge of the frond. Name from 
Latin filix, a fern; Osmunda, Flowering Fern. 

THE FOLLOWING- FIVE CLASSES 

are not treated in this book, and therefore will be 
briefly noticed only. 

490. Class II. Bryophyta. — Mosses and their allies 
(Greek fipvov, a moss, (j)vt6v, a plant). 

Sub-class 1. Hepaticse, Liverworts. 
Sub-class 2. Musci, Mosses. 

491. Class III. Carpophyta. — Spore-fruited plants 
(Greek napnog, fruit, (pvrov). 

Sub-class 1. Coleochaeteae, Green fresh-water plants 
with few spores. 

Sub-class 2. Florideae, Red or purple marine plants. 
Sub-class 3. Ascomycetes, Parasites, spores in sacs. 
Sub-class 4. Basidiomycetes, Spores on stalks. 
Sub-class 5. Characeee, Green fresh-water plants. 

492. Class IV. Oophyta. — Plants with egg-shaped 
spores (Greek <h6v 1 an egg, and (pvrov). 

Sub-class 1. Zoosporse, Spore cells locomotive. 
Sub-class 2. (Edogonieae, Thread-like cellular body. 
Sub-class 3. Coeloblastese, Thread-like tubular body. 
Sub-class 4. Fucacese, Large, color olive green. 

493. Class Y. Zygophyta. — Unisexual plants (Greek 



192 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. 

fyyov, a pair, and fyvrov), plants in which the sexes are 
united. 

Sub-class 1. Zoosporese, Cells capable of motion. 

Sub-class 2. Conjugatee, Cells fixed. 

494. Class VI. Protophyta. — First or most simple 
class of plants (Greek np&rog, first, and (pvrov). These 
plants are the lowest vegetable organisms, and consist 
of single cells, or strings of cells. 

Sub-class 1. Myxomycetes, Slime molds, naked pro- 
toplasm, without regular form. 

Sub-class 2. Schizomycetes, Bacteria minute cells. 
Sub-class 3. Cyanophyceae, Green Slimes. 

495. Orders or Families succeed to the Cohorts. 
The Natural Order is perhaps the most important of 
all the associations. On the accuracy and distinct- 
ness of the characters of these groups botanists have 
bestowed the highest degree of attention, and the 
student's progress will largely depend upon his acquaint- 
ance with them. 

496. Orders are formed by associating together 
those genera which have the most intimate relations 
to each other, or to some one genus previously as- 
sumed as the type. As species form genera, so 
genera form Orders. In regard to extent, they differ 
widely ; some consisting of a single genus, as, Plata- 
nacese, while others comprehend hundreds of genera, 
as, Compositse. For convenience in analysis, the larger 
Orders are broken up into Sub-orders or Tribes. 

The Flowering plants of the whole world, known to botanists, have been 
grouped under 200 Orders, 7,500 Oenera, and 100,000 species. About 80,000 of 
these species are Dicotyledons, and the remaining 20,000 are Monocotyledons. 

It is a high accomplishment in a botanist to possess an extensive ac- 
quaintance with individual plants. The ability to determine readily the genus 
and species to which a plant belongs depends largely upon an accurate knowl- 
edge of the characters of the orders and tribes. 



RULES IN NOMENCLATURE, 193 

497. The Natural System, then, with all its divis- 
ions, groups, and subordinations, may be exhibited 
at one view, as follows : 
Kingdom, 
Sub-kingdoms, 
Classes, 
Cohorts, 
Orders, 
Sub-orders, or 
Tribes, 
Genera, 
Sub-genera, 
Species, or 
Races. 



CHAPTER III. 

RULES IN NOMENCLATURE. 

498. The Names of the Orders are Latin adjectives, 
feminine, plural (to agree with plantce, plants, under- 
stood), usually derived from the name of the most 
prominent, or leading genus, by changing or prolong- 
ing the termination into acece, as Rosacece, the Rose 
tribe, Papaveracece, the Poppy tribe, from Rosa and 
Papaver. Earlier names, however, derived from some 
leading character in the Order, and with various ter- 
minations, are still retained. Thus, Composite^, with 
compound flowers ; Labiatce, with labiate flowers. 

499. Generic Names are Latin substantives, arbi- 
trarily formed, often from some medicinal virtue, either 
supposed or real, or from some obvious character of 
the genus ; sometimes from some peculiar form of the 
flower, or from the name of some distinguished bot- 



194 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. 

anist, or patron of botany, to whom the genus is thus 
said to be dedicated. Also the ancient classic names, 
either Latin or Greek, are often retained. Examples of 
all these modes of construction will be seen hereafter. 

500. Specific Names are usually Latin adjectives, 
singular, and agreeing in gender with the name of the 
genus to which they belong. They are mostly founded 
upon some distinctive character of the species ; as, Viola 
Wanda, Sweet-scented Violet ; V. cucullata, Hood-leaved 
Violet. Frequently the species is named after some 
other genus, which, in some respect, it resembles ; as, 
Viola delphinifolia , Larkspur Violet. 

501. Commemorative Specific Names. — Species, like 
genera, are also sometimes named in commemoration 
of distinguished persons. The rules given by Lindley, 
for the construction of such names, are: 1st. If the 
person is the discoverer, the specific name is a sub- 
stantive in • the genitive case, singular number ; as, 
Viola Selkirkii, Selkirk's Violet ; Lobelia Kalmii, 
Kalm's Lobelia. 2d. If the name is merely conferred 
in honor of the person to whom it is dedicated, it is 
an adjective ending in nus, na, or num (according to 
the gender of the generic name) ; as, Tulipa Gesneri- 
ana, Gesnerian Tulip, or Gesner's Tulip ; Erica Lin- 
neana, Linnaeus' Heath. 

502. Rules for the use of Capitals. — The names of 
the order, the sub-order or tribe, and of the genus, 
should always commence with a capital letter. The 
name of the species should never commence with a 
capital except in the following cases: (1), when it is 
derived from the name of a person or of a country, as 
Phlox Drummondii, Aquilegia Canadensis; (2), when 
it is a substantive, as Delphinium Consolida. 



BOTANICAL ANALYSIS. 195 

503. Synonyms. — "Very frequently, the same species has been described 
by different (or even by the same) authors, under different names. In such 
cases it becomes a question, often of difficult solution, which name is to be 
adopted. Obviously, the prior name, that is, the original one, if it can be 
ascertained, is entitled to the most respect; and it is a rule with botanists 
to adopt this name, unless it» has been previously occupied, or be strongly 
objectionable on some other account. All other names are synonyms. 

504. Authorities.— In the flora which accompanies this work, immediately 
after the Genus we insert the abbreviated name of the author by whom it 
was originally published, with a comma between, thus: Trifolium, Tourn. 
Alter a species the authority is inserted without a comma, as T. repens L.,— 
that is to say, Trifolium repens (of) Linnaeus. In changing the generic rela- 
tions of a species (as subsequent writers often deem necessary), it is a custom 
for the author of the change to annex his own name, or a blank, instead of 
the original authority. The custom is often unjust, and always liable to 
abuse. It offers a bribe for innovations in the Genera, and recent works 
abound in changes which otherwise could scarcely be accounted for. "When 
such changes become necessary, the just and proper rule (actually adopted in 
Conchology) is the following. Let the original specific name and authority both 
be retained, the latter in parenthesis, thus, Lychnis Githago (Linn.) — origi- 
nally Agrostemma Githago Linn. This method is often but not always used 
in the present work. 

Authorities for our species of exotic cultivated plants, for want of space, 
have all been here omitted. 



CHAPTER IV. 

BOTANICAL ANALYSIS. 

505. Botanical Analysis is the application of the 
rules and principles of botany to the study of the 
natural plant, in order to determine its place in the 
system, its names, history, uses — all that is on record 
concerning it. In the flowering months, the learner 
will constantly meet with new forms of bloom ; and 
if he is duly interested in the science, he will not 
fail to seize and analyze each new flower while the 
short hour of its beauty may last. Thus in a few 
seasons, or even in one, he may become well acquainted 
with the flora of the vicinity where he dwells. 

506. Suppose, now, the pupil to be in possession 
of an unknown plant in flower and fruit. The first 



196 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. 

requisite is, its Natural Order, and the first step in 
analysis is an examination of the several organs, one 
by one, until the general structure is well understood. 
This done, the experienced botanist, who has in mem- 
ory the characters of all the Orders, might determine 
at once to which of them the plant in question belongs. 
But the beginner must be content with a longer course 
of inquiry and comparison, — a course which might be 
indefinitely long and vague without the use of — 

507. Analytical Tables. — These are designed to 
shorten and define to exactness the processes of anal- 
ysis. Those which appear in the present work are 
peculiar in form, and more copious and complete than 
the tables of any other similar work. These tables, 
with proper use in connection with the specimen, will 
very rarely fail to conduct the inquirer almost imme- 
diately to the right Order, G-enus, and Species. 

We subjoin a few examples of the analysis of par- 
ticular species by the aid of these tables. If the exer- 
cise be conducted in the class-room, the successive 
steps in the process (indicated by the numbers 1, 2, 3, 
etc., below) may be assigned, in order, to each pupil 
in the class. 

ANALYSIS OF A POLYPETAPOUS HERB. 

508. To determine the Cohort. — A good specimen of a little yellow- 
flowered herbaceous plant, common in the grassy fields of cool regions, is sup- 
posed to be now in the hands of each pupil of the class. (1.) The first pupil, 
reading (if necessary) the characteristic of each sub-kingdom, pronounces the 
plant one of the Phasnogamia, and refers the next pupil to the Classes I., 
PL, or PH. 

(2.) The next reads the characters of those Classes, and comparing the 
specimen (which has net-veined leaves and 5-merous flowers), concludes that it is 
an Exogen. Refer next to the Class I. 

(3.) "Stigmas present. Seeds inclosed in vessels." 

" Stigmas none. Seeds naked. (Pines, Spruces, etc.) " Our plant has 
stigmas, etc., and, moreover, is not a Pine, Spruce, etc. It is, therefore, an 
Angiosperm. Refer next to Cohorts 1, 2, or 3. 



BOTANICAL ANALYSIS. 197 

(4.) " Corolla with the petals distinct." This characterizes our plants and 
it is pronounced one of the Polypetalee. Refer them to A. 

509. To determine the Order, the (5th) pupil reads the first alternative, 
or triplet, noted by a star (*), and comparing his plant, finds it to corre- 
spond with the first line, for it is an "herb with alternate leaves." Pass now 
to (12). 

(6.) "Mowers regular or nearly so. Eruit never a legume." 

"Mowers irregular," etc. The flower is regular. Pass to (14). 

Again, a (7th) pupil reads, "Stamens 3 — 10 times as many as the petals." 
"Stamens few and definite." The stamens are many. Pass to (15). 

(8.) The next pupil reads, compares, and determines that the stamens are 
"perigynous on the base of the calyx," and announces the letter (d) as the 
reference to the next alternative. (9.) Next, the pupil reads and compares 
his specimen with the triplet (cZ), and concludes that the sepals are 5, and 
imbricated in the bud. Consequently, it is announced that the plant in hand 
belongs to the Order BOSACE^E. 

510. To determine tlie Genus. — After a careful comparison of their 
specimen with the diagnosis of the Eoseworts (Order 44), in order to verify 
the analysis thus far, the learner or the class will then consult the table of 
the G-enera. (10.) A pupil reads the couplet marked A, and determines that 
the "Ovary is superior, fruit not inclosed," etc. Pass to (a). 

(11.) "Carpels 00. Calyx persistent, with 5 bractlets added," characterizes 
our plant. Pass to (/), which is Tribe Y. Pass on to (a). (12.) The next 
pupil determines that the "style is deciduous." Pass to (Jc). (13.) "Torus 
spongy or dry," is true of our specimens. Pass to (I). (14.) " Bractlets 5 " 
reads the next, and announces the plant to be a Potentilla. Now all turn to 
G-enus 13, and together verify this result by reading and comparing the stated 
character of the genus. 

511. To determine the Species. — (15.) As our plant has "stamens 00 
and flowers yellow" it must be a true Potentilla. Pass to (a). (16.) "Leaves 
palmately 3-foliate " suits our plant. It is, therefore, either species No. 3, 4, 
or 5. Lastly (17), after a due comparison of their plant with each of these 
three species, it is determined that it is P. Norvegica. 

ANALYSIS OP A MONOCOTYLEDON. 

512. A grass-like, blue-flowered herb is now supposed to have been dis- 
covered and distributed to the Class for analysis. Having (1) determined 
that it is a Monocotyledon (for it has " parallel- veined leaves and 3-parted 
flowers "), they would now (2) determine its Class, which is 111. 

"Elowers without glumes, and colored," etc. 

"Elowers with green alternate glumes, and no perianth." The first line 
is adopted, and the plant agrees with Petaloideae. Pass next to (+) Cohorts 
5th or 6th, and read, 

(3.) "Cohort 5. Elowers on a spadix, apetalous or incomplete." 

"Cohort 6. Elowers complete, with a double perianth" — which 
answers to the specimens in hand, and it is seen to belong to the Petaloideae. 
Pass to F. 

(4.) The next pupil having read and compared the first couplet under 
"F, Cohort 6, Petaloideae," chooses the second line. Pass to No. 2. (5.) 
" Perianth tube adherent to the ovary " is adopted. Pass to (4). (6.) " Elow- 



198 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. 

ers perfect." The second line of this couplet is true of our plant. Next pass 
to (6). The (7.) pupil reads "Anthers 3 or 6," which is true of the plant. 
Pass to (c). (8.) " Perianth glabrous outside " is true. Next read (d). (9.) 
"Anthers 3, opening lengthwise, outward, 1 ' is also true, and our plant is thus 
traced to the order Ieiuace^e. 

513. To determine the Grenus and Species under the Irids, Order 146, is 
the next and the last step. Having carefully compared their specimens with 
the characters ascribed to the Irids, the pupils next apply to the Table of the 
G-enera. (10.) "Mowers regular and equilateral, 11 in the first dilemma, is 
chosen. Read the (*) couplet next. (11.) " Sepals similar to the petals in 
form, size, and position 11 is true. Next to (a). (12.) "Stamens monadelphous. 
Plowers small, blue. Plants grass-like, 11 describes the plant truly, and it must 
be a Sisyrhinchium. They turn to Q-enus 7, and verify by reading its char- 
acters. Lastly, the brief diagnoses of the two species are compared, and the 
plant is found to be S. Bermudiana. 



INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 



a (a, privative), prefixed to a Ch^eek word, 

signifies without; as aphyllous, without 

leaves. 
&b bre vi a'tions, page 3, Part IV. 
a bSr'tion, non-development of apart. 
ab s6rp tion, 199. 
ae'au les'cent, or a eau lgs'eent, apparently 

siemless, 223. 
ae cSs'so ry, something superadded. 
ae eres'cent, growing after flowering \ 109. 
ae eum'bent, lying against a thing, 183. 
ae'er Ose or ac'er oils, needle-shaped, 299. 
a ehe'ni urn, plural, a she ni a, 151.. 
ach'la myd'e ous, without floral envelopes. 
a cic'u lar, finely needle-shaped. 
a cot y led'o nous, without cotyledons. 
ac'ro gens, summit growers. 
a eu'le ate, armed with prickles. 
a eu'mi nate, drawn out into a point, 307. 
a cute', ending in a sharp angle, 307. 
ad her'ent, growing to, 82, 94. 
M'nate, growing fast to, 114. 
ad ven ti tioiis, growing out of the usual or 

normal position, as roots, 206. 
5 er a'tion, same as respiration, 483. 
a?s ti vS'tion, 335. 

af fin'i ty, resemblance in essential organs. 
age of trees. 47. 

Sg'gre gate, assembled close together. 
a glu ma'ceoiis, without glumes, the same as 

pgt'al oid, 483. 
air-bladders, 323. 
air-plants, 208. 
a'la, wing ; aise, wings, 101. 
a'late, winged, 274. 
al bu'men, 179. 
al bu'mi nous, 178. 
al bur'num, sap-wood, 418. 
al'gae, seaweeds. 
alter nate, 215, 262. 

Sl've o late, with pits like the honey-comb. 
Sm'ent, a deciduous spike, 357. 
a mbr'phous, without definite form. 
am phit'ro potis, 141. 
am plgx'I caul, stem- clasping, 275, 311. 
a nal'y sis, botanical, 510. 
a nas to mo'sis, reunion of vessels cr veins. 
a nSt'ro pous, 141. 
an cip'i tal, tivo-edged. 
an dne'cium, 110. 
an drSg'y nous, stamens and pistils on the 

same peduncle. 
2n'£i o sperms, 475. 
an'i mal, 15. 

Sn'nu al, yearly (sc. plants), 40. 
an'nu lar cells, 378. 
an te'ri or, parts (of a flower) adjacent to the 

bract. 
gn'thel mln'tic, expelling or killinq worms. 
Sn'ther, 111, 113. 



an the 'sis, the opening of the flower ; flower- 
ing. 

a pet'a lse, 478. 

a pet'al ous, without petals. 

Sph'yl lous or a phylious, without leaves. 

a p5ph'y sis, a swelling, e.g., under the 
thecal of some mosses. 

ftp pa ra'tus, 4. 

ap pen die'u lar organs, 7'7. 

ap pressed', closely applied but not adhering 
to ; the same as adpressed. 

ap ter ous, without wings. 

a quSt'ic, living in water. 

a rSch'noid, resembling cobwebs. 

ar'bor ous, arborescent, tree-like. 

arp'u ate, arched or curved like a bow. 

a re'o late, having the surface divided into 
little spaces or areas. 

ar'il, an extra seed-covering. 175. 

a ris tate, with an aj^isfa or axon (barley). 

armed, bearing prickles, spines, etc. 

ar tic'ti lat ed, jointed, as the culm of wheat. 

ascending, arising obliquely ; assurgent. 

as cid' i a, leaves holding water, 322. 

Ss sim'i ia'tion, 430. 

at ten'ti ate, becoming slender or thin. 

au ric'u late, ear-bearing, 291. 

awn, the beard of barley and the like. 

8x i al root, 200. 

axil (arm-pit), the angle between the petiole 
and the branch, on the upper side. 

ax'il la ry, growing out of the axils. 

ax'is, ascending, 211, 212 ; erect, procumbent, 
prostrate, trailing, decumbent, 212 ; excur- 
rent, solvent, 226 ; descending, 197. 

bae'eate. berry-like ; covered with pulp. 

banner, same as vexillum, 101. 

ban'yan tree, 207. 

bark, 416. 

lba§'i lar, basal, attached to the base, 138. 

bast-cells, wood-cells of bark, 416. 

beaked, ending in an extended tip. 

beard'ed, with tufts of long, weak hairs. 

bgr'ry, 159. 

bi, bis, twice (in compound wo?'ds). 

bi'col or. two- colored. 

bi eus'pid ate, with two points or cusps. 

bi den'tate, with two teeth. 

bi en'ni al, of two years, 41. 

bi'fid, cleft into two parts. 

bi fo'li ate, with two leaflets. 

bi f Qr'cate, twice forked, or merely forked. 

bi la'bi ate, two-lipped. 

bi'nate, 303. 

bi pin'nate, 304. 

bi pin nat i fid, tivice pinnatifid. (Fig. 342.) 

bi ter'nate, twice ternate, 305. 

bi'vaived, two-valved. 

blade. See lamina, 271. 



200 



INDEX AND GLOSSAET. 



blanched plants, whitened for the want of 

light. 
bloom, a fine white powder, on some plants. 
border, 91, 92. 
botany defined, 18. 
botany, elementary, 20, 368, etc. 
botany, physiological, 21, 368. 
botany, systematic, 22, 153. 
br5eh'i ate, with opposite, spreading branches 

(arms). (Fig. 275.) 
bract, 329, 345. 
braVte ate, having bracts. 
brae'te Oles or bractlets, 345. 
branches, 34, 214. 
bristles, stiff, sha?p hairs. 
bry Oph'yta, 490. 
bud, 83. 
budding, 259. 

buds, axillary, 247 ; accessory, 250. 
buds, adventitious, 251. 
buds, suppression of, 248. 
bud-scales, 246. 319. 
bulb, 240 ; tunicated, 242 ; scaly, 242. 
bulb lets, 260. 

cadu'cous, dropping off early , 103. 

caes pi tOse, forming tvfts or turf. 

caTce o late, slipper-shaped. 

cal y cine, calyx-like. 

ca l.yc'u late, having an outer calyx or calyx- 
like involucre. 

ca lyp'tra, the hood of the sporange {spore- 
ca<e) of a moss. 

ca lyx, the outer floral envelope, 51. 

cam'bi tim. 417. 

cam pan'u late, bell -shaped, 102. 

cam'py 15t ro poiis, 141. 

can 'a lic'u late, channeled. 

ca nes'cent, grayish white. 

cap'il la ry, capillaceous, hair-shaped. 

cap i tate, head-shaped, growing in close clus- 
ters or heads. 

ca pit u ITim. a little head, 351. 

cSp're o late, bearing tendrils. 

capsule, 167. 

ear bon di ox ide, 411. 

ca ri'na, 101. 

car'inate, boat-shaped, having a sharp ridge 
beneath. 

cir'pel. carpellary, 126. 

cir'po phOre, 149, 151. (Fig. 177.) 

car ti lag i nous, firm and tough in texture, 
like cartilage. 

car'un cle, 175. 

car y o pbyl la ceous, 100. 

car y op 'sis, 153. 

cat'kin, 357. (See ament.) 

cau'dex, 227. 

cau les'cent, 223. 

cau'lis, 223. 

cau line, relating to the stem, 262. 

ceTlu lar tissue, 396. 

cell, 368. 

cell-growth, 377-384. 

cel'lu lar bark, 416. 

cel'lu lose, 371. 

cen trif 'u gal inflorescence, 35. 

cen trip'e tal inflorescence, 352. 

ceph'a lous, same as capitate. 

cere al, relating to grains, corn, etc. 

per nu oils, nodding {less inclined than pen- 
dulous). 

chaff, chaffy, 349. (See paleaceous ) 

«ha la'za, 140. 

channeled, hollowed out like a gutter. 



char ta'ceous, with the texture of paper. 

chlo'ro phyl, 373, 381, 435. 

chor i sis, 76. 

cil i ate, fringed with marginal hairs. 

91'on or sion, 218. 

ci ne're ous, ashy gray, ash color. 

cir'ci nate, rolled inward from the top, 255. 

c ; r cu la'tion of sap, 432. 

cir'cum scis'sile, 149. 

cir'rhose, furnished with a tendril. 

cirrhose roots, 20>>. 

classes, natural, £01. 

elas si fi cation, artificial, 503. 

cla'vate, club-shaped. 

co arct'ate or co arc'tate, contracted, drawn 

together. 
eoe'eus, a berry ; eop'cl (plural), thel-seeded 

carpels of separable fruits. 
ebehie ate, spiral, like the snail-shell. 
co he sion, 82. 
cohorts, 461. 

col lat'er al, placed side by side. 
cOl'lum, 199. 
colored, of any color except green, which in 

botany is not a colo?\ while white is. 
cOl'umn, the combined stamens and styles. 
eO'ma, 173. 
cOm'inis sure, the joined faces of the carpels 

of the cremocarp, 151. 
com'mon, belonging alike to several. 
complete flower, CO. 
com pli cate, folded up upon itself. 
compound leaf, 300. 
compound flower, 348. 
com pressed', flattened on the sides, 274. 
con du'pli cate, folded on itself lengthwise. 
cone, 169. 

cOn'flu ent, uniting ; same as coherent, 
con glOm er ate, clustered or crowded. 
cOn'ju gate, coupled, joined by pairs. 
cOn'nate, 3,1. 

con ngc'tile, connective, 113, 114. 
con niv'ent, converging, coming together. 
con tin'u oils, the reverse of jointed, 
con tSrt'ed, twisted, 338. 
cOn'vo lute, 256, 339. 
cOr'date, heart-shaped, 291. 
cO'ri a ceous, leather-like, 315. 
c6rm, 23.1. 

cOrne oris, horn-like in texture. 
cor nic'u late, with a small hern or spur. 
co roTla, 52, etc. 

cOr'ol line, pertaining to the corolla. 
co rO'na, crown. 
cOr'ti cal bark, 4^6. 
cOr'ymb, co rym'bose, 358. 
cos'tate, ribbed, with rib like ridges. 
cotyledons, 180,320. 
cras'su la, a genus of plants, C3. 
era ter'i form, of the form of a goblet. 
creep'er, creeping stems, 231. 
crSm eSrp', 151. 

ere 'nate, bordered with rounded teeth. 
cren'u late, S09. 

crested or cris'tate, with an elevated ridge. 
cris'pate or crisped, 310. 
crown of the root, 236. 
cru'ei fOrm (corolla), 100. 
crude sap, 368. 

crus ta'ceous, hard, thin, and brittle. 
cryp to ga'mia, 472. 
cu cul late, rolled up into a hood shape. 
culm, the straw of grasses. 224. 
cu'ne ate, cu'ne 1 form, ivedge-shaped, 2~0. 
cup-shaped, 102. 



INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 



201 



efl'pule, a little cup (sc. acorn), 155. 
«us'pi date, with a sharp, stiff point, 307. 
cu'ti cle, outer lamina of wall of epidermis, 

399. 
cy an'ic, blue, or any color except yellow 
£y ath'i form, cup-shaped. 
py'cle (in Phyllotaxy), 263, 264. 
py clo'sis, same as Rotation, currents in the 

cell. 
cyme, cymous, 363. 
9ym'bi f6rm, boat-shaped. 
9yp'sel a, 151. 

dgc'2 {in Greek composition), ten. 

de cid'TI oiis, falling at the end of the season. 

dee'li nate, bent downward. 

dg'com pound', much cornpoundedor divided, 
304. 

de sum'bent, 212. (Fig. 249.) 

de eur'rent, 274. 

de €tis'sate (leaves), opposite, and the pairs at 
right angles. 

dgf'i nite, 118. 

dg flex'ed, bent downward. 

de fo li a'tion, the casting off of leaves. 

de his'cence, 113, 148. 

dgl i qugs'pent (axis), same as solvent), 226. 

dgl'toid, form of the Greek letter a, 288. 

dgn'droid, tree-like inform. 

dgn'dron (in Greek compounds), a tree. 

dSn'tate, 309. 

den tie'u late, 309. 

de nu'ded, become naked. 

de pauper ate, less developed than usual. 

de pgnd'ent, hanging down. 

de pressed', fattened from above ; low. 

dgx'trine, a gummy substance produced by 
the action of diastase upon starch. 

dex'trorse {twining), turning to the right. 

di (in Greek numerals), two. 

dl'a del'phous, 120. 

di ag nO'sis, a brief statement of the distinc- 
tive character of a plant or group. 

di aph'a noiis, transparent or translucent. 

di an' drous, with two stamens, 118. 

di'as tase, a peculiar ferment in malt, alter- 
ing starch into dextrine. 

di chog'a mous, 445. 

di shot'o mous, forked or two-forked. 

dic'li noiis, <\1. 

di eOt'y le dons, dicotyledonous, 182, 284. 

did'y mous, double. 

di dyn'a mous, 119. 

dif fuse', much divided and spreading. 

dig'i tate, with several distinct leaflets pal- 
mately arranged {as in the leaf of the 
Horse-chestnut). 

di mid'i ate (anther), halved, 114. 

di mor phous plants, 446. 

di ce'9ioiis (flowers), 67. 

dip'ter oiis, having two wings. 

disk, 85, 362. 

dis'eoid, no rays. (Fig. 446.) 

disk-bearing tissue, 401 . 

dis seet'ed, cut into deep lobes. 

dis sep i ment, same as partition, 132. 

dis'ti-eh oiis, arranged in two rows. 

dis tinet, separate, not united, 82. 

di var'i cate, wide-spread, straggling. 

di ver'gent, spreading with a less angle. 

dSr'sal, on or relating to the back. 

dotted cells, 384. 

dotted ducts, 406. 

double terms, 301. 

downy, clothed with short, weak hairs. 



drupe, 156. 

dru pa'ceus. {See tryma.) 

drying-press, 6. 

ducts, 402. 

du'pli cate, in pairs, double. 

du ra'men, heart-wood, 418. 

dwarfing. (Fig. £50, d.) 

E, ex (in composition), without ; as. 

e brac'te ate, without bracts. 

8eh'i nate, prickly with rigid hairs. 

ef fete, sterile, exhausted. 

el'a ters, spiral, elastic threads accompanying 

certain spores. 
el lip'tic, elliptical (leaf), 289. 
e 15n ga'ted, lengthened, extended. 
e mar'fii nate, 307. 
em'bry o, 31, 180. 
embryo sac, 142. 
en'do carp, 156. 
en'do chrome, the coloring matter of plants. 

See chlorophyl. 
en dog e noiis structure, 421. 
en'do gens, 180, 421, 422, 424. 
en'do pleu'ra. same as tegmen, 172. 
en dos' mOse, a thrusting, which causes 

liquids of different densities to pass through 

thin membranes, and mingle. 
en 'si f6rm, sword-shaped, 297. 
entire, even-edged, 308. 
e phem'e ral, enduring for one day. 
gp'i (in Greek composition), upon • as. 
gp'i carp, 156. 

ep'i derm is, outside layer of cells, 391. 
g pig'y nous, upon the ovary, 97, 119. 
gp'i pet' al oiis, on the petals, 119. 
gpi phytes, plants on other plants, 208. 
gp'i sperm, the skin of the seed. 
gq'ui tant (astraddle), 258. 
e rose', eroded, as if gnawed, 310. 
e tae'rl 5, J58. 

e'ti o la ted, colorless for want of light. 
gx'al bu'mi nous, without albumen, 178. 
ex current, 226. 
ex 5g'e nse, exogens. 182. 
ex Og'e noiis structure, 416-418. 
gx'os mOse, floicing out. 
ex sert'ed, projecting out of, or beyond. 
ex stip'u late, without stipules, 272. 
ex'tra (in composition), beyond ; as. 
extra-axillary, same as supra axillary, 
ex trOrse', turned outward, 114. 

fal'eate, scythe-shaped, curved. 

f ar i na'caoiis, flour-like in texture. 

far'i nous, mealy on the surface. 

f5s'ci -ele. a bundle, 365. 

fas cie'u late (leaves), 262. 

fgatb'er- veined, 285. 

fer ru'gi noiis, of the color of iron-rust. 

fer'tile (flower), seed-producing, 67. 

fer'ti li za'tion, etc., 433, 434, 447. 

rib Til las, fibrils, 199, 428. 

fil'a ment, the stalk of a stamen, 111, 112. 

fil I cl'nse. 

fill fOrm, slender like a thread. 

fim'bri ate, fringed, having the edge bordered 

with slender processes. 
fis'sion, a splitting into parts. 
fist'u lar, hollow, as the leaf of onion. 
fla bgl'li fOrm, fan-shaped, 298. 
fia ggl'li fOrm, whip-shaped; long, taper, and 

supple. 
fia vgs'cent, yellowish, turning yellow. 
flSx'u ous, zig-zag or wavy. 



202 



INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 



floe eOse', with hairs in soft fleecy tufts. 
flO'ra, (a) the spontaneous vegetation of a 

country ; (b) a written description of the 

same, 23. 
floral, relating to flowers. 
floral envelopes, 50, 87. 
flO'rets, the flowers of a compound flower, 

362. 
flow'er, 49, etc.: origin of, 37. 
flower-bud, 244, 335. etc. 
foil 5'ceous, leaf -like in texture orfoivn. 
fO'li a'tion, the act of leafing. 
f61 li ele, 164. 

fo ra'men, same as micropyle, 140. 
fo ve o late, having shallow pits. 
free, not adherent nor adnate, 81, 94. 
fringed. {See fimbriate.) 
frond, an organ ivhich is both stem and leaf, 

as in duck'meat, fern. 
fron descent, bursting into leaf. 
frfie'ti fi ea'tion, flower and fruit as a wlwle. 
fruit, 38, 143. 

fru tes'cent, shrubby, becoming shrubby. 
fu ga'ceous, soon falling off. 
f Ql'era (roots), accessary, L06. 
fu lig'i nous, smoky brown, blackish. 
f uTvous, dull yellowish brown. 
fu nfe'ii lus (a little rope), 140. 
fun'nel-fOrm. (See infundibuliform), 102. 
fur'eate, forked, fork-veined, 284. 
fiir'fu ra'ceous, scurfy. 
f iir-rOwed', marked with channels lengthwise. 
f Qs'eous, grayish or blackish brown. 
f u'si fOrru, spindle-shaped, 203. 

gS'le a, galeate, 103. 

gam'o pet'5 lse, 477. 

gam'o petal ous, with the petals united, 99. 

ga moph'yl lous, of united perianth leaves. 

gam'o sepal lous, with the sepals united. 

ggm'i nate, twin, two together. 

gem mS'tion, state of budding (Latin, gemma, 

bud), 382. 
ge nie'tl late, bent as the knee (genu), 
genus, 29, 457. 
gen'e ra, plural of genus, 457. 
germ, the ovary. ( The term is obsolete.) 
ger mi nation, 188, 438. 
gib boas, more tumid in a certain place. 
glabrous, smooth, not hairy, 312. 
glad i ate, sword-shaped, ensiform. 
gland, glandular, 80, 393. 
glans, 155. 
glau'eous, with a bloom, or whitish, waxy 

powder, seen on the under side of cabbage 

leaves, and on fresh plums, etc. 
glo bose', inform nearly spherical. 
glom'er ate, collected into close heads. 
glOm'er ule, 363. 

gloss 51'o gy, the explaining of technical terms. 
glumes, 108, 349. 
glum if'e rae, 484. 
grafting. (Fig. 250, e.) 
grand divisions, 65. 
gran'u lar, composed of grains. 
gyni'nOs (a Greek prefix), naked; as. 
gym'no sper'mae, gymnosperms, 479. 
gym'no sperm'oiis, with naked seeds. 
gy nan'drous, 119. 
gyn'O base, a process of the torus on and 

around which the carpels are suspended 

(sc. Geranium, Fig. 172). 
gy nce'ci urn, 123. 
gyn'o phOre, a produced torus, bearing the 

ovary on its summit. (Fig. 112.) 



gy rate', same as circinate, 255. 
gy rose', strongly bent to and fro. 

habit, the general aspect of a plant. 

Mb i tat, the natural locality or place of 
growth of a wild plant. 

hairs, 392. Hairy, hirsute. 

halberd shaped, hastate. (Fig. 3ir.) 

halved, one-half apparently deficient. 

hastate, with the base-lobes abruptly spread- 
ing, as in a halbert, 5191. 

heart-shaped, 291. 

heart-wood, 419. 

herb, herbaceous, 40, 41. 

her ba'ceous, green and cellular in texture. 

her ba'ri urn, 3. 

hes'per id i um, 160. 

her maph'ro dlte (flower), with both stamens 
and pistils. 

het'Sr cSph'a lous, heads af tico sorts in the 
same plant, some 6 and some 5 . 

h8t er Og'a mous, tzvo sorts of flowers in the 
same head, some i and some 9 . 

hgx'3 (Greek numeral), six ; as in, 

hex ag'o nal, G-sided or G-angled. 

hex am'er ous, Q-parted. 

hex an'drous, having 6 stamens. 

hrlum, the eye or scar of the seed, 177. 

hir sute', hairy, with rather long hairs, 313. 

his'pid, bristly with stiff hairs, 313. 

his tOl'o gy, description of cells and tissues, 
368. 

hOar'y, frost-coloi^ed, grayish- white. 

ho mog'a mous, head with all the flowers 
alike, as to the stamens and pistils. 

ho'mo ge'ne ous, of the same kind. 

hon'ey, honey-bee, 458. 

hood. (See calyptra, 518.) 

hooded. (See cucullate.) 

hOrn'y, of the texture of horn. 

hOr'tus siccus, the herbarium, dry garden, 3. 

hii'nii fuse, spreading on the ground. 

hy'a line, transparent, or nearly so. 

hy'brid, a cross-breed between two species. 

hy'per bo'rean, inhabiting northern regions. 

hypo (in Greek compounds), under ; as, 

hyp'o era ter'i f6rm, salver-form, 102. 

hyp'o ge'an, growing under ground. 

hy pog'y nous, 95, 119. 

Im'bri -eate, imbricated, 257, 339. 

m mar' gin ate, having no rim or border. 

m mersed'. (See submersed.) 

n ax'i al root, 201. 

n clged, divided deeply as if cut, 310. 

n eluded, enclosed within, or shorter than, 
as the stamens in the corolla. 

n -eras sate, thickened. 

neum'bent (sc. embryo), 183. 

n'de his' cent', not opening, 148. 

n def i nite, 118. 

n dig'e nous, native of a country. 

n du'pli eate, 337. 

n du'si um, the shield of the fruit-dot (sorus) 
of a fern. 

n fe'ri or, lower in position. 

n fleet'gd, bent inward, inflexed. 

n'flo res' fence. 341, etc. 

n'fun dib'u li f6rm, funnel-shaped, 102. 

n'nate (sc. anther), 114. 

n sert'ed, insertion, refer to the point of junc- 
tion or apparent origin. 

n tgg'u ment, a coat or covering. 

n'ter n5de, 220. 

n'ter pet'i o lar, between the petioles. 



INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 



203 



In'ter rupt'ed ly pinnate, 302. (Fig. 358.) 
in trOrse' {anthers), turned inward, 114. 
In'vo lu'cre, involucel. 347, 
in'vo lute, rolled inward, 253. (Fig. 287.) 
Ir reg'u lax flowers, 83, 101. 

joint'ed, having joints, separable pieces. 
ju'gum, a pair ; as, bijugous, with two pairs 
of leaflets; trijugous, three pairs. 

keel, keeled. (See carinate.) 
kidney-shaped. (See reniform, 295.) 
kingdoms of Nature, 12-14. 

a bel'lum ; the odd petal of an orchid, 101. 

I'bi ate, hp-shaped, 103. 

ac'er ate, torn irregularly by deep incisions. 

a cin'i ate, slashed, with deep incisions. 

ac tgs'cent, containing lac, or milk. 

ac u nOse', having lacunce. or holes. 

a cus trine, growing in lakes. 

5m'i na, the blade of a leaf , a thin plate, 271. 

an'ce o late, lance-shaped. (Fig. 317.) 

a nu'gi nOse, woolly, 312. 

a'tex, (1) the turbid or milky juice of plants ; 

(2) vessels. 
ac tff'er ous tissue, 408. 
atin names of plants, 25, 26. 
ayer. (See stolon, 217.) 
eaf, 271, etc.; structure of, 431, etc. 
eaf-bud, 244, etc. 

eaf 'let, the piece of a compound leaf, 301. 
eaf -stems, 222. 
eg'ume, 165. 
ens, 7. 

en tte'ti lar, shaped like a convex lens. 
li'ber, the inner bark, 412. 
I 'chens, 11 kens', 519. 
ig'ne oils system, 399. 
ig'u late, strap-shaped, 103. 
ig files, the stipules of grasses, 279. 
H'i a'ceous flower, 100. 
imb, the border, 91. 
In'e ar, long and narrow, 297. 
lin metis, 468. 

iv'id, clouded with bluish, brown, and gray. 
O'bate. lobed, 294. 

8c '1i li cl'dal, opening into the ceU, 148. 
o cus'ta, a spikelet of the grasses. 
O'ment, a jointed legume, 165. 
rate', thong-shaped. 
u'nate, crescent-shaped. 
y'-eo po'di a'ce se, 487. 
y'rate, pinnatifid, with the upper lobes much 

larger than the lower, 293. 

m3e ros (in Greek compounds), long. 

maVfi late, spotted or blotched. 

male (flowers), same as staminate. 

mar ces'cent, withering, but persistent, 109. 

mar 'gin al, belonging to the border. 

mar'gin ate, having the border different. 

me dul'la, pith. 

mfid'ul la ry rays, 414. 

mgd'ul la ry sheath, 414. 

mSm'bra na'ceous, membranous, thin and 

pellucid, 315. 
mgr'i carp, one of the carpels of a cremocarp 

of an umbellifer. (Fig. 177.) 
mer ous. consisting of parts. 
me" tab'O lism, 429. 
ml'cro pyle, 177 ; same as foramen, 
ml'ero scope, 8. 

mid'rib, the central vein of a leaf, 282, 
mid' vein (used in this work) } 283, 



min'er al, 13. 

mit'ri fQrm, formed like a conical cap. 
monos (in Greek compounds), one only ; as, 
mOn'a delph'ous, 120. 
mo nan'drous, 1-slamened, 118. 
mo nil'i f6rm (roots), 204. 
m5n'o car'pic herbs, 42. 
mon'o chla myd'e ous (flowers), 66. 
mon'o cQt'y le'dOns, 180, 284. 
mo noe-cious, 67. 

mo nog'y nous, with one style, 124. 
mon'o pet'a lse. (See gamopetake, 513.) 
mono pet'a lous, 90, 91. 
mo n5ph'yl lous, 1-leaved. 
m5n'o sgp'al loiis. fiO, 91. 
mfin'strous flowers, 334. 
mor phOl'o gy, 19 ; of the leaf, 271. 
movements of fluids, 431. 
mu'cro, a sharp, small, abrupt point. 
mu'cro nate, 307. 
mul'ti (in composition), many. 
mul ti fid, cut half-way into many segments. 
mu'ri cate, bearing short, hard points. 
mu'ri fQrm, like a wall of mason-work. 
mus -eol'o gy, a treatise on mosses. 
mu'ti cose, pointless, not pointed. 
my ce'li um, the thallus of the fungi, usually 
concealed, 519. 

na'ked seeds, 147. (Fig. 166.) 

na'pi f6rm (root), 203. 

na'taut, swimming ; under water. 

nat'u ral Ized, growing spontaneously, but not 
native. 

nat'u ral orders, 458, 463, 465, 497. 

natural system, 504, 506, etc. 

nec'tar, honey. 

nectarv 77. 

ne peh'thes, 322. (Fig. 391.) 

nerves, the veins (282) are sometimes so called. 

ngt'ted or net-veined. (See reticulate, 284.) 

nea'tral flower, 68. 

nOd'ding, nutant, the summit bent over, as in 
snowdrop. 

node, a joint of the stem, 220. 

no dose', knotted, large-jointed. 

nOd'u lose (root), 204. 

nO'men clat'ure, 25, 498. etc. 

nOr'mal, according to rule, regular. 

nu'ci f6rm, nut-like. 

nti sel'liis, kernel (sc. of ovule), 140, 172, cen- 
tral body in cell. 

nu cle'o lus, dense body within a nucleus. 

nu'cle us, dense spherical mass of protoplasm 
in a cell. 

nut. (See glans, 155.) 

ob (in composition) denotes inversion ; as, 

Ob'-eom pressed', flattened back and front. 

ob -eOr'date, 307. 

ob Ian ce o late, 290. 

ob lique', unegual-sided, as the leaves of elm. 

5b long, 2«9. 

ob Ovate, 290. 

ob tuse', 307. 

Ob'vo lute (in aestivation), 258. 

Och'rea, sheathing stipules, 279. 

Oeh'ro leu'-eose, cream color, pale yellow. 

octo (in Greek composition), eight. 

oc tSn'drose, having 8 stamens. 

oc tog'y nOse, having 8 styles. 

off sgt, a short lateral shoot, 218. 

oligos (in Greek composition), few ; as, 

ol'i gSn dria, with few stamens. 

01'i va'ceoiis, olive-green, brownish-green. 



204 



INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 



o paque', dull, not shining. 

o per'-eu lar, with a lid, 114. 

Op po site, two at a node, 215, 262. 

or ble'u lar, orbiculate, circular, 289. 

Or'thi da'ceous, 101. 

or gan'ic world, 12. 

fir gan Og'ra phy, 19. See structural botany. 

or thOt'ro pous (ovule), erect, 141. 

Os'se ous, bony, as the peach-stone. 

O'val, 289. 

ovate, 288. 

Ova ry, 125. 

Ovoid, egg-shaped, as in fruits. 

O'viile, the young seed, 138. 

pS'le se or pales, 108, 349. 

pa'le a ceo us, chaffy, having pales. 

palm. 422. 

paT mi -veined, 285. 

pal mate, 295. 

pan du ri fOrm, fiddle-shaped. 

pan i ele, 360. 

pa nie'ti late, panicled. 

pa pil'io na ceous, 101. 

pap pus the calyx of composites, 104. 

par a! lei- veined, 284. 

par a sites, 209. 

pa ren'-ehy ma, 396. 

pa rle tal, on the wall {paries), 133. 

p rt ed, deeply divided into parts. 

pat ent, wide open. 

pat'u lous, half open. 

pear-shaped, obovoid, larger above. 

pec'ti nate, combed, finely pinnatifid. 

pgd ate, shaped like a bird^sfoot, 2 ( .6. 

pgd'i eel, peduncle, 343. 

pgl'tate, shield-form, 295. 

pgnd'ent, pendulous, hanging, drooping. 

pSn i cil late, with a tuft of hairs, as if a 

camel' 's-hair pencil. 
pen tamer ous, 5-parted. 
pen tan'drous, with 5 stamens, 118. 
pen'te (in Greek composition), five. 
pe po, a fruit like a melon. 161. 
per gn ni al, living several years, 43. 
perfect flower, ( 2 ) with both stamen and 

pistil. 
per fO'li ate, through the leaf, 311. 
peri {in Greek composition), around ; as, 
per'i Snth, 53, 87 ; forms of, 93. 
pgr'i earp, 146 ; forms of, 1E0. 
per'i gyn i urn, 107. 
pe rig y nous, 96, 119. 
pgr i sperm, same as albumen, 179. 
per sist'ent, remaining long in place, 109. 
pgr son ate, 103 
pgt'al or pe'tal,/row wstoXov, one of thefoli- 

aceous expansions of the corolla, 52 ; forms 

of, 89. 
pgt'al oid, resembling petals. 
petal oi'de as, 483. 
pet i Ole, 274. 
pgt'i o late, 271. 
pgt'i o lule, 276. 
phan'e ro ga'mia, 467, 471, 472. 
phyl 10'di urn {plural phyllodia), 321. 
phyl lo tax'y, leaf -arrangement, 261. 
phys'ies, 16. 
phys. i Ol'o gy, 21, 368. 
phy tOl'o gy {Greek, phytos, a plant), 23. 
pi lose', with erect, thin hairs, 313. 
pin 'nate, 302. 
pin nat'i fid, 293. 
pin nat'i sgct. See pinnatifid. 
pls'til, 56, 123. 



pitcb'ers {leaves). {See ascidia, 322.) 

pith, 414. 

pitted cells, 387. 

pit ted, with depressions or excavations. 

pla cgn'ta. 127 ; free axile, lo5. 

plan of the flower, 58. 

plant defined, 14. 

plant growth, 409. 

plicate, plaited lengthwise as a fan, 254, 340. 

plu mo8e',feathe?y. 

plumule, a little plume, 31, 180. 

pOlien, 111, 121. 

pollen-tube, 450. 

p51 li nation, 443. 

p51 lin I a, masses of pollen, 434. 

pOl i (in Greek compounds), many / as, 

p51 y a del'phous, K0. 

p51 y an 'dr otis, having many stamens. 

po lyg a moiis, with some imperfect flowers. 

pol y pgt'al se, 476. 

pol y pgt'al ous, pOl y sgp'al oiis, 90. 

pome, a fruit like an apple, 162. 

pOs te ri or, next the axis. 

potted plants, 428. 

po ta'tOj manner of its growth, 238. 

pre co'ciotis, flowering before the leaves. 

pre fo li a'tion, vernation, 252. 

pre mOrse', ending abruptly, 235. 

press for drying plants, 6. 

prick les, 392. 

prl'mine, same as testa, 173. 

prig mat ic, prism-shaped, having several par- 
allel, longitudinal angles. 

pro cum'bent (stem), 212. (Fig. 248.) 

pro duced', extended more than usual. 

proliferous, reproducing / as cymes from 
the midst of a cyme, flowers from the midst 
of a flower. 

pros en thy rua, 398. 

pro tOph'y ta, 494. 

pro 'to pia§m, 368, 369. 

pru i nose, powdered, as if frosted, 314. 

pruri ens, causing an itching sensation. 

pseu'do (in Greek composition), spurious, 
false. 

pu bgs'cent, downy, with short, soft hairs. 

pu ber u lent, minutely downy. 

pu'mi lose (pumilus), dwarfed in size. 

pun-etate, seeming as if perforate, or marked 
with minute dots. 

pun gent, piercing, sharp-pointed. 

pu tJi men, the bony nucleus of a drupe. 

py rami dal, form of a cone or pyramid. 

pyr'i fOrm, of the form of a pear. 

pyx'is, a pericarp with a lid, 163. 

qtiad'ri (in composition), four ; as, 

quad ran'gu lar, four-angled. 

quad ri fO'li &te, four-leaved. 

quad'ri jugate, with four pairs of leaflets. 

quad'ri lat'er al, four-sided. 

quin'que (in composition), five. 

qui 'nate, growing in fives, £06. 

quin eun'cial, 339. (Fig. 300.) 

quin'tu -pie, five-fold. 

race (Latin, stirps), a permanent variety, as 

red -cabbage, 456. 
ra ceme', 358. 

ra'chis, axis of the inflorescence, 301, 343. 
ra'di ate, diverging from a common center. 
radiate (in the composites), the outer row of 

florets ligulate. (Fig. 388.) 
ra di ant, outer flowers enlarged {and often 
neutral, Fig. 271). 



INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 



205 



rSd'I ea\,from the root, 262. 

radical (of the flower), 65. 

rad'i -ele, rootlet (of the embryo)., 31, 180. 

ra'mal (of a branch), 262. 

ra'phe (of the ovule or seed), 141. 

raph'i des, 375. 

rays, 359, 362. 

re cep'ta -ele, 57. (See torus.) 

re curved', bent (not rolled) backward. 

re flexed', curved backward excessively. 

re fract'ed, bent back suddenly, as if broken. 

rgg'ma, fruit as of geranium, 168. 

rgg'u lar, like parts similar, corresponding. 

ren'i form, kidney- shaped, 295. 

re pand' (margin), 310. 

re'pgnt, creeping (sc. stems, 232). 

reVpi ration, 427. 

re su'pi nate, reversed, upside down. 

re tic u late, netted, 388. 

re trOrse, backward, doivnward. 

re tuse' (apes), 307. (Fig. 367, c.) 

rev'o lute, rolled backward, 256. 

rha'chis, same as rachis. 

rhi zO'ma, rhizome, 230, 233. 

rhOm'bie, rhomboidal, in the figure of a 

rhomb, or approaching it. 
ribs, the chief veins of a leaf, ridges. 
rin'gent (corolla), 103. 
rings of wood, 414. 
root, 197. 
root-cap, 419. 
root-stock, 233. 
ro sa'ceoiis (corolla). 100. 
rOs'trate, beaked, with a beak. 
ro su late (leaves), arranged around the base 

of the stem, as the petals of a rose, 262. 
rotate, wheel-shaped, 10 1. 
ro ta'tion, circulation of fluids in the cell. 
ru'bi -eund, blushing, rosy red. 
rii'di ment, a minute part. 
ru gOse, wrinkled, 315. 

rii'ml na'ted (albumen), /wZ£ of chinks, as if 
"composed of numerous folds. 
run ci'nate, hooked backward, 293. 
riin'ner, 219. 

sae -eha rOm'y ces, 410. 
s&g'it tate, arrow-shaped, 291. 
saTver-shaped. (See hypocrateriform, 102.) 
sa ma'ra, 154. 

sap, the watery fluid taken up by the root and 
moved through the vessels up to the leaves, 431. 
sap-wood. 

sar'^o c : irp (of the drupe), 156. 
sea'brous. rough, 312. 
sea lar'i form (cells), ladder-shaped, 378. 
scales, 319. 
scale-stems, 79, 230. 
se ah' dent, climbing. 
scape, 344. 
scarious, 315. 

sefit'tered, sometimes used for alternate, 
scl'on or cl'on, 218. 
s«16r en' €hjf'ma, 390. 
s^le'rose, hard, bony. 
seor'pi oid (inflorescence), 365. 
s-ero ble'fi late, pitted, with little depressions. 
sea-green, light-bluish green, glaucescent. 
sS'-eund, all on one side, or turned one way. 
seVun dine, same as tegmen, 172. 
seed, 172 ; vitality of, 185 ; dispersion of, 186. 
seed-coverings, 173. 
sem'i (in composition), half ; as, 
sSm'I cSr'date, half of cordate. 
s6m'i lu'nar, half -moon shaped. 



sem'i sag'it tate, partly sagittate. 

se'pal or sepal, one of the foliaceous parts of 

the calyx, 51. 
sep'a loid, sepal-like. 
sep'ti cid'al (dehiscence), 148. 
sep tif ra gal (dehiscence), 148. 
sgp turn, a partition between two spaces. 
se ri'ceoiis, silky, 312. 
se rot'i noiis, occurring late in the season. 
ser'rate, serrulate, 309. 
ses'sile, sitting, not stalked, 125, 271. 
setae, 106. 

se ta'ceous, bristle-form. 
se'toiis, setigirous, bearing bristles, 313. 
sheath, sheathing, as the leaves of the grasses, 

275. 
shrub, 45. 

sil'ique, silicle, 166. 

sill quos, bearing siliques (as the crucifers). 
silver-grain (of wood), 414. 
simple, of one piece, not compound. 
sin'is trQrse', twining from right to left. 
sln'u ate, 294. 
slips, 218. 

soTi ta, ry, growing alone, or singly. 
s51v'ent axis, 47. 
so'ri, patches of fruit in ferns. 
so ro sis, 171. 
spa'dix, 356. 

spSthe, spathaceous, 346. 
spat'u late (leaf), 290. 
spe'cieg, 27, 455. 
spe cif 'ic name, 26. 
spec'i mens (of plants), 2, 5. 
spike, spicate, 355. 
spike let, a little spike, as in a grass. 
spine, a woody thorn, 327. 
spindle-shaped (root), 203. (Fig. 238.) 
spiral arrangement (of leaves), 263. 
spiral cells or vessels, 386. 
sponge let, spongiole, 199. 
spores, 184. 

spur, a projecting, slender appendage, 78. 
squar rose', spreading widely, as the involu- 

cral scales of some composites. 
stages of plant life, 31. 
sta'mens, 55, 110. 
stam'i nate flower, 67. 
stam'i no di a, 117. 
starch, 374. 

stem, or ascending axis, 211. 
ster'lle, not bearing seeds, 67. 
stig'ma, stigmatic, 125, 129. 
stings, 393. 
stipe, the stalk of the ovary or ovaries; also, 

the stem of a mushroom. 
stl'pels, stipellate, 279. 
stip'i tate, on a stipe. 
stip'ules, stipulate, 272, 277. 
stolon, 217. 

stOl'o nif 'er oiis, producing stolons. 
stO'ma, 394, etc. 

strap-shaped, fat, narrow, and straight. 
strict, erect and very straight. 
stri gOse', with sharp, close, rigid hairs. 
strOb'ile (fruit), 169. 
strO'phi o late, having an appendage (stro- 

pldole or caruncle) about the hilum. 
struc'tur al botany or organography, treats of 

the organs or parts of plants, of their forms 

and uses. 
style, 126. 
styloid, style-like. 
sub (in composition), slightly, 317. 
sub'e rose, corky in texture. 



206 



INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 



sub-kingdoms, 473. 

su bu late, awl-shaped, 299. 

su-e'-eu lent, very juicy and cellular, 315. 

sucker, 216. 

suf fru tes'cent, woody at the base only. 

sulfate, furrowed. 

su pe ri or, 97, l J8. 

superior calyx, calyx adherent to ovary. 

superior ovary, ovary free from calyx. 

su per vo lute', 340. 

su pra, above. 

su pra-ax il la ry, situated above the axil. 

su pra de e5in pound, very much divided. 

sus pend ed (ovule), 139. (Fig. 1^8.) 

sut'tir al (dehiscence), 148. 

sword-shaped, as the vertical leaves of iris. 

sy -eo nus, fruit, such as the Fig., 170. 

symmetry (of the flower), 60, c, 69. 

sym pet al oils, with petals united. 

sym phyl'lous, with peHanth leaves united. 

syn (in Greek compounds), together, union. 

syn an ther ous, with anthers united. 

syn -ear pi um, 109. 

syn ear pous, with carpels united. 

syn'ge ne'gi ous, 120. 

sys'tem at ic botany, 451, etc. 

taper-pointed. {See acuminate, 307.) 

tap-root, 203. 

taw ny, fulvous, dull yellowish-brown. 

tax 5n'6 my, the science of classification. 

tfig'men, the inner seed- coat, 140, 172. 

tendril, 228, 324. 

ter a tol o gy, 334. 

te rete', cylindrical, or nearly so. 

term of plant life, 39, etc. 

ter mi nal, situated at the end or apex. 

ter'mi nolo gy. See nomenclature, 498. 

ter'nate (.leaves), in threes, 303. 

tes'sel la'ted, checkered, as a pavement. 

tes t;'i, the outer seed-coat, 140, 172, 173. 

teVru (in Greek composition), four. 

tet ra dyn'a mous, 119. 

te trag o nal, with four corners. 

te trag'y noiis, with four pistils. 

the'ca, thecae, sporangia or spore-cases. 

thorn, 327. 

throat, orifice of a monopetalous corolla. 

thyrse (thirs), 360. 

tis sues, 409. 

to men tose', with short, dense, woolly hairs, 
312. 

top-shaped, inversely conical. 

tO'rus, same as receptacle, 57, 84. 

tSr'u lose, swollen at intervals. 

tree, 46. 

tri (in Greek compounds), three ; as, 

trl'a delph'ous, the stamens in three sets. 

tri an'drous, having three stamens. 

tri eoe'eous (fruit), with three 1-seeded car- 
pels. 

trl'-eol ored (tricolor), with three colors. 

tri en'ni al, lasting three years. 

tri fid, split half-way into three parts. 

tri fo li ate, with three leaflets, 303. 

trig y nous, having three styles, 124. 

tri io bate, having three lobes, 296. 

tri me'rous, ^-parted, 65. 

tri part a ble, sepa able into three parts. 

tri part Ite, more deeply split than trifid- 

triple-veined, 2^5. (Fig. 319.) 

tri pln'nate, thrice pinnate, 304. 

tri que'trous, three angled, 238, 339. 

tri ter'nate, thrice ternate, 305. 

trune'ate, 307. (Fig. 387, d.) 



trunk (of a tree), 225. 

try ma., fruit, as the hickory-nut, 157. 

tube, 91. 

tu" ber, 237. 

tu ber'eu lar, £04. 

tu ber'eu late, covered with warts (tubercles). 

tu bu lar corolla, 102. 

tu'mid. swollen or inflated. 

tu ni *ate, coated, as the bulb, 242. 

tur'bi nate, shaped like a top. 

tu ri on. young shoot, as of asparagus. 

typ it- al flower, 60. (Figs. 8-11.) 

unvbel, 359. 

um bel late, bearing umbels. 

um'bel let, a partial umbel. 

um bll'i eate, with a sharp depression at end. 

un armed', with no stings, thorns, etc. 

un ci nate, hooked. 

under shrub, a low shrub, 45. 

un dti late, wavy, 310. 

un e qual ly pinnate, 302. 

un gui-e'u late (petal), having a claw, 88. 

uni (in compounds), one ; as, 

u ni cel'lu lar plants. 

u ni fO'li ate, with one leaf or leaflet. 

u'ni fOrm, of one form. 

u ni lat er al, 1-sided. 

u ni lOe'u lar, 1-celled. 

u'ni valved, with but one valve. 

fir ce o late, urn-shaped, 102. 

utri -ele (fruit), 152. 

vagi nate, sheathing; the flattened petiole 
involving the stem. 

valv ate, 257, 337. 

valves, valvular, 114, 148. 

va ri e ties, 28. 

vas -eu lar tissue, 396. 

vaulted, arched. 

veg e ta tion, or physiology of plant life, 368. 

veins, 282. 

vein lets, vein'u lets, 283. 

ve na tion (of the leaf). 282. 

ven'tri cose, swelling out on one side. 

ventral, belonging to the front side. 

vtr nal, appearing in the Spring-time. 

ver nation (of the leaf bud), 252. 

ver'ru cose, covered with warts (verruca). 

ver'sa tile (anther), 114. 

vertex, the summit, same as apex. 

ver'tie- al, in the direction up and down, or 
parallel with the axis. 

ver tic'il late, whorled, 215, 262. 

ver ti cil las ter, 366. 

ves per tine, appearing in the evening. 

ves'sels, 402. 

vex'il la ry (aestivation). (Fig. 425.) 

vex il lum, banner, 101- (Figs. 59, 60.) 

vil lose', with long, weak hairs, 312. 

vl min'e oils, with long, flexible shoots, osier- 
like. 

vlr gate, twiggy, long, slender. 

vine, 228. 

vis cid, viscous, sticky or glutinous. 

vl tal'ity of seeds, 185. 

vitta, vittue, the minute oil-tubes in the fruit- 
coat of the wnbellifera. 

v51va, membrane inclosing the young fungus. 

wedge-shaped, tapering to the base. 
whorl, a ci: cle of similar organs. 

witch-grass, 231. 
wood, 372, 415. 
wood cells, 399. 
woody plants, 44. 



INDEX AND GLOSSARY. 



207 



xan thfc, yellowish. 

xen og a my, the fertilization of a flower, by 

pollen from a flower of another plant, of the 

same species ; cross-fertilization. 
xer'O phlles, plants that require great heat 

and little moisture, or plants especially 

adapted to arid regions. 1-epos, dry, $iAeu), 

/ love ; hence, plants that delight in dry 

places. 
xy'lem, wood. From £v\ov. 
xy'lo €arp, j-vkov, wood, Kapnos, fruit ; hence, 

hard and woody fruit. 



yeast plant, 411. (Fig. 513.) 

zo oTo gy, 17. 

zo 5f ' 11 us, from the Greek &ov, animal, and 

0vtoi, plant; pertaining to plants whose 

pollination is accomplished by the agency of 

insects or other animals. 
zO'O phyte, 493. 
zO'O spOre, 493. 
zyg'O spore, spore formed by the union of two 

cells, (jv/jlov, a yoke, o-nopa, a seed / hence, a 

yoked or united seed. 



ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS 



§ BOTANICAL TERMS OFTEN RECURRING IN DESCRIPTIONS 



nek. achenia. 
ast. {estivation. 
(titer, alternate. 
amplex. amplexicaul. 
anth. anther. 
axill. axillary. 
col. calyx. 
caps, capsule. 
cor. corolla. 
eyp. cypsela. 
decid. deciduous. 
diam. diameter. 
ellip. elliptical. 
emarg. emarginate. 
epig. epigynons. 
/. or ft. feet. 
fit. filaments, 
fl. flower ; fie. flowers. 



fr. fruit. 

gl. glume ; gls. glumes. 
hd. head ; hds. Leads. 
hyp. bypogynous. 
imbr. imbricate. 
inf. inferior. 
invol. involacre. 
irreg. irregular. 
leg. legume. 
If. leaf; Ivs. leaves. 
Ifts. leaflets. 
lorn, loment. 
opp. opposite. 
ova. ovary. 
pap. pappus. 
ped. peduncle. 
pet. petals. 
perig. perigynous. 



perig. perigyniom. 

pis. pales. 

pn. pinnae. 

pnl. pinnulse. 

recep. receptacle 

reg. regular. 

rhiz. rhizoma. 

rt. root. 

sc. scale, scales. 

sds. seeds. 

seg. segment. 

sep. sepals. 

st. stem. 

sta. or stam. stamens 

stig. stigmas. 

stip. stipules. 

sty. styles. 

var. variety. 



$ TIMES OP FLOWERING, AND LOCALITIES. 



1. Names of the Months and Seasons are abbreviated in the usual manner, as, Jan 
January ; Apr. April ; Spr. Spring ; Aut. Autumn ; Sum. Summer ; &c. 

2. The names of States and Territories of the U. S. are abbreviated precisely ae in 
other works, thus :— Ala. Alabama ; Ark. Arkansas ; Conn. Connecticut, &c. 

3. Sections of States are thus designated : — N. N. Y. Northern New York; W. Pa 
Western Pennsylvania ; E. Fla. East Florida ; S. 111. Southern Illinois, «fec. 

4. Names of foreign Countries :—Eur. Europe ; Afr. Africa ; S. Afr. South Africa , 
Aust. Australia ; Can. Canada ; Mex. Mexico ; S. Am. South America &c. 

5. E. East, Eastward, indicates the States of the Atlantic seaboard from Maine to Vir- 
ginia inclusive ; N-E. or N. Eng. denotes the New England States. 

6. M. is used to denote the Middle States ; viz., N. Y., Penn., N. J., and Del. 

J. N. North, Northward, indicates generally the territory north of 42° N. latitude. 

8. N-W. Northwest, indicates Wis., Minn., and parts of HI. and Mich. 

9. 8. South, Southward, is used to indicate the Southern States in general, — all lying 
south of Virginia and Kentucky. 

10. S-W. Southwest, viz., Mise., La., Ark., and perhaps Tennessee and Texas 

11. W. West, denotes tho States lying due north of Tennessee and Arkansas. 



ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS. 



209 



§ SIGNS. 



00 An annual Herb. 

(g) A biennial Herb. 

If. A perennial Herb. 

h An undershrub, deciduous. 

£> An undershrub, evergreen. 

£> A Shrub, deGidaous. 

*) A Shrub, evergreen. 

3 A Tree, deciduous. 

J) A Tree, evergreen. 

\> An herbaceous Vine, (I) or (J). 

i? A perennial Vine, u . 

^> Woody Vine, deciduous. 



"£> Woody Vine, eveigreon. 
L^, Trailing Herb, ® or ®. 
L^ Trailing Herb, if. 
^ An aquatic Plant. 
$ Flowers perfect. 
$ Flowers staminate. 
? Flowers pistillate. 
8 Monoecious. 
& ? Dioecious. 
$ ¥ 9 Polygamous. 
Wanting, or none. 
00 Numerous, or indefinite. 



tat 



the end of the description. 



§ A Plant introduced and naturalized ; 

t Plant cultivated for ornament ; 

X Plant cultivated for use ; 

o=» Cotyledons accumbent; \ 

•j Cotyledons incumbent ; >used only in the Cruciferae. (Page 34.) 

o)) Cotyledons condnplicate ; J 

! (Note of exclamation), used technically, denotes certainty. 

? (Note of interrogation), implies doubt or uncertainty. 

f (with or without a period), a foot \ 

' (a single acute accent), an inch > after a number. 

" (a double accent), a line =1-12 of an inch. . ) 



% AUTHORS' NAMES CITED IN THIS WORX. 



Adans. 


Adanson. 


Dm. 


Diileniaa 


1. DC. 


Alphonsc Do Candolle. 


Desv. 


DesvaoA. 


Alt. 


Alton. 


Dougl. 


Douglas. 


AM. 


Allione. 


Ehrh. 


Ehrhart. 


Anders. 


Andersson. 


Ml. 


EUiott. 


Arn. 


Arnott. 


Endl. 


Endlicher. 


A*ib. 


Aublet. 


Engel. 


Engelmann. 


Bart. 


Barton. 


Fisch. 


Fischer. 


BarU. 


Bartling. 


F. &M. 


Fischer & Meyer 


Beauv. 


Beauvois. 


Fred. 


Froelich. 


Benth. 


Bentham. 


Gart. 


Gaertner. 


Bernh. 


Bernhardt. 


Omd. 


Gmelin. 


Berl. 


Berlandier. 


Good. 


Goodenough. 


Bote. 


Boissier. 


Gr. 


A. Gray. 


Bong. 


Bongard. 


Gre~<. 


Greville. 


Bork. 


Borkhauseu. 


Griseb. 


Grisebach. 


Br. 


Brown. 


Gron. 


Gronovius. 


Bw. 


Bigelow. 


Hedw. 


Hedwig. 


Cass. 


Cassini. 


Eoffm. 


Hoffman. 


Cat. 


Cavanilles. 


Hook. 


Hooker (W. J.) 


Cham 


Chamiesc 


Hook.f. {JUius) 


Hooker (J. D.) 


Darl. 


Darlington. 


Hornem. 


Hornemann. 


DC 


De Candollk. 


Hvds. 


Hudson. [Kuntft 


Desf. 


Desfontaines. 


H. B. K. 


Humboldt, Bonptand & 


Dew. 


Dewey. 


Jacq. 


Jacanin. 



210 



ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS. 



AUTHORS' NAMES— (Continued). 



Juts. 


JtXSSIEU. 


Richn. 


Richardson. 


A. Just 


Adrien Jussieu. 


Rctm. 


Roemer. 


L. or Limi. 


LlNNJSTJS. 


Salisb. 


Salisbury. 


Lag. 


Lagasca. 


Schk. 


Schkuhr. 


Lam. 


Lamarck. 


Schrad. 


Schrader. 


Lamb. 


Lambert. 


Schreb. 


Schreber. 


Ledeb. 


Ledebour. 


Schult. 


Schultes. 


Lehm. 


Lehmann. 


Schw. 


Schweinitz. 


Lesq. 


Lesquereux. 


Scop. 


Scopoli. 


Lestib. 


Lestibudois. 


Ser. 


Seringe. 


L'Eer. 


L'Heritier. 


Soland. 


Solan der. 


Lindl. 


Lindley. 


Spreng. 


Sprengel. 


Mart. 


Martins. 


Steud. 


Steudel. 


Mich. 


Micheli. 


Sulliv. 


Sullivant. 


Michx. or Mx. 


Michaux. 


Thunb. 


Thunberg. 


Mx.f. 


Michaux (the younger). 


Torr. 


Torrey. 


MM. 


Miller. 


T.dk 0. 


Torrey & Gray 


Mitch. 


Mitchell. 


Tourn. 


Tournefort. 


Muhl. 


Muhlenberg. 


Trautv. 


Trautvetter. 


Nees. 


Nees von iSsenbeck. 


Trin. 


Trinius. 


Nutt. or N. 


Nuttall. 


Tuckm. 


Tuckennan. 


Pal. 


Pallas. 


Vaill. 


Vaillant. 


Pav. 


Pavon. 


Vent. 


Ventenat. 


Pert. 


Persoon. 


mi. 


Villars. 


Ph. 


Pursh. 


Wahl. 


Wahlenberg. 


Pluk. 


Plukenet. 


Walp. 


Walpers. 


Plum. 


Plumier. 


Walt. 


Walter. 


Poir. 


Poiret. 


Wangh. 


Wangenhelm 


R.Br. 


Robert Brown 


WiUd. 


Willdenow. 


Raf. 


Raflneeque. 


wm. 


Withering. 


Beichml 


Reichenhach. 


Wuif. 


Wulfcn. 


Bich. 


Wtituud. 







ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. 

Founded on the most obvious or artificial characters : designed as a key for 

the determination of the Order of any plant, native, or naturalized, 

or cultivated, growing within the limits of this Flora. 



+ ♦♦ 



KINGDOM. 

Sub-kingdom I. Flowering Plants PHANEROGAMIA. 

Class 1. Leaves net-veined. Flowers never completely 3-parted 
(mostly ty and $). Embryo with 2 cotyledons. Wood (if 
any) in annual circles. Seed in a vessel. Stigmas pres- 
ent ANGIOSPERMS, DICOTYLEDONES. 

Cohort 1. (A) Calyx and corolla present, petals separate . . .Polypetalae. 

Cohort 2. (B) Calyx and corolla present, petals more or less united. .Gamopetalae. 

Cohort 3. (C) Calyx present, but no corolla, or both wanting Apetalae. 

Class 2. Stigma wanting. Seed naked. Embryo with two or more 

cotyledons GYMNOSPERMS 

Cohort 4. (D) Cone-bearing plants (Pines, etc.) Coniferae, 

Class 3. Leaves parallel-veined (rarely netted). Flowers 3-parted. 
Bark, wood, and pith commingled. Embryo with but one 

cotyledon. Root not axial MONOCOTYLEDONES. 

Cohort 5. (E) Flowers on a spadix Spadiciflorae. 

Cohort 6. (F) Floral envelope in two 3-parted whorls, outer 

one green (Lillies, etc.) Petaloidae. 

Cohort 7. (G) Floral envelope, chaff-like (Grasses and Grains) Glumiferae. 

Sub-kingdom II. Flowerless Plants CRYPTOGAMIA. 

Class 1. Vascular Cryptogams (Ferns, and their allies) PTERIDOPHYTA. 

Cohort 1. (H) Stem, herbaceous, rooting, or tree-like Iacopodinae. 

Cohort 2. (I) Stem, stiff, channeled (Rushes) Equisetaceae. 

Cohort 3. (J) Stem a creeping Rhizome or erect leaves pin- 

ni-veined, veins forked (Ferns proper) Filicinae. 



A. Cohort I. POLYPETALOTJS DICOTYLEDONES. 

Herbs with the leaves alternate or all radical. . (12) 
Herbs with the leaves opposite on the stem. .(9) 
Shrubs, trees, or undershrubs . . (2) 
2 Flowers regular or nearly so. . (3) 
2 Flowers irregular (or the fruit a legume) (§ 165).. (r) 

3 Polyandrous,— stamens 3 — 10 times as many as the petals. . (4) 

3 Oligandrous, — stamens 1—2 times as many as the petals or fewer. .(6) 



212 ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. 

4 Leaves opposite . (s) 
4 Leaves alternate.. (5) 

5 Stamens on the torus or the hypogynous corolla, .(t) 
5 Stamens and petals on the calyx tube. . (v) 
6 Ovaries simple, distinct, or one only. Vines or erect shrubs, .(w) 
6 Ovary compound, and wholly adherent to the calyx (x) 
6 Ovary compound and free from the calyx or nearly so. . (7) 

7 Stamens opposite to the petals aud of the same number, .(y) 
7 Stamens alternate with the petals or of a different number. .(8) 
8 Leaves opposite on the stems . . (z) 
8 Leaves alternate, and compound..^) 
8 Leaves alternate and simple.. (zz) 
9 Polyandrous— stamens 3—10 times as many as the petals . . (m) 
9 Oligandrous,— stamens 1—2 times as many as the petals or fewer. . (10) 
10 Pistils separate and distinct, few or solitary, simple.. (n) 
10 Pistils united into a compound ovary free from the calyx. .(11) 
10 Pistils united into a compound ovary adherent to the calyx., (o) 
11 Stamens opposite to the petals and of the same number.. (p) 
11 Stamens alternate with the petals or of a greater number. . (q) 
12 Flowers regular or nearly so. Fruit never a legume . . (14) 
12 Flowers irregular (rarely regular and the fruit a legume). .(13) 
13 Stamens numerous, 3 or more times as many as the petals. . (k) 
13 Stamens few and definite, 4— 12. .(I) 

14 Stamens (or anthers) 3—10 times as many as the petals. .(15) 
14 Stamens few and definite. Ovary free from the calyx. .(17) 
14 Stamens few and definite. Ovary adherent to the calyx. . (J) 
15 Stamens hypogynous— inserted on the torus. .(16) 
15 Stamens perigynous— inserted on the corolla at the base, .(c) 
15 Stamens perigynous— inserted on the calyx at the base . . (d) 
16 Pistils few or many, distinct (at least as to the styles), .(a) 
16 Pistils (and styles if any) completely united . . (b) 
17 Pistils one, or indefinite aud distinct, simple . . (e) 
17 Pistils definitely—* 2 united, the short styles combined into one..(f) 
— * 2, 3 or 4 united, styles or stigmas, 2, 3, 4 or 6. .(g) 
— * 5, distinct or united, with 5 distinct styles, .(h) 
— * 5, united and the styles also combined into one. .(i) 

a Petals 5 or more, deciduous. Leaves never peltate Eanunchlaoe^:. 

a Petals 3 or numerous. Water plants with peltate leaves i Nymph^ace^ 

b Sepals 4 — 6, equal. Petals Qo, imbricated in the bud.. . . f 

b Sepals 5, equal. Petals 5, imbricate. Leaves tubular Sarraceniace-s:. 8 

b Sepals 5, unequal. Petals 5, convolute. Flowers of 2 sorts Cistace^e. 15 

b Sepals 2, with— bb 5 petals imbricated in the bud Portttlaccace^;. 20 

— bb 4 or 8 petals usually crumpled in bud Papaverace.«:. 9 

c Filaments united into a tube. Anthers 1-celled Malvace.^:. 23 

d Sepals 2, persistent, capping the lid of the pyxis Portulaccace^:. 20 

d Sepals 3—5, valvate in the bud. Pod long, 2-carpelled TrLiACEiE. 25 

d Sepals 3— 5.— dd Petals imbricate in bud. Fruits simple Rosacea. 44 

—dd Petals convolute in bud. Fruit compound Loasace^e. 55 

e Stamens opposite to the petals and of the same number. Pistil 1 only. .Berberldacee. 6 

e Stamens alternate with the petals or more numerous Rakuncxjxace^!. 1 

/ Stamens 6, tetradynamous. Pod 2-celled. Flowers cruciform CruciferjE. 11 

/ Stamens 4 — 32, not tetradynamous. Pod 1-celled Capparidace.e. 12 

g Sepals 5, unequal. Flowers perfect, numerous, minute Cistace.e. 15 

g Sepals 5, equal. Flowers monoecious. Herbs woolly or scurfy Order 113 



ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. 213 

g Sepals 5, or 3, equal, and the stamens twice as many Geraniace.e. 30 

g Sepals 5, and the stamens (anthers) of the same number, .(gg) 

gg Sterile filam. numerous, in several whorls. Climbing. . . Passielorace^e. 57 
gg Sterile filaments numerous, in 5 clusters. Herb erect — Saxieragaceje. 45 
gg Sterile filaments 0. .(*) 

* Flowers white, racemed. Climbing Order 106 

* Flowers yellow. Plants erect Turneracejs. 56 

* Flowers cyanic. Herbs stemless Droserace.<e. 17 

h Stamens 5, alternate with the 5 petals. Styles 5 or 3. Seeds 00 Lenaceje. 28 

h Stamens 5, opposite to the 5 petals. Styles 5, but the seed 1 Order 83 

h Stamens twice as many as the petals. .(M) 

hh Stamens 6. Leaves peltate Nymphjeace^e. 7 

hh Stamens 6—24, distinct Crassuxacejs. 46 

hh Stamens 10, united at base Geraniace^e. 30 

i Ovary 1-celled. Leaves all radical, spinescent, irritable Droserace^e. 17 

i Ovary 3-5 celled. Leaves mostly radical, not dotted Ordee 73 

i Ovary 3-5 celled. Leaves cauline, pinnate, dotted Rutace^e. 31 

j Style 1, but the carpels as many as the petals (2—6) Onagrace^:. 54 

j Styles 3 — 5, ovary 3-5-celled, 3-5-seeded, wholly adherent Araliace-s;. 64 

j Styles 3 — 8, ovary 1-celled, half adherent. Sepals 2 Portuxacace.e. 20 

j Styles 2, carpels 2, fewer than the (5) petals. — * Seeds several Saxieragace.e. 45 

— * Seeds 2 L t mbellieer.<e. 63 

k Ovaries many, or few, rarely 1, always simple Ranhnculace^e. 1 

k Ovary compound, 3-carpelled, open before ripe . Resedace^b. 13 

I Sepals (4 or 5) produced into 1 slender spur behind, petals 2 or 5 Geraniace^:. 30 

I Sepals 2 (or vanished), petals 4 (2 pairs) with 1 or 2 blunt spurs Fumariace.e. 10 

I Sepals 5, very unequal; petals 3. Stamens 6 or 8. No spur Poltgalaces:. 42 

I Sepals and petals each of the same number, viz . . (Jt) 

U 4, the flowers slightly irregular. Stamens 6 — 32. No spur Capparidacej3. 12 

U 4, the flowers moderately irregular. Stamens 8. A vine Sapindace^;. 37 

U 5, with 5 stamens, and generally a blunt spur Violace^e. 14 

U 5, with 10 or more stamens. No spur. Fruit a legume Leguminos^;. 43 

m Pistils many, entirely distinct, simple Ranunctjeacejs. 1 

m Pistils 3 — 5, united more or less completely Hypericace^e. 16 

m Pistils 5—10, united, with sessile stigmas and many petals Ficoide^e. 61 

n Pistil solitary, simple. Petals 6—9. Stamens 12—18 Berberidace^e. 6 

n Pistil 3 or more, distinct, simple. Flowers all symmetrical . . . . Crasstjxace^!. 46 

n Pistils 2, consolidated with the 5 stamens. Juice milky Order 100 

o Carpels as many as the sepals . {nri) 

O Carpels fewer in number than the sepals, .(oo) 

nn Anthers opening at the top. Flowers 4-parted Melastomace^e. 52 

nn Anthers opening laterally. Styles united into 1 Onagrace,e. 54 

nn Anthers opening laterally. Styles or stigmas distinct. . .Halorage^e. 48 

oo Each carpel oc -seeded. Styles 2 Saxieragace^e. 45 

oo Each carpel 1-seeded. Styles 2 or 3 Araliace^e. 64 

oo Each carpel 1-seeded. Style 1 (double) Cornace js. 65 

p Style 3-cleft at the summit. Flowers 5-parted Portulacace^e. 20 

p Style and stigma 1, undivided. Flowers 7-parted Order 81 

q Leaves pinnate, with interpetiolar stipules Ztgophyxlace^;. 29 

q Leaves simple, toothed or lobed. Flowers cruciform. Stamens 6 CRUCiEERiE. 17 

q Leaves simple, toothed or lobed. Flowers 5-merous. Stamens 10. . .Geraniace^;. 30 
q Leaves simple, entire . . (qq) 

qq Petals and stamens on the throat of the calyx - .... Lythraceje. 123 

qq Petals on the torus. .(*) 



214 ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. 

* Flowers irregular, unsymmetiical Polygalace^e. 42 

* Flowers regular, 2-(or 3-)parted throughout Elatinace^e. 18 

* Flowers regular, 5-parted. Leaves punctate Hyperic ace.e. 16 

* Flowers regular, 5-parted. Leaves dotless Caryoph yixace^e. 19 

r Pistil a simple carpel, becoming a legume. Stamens 10—100 Leguminos^e. 43 

r Pistil compound, viz..(?r.) 

rr 3-carpelled. Flowers perfect. Leaves digitate SapindacEuE. 37 

rr 3-carpelled. Flowers monoecious. Cultivated Begoniace^}. 59 

rr 5-carpelled.— * Stipules present. Cultivated Geraniace^e. 30 

— * Stipules none. Native Order 78 

s Stamens on the receptacle, in several sets. Leaves dotted Hypericaceje. 16 

8 Stamens on the receptacle, in 1 set. Lvs. fleshy. (S. Fla) . . Clusia. Guttiferje. (21) 
Stamens on the calyx . . (ss) 

ss Sepals, petals, and ovaries indefinite Calycanthace^e. 3 

ss Sepals, &c, definite. Leaves dotted, entire Myrtace^i. 51 

ss Sepals, &c, definite. Leaves dotless, entire Lythrace^e. 53 

ss Sepals, &c, definite. Leaves dotless, subdentate Saxifragace^e. 45 

t Filaments united into 1 set (monad elphous). Petals convoluted) 
t Filaments united into 1 or several sets. Petals imbricate, .(uu) 
t Filament distinct . . (tt) 

tt Petals 6, valvate, lurid. Erect shrubs ANONACEiE. 4 

tt Petals 3—9, imbricate. Trees or shrubs Magnoliace^e. 2 

tt Petals 4 — 8, imbricate. Climbing or trailing Menispermace^e. 5 

tt Petals 4, imbricated. Shrubs, S Capparidace.e. 12 

u Anthers 1-celled. Sepals valvate in the bud Maxvace.e. 23 

u Anthers 2-celled. Sepals valvate. Handsome tree Sterculiace.e. 24 

u Anthers 2-celled. Sepals imbricate. A large tree in S. Fla^CANELLACEjE. (22) 
uu Leaves punctate with pellucid dots, jointed to stalk. . Aurantiace.e. 32 
uu Leaves opaque. .(*) 

* Sepals valvate. Flowers small Tiliace^. 25 

* Sepals imbricate. Flowers large Came:l:liace2E. 26 

V Style 1, with many stigmas. Green fleshy shrubs Cactace^e. 60 

v Styles several or 1, each with 1 stigma. Woody trees or shrubs Eosace^e. 44 

v Style 1, with 1 stigma. Stam. in 5 sets, long, red, very showy Myrtace^e. 51 

w Trailing vines, with crimson fls. Ovaries OO, in a little spike Magnoliace^e. 2 

w Climbing vines, with white-greenish fls. Ova. 2 — 6, capitate Menispermace-.e. 5 

w Erect shrubs, with yellow flowers, 6-parted. Pistil only 1 Berberidace^e. 6 

w Erect shrubs (S. Fla.) with yellow fls. Pistils 5, 2-ovuled, 1-sded. . . SxtriakacEuE. (62) 
w Trees, with greenish fls.,—* and pinnate lvs. Pist. 3-5, 1-ovuled. . .Simarubace^e. 34 

— * and simple leaves. Follicles 3 — 5 Sterculiacejs. 24 

x Flowers 4-parted. Stamens 8. (Fls. red or roseate, drooping) . . . Onagrace^e. 54 
x Flowers 4-parted. Sta. 8. Fls. light yellow. Coasts, S. Fla..RHizopoRACE,E. (49) 

x Flowers 4-parted. Stamens 4. Flowers whitish, in cymes Cornace.e. 65 

x Flowers 5-parted . . (xx) 

xx Ovary 5-carpelled, 5-styled, 5-seeded Araxiace^e. 64 

xx Ovary 5-carpelled, 1-styled, 1-seeded. S. Fla Combretace^e. 50 

xx Ovary 2-4 carpelled, OO -seeded .., Saxifragace^e. 45 

y Leaves opposite. Stem climbing with tendrils or radicles . . Vitace^e. 41 
y Lvs. alternate. St. erect, or climbing without tendrils. . Khamnace<e. 40 

z Leaves simple. Stamens 5. Carpels 3—5, style 1, short Celastrace^e. 38 

z Leaves simple. Sta. 10. Carpels and sty. 3. S. Fla,. . ByrsonimaMAi,viGuiACBM. (39) 

z Leaves pinnate, or palmately lobed. Carpels and styles 2 or 3 Sapindace^e. 37 

z Leaves pinnate. .(*) 

* Stamens 10. Small tree with blue flowers. S. Fla Zygopbyxlace.e. 29 

* Stamens 2. Carpels 1 or 2. Style 1 Order 101 



ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. 215 

* Stamens 8. Carpel and style 1 Bctrseracejb:. 35 

yy Filaments 10, united into a tube or cup. Flowers in panicles Meliace^e. 21 

yy Filaments 6 — 10, distinct. Flowers small, white, in racemes Burseraceje. 35 

yy Filaments 6 — 10, distinct. Fls. small, white or hoary, paniculate. . Sapindace^e. 37 
yy Filaments 5, distinct.. (*) 

* Leaves pellncid-punctate Rtttace^e 31 

* Leaves opaque. Ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded Ahacardiace^e. 36 

zz Petals 4, yellow, strap-shaped, appearing in late Autumn Hamamelaceje. 47 

82 Petals 4 — 7, cyanic (rarely yellow), rounded or short, .(t) 

t Style 0, the stigmas 1, 4, or 5, sessile. Drupe 4-6-seeded Order 74 

t Styles (or stigmas) 3, but the drupe only 1-seeded Anacardiace^e. 3(: 

t Styles 3, capsule many-sded. Lvs. minute and scale-form. .Tamariscine^;. 24 bu> 
t Style 1,.. (X) 

% Capsule 3-seeded. Seeds with a scarlet aril Celastrace^e. 3£ 

% Caps. OO-seeded. Clusters fragrant. Lvs. evergreen. Cult. ..Pittosporack*. 
X Cftpsule with few or many seeds. Native shrubs Order 71 



B. Cohort 2. GAMOPETALOUS DICOTYLEDONES. 

% Stamens (6 — 00) more numerous than the lobes of the corolla. .(9) 
5 8tamens (2 — 12) fewer than the corolla lobes or of the same number. .(2) 
2 Ovary inferior, =adherent to the tube of the calyx.. (3) 
2 Ovary superior, = free from the tube of the calyx. . (4) 
3 Stamens cohering by their anthers . . (c) 
3 Stamens entirely distinct . . (d) 

4 Flowers regular and the stamens symmetrical.. (5) 
4 Flowers regular and the stamens reduced to 2 or 4. .(n) 
4 Flowers irregular. Stamens (except in 3 or 4 species) un symmetrical. .{(A 
5 Stamens opposite to the lobes of the corolla (and distinct)., (e) 
5 Stamens alternate with the corolla lobes (rarely connate).. (6) 
6 Shrubs, trees, with the carpels or stigmas 3 — 6..(/) 
6 Herbs 1-10-carpelled, or shrubs 2-carpelled . . (7) 
7 Ovary 1, deeply 4-parted or 4-partible, forming 4 achenia..(0) 
7 Ovaries 2, distinct (often covered by the stamens) . . (h) 
7 Ovary 1 compound,— * one-celled.. (k) 

— * two-six-celled, .(m) 
9 Flowers irregular (rarely regular and the fruit a legume).. (a) 
9 Flowers regular and the fruit never a legume (§ 165) . . (b) 

a Flowers 1- or 2-sided, with 1 or 2 blunt spurs. Stamens 6, in 2 sets. , .Order l< 
a Flowers 1-sided, no ^pur..(*) 

* Leaves compound. Fruit a legume Order 4?, 

* Leaves simple. Fruit 2-celled, 2-seeded Order 42 

* Leaves simple. Fruit 5-celled Ericaceae. 73 

b Corolla lobes convolute in bud. Stamens QO, united into 1 tube Order 23 

b Corolla lobes imbricate in bud. Stamens GO, in 1 or several seis Order 26 

Corolla lobes imbricate or valvate..(«) 

u Stamens 10—24. Styles 5—12 Order 46 

« Stamens 5 — 10. Style 1. Capsule 5-celled Ericaceae. 73 

M Stamens 8—00. Style 1. Nut 1-6-seeded Sttracace^r. 76 

u Btamcnw 8. Styles 4. Berry 8 seeded Esenacejb. T\ 

u Stamens 8. Style 1. Drupe 1-seeded Olaoaob^e. 80 (p. 447). 



216 ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. 

c Flowers in a compact head surrounded by an involucre Composite. 7C 

c Flowers separate, irregular, perfect. Plants erect or trailing LobeliacEjE. 71 

C Flowers separate, regular, imperfect. Weak vines Order 58 

d Leaves alternate. Flowers 5-parted, regular, separate Campanuxace^e. 72 

d Leaves alternate. Fls. irregular, 5-parted. S. Fla. .Sccevola. Goodeniace.e. (71f 

d Leaves opposite, with stipules between, or verticillate Rubiace^e. 67 

d Leaves opposite. Stipules none, .(v) 

v Stamens 5 — 4. Ovaries 2-5-celled Caprifoliace^e. 66 

v Stamens 2—3. Ovaries 1-celled Vaxerianace^e. 68 

v Stamens 4. Flowers capitate Dipsace^e. 69 

e Herbs. Ovary with 5 styles and but 1 seed Plumbaginace^e. 83 

e Herbs. Ovary with 1 style and many seeds Primulace^e. 81 

e Trees or shrubs. Appendages between the stamens Sapotacejs. 78 

1 Trees or shrubs. No appendages between the stam. S. Fla. . Mtrsesace^e. (79) 
/ Leaves opposite. Style 1. Drupe 4-seeded. Herbs, shrubs.. Verbsnace^e. 90 
/ Leaves alternate. . (w) 

w Drupe 4-6-seeded. Shrubs, trees Aquifoliace js. 74 

w Drupe 1-seeded. Thorny. S. Fla Ximenia. Olacace^e. (80) 

w Capsule 2-5-celled, OO-seeded Ericaceae. 73 

g Herbs, with alternate leaves, generally rough-hairy Borraginace^e. 92 

h Stigmas connate. Flower bud convolute Apoctnace^e. 9? 

h Stigmas connate. Flower bud valvate Asclepiadace^e. 100 

h Stigmas distinct. Flowers minute, yellow Convolvtjlace^e. 95 

k Ovule solitary. Corolla limb entire Order 103 

* Ovules several. Leaves cleft and lobed Htdrophyllace^e. 93 

k Ovules several. Leaves or leaflets entire.. (x) 

x Flowers not spicate Gentianace^e. 97 

x Flowers spicate > ._. 

,, ,. , ™ .. , f PLANTAGINACE.E. 82 

m Leaves all radical. Flowers spiked ... > 

m Leaves opposite. Ovary 2-celled Loganiaceje. 98 

in Leaves alternate.. (y) 

m Leaves opposite. Ovary 3-celled. Not twining. .) .. Polem oniace^. 94 

y Ovary 3-celled. Not twining > 

y Ovary 2-4-celled. Twining Convolvitlace.e. 95 

y Ovary 2-4-celled, 4-seeded. Erect Borraginace^e. 92 

y Ovary 2-celled, OO-seeded. — z Styles 2 HYDROPHYLLACEiE. 93 

—z Style 1 SolanacEjE. 96 

n Stamens 4. Ova. 4-(rarely 1- or 2-)celled, with as many sds. . Verbenace.e.90 

n Stamens 2. Ovary 2-celled, forming 1 or 2 seeds Oleaceje. 101 

Ovary deeply 4-parted, forming 4 (or fewer) achenia. .(p) 

O Ovary entire. 4-ovuled, 4- or fewer-seeded. Leaves opposite.. Verbenace^e. 90 

Ovary entire, OO-ovuled, 00- or several-seeded.. (s) 

p Leaves opposite. Stems square. Stamens 2 — 4 Labiatjs. 91 

p Leaves alternate. Stems round. Stamens 5 BoRRAGiNACEyE 92 

S Trees or climbing shrubs. Seeds winged Bigxoniace^e 89 

g Trees. Seeds not winged Scrophul. 88. Erect shrubs Ericaceje. 73 

Herbs. — ss Leafless parasites. Native. Ovary 1-celled OroranchacEjE. 85 

—ss Leafy at base or in the water. Flowers spurred . . Lentibulace^e. 84 
— ss Leafy. Flowers large, spurless. Ovary 1-celled. . .Gesneriace^e. 87 

— ss Leafy. Spurless. Fruit 4- or 5-celled § Bignoniace^:. 86 

— ss Leafy. Fruit 2-celled. . (t) 

1 Seeds on hooks or cups. Corolla mostly convolute Acanthace.*:. 89 

t Seeds without hooks. Corolla imbricated in the bud Scrophulariace^e. 88 

I Soeds without hooks. Corolla mostlv nlirAte Solanace^s. 96 



ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. 217 



C. Cohort 3. APETALOUS DICOTYLEDONES. 

^ Plaote herbaceous, the flowers not in aments (except Humulus, 114). . (2) 
1 Plants woody, — shrubs or trees . . (8) 

2 Flowers with a regular calyx (or a calyx-like involucre) . (3) 
2 Flowers achlamydeous, — neither calyx nor corolla. . (k) 

3 Calyx tube adherent to the ovary, limb lobed, toothed, or entire .(6) 
3 Calyx free from the ovary, sometimes enclosing it.. (4) 
1 Ovaries several, entirely distinct, each 1-styled, 1-ovuled . . (g) 
4 Ovary 1 only, simple or compound.. (5) 
5 Style or stigma 1 only. . (6) 
5 Styles or stigmas 2 — 12. . (7) 

6 Ovary 1-ovuled. bearing but 1 seed. .(g) 
6 Ovary many-ovuled, bearing many seeds. . (d) 
7 Ovary 1-3-ovuled, 1-3-seeded. .(e) 
7 Ovary 4- OO-ovuled, 4- QO-seeded. .(h) 
8 Flowers not in aments, with the leaves opposite . . (n) 
8 Flowers not in aments, with the leaves alternate. .(10) 
8 Flowers imperfect, the sterile only in aments . . (v) 
8 Flowers imperfect, both ihe fertile and sterile in aments.. (<r) 
9 Stamens 1 — 12, as many or twice as many as the stigmas, .(a) 
9 Stamens 2—10, not symmetrical with the 1 or 2 stigmas.. (ft) 
10 Style or stigma 1. Fruit 1-seeded. . (11) 
10 Styles or stigmas 2. . (s) 
10 Styles or stigmas 3—9. . (t) 

11 Calyx free from the ovary, .(p) 
11 Calyx adherent to the ovary, .(r) 

a Stigmas and cells of the ovary 1 — 4. Stamens 1—8 , Orders 48, or 54 

a Stigmas and cells of the ovary 6. Stamens 6 or 12. . .ARisTOLOCHiACEiE. 102 

b Styles 2. Ovary many-seeded. Stamens 8—10 Order 45 

b Style 1. Ovary 1- or 2-seeded. Stamens 5 Santalacile. 110 

e Flowers perfect. Calyx 4-lobed. Stamens 1 — 4 Order 44 

e Flowers perfect. Calyx entire, funnel-shaped, colored. .Nyctaginace^e. 101 

e Flowers diclinous. Calyx 4-5-parted, green Urticaoeje. 114 

d Stamens 4, opposite to the 4 sepals. Leaves numerous Order 5C 

d Stamens 4, opposite to the 4 sepals. Leaves about 6 Order 145 

d Stamens 5, alternate with the 5 sepals Order 81 

d Stamens GO. Leaves large and showy. Cultivated Order 9 

4 Fruit 3-(rarely 6-)seeded, with 3 (often cleft) styles Euphorbiace^:. 113 

e Fruit 1-seeded. Stipules sheathing the stems — Polygonace;E. 104 

6 Fruit 1-celled, mostly 1-seeded. Stipules none. (/) 

/ Calyx with scarious bractlets outside Amarantace^e. 107 

/ Calyx naked (double in 1 genus). Lvs. alternate. .Chen opodiace^e. 106 

/ Calyx naked. Leaves opposite Order 19 

g Stamens hypogynous — on the torus Order 1 

g Stamens perigynous — on the calyx Order 41 

h Leaves opposite. Fruit circumscissile, a pyxis Order 61 

h Leaves opposite. Fruit 4-5-valved, a capsule Order 19 

h Leaves alternate . (i) 

i Fruit 5-horned, 5-celled, a capsule Order 40 

i Fruit a fleshy 4-10-seeded berry Phttolaccace^e. 105 

t Fruit circumscissile, a utricle AmarantacEuE. 107 

h Flowers on a spadix with a spathe. Monocotyledons Ordei: 180 

k Flowers in a long naked spike. Stamens 6 or 7 SAUBtraunjiiB, 116 

* Flowers solitary, axillary, minute. Aquatic plants . . (m) 



218 ANALYSIS OF THE NATUKAL ORDERS. 

m Stamen 1,- styles 2. Leaves opposite Callitri jhace^e llf 

m Stamens 2, styles 2. Leaves alternate, dissected. .Podostemiaceje. Ill 
m Sta. 12-24, style 1. Lvs. verticillate, dissected.. Ceratophyllace^e. US 

» Fruit a double samara (2-winged) Order 3^ 

n Fruit a single samara (1-winged), or a drupe. Stamens 2 Order 101 

n Fruit not winged,— o 3-seeded. Stamens 4 Euphorbiace^e. 113 

— o 1-seeded. Stamens 4 or 8 Eleagnace^e. 112 

— o 1-seeded. Stamens 3. Parasites.. Loranthace^e. 109 

p Anthers opening by valves. Calyx colored Laurace^e. 108 

p Anthers opening by slits. — q Calyx colored. Stam. 8 Thymelace^e. Ill 

— q Calyx greenish ; racemed Order 37 

— q Cal. green ; spiked. S. Fla..CoMBRETACE.E. (50) 

r Ovary and seed only 1, in the juicy drupe. Trees Order 65 

r Ovaries 2 — 4, seed 1. Fruit a drupe or nut. Shrubs. . .Santalace^e. 110 

s Stamens numerous Order 47 

8 Stamens as many as the calyx lobes § 1. Urticacejs. 114 

t Leaves pinnate. Pistils 5, scarcely united Order 31 

t Leaves simple, linear, evergreen. Shrubs heath-like .. Empetrace^e. 119 
t Leaves simple, expanded. Fls. 3-parted. Fruit dry .. Euphorbiace^e. 113 

t Leaves simple, expanded. Fls. 4- or 5-parted. Fruit fleshy Order 40 

v Nut drupaceous, naked. Leaves pinnate Juqlandace^e. 121 

v Nut or nuts in a cup or involucre. Leaves simple Cupulifer^e. 122 

X Fruit fleshy, aggregated (sorosis). Juice (or sap) milky. ..§ 2. Urticace^e. 114 
X Fruit dry. Plants with a watery juice or sap. . (y) 

y Aments globular, racemed. Nutlets 2-celled, woolly Order 65 

y Aments globular, solitary. Nutlets 1-celled, 1-seeded Platanace^e. 120 

y Aments cylindrical or oblong, .(z) 

z Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled, 1-seeded. Fruit often winged.. Betulace^e. 123 

z Ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded. Fruit often fleshy Myricace^e. 124 

£ Ovary many-ovuled, many-seeded. Seeds comous Salicaceje. 12P 



D. Cohort 4. THE CONOIDS. 

* Leaves pinnate. Stem simple, palm-like. Sterile flowers in cones — Cycadacile. 12b 

* Leaves simDlc. Stem branching. Fertile flowers in cones Conifer^e. 127 

* Leaves simpie. Stem branching. Fertile flowers solitary Taxace.«e. 125 



E. Cohort 5. THE SPADICEOUS MONOCOTYLEDONES. 

^ Trees or shrubs with palmi-cleft leaves all from one terminal bud, I Palmace^. 110 

and a branching " spadix" from a spathe ' 

1 Herbs with simple, rarely ternate leaves. Spadix simple. .(2) 

2 Plants frond-like, minute, floating loose on the water Lemnace^e. 131 

2 Plants with stem and leaves, rooting and fixed.. (3) 

3 Spadix evident, in a spathe or on a scape Araceji. 130 

S Spadix obscure or spike-like. Stems leafy.. (4) 

4 Flowers with no perianth, densely spicato or capitate Typhace^!. 132 

4 Flowern with a perianth or not. Plants submersed Natadace.e. 133 



ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. 219 



F. Cohort 6. FLORIDEiE, or FLOWERING MONOCOTYLEDONES. 

1 Flowers (not on a spadix) in a small, dense, involucrate head, .(o) 
^ Flowers (not on a spadix) solitary, racemed, splcate, &c..(2) 
2 Perianth tuhe adherent to the ovary wholly or partly. .(4) 
8 Perianth free from the ovary. . (3) 

3 Petals and sepals differently colored (except in Medeola, 147).. (0) 
3 Petals and sepals similarly colored . . (5) 
4 Flowers imperfect (J? or $ 5 9).. (a) 
4 Flowers perfect.. (b) 

5 Leaves net- veined, broad.. (k) 
5 Leaves parallel-veined.. (6) 

6 Styles and often the stigmas also united into ono. .(m) 
6 Styles and etigmas 3, distinct., (n) 

a Low aquatic herbs Htdrochaeidackj!. !,35 

a Climbing sbrubby vines Dioscoriace^e. 143 

b Anthers 1 or 2, on the pistil (gynandrous) Orchidace^e. 137 

b Anthers 1 or 5, free from the pistil. Leaves ample Scitamene^e. 13.S 

b Anthers 3 or 6..(c) 

c Perianth woolly or mealy outside. Ovary half free H^emadorace-E, 141 

e Perianth glabrous outside. . (d) 

d Anthers 3, opening crosswise, inward Burmanniace^e. 136 

d Anthers 3, opening lengthwise, outward Iridace^e. 142 

d Anthers 6, opening inward Amaryllidace^e. 139 

« Pistils 3 — 00, distinct, forming achenia in fruit Alismace^e. 134 

Pistils 3 only, more or less united, .(g) 

g Leaves verticillate, in 1 or 2 whorls. Stigmas 3 Trilliace.e. 146 

g Leaves alternate. . (Ji) 

h Stigmas 3. Plants with dry leaves, often epiphytes Bromeliace^e. 140 

h Stigmas united into 1 Commeltnace^e, 151 

k Flowers perfect, 4-parted Roxburghiace^e. 145 

k Flowers dioecious, 6-parted Smilace.e. 144 

m Flowers colored, regular. Stamens 6 (4 in one species) Liliace^e. 147 

m Flowers colored, irregular or else triandrous Pontederiace^e. 149 

m Flowers greenish, glume-like or scarious Juncace-E. 150 

n Leaves rush-like. Ovary o*f 3 1-seeded carpels ! Mblanthace js. 148 

ft Leaves linear, lanceolate, &c. Ovary 6- 00 -seeded... ' 

o Petals yellow, small but showy. Plant acaulescent Xyrldace^e. 152 

o Petals white, minute, fringed. Plant acaulescent Eriocaui,onace^e. 154 



G. Cohort 7. GRAMINOIDE.E, or GRASS-LIKE MONOCOTYLEDONES. 

T Flowers with 6 bracts in 2 whorls (sepals and petals). Culms solid Order 150 

1 Flower with a single bract (glume). Culm solid, sheaths entire Cyperace^e 153 

JT Flower with several bracts (glumes and pales). Culm hollow. { a 1s .- 

Sheaths split on one side. Ovary 1-seeded. Styles 2 ) 



SUB-KINGDOM II. Class I. Cohorts 1, 2, and 3. 

§ Plants with well-developed foliage, .(^f). 

T Leaves few, mostly ample and from subterranean rhizomes , t (a) 



220 ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. 

a Fruit borne on the leaves which are often more or less contracted. .Filicbs. 159 
1" Leaves numerous, small, mostly spirally rubricated on the stem, .(b) 

b Fruit axillary, sessile, opening by a slit Lycopodiace^j. 157 

§ Plants with verticillate branches instead of leaves, .(c) 

c Fruit in terminal spikes Equisbtacb^:. 158 



PART FOURTH. 

DESCRIPTIVE BOTANY, OR PHYTOLOGY. 

COMPRISING A TABULAR FLORA OS 

THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA 

(within the limits stated in the preface). 



Sub-Kingdom, PH^ENOGAMIA, the Flowering Plants, hav- 
ing stamens and pistils, producing seeds with an embryo. (Foi 
sub-kingdom Cryptogamia, see page 412.) 

Province, EXOGENJE, the Dicotyledonous Plants. Stems 
composed of bark, wood, and pith, exogenous (§ 405) in 
growth. Leaves mostly net-veined. Flowers 5-parted or 4- 
parted, rarely in 3s. Embryo with 2 or more opposite 
cotyledons. (Province Endogenae, p. 316.) 

Class I, ANGIOSPERM^E. Pistils complete, with stigma 
and ovary, the latter enclosing the ovules, and in fruit en- 
closing the seeds. Cotyledons only 2. (Class II, Gym- 
nospermae, p. 311.) 

Cohort 1, DIALYPETALJE, the Polypetalous Exogens, 
Flowers having a double perianth, both calyx and corolla, 
the latter composed of distinct petals. (Cohort 2, p. 144.) 

Order I. RANUNCTJLACE^E. Crowfoots. 

Herbs (or woody climbers) with a colorless, acrid juice. Leaves mostly 
divided, exstipulate, with half-clasping petioles. Sepals 3-15, green or peta- 
loid. Petals 3-15, distinct, sometimes irregular or none. Stamens hypogy- 
nous, indefinite. Ovaries many or few, distinct, 1 — oo-ovuled. Fruit eithei 



16 



Order 1.— RANUNCULACEJ3. 



dry achenia, or follicles, or baccate, 1 — oo-seeded. Seeds anatropous, em 
bryo straight in horny albumen. — Abounding in cool regions 
Illustrated in figs. 33, 39, 83, 84, 109, 127, 132, 159, 155, 156, 212 234, etc 



TRIBES AND GENERA. 

Sepals valvate in the bud. Achenia tailed. (Tribe I.) 
Sepals imbricated in the bud. — a Ovaries 1-seeded, acheniate. (2) 
— a Ovaries 2 — 00 -seeded (3) 
2 Corolla ot undif 'ingmishable from the colored calyx. (Tribe II., b) 
2 Corolla and caiyx distinct either in color or form. (Tribe III., c) 
3 Sepals as permanent as the stamens. Fruit follicular. (Tribe IV. S d) 
3 Sepals caducous sooner than the stamens. (Tribe V., g) 
3 Sepals persistent with the follicular fruit. (Tribe VI.) 
i. CLEMATIDEjE. — Petals 0, or stamen-like. Leaves all opposite. 
II. ANEMONES, b Sepals deciduous with the stamens. Stem-leaves opposite. 
b Sepals deciduous with the stamens. Leaves all radical. 
b Sepals caducous. — Leaves ternately compound. 

— Leaves palmate, simple. Flowers g . 
EIL RAKTJNCULEjE. c Sepals not appendaged. Petals red or yellow, no scale. 
c Sepals not appendaged. Petals xanthic, a scale at base, 
c Sepals appendaged. Plant small. Leaves radical. 

IV. HELLEBOKEJS.— d Perianth regular, (e) 

e Petals 0. Sepals white. 
e Petals 0. Sepals 6-9, yellow. 
e Petals slender, tubular at apex. Roots yellow, 
e Petals minute, tubular at base, 1-lipped. 
e Petals small, tulrjilar, 2-lipped. Sepals persistent. 
« Petals small, concave, 2-lobed. Fls. racemed. Rt. yel 
« Petals larger than the colored sepals, 2-lobed. 
e Petals larger than the colored sepals, spur-like, equal. 
— d Perianth irregular. (/) 

/ Upper sepal spurred, containing two spurred petals. 
/Upper sepal hooded, covering two deformed petals. 

V, CIMICIFUGE^E. g Flowers numerous, in long, spicate racemes. 

g Flowers many, in short racemes. Fruit baccate. 
g Flower 1 only. Plant 2-leaved. Berry compound. 
VI. P^EONI^E.— Petals plane, large, showy. Disk sheathing the follicles. 

1. CLEMATIS, L. virgin's bower. Calyx ot 4 (4 — 9 in the exotics) 
colored sepals, in aestivation valvate-induplicate. Petals 0, or if present, 
more like sterile filaments. Stamens shorter than the sepals, the outer oi 
all sometimes sterile. Ovaries go in a head. Achenia caudate with the 
lengthened plumous or pubescent styles U. "£> Somewhat woody, climb- 
ing by the clasping petioles. Leaves opposite. Fig. 359. 

SUBGENERA AND SPECIES. 
f Itbagenr Outer stamens petal-like. Lvs. verticillate. Fls. solitary. Vine... No. 1 
! Tlematis proper. Petals none. Leaves opposite. . . (*) 

* Erect herbs. Lvs. simple. Fls. solitary, large, terminal, nodding. May.. Nos. 9-11 

* Climbing. — a Fls. panicled, white, often diclinous, sepals thin Nos. 2-4 

— a Fls. solitary, nodding,— b bell-shaped, pale bluish purple.. .Nos. 5, 6 

— b ovoid, dark purple Nos. 7, 8 

Exotic. — * Flowers in clusters, white. Leaves pinnate .Nos. 12, 13 

* Flowers single, large. — x Leaves simple. Sepals 4 Nos. 14, 15 

— x Leaves compound. Sepals 4, open Nos. 16, 17 

—x Leaves compound. Sepals 6—9, open.. .Nor. 18, W 



CLEMAT13. 


1 


Anemone. 


2 


Hepatica. 


3 


Thalictrum. 


4 


Trautvettekia 


. 5 


Adonis. 


6 


Ranunculus. 


7 


Myosurus. 


S 


ISOFYRUH. 


9 


Caltha. 


10 


COPTIS. 


11 


Trollius. 


12 


Helleborus 


13 


Zanthorhiza. 


14 


NlGELLA. 


15 


AQUILEGIA. 


16 


Delphinium. 


17 


ACONITUM. 


18 


ClMICIFUGA. 


19 


ACTJEA. 


20 


Hydrastis. 


21 


Pjsonia. 


22 



Order 1.— RANTJNCULACE^E. 17 

1 C. verticillaris DC. Lvs. in whorls of 4, each ternate, and 2 large purple fle. nt 

each node. Highland woods, Me. to Ga., W. to Rky. Mts. 15f. May, June. Rare 

2 C. Virginiana L. Glabrous ; lvs. ternate, lfts. lobed and cut-dentate ; achenia long, 

plumed, in feathery tufts. Thickets, Can. to Ga., W. to Mo. 15f. Aug. t 

3 C. Catesbyaiia Ph. "Pubescent ; lvs. biternate, lfts. ovate, mostly 3-lobed, lobes en- 

tire ; ach. short-plumed ; sep. small, linear-oblong. Coast, S. Car. to Fla. 12f. July 

4 C. liolosericea Ph. Silky-pubescent; lvs. ternate, lfts. .ance-oblong, intire ; as. ir 

small corymbous clusters ; sep. linear ; ach. long-plumed. Carolina. Dioecious. 

5 C. orispa L. Lvs. temate, pinnate, or decompound, lfts. varying from ovate to lan- 

ceolate, and linear, acute, thin, smooth ; ach. tails short, pubescent. Va. to Ga. and 
La. Lfts. 3—15. Fls. elegant, 15" long. (C. Walteri Ph., C. cylindrica Sims, &c.) 

6 C. reticulata Walt. Lvs. ternate or pinnate, lfts. 3 — 7, obtuse at each end, at length 

rigid and prominently veined, often lobed ; tails silky. Fla. Sep. 12 — 15" long. 
1 C. Vioma L. Leather-flower. Lvs. pinnate, lfts. ovate, acute, smooth; sep. lance- 
ovate, the cuspidate points reflexed; ach. tails long, plumous. Woods, O. to Ga. 
10 — 15f. Peduncles with a pair of simple leaves. Summer. Rare. 

8 C. Pitcheri T. & G. Leaves pinnate, leaflets coriaceous, roughened with the net- 

ted veins ; sepals lance-ovate ; ach. tails short, glabrous. 111., Iowa, to Ark. 

9 C ochroleiica Ait. Lvs. silky-pubescent beneath, ovate, entire ; sep. silky, yei- 

lowish within ; ach. plumes long, straw-color, u Woods, L. I. to Ga. Rare. If. 
IOC ovata Ph. Leaves glabrous, glaucous beneath, broad-ovate ; flower on a short 

peduncle, purple ; sepals ovate, pointed. U N. Car. to Fla. 1 — 2f. Leaves entire. 
11C. Baldwin!! T. & G. Lvs. oblong to lance-linear, the lower 3-lobed or cleft; 

flower on a long peduncle, purplish. 2f Fla. 1— 2f. Plumous tails 2' long. 

12 C. erecta. Stem 3f, weak, inclining ; lfts. lance-ovate. 2f Europe. August. 

13 C. Flammxtla. Climbing 12— 20f ; leaflets oval to oblong-linear, often lobed, acute, 
smooth ; clusters terminal, fragrant. From France. August, September. 

14 C. integrlpolia. Upright ; lvs. lance., entire, smooth ; fls. nodding, blue. Eur. 2i. 
1 5 C. cirrhosa. Climbing; lvs. ovate, subcordate, toothed; fls. fragrant, white. Eur. 
1 6 C. Viticella. Lfts. 3 — 15, ovate or oval, entire; sep. obovate, purp., 15". Eur. Sum. 

17 C. graveolens. Lfts. 3 — 5, lanceolate, acute ; sep. oblanceolate, ylw., 9". Thibet 

18 C. Florida. Lvs. ternate and bitern. ; sep. ovate, pointed, wh. or purplish. Japan 

/3. SiEBOLDTn. Fls! 4' b'oad, creamy-white and purple, double. Splendid. 

19 C. coERtrLEA. Lvs. ternaie, hairy ; fls. very large ; sep. lance-ovate, blue, <fcc. Japan 

/3. AzrjREA-GRANDiPLORA. Flowers 5 — 7' broad, azure, or lilac-blue. July. 

2. ANEMONE, L. Wind-flower. Involucre remote from the 
flower, of 3 divided leaves, calyx regular, of 3 — 15 colored sepals. Corolla 
0. Ovaries oo, free, collected into a roundish or oblong head. Achenia 
with a short, rarely a lengthened beak. Seeds suspended. U Lvs. radi- 
cal. Stem leaves 2 or 3, opposite, forming the involucre. Figs. 116, 176. 
§ PtmsATiLLA. Carp ele many (50 — 75), with long plumous tails. One large flower .. No. 1 
| Anemonakthea. Carpels hairy, but neither tailed nor grooved. . .(a) 

a Pistils many (50—70) in a head, densely matted with wool in fruit. . .(5) 

a Pistils fewer (15- -20) in a head, merely pubescent in fruit Nos. 2, 3 

b Stem leaves (involucre) sessile, with a single flower Nos. 4 —8 

b Stem leaves (involucre) petiolate, with 2 or 3 flowers Nos. 7 — 9 

§ Syndesmon. Carpels few, not caudate, glabrous and grooved No. 1C 

Exotic, cultivated species Nos. 11 — 13 

1 A. patens L. p. JVuttattfana. Pasque-flower. Clothed with long silky hairs; 

lvs. many-cleft, with linear segments, developed after the large spreading pale-purpk 
flower. Dry hills, 111., Wise, to Dak. (Matthews). V— If. Sepals 5 or 6, 1'. April. 

2 A. nemorosa L. Smooth, 1-flowered ; leaves of the invol. 3. petiolate, 3-5-pafXed. 

Begm. cleft and lobed. Copses, com., 6— W. Fl. white, purple outside April, JTay- 



18 Order 1.— RANUNCULACE^E. 

8 A. Pennsylvanica L. Hairy, 1-, finally 2- or 3-flowered ; leaves of the invol. ses- 
sile, large, veiny, 3-parted, acuminate-lobed and toothed. Prairies, Can. to Penn., 
W. to the Miss. 12 — 20'. Flowers pure white. June — August. 

4 A. Caroliniana Walt. Lvs. 3-parted into cuneate-linear, twice trifid segm. ; in 

vomers similarly cleft half-way ; sepals obtuse, 15 — 20 ; carpels in an oblong head 
Car. to 111., and Nebr. 6 — 10'. Flower white-purple, pretty, fragrant. April, May. 

5 A. heteropliylla Nutt. Lvs. of roundish-oval, crenate segments, invol. linear-cleft 

to the base ; sepals acute, 5 — 13 ; carpels in a cylindrical head. Ga. to La. and Ark 
3 — 16'. Flower white-green, scentless. March, April. — Varies toward No. 4. 

6 A. parviflora Mx. Leaves of involucre 2, 3-cleft, segments cuneiform, 3-cleft, crc 

nate-lobed ; sepals 5 or 6 ; carpels in a globular head. L. Sup., and N. 3 — 12'. White. 

7 A. multiflda DC. Red Anemone. Involucre short-petioled ; lateral peduncles in- 

volucellate ; head of carpels oval. N. Vt. to L. Sup. Rare. Red- white. If. June. 

8 A. Virginiana L. Invol. long-petioled ; lateral ped. involucellate ; head of carp. 

oblong. Can. to Car. 2 — 3f. Fls. white-green, on long stalks. Sepals 5. Jn. — Aug. 

9 A. cylindrica Gray. Invol. long-petioled; peduncles all naked, long; head of 

carpels cylindrical. N. H., Mass., to Iowa. Silky pubescent. 2f. White-green. May. 

10 A. tnalictroides L. Rue Anemone. Glabrous, slender; invol. of 2 sessile bi- 
ternate (apparently of 6-petioled ternate) lvs., lfts. 3-lobed ; fls. umbelled ; sep. 5 — 10. 
Woods, Can. to Ga.,W. to Iowa. 6-10'. Root tuberous. Fls. white-purp., 1'. Apr., May. 

11 A. cobonaria. l, vs. oultifid, segm. linear; sep. 6, roundish, close. Levant. May. 
18 A. hortensis. Lvs. 3-parted, with cuneate cut-dentate lobes; invol. sessile; sep. 

10 — 12, oblong. Italy. Varieties are double, semidouble, red, white, blue, &c. May. 
1 3 A. Japonica. Lvs. of the involucre and involucels broadly 3-5-lobed; lis. many, W 
broad, white and red ; sepals in 2 rows, roundish, widely spreading. Autumn. 

i 

3. HEPATIOA, Dill. Liverleaf. Liverwort. Invol. of 3 entire, 

ovate, obtuse bracts, resembling a calyx, situated a little below the flower. 
Calyx of 5 — 9 petaloid sepals, disposed in 2 or 3 rows. Cor. 0. Achenia 
awnless. if Lvs. all radical, cordate, 3-lobed, thick, evergreen. Flowers 
single, on hairy scapes, appearing in early Spring before the new leaves 
Figs. 332, 431. Cultivated as a border flower. 

1 H. triloba Chaix. Round-ldbed L. Lvs. with 3 round-obtuse lobes ; bracts of the 

invol. obtuse. Woods, N. Eng. Scapes and leaf-stalks 3 — 1'. Fls. blue, varying to 
white, neat and elegant, becoming double in cultivation. 

2 H. aeutiloba DC. Acute-leaved L. Lvs. with 3 acute lobes, bracts of the invol. 

acute. Borders of woods, Vt. to Wis. 4— 5'. Flowers violet-blue to rose-purple. 

4. THALICTRUM, Tourn. Meadow Rtje. Calyx colored, of 4—5 
concave, caducous sepals. Petals 0. Filam. dilated upward, longer than 
the sepals. Ov. 4 — 15. Ach. stiped or sessile, ribbed or inflated, short- 
beaked, if Lvs. ternately compounded, with stalked leaflets. Lfts. 3--? 
lobed. Flowers paniculate, often diclinous, of no beauty. 

* Flowers dioecious, in loose panicles. Styles slender. Achenia sessile or nearly so, 

ovoid, conspicuously angled and grooved Nos. 1 — 3 

* Fls. perfect, few in the corymbed clusters. Sty. short. Ach. long-stipitate No. 4 

1 T. dioieum L. Slender, glaucous, glabrous (1 — 2f ) ; leaves all petiolate (with the 

general petiole) ; fls. in slender panicles, purplish or greenish ; fil. capillary, droop- 
ing, achenia about 8. Hilly woods : common. Leaflets thin, 5-7-lobed. April, May. 
S T. cornutl L. Stouter, tall (3 — 4f ), smoothieh ; stem leaves sessile (no commor 
petiole) ; lfts. thickish, veiny, with acutish lobes ; anthers on white erect filaments 
achenia about 12, substipitate. Meadows. Leaflets 3-lobed. July, August. 



Order 



1.— RANUNCIjijACE,E. 19 



3 T. purpurascens L. Stem tall (3-6f !), purple ; stem leaves sessile, or nearly so, 

lfts thick and firm, with rolled edges, pale and often glandnlar-downy heneath ; anth. 
linear, drooping ; achenia sessile, as long as their stigmas. Hilly woods. June, July. 

4 T. clavatum DC. Slender (l-2f) ; lvs -etiolate, biternate. lfts. obtusely lobed; 

ach. curved, 5-10, short-pointed, long-stipe, Mts., N. Oar. to Ala. White. July. 

5. TRAUTVETTERIA, Fisch. & Me> er. Sep. 4 or 5, colored, cadu 
co-is. Pet. 0. Filam. petaloid. Ach. 15—20 in a head, membranous, in- 
flated, angular, tipped with the short hooked style, if Leaves palmately 
lebed, alternate. Flowers coryinbous, white. 

T. palmata F. & M.-Prairies and woods. Can. to Va., W. to the Cascade Mts. ! 
* 3— 5f. Eadical lvs. large, 5-9-lobed ; stem lvs. few ; corymb terminal. July, August. 

6. ADONIS, L. Pheasant' s-eye. Sepals 5. Petals 5—15, the claw 
naked (no scale). Achenia spiked on the torus, ovate, pointed with the 
persistent style. Herbs with dissected leaves, and bright, showy flowers. 
1 A. vernalis. Fls. cup-shaped, yellow, of 10-12 oblong petals, if Eur. 6-10'. May. 
% A. autumnalis. Fls. globular, red, of 5—8 concave petals. ® Eur. If. Aug., Sept. 

7. RANUNCULUS, L. Crowfoot. Buttercups. Sepals 5, ovate. 
Pet. 5—10, roundish, shining, each with a honey-scale (Fig. 39) or pore at 
the base inside. Ach. flattened, pointed, crowded in a head. U ® Leaves 
alternate. Flowers generally yellow. Figs. 39, 83, 84, 109, 118, 159, 212, 
234, 415, 416. 

| Batrachium. Petals white, with a yellow, naked honey-pore on the claw. Seeds (ache- 
nia) transversely wrinkled. Leaves multifid, in water No. 1 

% Ranunculus. Petals (yellow) with a honey-scale on the claw of each. . .(*) 

* Achenia rough with points or prickles. Leaves palmate-parted. ® Nos. 18, 19 

• Achenia smooth —x numerous, in an oblong head. Wet places Nos. 7— y 

—x many, in a rounded head ...(a) 

a Leaves many-cleft, in thread-like segments, under water No. 2 

a Leaves all undivided, entire or toothed. In wet places Nos. 3- -6 

a Lvs., at least the lowest ones, undivided, merely lobed or crenate.. .Nos. 10-12 
a Leaves all deeply divided, the .-ower-y pinnately with stalked lfts. .Nos. 13-15 

—V palmately with sessile lfts. . .Nos. 16, 17 
Exotic, cultivated Nos. 20, 21 

1 R. aquatilis L. p. trichophyllus Chaix. Wfdte Water- C. Leaves all filiformly 

dissected and submersed. U In slow streams. July, Aug. (R. divaricatus Schrank.) 
y . heterophil,* DC. Upper leaves floating, 3-5-lobed. Near Boston (Bigelow, 
now lost). In Idaho (Walker). Submersed leaves as in 0. 

2 R. mult, lid us Ph. Yellow Water-C. Floating or creeping: some of the leaves 

emersed, reniform, 3-5-parted, and cleft. Sepals reflexed ; carpels with a straight 
beak heads glcbous. Ponds and muddy shores, l-2-3f. Petals 5-8. May, June. 

3 R. Flammula L. Spearwort. Stem erect from an ascending base ; lvs. all lance 

shaped, on sheathing petioles ; ach. roundish, twice longer than its beak. Can. to 
Car W to Ore<r 8-16'. Lvs. 3-6'. Fls. showy. Sum. (R. alismaefohus Cxeyer.) 

4 R. reptans L. Stem creeping, geniculate, rooting, filiform ; nodes 1-flowered ; lvs 

linear or oblong; pet. 5-10, bright. N. Eng. to Oreg. Delicate. Fls. 4". Lvs. V. Jl 

5 R. pusillus Poir. Erect ; lvs. all petiolate, lower ovate, upper lance-lmear ; pet 

3 (1-5) short ; stam. 8-10 ; carp, scarcely pointed. N. Y. to Ga.. and La. 6-12'. May 

6 R oblongifolius Ell. Erect, diffuse ; lvs. lance-ovate and lanceolate, all stalked 

pet 5, stam. 20: carp, pointless. 111. to Tex. June 2f. (R. Texensis Eng.) 



20 Order 1.— RAJNTTNCULACEJS. 

T It. C ymbalaria Ph. St. filiform, creeping, rooting ; lvs. reniform-cordate, crenato 
dentate above ; scapes 1-5-flowered (2—6') ; petals 5—8, oval ; carpels striate, beak 
short, uncinate. Brackish shores, N. J. to Dak. (Matthews). June. 

8 R. sceleratus Ph. Erect, smooth : root lvs. 3-lobed, lower stem lvs. 3-parted and 

cut-crenate ; fls. small ; carp, point' ss. Wet. Can. to Ga. If. Head 3". Jn.— Aug. 

9 R.Pennsylvanicus L. Very A rsute ; leaves ternate, lfts. subpetiolate, deeply 3- 

lo>ed and cut ; sep. reflexed, longer than the 5 pet. ; carp, beaked. Wet. 2f. Jn.-Aug. 

10 R. abort! vus L. Very smooth; root lvs. roundish cordate, crcnate, petiolatc ; 
upper leaves in 3 linear segments ; sepals reflexed, longer than the very short petals. 
Woods : common. 8—16'. Flowers very small. Pretty. May, June. 

1 1 R. recurvatus Poir. Hirsute with thin spreading hairs ; leaves all similarly 3- 
parted, lobes incised ; sepals recurved, longer than the petals ; carpels with a hooked 
beak. Woods. If. Pale green. Flowers small. May— July. 

12 R. rhomboideus Goldie. Hairy, much branched ; root lvs. rhomboid-ovate, ere- 
nate-dentate, long-stalked ; sep. spreading, shorter than the petals ; achenia smooth, 
with a very short beak. Prairies, 111., Mich., Wis., Can. 6—10'. May. 

13 R. fascicularis Muhl. Early C. Erect; root a fascicle of fleshy fibres ; root 
leaves appearing pinnate ; peduncles terete; carpels scarcely margined, beak slender. 
Rocky hills. 5—10'. Hairs silky. Flowers V broad. April, May. 

14 R. repens L. Root fibrous ; later stems creeping, long ; root leaves ternate, with 
stalked leaflets ; pedicels furrowed ; carpels broadly margined and stout-beaked. 
Moist shades. 1 — 3f. Flowers showy. Hairy or smooth. Very variable. 

1 5 R. bulbosus L. Hairy ; stem erect, bulbous at the base ; root leaves ternate, seg- 
ments petiolate, incised ; ped. furrowed ; sepals reflexed. Fields, N. Eng.,to Pa. If. 
May, Jn. The cup-shaped flower, golden-yellow, is larger and handsomer than No. 17. 

1 6 R. palmatus Ell. Erect ; leaves 3-5-cleft, with the sinus at the base closed, seg 
ments all sessile, cut-dentate, or lobed ; carpels margined and straight-beaked. Pine 
woods, Car. to Fla. If— 18'. Pubescent. Flowers small (7"). April, May. 

I 7 R. acris L. Buttercups. Erect ; leaves deeply trifid, the base segments divari- 
cate, all laciniate and sessile ; pedicels terete ; carpels with a short recurved beak. 
Common in N. Eng. and Can. Hairy. 2f. Flowers large, V broad. June — Sept. 

18 R. muricatus L. Glabrous; carpels aculeate, strongly margined, ending in a 
stout recurved beak. Va. to La., also in Cal. If. Leaves lobed and toothed. 

1 9 R. parviflorus L. Villous ; carpels rounded, granulated, tipped with a very 
short beak. Va. to La. 6 — 12'. Flowers small. March. April. 

20 R. Asiaticus. Garden Ranunculus. Erect; leaves ternate or biternate, segments 
incised or lobed ; head of carpeis cylindric. Levant. If. Flowers variegated end 
lessly, of every form and hue. Not hardy. 

21 R. AcoNiTiFOLius. Branching and many-flowered ; leaves palmately 3-7- parted and 
cut-toothed, the upper sessile, with lance-linear lobes ; calyx appressed ; petals pure 
white From Europe. A fine old border flower, deep green, the flowers often double. 

d, MYOSURUS, Dill. Mouse-tail. Sep. 5, produced downward at 
bas* below their insertion. Petals 5, with slender, tubular claws. Sta- , 
jiens 5 — 20. Achenia spicate on the spindle-shaped torus. (D Leaves 
linear, entire, radical. Scapes 1-flowered. Fig. 132. 

M. minimus L. Low grounds, 111. to La., W. to Oreg. 1 A curious /ittle plant, re- 
markable for its tall torus, covered with numerous blunt carpels. Pet. yellow. Ape. 

9 ISOPYRUM, L. False Rue Anemone. Sep. 4, petaloid, decidu- 
ous. Pet. 5, small, tubular, sometimes 0. Follicles 3 or more, subsessile. 
pointed with the style, with 2 or more seeds. Delicate herbs. Leaves ter 
nately compound, lfts. 2-3-lobed. Flowers pedunculate, white. Fig. 33. 



Order 1.— RANUNCULACE.E. 21 

1. blternatnm T. & G. Glabrous, erect; stems clustered; pet. 0; follicles i-m, 

strongly veined, 2-seeded. % Damp shades, O. to Ark. 4—10'. May. Very pretty. 

10. CALTHA, L. Cowslip. Marsh Marigold. Sepals 5 — 9, peta- 

loid. Petals 0. Follicles 5 — 10, oblong, pointless, spreading, oo-seeded. 

U Very glabrous, aquatic. 

C. palustris L. Stem hollow, thick; leaves thickish, large, orbicular or reniform, 
crenate or entire ; flowers yellow. Wet meadows. If. Flowers 18" broad. May. 

11. COPTIS, Salisb. Gold-thread. Sepals 5—7, oblong, concave, 
colored, deciduous. Petals 5 — 7, clavate, tubular at apex. Follicles 5 — 10, 
stipitate, rostrate, divergent, 4-6-seeded. 2f Low, smooth, with radical 
leaves and flowers on a scape. 

C trifolia Salisb. Leaves 3-foliate, leaflets sessile ; scapes 1-flowered ; pet. small and 
stamen-like ; rhizome thread-like, of a golden yellow. Penn. to Can. 3 — 4'. Flow- 
ers white, the small yellow petals inconspicuous. Root bitter, tonic. 
i 

12. TROLLIUS, L. Globe-flower. Sep. 5 — 15, petaloid. Pet. 5 — 25, 

small and inconspicuous, linear, tubular at base. Stam. and pistils oo ; 
follicles oo-seeded. % Smooth, with palmately-parted leaves. 

1 T. laxus Salisb. Sepals 5, rounded, spreading ; petals shorter than the stamens, 

orange-colored. Swamps, Can. to Penn. and Del. Rare. If. Flowers 18" broad ; 
sepals yellow, greenish outside. Pods about 10. June. 

2 T. Eukopjeus. Sepals 15, incurved, concave ; petals 5 — 10, as long as the stamens 

From Europe. 2f. Yellow. June, July. Hardy, and very ornamental. 

3 T. Asiaticus. Sepals 10, partly open ; petals 10, longer than the stamens. From 

Asia. 2f, with ample foliage and orange-red flowers, varying to yellow. Jane, July. 

13. HELLEBORUS, L. Hellebore. Sepals 5, mostly greenish, 

persistent. Petals 8 — 10, very short, tubular, 2-lipped. Stigmas 3 — 10, 

orbicular. Follicles oo-seeded. H Leaves coriaceous, palmately or 

pedately divided. Flowers large, nodding. Fig. 494. 

1 H. viridls L. Glabrous ; rt. Ivs. pedate, cauline palmate, sessile ; fls. often in pairs ; 
sepals round-ovate, acute, pale yellowish-green, spreading 1'. From Eur. If. § Apr. 

2, H. Niger. Christmas Rose. Root lvs. pedate ; scape naked, bracted, 1- or 2 flowered ; 

fls. 2' broad, white, pink, and finally green. In England, it flowers about Christmas 
If. Leaves thick, evergreen, and shining. March, April. 

14. ZANTHORHIZA, L. Yellow-root. Sep. 5. Pet. 5, of 2 round- 
ish lobes raised on a claw. Stam. and pistils 5 — 10. Ova. 2- or 3-ovuled, 
follicles mostly 1-seeded, seed suspended 5 Roots and bark yellow and 
bitter. Leaves pinnate. Racemes axillary. Flowers dark purple. 

Z. apiifolia L'Her.— River banks, N. Y. to Ga. Lvs. clustered at top of the short, 
thick stem ; leaflets 5, sessile, incised ; racemes compound. Fls. 3" broad. Apr. 

6. NIGELLA, L. Fennel-flower. Sep. 5, petaloid. Pet. 5, 2-cleft. 
Pistils 5, becoming as many follicles which are distinct or united. (D Lvs 
l-2-pinnately divided into linear- subulate segments. Fig. 343. 

1 N. Damascena. Ragged Lady. Flowers in a leafy involucre ; carpels united into a 

roundish, tumid capsule. From Spain. 2f. Flowers light blue. June— Aug. 

2 N. sativa. Nutmeg-flower. Hairy ; flowers not involucrate ; carpels distinct. Egypt 



22 Order 1— RANUNCULACE^E. 

10. AQUILEGIA, L. Columbine. Sepals 5, equal, ovate, spreading, 
colored. Petals 5, all alike, horn-shaped, attached by the margin of the 
dilated mouth, produced to a honey spur behind. Pistils 5, follicles 5, 
many-seeded. U Leaves bi-triternate, leaflets lobed. Flowers large and 
handsome, nodding. April — June. Figs. 127, 155, 156. 

* Flowers scarlet, red, and orange-colored. Spurs of the petals straight Nos. 1 — 3 

* Flowers blue and white. Spurs straight in No. 4, incurved in Nos. 5— T 

1 A. Canadensis L. Very smooth, 1 — 2f; lfts. 3 — 9, round-wedge-form ; fis. nodding, 

yellow within ; 6tamens and styles yellow, exserted. Rocky woods, and cultivated. 

2 A. Skinneri. Like No. 1, but with larger fls., the spurs and sep. greenish. Mexico. 

3 A. Formosa. Sepals and spurs much longer than the petals ; sta. included. Kanit. 

4 A. cgerulea. Like No. 3, but the fls. all larger, blue and white, 2f long. R. Mts. 

5 A. vulgaris. Common C. Spurs little longer than the limb ; stam. scarcely exserted. 

Europe. — Varies to purple, and white ; also with double flowers, — spur within spur. 

6 A. Sibirica. Stem smooth, nearly naked, few-flwd., lif; spur some longer than the 

white-tipped limb ; sepals very obtuse, violet. Very fine and choice like the next. 

7 A. glandulosa. Glandular-hairy above ; stems bracted, 1-2-flwd., If; spurs half ae 

long as the snow-white limb ; sepals sky-blue, acute, V long. From Siberia. 

17. DELPHINIUM, L. Larkspur. Flowers irregular. Sepals 5, 
colored, the upper one spurred behind. Petals 4, very unequal, the two 
upper spurred and enclosed in the spurred sepal. Styles and follicles 1 — 5. 
Handsome herbs, with palmately-divided leaves. Flowers of the cyanic 
6eries, never yellow. Figs. 26, 87, 88, 126. 

§ Consolida. Petals united into one piece. Style and follicle 1. ® Nos. 4, 5 

§ Delphinastrtjm. Pet. 4, distinct. Pistils and follicles 2 — 5, mostly 3. %...(a) 

a Species indigenous, Penn., South and West, often cultivated Nos. 1 — 3 

a Species exotic, cultivated, natives of Siberia and California Nos. 6 — 9 

I D. tricorne Mx. Low (6 — 12') ; leaf-lobes linear ; raceme few-flwd., loose ; spur 

ascending, straight ; pods recurved. Uplands. Fls. 6—12, blue, white. April, May. 

2, D. aziireum Mx. Erect (1 — 2f ) ; leaf-lobes all narrow-linear ; raceme strict; spur 

ascending; pods erect. Wis. to Ark. Flowers 00, azure, or light blue. May, June. 

3 D. exaltation L. Tall (2— 4f) ; leaf-lobes wedge-lanceolate ; rac. strict, OO-flow- 

ered ; spur straight ; pods erect. Mich, to Car. Rac. panicled ; fls. purp.-blue. July. 

4 I>. Consolida L. Field L. Branching ; lvs. finely cut ; fls. loosely racemed, scat- 

tered ; pod smooth. Fields, gardens. 3 — 4f. Fls. blue, variable. Aug., Sept. § Eur. 

5 I>. Ajacis. Socket L. Subsimple ; leaves finely cut ; flowers many, in crowded ra- 

cemes ; pod pubescent. Alps. 1 — 2f. Flowers pink, rose, white, often double. 

6 D. elatum. Bee L. Pubescent, tall (5 — 6f ) ; leaf-segments 5, cuneate, cut-trifid ; rac. 

long; spur curved downward ; petals hairy, resembling a bee inside the flower. Blue. 
1 D. grandiflortjm. Lvs. 5-7-parted, segm. 3-cleft, linear, distant ; petals shorter than 

the calyx. Stem 2f. Flowers large, dark or purplish blue, often double. 
is D. chilanthum. Leaf-lobes 3 or 5, oblong, acuminate ; pods pubescent ; sep. shorter 

than the calyx; spur decurved. Siberia. 2f. Dark blue. — Var. fokmossUM is vtiy 

beautiful, bYooming from July to Nov., the lars:e flowers light blue, white at centre. 
D» cardinals. Glabrous ; lvs. 3-parted, segm. cleft into long acute lobes ; fls. scarlet, 

large ; spur longer than the sepals. California. 1 — 2f. Splendid, but not hardy. 

18. AOONITUM, Tourn. Wolfbane. Monk's-hood. Sep. 5, irreg- 
ular, colored, upper one (helmet) vaulted. Petals 2 (the 3 lower minute oi 
0), spurred at apex, on long claws, concealed beneath the helmet. Sty. and 
pods 3 — 5 11 Lvs. palmate. Fls. racemed or panicled. Poisonous. Fig. 29. 



Order 1.— RANUNCULACE^E. 23 

1 A. ii ne in m turn L. Erect, weak (2f) ; leaf-divisions rhomb-lanceolate, cut -dentate ; 

helmet obtusely conical, erect, short-beaked in front ; flowers blue. Mts., N.Y. to G*v. 

Leaves thick, 4 — 5' wide. Branches divergent. Panicle loose. June, July 
2, A. reclinatum Gray. Trailing (3 — 7f ; ; leaf-divisions wedge-shaped, cut or lobed ; 

helmet elongated-conical, with a straight beak ; flowers white. Mountains, Va. 
3 A. Napellus. Common Monk's-hood, or Aconite. Smooth and rigidly erect, 3f ; ivs 

5-parted, and cut into broad-linear segm. channelled above ; fls. densely racemed, dark 

blue (or white in /3. album), the hood broader than high. From Europe. Summer. 
t A. Anthora. Erect (1 — 2f ) ; lvs. multifid with narrowly linear segm. ; fls. panicled 

large (as in the others), purple with yellow ; hood rather high-crowned. Europe. 

5 A. Japontcum. Smoothish, veiny, 3 — 5f ; fls. deep blue, in panicled spikes ; hood oi 

helmet very high-crowred and inflated, with a thickened indexed spur. Japan. 

6 A. variegatum. Erect (3 — 4f ), very smooth ; leaves with rhomb-ovate divisions ; fls. 

loosely panicled, blue, edged with white ; helmet crown high, curved forward. Jn. + 

19. CIMIOIFUGA, L. Bugbane. Sepals 4 or 5, caducous. Petals 
stamen-like, 1 — 8, clawed, 2-horned at apex ; follicles 1 — 8, dry, dehiscent. 
Leaves ternately decompound. Flowers white, in long racemes. 

§ Macrotis. Pistil 1, with a broad stigma and seeds in two rows No. 1 

§ Cimicipuga. Pistils 3—8, with a minute stigma, seeds in one row Nos. 2, 3 

1 C. racemosa Ell. Black Snakeroot. Tall (5— 8f ) ; rac. very long (1— 3f ), plume-like 

with its innumerable white stamens. Woods, Can. to Ga. Fetid. July. 

2 C. Americana Mx. Leaves triternate, thin; racemes slender, panicled; ovaries 

mostly 5, pods obovate, stiped. Mountains, Penn. to N. Car. 3 — 4f. Aug., Sept. 

3 C. cordifolia Ph. Leaves biternate, thick ; racemes panicled, slender ; ovaries 2 

or 3 ; pods oblong, sessile. Mountains, N. Car. 3 — 4f. Sept. 

20. ACT2EA, L. Baneberry. Sep. 4 or 5, caducous. Pet. 4—8, spatu- 
late, long-clawed. Fil. slender. Ov. 1, with a sessile, 2-lobed stigma. Berry 
globous, with a lateral furrow, 1-celled, co-seeded, if Lvs. ternately divi- 
ded. Lfts. ovate, cut-lobed and toothed. Fls. white, in a short raceme. 
A. spicata L. 0. rubra Mx. Raceme hemispherical ; petals acute ; pedicels slen 

der; berries red, ovoid-oblong. Woods, Can. to Penn., andW. \\ — 2f. Lvs. ample. 

Raceme as broad as long. May. These plants are often described as species. 
y. alba Mx. Raceme oblong ; petals truncate ; berries white, on thick stalks. Can. 
to Ga. Common. White berries sometimes occur with slender pedicels, and 
vice versa. Foliage exactly as in /3. Var. a. is European. 

21. HYDRASTIS, L. Turmeric-root. Sepals 3, petaloid, caducous. 
Pet. 0. Ovaries 12 or more, becoming a baccate fruit, resembling a rasp- 
berry ; acines 1- or 2-seeded. Roots yellow, a tangled mass, sending up a 
single radical leaf and a stem which is 2-leaved and 1-flowered. Fig. 101. 
II. Canadensis L.— In damp woods, Can. to Car. and Ky. If. Leaves palmately 

3-5-lobed. Flower terminal, i eddish- white. Fruit crimson. June. 

22. P2EONLA, L. P^eony. Sepals 5, unequal, leafy, persistent. Petals 
5. Ovaries 3 — 5, surrounded by an annular disk. Follicles oo-seeded. 
if Root fasciculate. Leaves ternately or pinnately compound. Flowers 
large, terminal, solitary. Figs. 36, 241. 

§ Stems shrubby, perennial. Ovaries and pods 5. China Nos. 1, 3 

% Stems herbaceous, annual.— x Leaflets entire or cut-lobed. Ovaries 2 or 3 Nos. 3, 4 

—x Leaflets many-cleft. Ovaries 5 Nos. 5, 6 

1 P. Moutak. Tree Pceony. Ovaries distinct, half enveloped in the disk. 3- 4f, widely 
branching. Flowers large, double, purple varying to white. June. 



^4 Order S — MAGJSTOLIACE^E. 

2 P. papaveracea. Ovaries closely united into a globous capsule. 3f. Fls. whiles 

with a purple centre, 8 — 10' broad, single or double, varying to rose. May, June. 

3 P. officinalis. Common Red P. Lfts. lance-ovate, incised : carpels 2, pubescent, 

suberect. Alps. Fls. double, red, rose, pink, flesh-colored, and white. June. 

4 P. albiflora. Chinese P. Lfts. lance-elliptic, entire ; carpels 2 or 8, recurved, smooth ; 

calyx bracteate. Tartary. Fls. smaller, white, rose, carmine, &c. 
a P. anomala. Leaf-segments lance-linear ; carp, depressed, smooth ; cal. bracted. 

Siberia. Fls. concave, rose-colored, pink, &c. May, June. 
ti P. tenuifolia. Fennel P. Segments many linear lobes, very smooth ; carpels downy, 

spreading. Siberia. 2 — 3f. Fls. red, concave, open the first of May. 

Order II. MAGNOLIACE.E. Magnoliads. 

rrees or shrubs, often aromatic, with alternate, undivided leaves, and 
regular, polygynous, hypogynous, trimerous, imbricated flowers. Sepah 
and petals in several circles, often similar. Anthers adnate. Ovarus im- 
bricated or verticillate on the enlarged torus, 1 or 2-ovuled. Fruit chy or 
baccate, distinct or coherent into a cone-like head (sorosis) Embryo 
minule, at the base of fleshy albumen. Illust. figs. 274, 278, 331. 

WINTERERS. Stipules 0. Fls. 5. Carpels arranged in a circle Iixicium. 1 

MAGNOLIEjE. Stipules caducous. Fls. g. Carpels imbricated. 00 -rowed, (a) 

a Anthers introrse. Leaves folded longthwiso in bud Magnolia. 2 

a Anthers extrorse. Leaves folded crosswise in the bud Liriodendron. 3 

5 SCHIZAlvDRE.E. Stip. 0. Fls. $ $. Carpels in many rows, baccate Schizandra. 4 

1. ILLIOIUM, L. Star Anise. (Lat. illicio, to attract; alluding to 
its fragrance.) Sep. 3 — 6, colored. Pet. 6 — 30. Carpels capsular, dry, ar- 
ranged circularly, each with 1 smooth, shining seed. J) The smooth lvs., 
when bruised, exhale the odor of Anise. In wet grounds. May. 

1 l.Floridfinum Ellis. Lvs. acuminate ; petals 21—30, purple. Fla. to La. 4— Sf. 
1 1. parvifioium Mx. Lvs. acute; petals 6— 12, yellow. Ga. Fla. Fls. smaller. 

2. MAGNOIJA, L. (Named for Prof. Magnol, a French botanist ol 
the 17th century.) Sep. 3. Pet. 6 — 9. Anth. longer than the filaments, 
introrse. Ov. imoricated, 1-celled, 2-ovuled, becoming in fruit a fleshy, 
cone-like sorosis. JSeeds berry-like, suspended from the opening follicles 
by a slender funiculus. ^> and ;{} , with large fragrant flowers. Lvs. con- 
duplicate in bud, wrcn membranous deciduous stipules. Fig. 331. 

* Leaves cordate or auriculate at the base. Trees Nos. 5, 6, 7 

* Leaves acute at the ease, — rusty or glaucous beneath, coriaceous Nos. 1, 1 

—green (not shining) both sides, thin Nos. 3, 4 

Exotic species, cultivated Nos. 8-10 

1 UI. grandiflora L. Big Laurel. Trees ; lvs. evergreen, rusty-downy beneath ; 

pet. obovate, white. Swampy woods, S. States. 80f. Fls. Abroad, lvs. 7x4'. May. 

2 WI. glauca L. White Bay. Shrub or small tree ; lvs. obtuse, glaucous-white be- 

neath ; pet. ovate-ioundish, erect. Coast, Ms. to La. 5 — 20f. Fls. 2 / , cup-shaped. 
strongly fragrant, with white concave petals. Lvs. nearly evergreen. South. May-July. 

3 M. acuminata L. Cucumber Tree. Lvg. oval, acuminate, scattered ; fls. email 

(3—4' broad), petals obovate. S. States, rare in N. Y. 70f. The cones of fruit beai 
BDme resemblance to a small encumber. May. 



Order 3.— CALYCANTHACE.E. 25 

4 m» umbrella Lam. Umbrella Tree. Lvs. cuiteate-lanceolate, whorled at the end* 

of the branches (like an umbrella) ; sep. reflexed ; pet. lanceolate, acute. S. Stages 
rare in N. Y. and O. 25f. Lvs. and fls. very large. White. May. 

5 1W. cordata Mx. Lvs. broadly ovate, subcordate, pubescent beneath ; petals 6 — 9, 

oblong, yellow, with reddish lines. Ga. Car. 40f. Lvs. downy beneath. 

6 OT. Fraseri Walt. Lvs. obovate-spatulate, auricled at the narrow base ; pet. 6, p ;rc 

white. Va. Ky. to Fla. 30f. Fls, 6'. Lvs. If A slender tree. 
•J Iff. macroph^ila Mx. Lvs. obovate-spatulate, cordate ; pet. 6, rhomb-ovato, 
white, with a purple base inside. S. States. 20-30f. A small tree, with immense 
lvs. (2— 3f) and fls. (petals 8' long). June. 

8 OT. conspicua. Yulan. Sep. or very small ; pet. 6 — 9, erect, of a creamy white, 

appearing before the leaves in early Spring. Lvs. acuminate. 15f. 

9 Iff. pukpuuea. Sep. 3 ; pet. 6, erect, lilac-purple outside, preceding the obovate lvs., 

which are pointed at both ends. China. 10 — 15f. 

3. LIRIODENDRON, L. Tulip Tree. Whttewood. (Aeipiov, a 
Lily, de'rSpov, a tree.) Sep. 3. Pet. 6, in 2 rows, erect. Anth. opening out- 
ward. Carpels 1 or 2-seeded, imbricated into a cone, indeliiscent, sepa- 
rating from each other at maturity. 3b Large, with showy, bell-shaped, 
upright flowers. Lvs. 4-lobed, retuse-truncate at apex, induplicate in bud, 
with large, caducous stipules. Figs. 274, 278. 

L . tulipifera L.— A noble tree, beautiful in foliage and flowers ; trunk 5 — 8f diameter ; 
lOOf or more high ; lvs. very smooth ; fls. greenish-yellow, orange within, abounding 
in honey. May, June. 

4. SCHIZANDRA, Mx. (S^z^gj, to cut , oevdpa, stamens.) Sep. and 
pet. 9 — 12, gradually larger inw T ard. $ Stam. 5 — 15, monadelphous, anth. 
cells distinct. $ Carp, oo, at first imbricated in a head, in fruit baccate, 
and loosely spicate on the lengthened torus. Jp Lvs. pellucid-punctate, 
deciduous. Fls. solitary. 

S. coccinea Mx. Lvs. ovate or oval, pointed ; fls. on slender peduncles, small, red ; 
stam. 5, in the upper fls. chiefly. Berries and torus red. Vine 12f. South 



Order III. CALYCANTHACE^E. Calycanths. 

Shrubs with opposite, simple, exstipulate leaves, and axillary, solitary, 
often aromatic flowers. Sepals and petals oo-rowed. imbricated on a tubu- 
lar torus, the outer bract-like. Filaments oo, inserted on the top of the 
torus, short. Anthers adnate, extrorse. Carpels oo, 1-seeded, distinct, in- 
cluded in the green fleshy torus. Seed erect, without albumen. 

OALYCANTHUS, L. Sweet-scented Shrub. {KaXv£, calyx, arSoi, 
flower.) Sep. and pet. cblong, undistinguishable, the inner gradually 
shorter. Stam. apiculate, the outer longer, inner sterile. Fruit, the en- 
larged green torus loosely enclosing few or many achenia. +> Fls. lurid 
purple, with the fragrance of strawberries. 

1 O. floridus L. Lvs. oval or elliptical, acute or acuminate, scabrous, downy bo 
ncath ; fls. on very short axillary branches ; sep. and pet. about 20, near V in length 
S. States : common in gardens. Lvs. 2 — 5'. Shrub 4 — 8f. Apr. May, 

2 



26 Order 5.— MENISPERMACEJK. 

2 C laevigatas Willd. Lvs. thin, oval, obtuse or merely acute, nearly glabrous botfc 

sides ; fls. smaller, sometimes inodorous Pa., & S. to Fla. Mar. Apr. 

3 C. glaucus Willd. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, large (4—70, glaucous beneath ; sep. and 

pet. laiice-oblong, V in length. Mt. woods, Ga. to N. Car. 6 — 8f. May, June, t 

Order IY. ANONACEJS. Anonads. 

Trees or shrubs with naked buds, entire, alternate lvs. destitute of sti- 
pules. Flowers usually green or brown, axillary, hypogynous, valvate in 
jestivation. Sepals 3. Petals 6, in two circles, sometimes coherent Sta 
*nens oo. with an enlarged connectile, short filament, on a large torus. 
Ovaries severa. or oo, separate or coherent, fleshy or not, in fruit. Em- 
bryo minute in the end of the ruminated albumen. Illust. fig. 314. 

ASIMINA, Adans. Pap aw. Sep. 3. Pet. 6, the outer row larger than 
the inner. Stam. densely packed in a spherical mass. Pistils several, dis- 
tinct, ripening but few, which become large, oblong, pulpy fruits, with 
many flat seeds. Shrubs or small trees, with brownish, axillary, solitary, 
flowers. 

* Flowers appearing before the leaves. Petals purple Nos. 1, 9 

* Flowers appearing with the leaves. Outer petals yellowish Nos. 3, 4 

1 A. triloba Dunal. Lvs. obovate-oblong, acuminate; pet. dark purple, the outer 

orbicular, 3 or 4 times as long as the sepals ; fruit ovoid-oblong. N. Y., S. and W. 
15— 20f. Lvs. 10', smooth. Fls. 1', Mar. Apr. Fr. 3', eatable in Oct. 

2 A. parviflora Dunal. Lvs. obovate-oval ; pet. oval, green-purple, twice longei 

than sep. Woods, coastward. Car. to Fla. 2— 3f. Lvs. 5'. Fls. 6". Fr. 1', roundish. 

3 A. grandifl^ra Dunal. Lvs. obov.-obl. obtuse, grayish-tomentous ; outer pet. very 

large (2' long), yellowish white. Ga. Fla. 2— 3f. Fr. small, obovate. Mar. Apr. 
4- A. pygmsba Dunal. Lvs. coriaceous, evergreen, narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, 
smooth ; pet. obov.-obl., yellowish and brownish. Ga. Fla. 6 — 12'. Carp. V. May. 

Order Y. MENISPERMACE^S. Menispermads. 

Shrubs twining or climbing, with alternate, palmate-veined, exstipulate 
leaves. Flowers dioecious, rarely £ or 2 5 $ , hypogynous, 3-6-gynous. Se- 
pals and petals similar, in 3 or more circles, imbricated in the bud. Sta- 
mens equal in number to the petals, and opposite to them, or 3 or 4 times 
as many. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe, with a large or long curved embryo 
in scanty albumen. Illust. 347. 

£ Stamens 12—20. Sep. 4 — 8, nut moon-st aped. Lvs. peltate Menispermum. 1 

g Stamens 6. Sep. 6, nut mc on-shaped. Lvs. sinuate, 3-lobed Cocculus. 2 

$ Stamens 6. Sep. 6, nut c: p-shaped. Lvs. deeply 5-lobed Calycocarpum . S 

1. MENISPERMUM L. Moon-seed. {Mrjrri, the moon, 6-Ttspna, 
seed ; from the crescent !urm of the seed.) Fls. $ $ . Sep. 4 — 8. Pet. 4 — 8, 
minute, retuse. S Anth. 12 — 20, 4-celled. 9 Ovaries and styles 2 — 4 
£ Drupes 1-3-seeded. Seeds lunate and compressed. Fls. white, in axil 
Jary clusters. Fig. 347 



Order 6.— BEKBERIDACEtE. 27 

M, Cana dense L. St. climbing; lvs. 5-7-angled or lobed, peltate, the petiole in 
serted near the base ; rac. compound ; petals 6 — 7, small. •? Thickets : common 
8— 12f. Drupes black, resembling grapes, ripe in Sept. Fls. in July. 

2. OOOCULUS, DC. (Diminutive, from Lat. coccum, a berry.) Fls. 
$ $ . Sep., pet., and stam. 6. Anth. 4-celled. ? Ov. 3 to 6. Drape glo- 
bular-compressed, nut curved as in Menispermum. *> Fls. in axillary 
panicles, small, greenish. 

C. Carolinianus DC. — S. HI. to Fla. 10— 15f. Lvs. ovate or cordate, entire or lobed. 
Drapes red, 1—3 together, as large as a pea. June, July. 

3. OALYOOCARPUM, Nutt. Cup-seed. {KdXv£, a cup, naprtdS, 
fruit) Sep. 6. Pet. 0. $ Stam. 12. Anth. 3-celled. 2 Stam. 6, abor- 
tive. Ov. 3. Stig. fimbriate-radiate. Drupe oval, with the putamen 
deeply excavated in front and cup-shaped. "*> Fls. greenish-white, in long 
axillary panicles. 

C» Lyonl Nutt. — Ga. to Ky. Vine 20 — 30f. Lvs. 6— & diam., lobes acuminate ; drupe 
1', oval, greenish. Fls. small, 2" diameter. June. 

Order VI. BERBERLDACE^E. Berbereds. 

Herbs or shrubs with alternate leaves and with perfect, hypogynous, 
regular flowers. Sepals and petals imbricated in bud, each in one or seve- 
ral rows. Stamens as many as the petals, and opposite to them, rarelj 
more. AntJiers opening mostly by valves, hinged at top. Pistil 1. Styh 
short or none. Fruit a berry or capsule. Seeds several, albuminous 
Illust. 49, 91, 92, 189, 364, 403, 426. 

§ Shrubs, with bristly-serrate leaves, yellow flowers and acid berrioa Berberis. 1 

§ Herbs.— * Anthers opening by 2 valves hinged at the top. . .(o) 

a Stamens 6. Fruit 2, drnpe-like, soon-naked seeds Caulophyllum. 2 

a Stamens 6. Berry 1-4-seeded. Petals white, larger than sep DirHYLLEiA. 3 

a Stamens 8. Pod opening by a lid. Petals 8 Jeffersonia. 4 

— * Anthers opening by slits. Stamens 9 — 18 Podophyllum . 5 

1. BERBERIS, L. Berberry. (Name from the Arabic.) Calyx of 
6 obovate, spreading, colored sepals, with the 3 outer ones smaller. Co- 
rolla of 6 suborbicular petals, with 2 glands at the base of each. Fil. 6, 
flattened. Anth. opening by uplifted valves. Style 0. Berry oblong, 1 • 
celled. Seeds 2 or 3. +> with yellow wood and yellow fls. Figs. 91, 92, 403 

1 B. vulgaris L. Spines (reduced lvs.) 3-forked ; lvs. simple, serratures terminated 

by soft bristles ; raceme pendulous, many-flowered ; pet. entire ; berries oblong. N. 
States. 6 — 9f. Eac. 12-flowered. Berries red, very tart. May, June. 

2 B. Canadensis Ph. Lvs. repandly-toothed, teeth with short, soft bristles ; rac 

few (6-8)-flowered ; pet. notched ; berries oval. Mts. Va. to Ga. 2 — 3f. May, June. 

3 B. AQUTPOLnrM Ph. Lvs. pinnate ; lfts. 7 — 11, coriaceous, polished, evergreen, 

spinulous-toothed ; clusters erect, crowded. Oregon. 3— 5f. Berries globular. April 

2. CAULOPHYLIiUM, Mx. Cohosh. (KavXoS, stem, cpvXkov, leaf; 
the stem appearing as the stalk of the compound leaf.) Cal. of 6 green 



28 Order ?.— NYMPH^EACE^E. 

sepals, 3-bracted at base. Cor. of 6 short, gland-like thickened petals 
opposite the sepals. Stam. 6. Ov. 2-ovuled, becoming a thin pericarp, which 
soon breaks away after flowering, and the 2 round drupe-like seeds riper 
naked. If Glabrous and glaucous, arising from a knotted rhizome. Lvs 
2 only, 2 and 3-ternate. 

C. thalictroid.es Mx. Pappoose Root— C&n. to Car. and Ky. 1—2^1. lifts, lobed 
2 — 3 / . Fls. greenish, in a simple terminal panicle. Seeds on thick stfpes, bluo, & 
large as peas. May. 

\ 

3, DIFHYLLEIA, Mx. Umbrella-leaf. (8 is, twice, q>v\\o\ , 

leaf.) Calyx of 5 sepals, caducous. Cor. of 6 oval petals larger than tin 
sepals. Stam. 6. Ov. eccentric. Stigma subsessile. Berry few-seeded, 
seeds attached laterally below the middle. U Glabrous, arising from a 
thick, horizontal root-stock. Lvs. simple, peltate, 1 or 2 only. 

D. cymosa Mx.— Mts. Va. to Ga. and Tenn. 1— 2f. Leaf centrally peltate, or if 2, 
alternately reniform-peltate, ample, lobed. Fls. white. June. Berries blue. 

4, JEFFERSONIA, Bart. Twin-leaf. (In honor of President Jef- 
ferson, a patron of science.) Sep. 4. Pet. 8, spreading. Anth. 8, lineal. 
Stig. peltate. Caps, obliquely obovate, stiped, circumscissile, opening by a 
lid. if Rhizome and matted fibres blackish. Scape bearing a single flower, 
as tall as the 2-parted or binate leaves. Figs. 49, 189, 364, 426. 

J. dipliylla Bart.— N. Y., W. and S. If. Fl. handsome, white. April. A singular 
plant, called Rheumatism Root. The pod has a persistent lid. 

5, PODOPHYLLUM, L. May Apple. (IIovS, nodds, foot, (pvXXov, 

leaf.) Sep. 3, concave, caducous. Pet. 6 — 9, obovate, concave. Anth. 

9 — 18, linear. Berry large, ovoid, 1-celled, crowned with the solitary 

stigma, if Barren stems with 1 centrally peltate leaf, flowering stems 

with 2 equal, opposite broad cordate-peltate leaves, and a large white 

flower between. 

P. peltatum L.— In rich shady soils. If. Fl. nodding, 2 / . May. Fruit the size of a 
plum, with flavor of strawberry. July. Lvs. and roots poisonous. 

Order VII. NYMPH^EACE^E. Nymphiads. 

Herbs perennial, aquatic (in deep water), with rhizomes submersed, 
scapes one-flowered (rarely a leafy stem), and leaves peltate or deep-cor- 
date. Flowers regular, showy, hypogynous (rarely epigynous), with im- 
bricated petals and sepals. Carpels 3 — oo, distinct or united. Ovule* 
parietal, never on the ventral suture. Seeds with the embryo enclosed in 
a sac at the end of copious albumen, or (in Nelumbium) exalbuminous. 
must. 202, 407-414, 505, &c. 

§ CABOMBE^E. Sepals 3. Petals 3. Carpels distinct, few-ovuled. Flowers small, (a) 

a Stam. 6. Carpels 3. Submersed leaves dissected C a bom ba. 1 

a Stam. 6 — 18. Carpels 6 — oo. Leaves all peltate BkasehiA. 3 

& NELUMBONEjE. Sep. 4 or 5. Pet. and stam. 00 . Carp, immersed in the torus, dis 

tinnt. exalbuminous. Fls. very large Vulutcbiuti. 8 



Order 7.— NYMPH^EACE^E. 29 

S NYMPHEJ3. SeD. 4— 6. Pet. and stam. 00 . Carp, united. Fls. large, showy, (b) 

b Pet. (stamen-like) and stam. hypogynous. Fls. yellow Nuphar. 1 

b Pet. petaloid. Stamens epigynous (on the torus raised into a disk) Nymphea. S 

b Pet. (petaloid), sep. and stamons enigynnus. Lvs. peltate Victoria. (5 

1. BRASENIA, Sckreb. Water Target. Sep. 3 or 4, colored with- 
in, persistent Stam. 12 — 24. Pet. 3 or 4. Carp. 6 — 18, oblong, 2 (or by 
abortion l)-seeded. U The stems and under surface of the leaves are 
covered with a viscid jelly. Lvs. all floating, entire, elliptical. 

If. peltata Ph. Pools and muddy shores. The slender ped. and petioles long ae the 
depth of the water. Lvs. 2ixl'. Fls. purple, 6" broad. July. 

2. CAEOMBA, Aublet. Sep. 3, petaloid. Pet. 3. Stam. 6. Pistils 3 
(rarely 2 or 4), nearly the length of stamens, and half as long as the petals 
and sepals. Carp, few-seeded, if Lvs. opposite, mostly submersed and' 
filiformly dissected. Fls. in the axils of the floating lvs. 

f'. Caroliniana Gray. Floating lvs. few and small (6 // xl // ), immersed lvs. many. 

Stems branched. Fls. white, 6", strictly trimerous. July, Aug. 

3. NELUMBIUM, Juss. {Nelumbo is the name of the species in 
Ceylon.) Pet. and stam. oo, hypogynous, in many rows. Carp. 00, sepa- 
rate, becoming 1-seeded nuts, imbedded in as many cavities on the large, 
obconic, fleshy torus. Seed with large cotyledons, veiy short radicle and 
no albumen. Rhizome horizontal. Lvs. peltate, emersed. Scape 1-flow- 
ered. There are only 2 species, N. speciosum of E. India, and 

W. luteum L. Petals yellowish ; anth. lengthened beyond the cells to a clavate appen- 
dage. A magnificent aquatic, frequent S. and W. In Sodus Bay, N. Y. (Hankenson), 
Lyme, Ct., near Philadelphia (Parish). Lvs. erect, round, centrally peltate, 10—18'. 
Fls. several times larger than those of Nymphaea odorata, fragrant. Nuts as large as 
acorns. June — Aug. 

4. NUPHAR, Smith. Yellow Pond-Lily. {JSfeufar is the Arabic 
name.) Sep. 5 or 6, concave. Pet. oo, small, linear, inserted with the oo 
stamens on the torus Stig. discoid, with prominent rays. Cap*, oo-celled, 

00 -seeded. U Lvs. sagittate-cordate at the base, entire at the margin, on 
stout stalks. 

1 N. advena Ait. Lvs. floating or erect, oval ; lobes rounded, petioles half terete ; 

stig. 12-24-rayed ; sep. 6, unequal. Slow streams and muddy pools. Lvs. thick and 
large. Fls. deep yellow (save the 3 outer sep.), 2' diam., globular. June, July. 

2 N, Kalmiana Ait. Lvs. floating and submersed, the latter membranous, reniform- 

cordate ; stig. 8-14-rayed, crenate ; sepals 5, equal. Plant small and delicate. Float 

ing leaves oval, 1 — 3' long, the lobes nearly meeting. Flowers about 1' diam. Sam. 

8 N. sagittifolia Ph. Leaves oblong, sagittate-cordate, obtuse ; sep. 6 ; pet. ; anth 

subsessile. Slow waters, N. Car. to Ga. Lvs. 10— 15 ; . Fls. 2', globular. June, July 

5. NYMPHilA, L. Water-lily. Sepals 4 or 5. Pet. oo, gradually 
passing into stamens, adherent to the ovary. Stamens oo, the outer with 
broad filaments. Stigma surrounded with rays. Seeds oo, arillate. U & 
Flowers white, roseate, or blue, very lovely. Figs. 202, 407-414. 

1 N. C(ERtrLEA. Lvs. crenate. lobes partly united, becoming peltate ; pet. sky-blue. Egypt 



30 ORDER 8.— SARRAjENIACE^E 

2 N. odorata L. L/vs. orbicular, entire, cleit at base to the insertion of the petiole 

fls. very fragrant, jpen from 6 a. m. to 3 p. m. upon the water's surface, white, vary 
ing to rose-color : seeds oblong. June — Aug. 

3 N. tuberosa Paine. Lvs. reniform-orbicular, cordate-cleft, If wide ; rhizome bear- 

ing tubers, which separate spontaneously ; fls. nearly scentless ; seeds globular. N. Y 
(Oneida Lake ; Sodus Bay (Hankenson), and westward. Aug. (See Addenda.) 
V 

6. VICTORIA, Lindl. (Name in honor of Queen Victoria.) Carp 

Immersed in the cup-form torus, united. Sep. 4. Pet. oo, graduated into 

stamens, as in Nymphsea. Lvs. spiny, floating, strongly veined. 

V. regia is the only species, native of the rivers of Trop. Am. ; rarely cultivated. The 
lvs. are several feet in diam. Fls. like immense Water Lilies. 



Order VIII. SARRACENIACEJ3. Water Pitchers. 

Herbs, aquatic, in bogs, with fibrous roots, perennial, and with the leaver 
all radical, urn-shaped, or trumpet-shaped, and large flowers on scapes. 
Floral envelopes 4 — 10, imbricated, the outer greenish, sepaloid. Stamens 
oo, hypogynous. Carpels united into a several-celled capsule. A curious 
family, remarkable for its leaves, which are of that class called ascidia 
(§ 322), holding water. Figs. 392, 393, 394. 

1. SARRACENIA, Tourn. Pitcher Plant. (In honor of Br. Sar* 

razen, of Quebec.) Sep. 5, colored, persistent, subtended by 3 bractlets. 

Pet. 5, incurved, deciduous. Stig. 5, united into a large peltate, persistent 

membrane, covering the ovary and stamens. Caps. 5-celled, 5-valved. 

Seeds very numerous, li Lvs. all radical, urn-shape' 3 *«" trumpet-shaped, 

with a wing on the front side and a hood (the lamina) at top. Fl. large, 

nodding. 

§ Lamina inflected over the throat of the tube Nos. 1, 2 

§ Lamina erect or nearly so, the throat open. (*) 

* Leaf-tube pitcher-shaped, with a broad wing No. 3 

* Leaf-tube trumpet-shaped, with a narrow wing No. 4 

1 S. psittacina Mx. Lvs. short, reclined, with a broad semi-ovate wing ; fls. deep 

purple. Bogs, Fla. Ga. La. If. Tube nearly closed. The leaf resembles a parrot in 
form hence the specific name. March. 

2 S. variola ris Mx. Lvs. elongated, suberect, mottled with white on the back ; fls. 

yellow. Bogs, S. Car. to Fla. Lvs. 12 — 18', scape shorter. 

3 S. purpurea L. Side-saadle Flower. Lvs. short, recumbent, inflated most near 

the middle; lamina broad-cordate. Bogs: common. Scapes 14 — 20', each bearing 
large handsome deep-purple flower, in June. 

j3, heterophil lla Torr. Fls. greenish yellow. No purple veins in the lvs. Ms 

■v alata, Fls. large, yellow. Lvs. slender, erect, wing but W broad. La. l--2f 
t S. Orouovli Wood. Trumpet-leaf. Lvs. tall, erect, tube gradually enlarged to the 
open throat, wing narrowly linear, lamina roundish, contracted at base. Swampj 
pine-woods, S. States. 2— 3f. Fls. very large, 4 — 5' broad. 

a. Aava, Foliage yellowish green, fls. yellow. Plant large. 

p. rubra. Foliage with purple veins, fls. red-purple. Plant smaller. 

4. Drummdndii. Lvs. mottled above, with purple veins and white diaphanous 
Interstices. Plant very large. Fla 



Order 9.— PAPAVERACE^E. 31 



Order IX. PAPAVERACE^E. Poppy- wcrts. 

Herb# with alternate, exstipclate leaves, and generally a milky or colored 
juice. Flowers solitary, on long peduncles, never blue, hypogynous, regu- 
lar, 1/ or $/. Sepals 2, rarely 3, caducous, and petals 4, rarely 6, all imbri- 
cated. Stamens indefinite, but some multiple of 4. Anthers 2-celled, 
innate. Ovaries compound. Style short or 0. Stigmas 2, or if more, stel- 
late upon tlie flat apex of ovaiy. Fruit either pod-shaped, with 2 parietaJ 
placentas, or capsular, with several. Seeds Go, minute. Embryo minute, 
at the base of oily albumen. Illust. 148, 344, 404, 405, 406, 463, 493. 

T Plants with a white juice. Petals 4, crumpled in bud Pap aver. 6 

T Plants with a watery juice. Calyx a mitre, falling off whole Eschscholtzja. 7 

T Plants with a red juice. Petals 8, plane in the bud Sanguinaria. 1 

T Plar f s with a yellow juice. Petals crumpled in the bud. (*) 

* Stigmas and placentae 2 only. Capsule long, pod-shaped, (a) 

* Stigmas and placentae 3, 4, or 6. Capsule ovoid, (b) 

a Pod 1-celled, smooth. Lvs. pinnate Chelidoniusc. 2 

a Pod 2-celled, rough. Lvs. palmate Glaucium. 3 

6 Style distinct, but short MECoxorsia. 4 

b Stylo none, stigma sessila Abgbmon*. I 

t No petals. Juice reddish. Boccoma. i 

1 , SANGUINARIA, L. Blood-root. (Latin sanguis, blood ; all its 
parts abound in a red juice.) Sep. 2, caducous. Pet. 8 — 12, in 2 or 3 rows, 
the outer longer. Stam. about 24. Stig. sessile, 1 or 2-lobed. Capsule 
silique-form, oblong, 1-celled, 2-valved, acute at each end, many-seeded. 
1; A low, acaulescent plant, with a white flower, and a glaucous, palmate- 
veined leaf. Fig. 463. 

8. Canadensis L. An interesting flower, appearing in early Spring : common in the 
woods. rV. From each bud of the root-stalk there springs a single large, glaucous 
leaf, and a scape with a single flower. Leaf kidney-shaped, with roundish lobea 
separated by rounded sinuses. Fl. of a quadrangular outline, white, scentless, and oi 
short duration. The juice is emetic and purgative. 

/3, Leaf not lobed, margin undulate. Bainbridge, Ga., and elsewhere. 

2, OHELIDONIUM, L. Celandine. {XeXiSgov, the swallow, being 
supposed to flower with the arrival of that bird, and to perish with its de- 
parture.) Sep. 2. Pet. 4, roundish, contracted at base. Stam. 24 — 32, 
shorter than the petals. Stig. small, sessile, bifid. Capsule silique-form, 
linear, 2-valved, 1-celled. Seeds crested, if Fragile, pale green, with saf- 
fron-yellow juice. Figs. 344, 493. 

C t ma jus L. Lvs. pinnate; lfts. lobed, segments rounded ; fls. in umbels. By fezHMS, 
roadsides, &c. 1— 2f. Fls. in loose umbels, yellow, very fugacious. May— Oct 

3, GLAUOIUM, Tourn. Horn Poppy. {JPXccvkov, glaucous, the 

hue of the foliage.) Sep. 2. Pet. 4. Style none. Stig. 2-lobed. Pod 2- 

celled, linear, very long, rough. ® or (f) sea-green herbs, with clasping 

leaves, yellow juice, and solitary, yellow flowers. 

G. luteum Scop. Sparingly naturalized near the coast, from the Potomac southward 
8f. Lvs. 5-7-lobed. Fls. 2', of short drtration. Pods 6— W. June— An* 



32 Order 9.— PAPAVERACE^E. 

4. MECONOPSIS, Viguier. Yellow Poppy. (My h gov, a poppy 
iipii, resemblance.) Sep. 2, hirsute. Pet. 4. Style conspicuous. Stig 
4 — 6, radiating, convex, free. Capsule ovoid, 1-celled, opening by 4 valves 
U Herbs with a yellow juice, pinnately-divided leaves, and stems 2-leaved, 
bearing an umbel. 

Iff. dipliylla DC. Lvs. sinuately 5-7-lobed, the canline but 2, opposite ; fls. few. large 
(20, yellow ; pod bristly, oval. Woods, W. States. 12—18'. Pet. orbicular ; style 
surpassing the stamens ; pod 3'. May. 

5. ARGEMONE, L. Prickly Poppy. ("ApyF/uos, a disease of the 

eye, which this plant was supposed to cure.) Sep. 2 or 3, caducous, 

smaller than the 4 or 6 roundish petals. Stig. sessile, capitate, 4 or 6-rayed. 

Capsule ovoid, prickly, opening at the top by valves. ® Herbs with 

yellow juice, spinous-pinnatifid leaves, and showy flowers. 

A., Jffexica.ua L. Calyx prickly ; caps, prickly, 6-valved ; fls. axillary and terminal, 
2 — 3' diam., yellow, varying to white. Waste grounds, South. 

6. PAP AVER, L. Poppy. (Celtic, papa, pap, a soporific food for 
children, composed of poppy seeds, &c.) Sep. 2, caducous. Pet. 4. Caps. 
I -celled, opening by pores under the broad, persistent 4-20-rayed stigma. 
Exotic herbs, with white juice, abounding in opium. Fl. buds nodding, 
erect in flower and fruit. Figs. 148, 404-6. 

1 P. somniferum L. Opium Poppy. Glabrous and glaucous; lvs. clasping, cut- 

dentate ; caps, globous. (J) with large white or purplish flowers, often double. 1\ — 3f. 
Extensively cultivated for opium. June, July. §. 

2 P. dubium L. St. hispid with spreading hairs ; lvs. pinnately-parted ; segm. incised; 

sep. hairy ; caps, club-shaped. ® Fields. 2f. Slender. Fls. light red or scarlet. 
June, July. §. 

3 P. Rhosas L. St. many-flowered, hairy ; lvs. incisely pinnatifid ; caps, globous. (£ 

Fls. very large, deep scarlet, more or less double. June, July. 
t P. orientals L. St. 1-flowered, rough ; lvs. scabrous, pinnate, serrate ; caps, smooth. 
U Levant. 3f. Fls. very large, scarlet, too brilliant to be looked upon in the sun. June. 

7. ESCHSCHOLTZIA, Cham. (Named for Bschscholtz, a Germar 
botanist well known for his researches in California.) Sep. 2, cohering, 
caducous. Pet. 4. Stam. 00, adhering to the claws of the petals. Stig. 
sessile. Caps, pod-shaped, cylindric, 10-striate, many-seeded. (I) Lvs. 
finely pinnatifid, glaucous. The juice, which is colorless, exhales the odoi 
of hydrochloric acid. 

I E. Douglasii Hook. St. branching, leafy; torus obconic; cal. ovoid, with a veij 
short, abrupt acumination ; pet. bright yellow, with an orange spot at base. Cal. Oieg. 
Foliage smooth, abundant, and rich. Fls. 2'— 3' broad. 

I K. Californica Hook. St. branching, leafy; torus funnel-form, with a much-dilated 
limb : cal. conic, with a long acumination ; flowers orange-yellow. Cal. 

8. BOCCONIA, Plum. Sep. 2, colored. Pet. 0. Sty. bifid. Caps. 2- 

valved, l--3-seeded. if Cult, for the handsome glaucous lvs. Fls. in panicles 

1 B. cordata. Lvs. roundish, cordate, many-lobed, veiny ; flowers white or yellowish 

numerous in the ample pyramidal panicle, in Summer. From China. Hardy. 
% B. frutescens Lvs. oblona. large, sinuate-lobed. splendid ; fls. in Spr wh. W. Ind 



Order 10.— FUMARIACE.E. 33 

Order X. FUMARIACEvE. Fumeworts. 

Kerbs smooth and delicate, with a watery juice. Leaves exstipulate, alter- 
nate, many-cleft. Flowers irregular. Sepals 2, very small. Petals 4, par- 
allel, one or both of the outer saccate, 2 inner cohering at apex. Stamens 
6, diadelphous. Anthers, 2 outer 1-celled, middle 2-celled. Ovaries supe- 
rior, 1 -celled. Frv it a nut 1-2-seecled, or a capsule oo-seeded. Seedt 
shining, arilled. Albumen fleshy. Illust. 61, 252-4. 

• Corolla equally 2 spr~ red or 2-saccate at base, (a) 

• Coiolla unequal, ouly 1 of the petals spurred, (b) 

a Petals slightly united or distinct, mostly deciduous. Not climbing Dicentra. 1 

a Petals firmly united, persistent. Plants climbing , Adlumia. 2 

b Ovary with several seeds, forming a slender pod Corydalis. 3 

b Ovary with ' jeed, forming a globular nut Fumaria. 4 

/ 

1 DICENTRA, Borkh. Ear-drop. Sep. 2, veiy small, sometimes 
disappearing. The 2 outer petals alike, saccate at base, with spreading 
tips ; the 2 inner alike, spoon-shaped, crested, meeting face to face over 
the stam. and pistil. Fil. flat, in 2 sets, united at top. Stig. 2-crested. Pod 
many-seeded, if I vs. ternately divided or cleft. Fls. racemed, nodding. 
Delicate and beautiful plants. Figs. 61, 252-4. 

* Herbs native, acaule^cent, the sepals small but manifest Nos. 1, 2, a 

* Herbs exotic, caulescent, the sepals obsolete or wanting No. 4 

1 JJ. cucullaria DC. White Ear-drop. Root bulb-like ; spurs of the fls. divergent, 

acute, straight ; flower nearly as broad as long. Woods, Can. to Ky. 6 — 10'. Lvs. all 
radical of numerous oblong linear segm. The bulb consists of red-dish, scale-like 
tubers. Apr. May. 

2 I>. Canadensis DC. Squirrel-corn. Root bearing yellow tubers as large as peas ; 

rac. simple ; fls. wllite, cordate-ovate ; spurs rounded, incurved. Rocky woods, Cau. 
to Ky. 6 — 8 / . Lvs. as in No. 1. Fls. fragrant. May, June. 

3 I>. eximia DC. Purple E. Rhizome scaly ; rac. paniculate ; fls. cordate-oblong, 

rose-purple, spurs blunt, incurved ; sep. ovate, acute ; lvs. triternate, segm. cut into 
oblong, acute lobes N. Y. to Oreg. ! 10 — 15'. Fls. all summer, t 

4 D. spectabllis. Bleeding Heart. Stems recurved, branched ; lvs. biternate, segm. 

2 or 3-lobed ; fls. in spreading racemes, bright purple ; cor. broad, heart-shaped ; sep. 
obsolete. China. Vqtj fine and showy. 

2. ADIiUMIA, Raf. Mountain Fringe. Sepals 2, minute. Petals 4, 
united into a cellular, monopetalous corolla, persistent, bi-gibbous at base, 
4-lobed at apex. Stam. united in 2 equal sets. Pod 2-valved, many-seeded 
(D ^ Delicate, with tripinnate leaves, and ample pendulous cymes. 

A. cirrhosa Raf.— Rocky hills, Can. to N. Car. 20f. The leaf-stalks serve for tendrils. 

Leaflets 3-lobed. Flowers pinkish white. June — Aug. 

3. CORYDALIS, DC. Sepals 2, small. Petals 4. Corolla with a 
single spur at base cm the upper side. Capsule silique-form, many-seeded. 
Seeds crested or arilled. Herbs caulescent, with multifid leaves. Racemes 
bracted, with ebracieolate pedicels. 

I C. glauca Ph. Glaucous, erect; fls. red, yellow at the tip ; pods erect; lobes of the 
leaflets obtuse, bracts minute. © Rocky woods, Can. to N. Car. 1— 4f. Raceme ter 
minal. Flowers horizontal, spur short, blunt. May, June. 



34 Order 11.— CRUCIFERJS. 

2 C aureaWilld. Low, diffuse, finally ascending ; leaf-lobes acute ; rac. opposite the 

lvs. and terminal ; fls. secuud, bright yellow, spur deflected ; pods pendulous, tora- 
lous; seeds turgid, polished. ® Rocky shades. 8— 12'. Cor. 6". Bracts lance 
ovate. Apr.— -July. 

/3. macrantha. Fls. 10", spur nearly as long as limb ; bracts and leaf-lobes linear, 
Dakota; sent by Dr. W. Matthews. 

y. fldvula. Fls. 3 — 4", pale yellow, spur very short, petals pointed. Common. 

3 C. montana Engelm. ? Ascending ; rac. terminal ; leaf-lobes obtuse, bracts lance- 

olate ; cor. yellow, spur ascending, nearly as long as limb, lower petal at length pen- 
dent ; pods erect ; seeds lenticular. La. Tex. 1 

4 FUmAria, L. Fumitory (Lat fumus, smoke ; from its disa- 
greeable odor.) Sep 2, caducous. Pet. 4, unequal, 1 of them spurred at 
the base. Nut ovoid or globous, 1-seeded, and indehiscent. Lvs. cau- 
linc, finely dissected. 

F. officinalis L. Diffusely branched, erect ; lvs. bipinnate ; rac. loose ; fls. minute, 
purple at the tip ; calyx serrated ; ped. erect, twice longer than bract ; nut round- 
retuse. © Waste grounds, §. If. July, Aug. 



Order XI. CRUCIFEILE. Crucdjers. 

Herbs with a pungent, watery juice, and alternate, exstipulate leaves, 
with flowers cruciform, tetradynamous, generally in racemes, and bractless. 
Sepals 4, deciduous. Petals 4, hypogynous, with long claws and spreading 
limbs. Stamens 6, the 2 outer opposite ones shorter than the 4 interior. 
Ovary 2-carpeled, 2-celled by a false partition, with parietal placentae. 
Fruit a silique, or silicle, usually 2-celled. Stigmas 2, sessile. Seeds 2-rowed 
in each cell, but often so intercalated as to form but 1 row. Embryo with 
the 2 cotyledons variously folded on the radicle. Albumen 0. Illust. 55, 
104, 192, 193, 239, 336, 429, 506. 

1 2 3 A large and important Order, difficult of 

analysis. The Genera cannot be well 

distinguished by their flowers, so nearly 

alike are they in all. Their characters 

are taken from the fruit and seeds. Hence 

. is indispensable that specimens for analysis should be in fruit as well as 

in flower. DeCandolle arranged the Genera into Tribes according to the 

folding of the cotyledons upon the radicle. This occurs in three different 

modes, as follows . 

Cotyledons incumbent, when they are so Dent or folded as to apply the 
b&rk of one of them to the radicle, as m tne seed of Capsella, fig. 1. 

Cotyledons accumbent when they are so turned as to apply their edges 
to the radicle, as seen in ihe seed of Arabis Canadensis, fig. 2. 

Cotyledons conduplicate, when thev are not only incumbent, as in tho 
first case, but also folded on and partly embracing the radicle, as in Mus- 
tard, fig. S 




Order 11.— CRUCIFEE^E. 36 

In the following table we endeavor to combine with the systematic 
arrangement of DeCandolle a more practical artificial method : 

* Crucifers native, or cultivated for food. (§) 

* Crucifers exotic, cultivated for ornament or art. (§ §) 
§ Fruit a long pod, silique (§ 166), opening by 2 valves, (a) 

§ Fruit a short pod, silicle (§ 166), opening by 2 valves, (e) 

§ Fruit a jointed pod, loment, partitioned across Nos. 28, 24 

a Flowers cyanic. — b Seeds arranged in a double row in each cell Nos. 1, 2 

—b Seeds in 1 row. — c Pods sessile on the torus Nos. 3, 4, 5 

— c Pods on a slender stipe No. 12 

a Flowers yellow. — d Seeds flat, wing-margined No. 6 

— d Seeds ovate or oblong Nos. 9, 10, 11 

— d Seeds globular No. 15 

« Flowers bright yellow. Silicle turgid, or slightly flattened Nos. 1, 20, 21 

« Flowers cyanic.—/ Siliclfr turgid, with a broad partition Nos. 19, 22 

— f Silicle flattened parallel with a broad partition Nos. 16, 18 

— f Silicle flattened contrary to the narrow partition Nos. 24, 26 

5§ Fruit a silique or long pod, opening by 2 valves Nos. 7, 8, 13, 14 

§ § Fruit a silicle— g with 1 seed only, and indehiscent No. 27 

—q with 2 or more seeds. — h Petals all equal Nos. 16, 17 

— h Petals unequal No. 23 

rp.iBK I. ARABIDEJ3. — Pods mostly elongated. Seed oval or orbicular, more ar less flattened. Co 
iyledons accumbent (=©). 

1 Seeds small, turgid, in a turgid, oblong or oval pod Nasturtium. 

2 Seeds flattened, in a long, linear pod. Plants very erect Turritis. 

3 Silique linear, seeds in 1 row, not bordered. Purple Iodanthus. 

4 Silique linear, each valve with 1 central vein, not opening elastically Arabis. 

5 Silique linear or lanceolate, valves veinless, opening elastically Cardamine. 

6 Silique oblong, flattened, seeds wing-margined. Leaves radical Leavenworthu 

7 Silique long, CO-seeded. Stigmas distinct, 2-horned Matthiola. 

8 Silique long, OO-seeded. Stigmas capitate. Leaves entire Flowers yellow.. Cheiranthus. 

9 Silique 4-angled, 2-edged, rigid. Leaves lyrate-pinn&tifid Barbarea. 

Tribe II. SISYMBRIE.E. — Pod elongated. Seeds oblong. Cotyledons incumbent (Jo), oblong. 

10 Calyx erect. Pods 4-sided, valves strongly 1-veined Leaves lanceolate Erysimum. 

11 Calyx half spreading. Pods subterete. Leaves dissected or incised Sisymbrium. 

12 Very smooth herbs, with the white flowers in corymbs. South Warea.' 

13 Stigma of 2 converging lobes. Petals entire, oblique. Leaves lanceolate Hesperis. 

14 Stigma lobes connate. Petals pinnatifid, involute in aestivation Schizopetai om 

Tribe III. BRASSICE^E.— Pods elongated. Seeds globular, ((o. 

15 Pod terete or 4-sided Brassica. 

Tribe IV. ALYSSINEJS. — Fruit short, septum broad. Seeds in 2 rows. Cotyledons—©. 

16 Silicle mostly orbicular, flattened. Cells 1-4- seeded Alyssum. 

17 Silicle very large, orbicular-oval, very flat, stipitate. Cultivated Lunaria. 

18 Silicle oblong or elliptical. Seeds oo, not margined. Pet. entire or 2-cleft Draba. 

19 Silicle globular or ellipsoid. Seeds few. Flowers white Armoracia. 

20 Sihcle globular, inflated, thin, veinless. Flowers yellow "V esicaria. 

Fbibk V. CAMELINEjE. — Pods mostly short. Septum broad. Cotyledons 1 ©. 

21 Silicle obovoid, with ventricous valves, many seeds. Flowers yellow C amelina. 

22 Silicle oval, turgid, few-seeded. Leaves linear, radical. Flowers white Subularia. 

Trjbk VL THLASPLDE.E.— Pods snort, septum narrow. Cjtyledons accumbent. (23)..Iberis. 

Ibibe VTI. LEPIDINE.E. — Pods short, septum narrow. Cotyledons incumbent. 

24 Silicle triangular, many-seeded. Flowers white C apsel la. 

25 Silicle oval-orbicular, 2-seeded. Flowers white, often incomplete Lepidium. 

26 Silicle didymous, each half 1-seeded. Flowers minute SenebiibA. 

Tribe VIII. ISATLDE^E.— Silicle short, 1-celled, 1-seeded, indehiscent. (27) Cult... Isatis. 
Tribe IX. CAKALINEjE.— Pod 2-jointed. Cotyls. — ©. (28) Fleshy sea-side herbs.. .Cakile. 
Tribe X. RAPHANE.E.— Pod moniliform. Cotyledons ((©. (29) Leaves lyrate Raphanto. 



36 Order 11.— crucifer^e. 

1. NASTURTIUM, R. Br. Water-cress. (Lat. nasus tortus, nost 
tortured ; alluding to the pungent qualities.) Sep. spreading. Siliques 
subterete, turgid, generally curved upward, often shortened to a silicic, 
valves veinless. Seeds small, 00, turgid, generally arranged in a double 
row in each cell (= o ). c with pinnate or pinnatifid leaves. 

* Petals white. Siliques rather long (10 — 12") No. 1 

* Petals yellow, minute. Siliques shortened (4 — S"), but longer than the pedicels, (a) 

* Petals yellow. Siliques or silicles (1 — 6"), shorter than the pedicels, (b) 

a Leaves pinnate or pinnatifid. Diffusely branched Nos. 2, 3 

a Leaves lyrate, or merely toothed. Stems erect Nos. 4, 5 

b Petals not longer than the calyx, obscure Nos. 6, 7 

b Petals longer than the calyx, bright yeLow, the flowers showy .Nos. 8, 9 

L N. officinale R. Br. English W. Lvs. pinnate, lfts. ovate, subcordate, repand ; 

;>etals white, longer than the calyx, u Springs, &c. May, June. %% 
I N. tanacetifolium Hook. Upper leaf-segm. confluent, lower distinct, oblong, or 
roundish, sinuate-toothed, teeth obtuse ; pods 4 — b 1 ', ped. i as long. © South. 
£. obttisum. Lfts. mostly distinct, obtuse, oval. Pods shorter (3— 5"). Miss. R. 

3 N. Walter! Wood. Segments of the leaves all distinct, narrow, with a few linear. 

acute lobes or teeth ; pods linear (5"), ped. 2 — 3". ~U South. 3 — 5'. March, April. 

4 N. limosum N. Lvs. lanceolate, toothed, the lower lyrate ; pods elliptic-oblong, 

3 — 4 // , ped. much shorter. (§) Rivers, La. 10 — 15'. Fls. minute. Too near the next. 

5 IV . sessiliflorum N. Lvs. wedge-obovate, repandly-toothed or subentire ; pods 

linear-oblong, 5— G", subsessile. © Miss. Riv. Stem erect. Fls. minute. Apr.— June. 

6 N. paliistre DC. Marsh Cress. Glabrous; lvs. pinnately lobecl, amplexicaul. lobe? 

confluent, dentate ; rt. fusiform ; pet. as long as the sepals ; silicle spreading, turgid, 
twice longer than wide, u Wet places. 1 — 2f. Pod 3". June — Aug. 

7 N. liispidum DC. Villous : lvs. runcinate-pinnatifid, lobes obtusely dentate : sili- 

cles tumid, ovoid, or globular, the pedicels longer, ascending ; pet. scarcely as long as 
the calyx. © Streams, 1— 3f. Pod 1". Ped. 2— 3". June— Aug. 

8 N. sylvestre R. Br. Wood Cress. Lvs. pinnately divided, segm. serrate or incised ; 

pods linear, style very short, v. Meadows, Ms. to Pa. Rare. June, July. § 

9 N. siiiuatum Nutt. Lvs. pinnatifid, segm. lance-oblong, nearly entire; pode 

oblong, acute, with a slender style. % Rivers, St. Lonis to Oreg. June. 

2. TURRITIS, Dill. Tower Mustard. (Lat. turns, a tower; from 
the strict form of the plants.) Sep. erect, converging. Seeds flattened, 
minute, in 2 rows in each cell of the long, narrowly-linear 2-edged silique ; 
valves plane, 1-veined. Embryo = o . Glabrous and strictly erect, stem- 
leaves sagittate-clasping. (Runs into Arabis.) 

1 T. gl&bra L. Fls cream-white, erect ; silique long (30, strictly erect ; stem lvs 

ovate-lanceolate. (T) Can., to Pa.(Porter.) 2— 3f. Glaucous. Lvs. entire. July. 

2 T. stricta Graham. Fls. rose-white, erect ; silique long (30, erect, finally ascending 

or spreading; stem lvs. linear-lanceolate. © Rocks, N. Y. (rare) to Oreg. 1—21. May 
|3. brachyedrpa, Fls. and siliques spreading, the latter shorter (10. Westward. 

3. IODANTHUS, T. & G. False Rocket. {Igq8t/<;, violet-colored 
av$o$, flower.) Calyx closed, shorter than the claws of the petals. Si- 
lique linear, terete, veinless. Seeds arranged in a single row in each eel. 
(=o). if Glabrous, with violet-purple flowers in panicled racemes 
Leaves lanceolate. 

I. hesperioid.es Torr & Gr. Penn. to HI. and Ark. 2— 3f. Lvs. serrate or the low-ei 
pinnatifid-lyrate. Pods IE— 20", spreading. May, June. (Arabis, Gr.) 



Order 11.— CKUCIFEILE. 37 

4. ARABIS, L. Rock-cress. Sepals mostly erect silique linear, com 
pressed ; valves plane, each with 1 or 3 longitudinal veins, seeds in a sin- 
gle row in each cell, mostly margined, cotyledons accumbent or oblique. 
Flowers white. Figs. 336, 506. 

* Leaves (all or at least the radical) pinnatifid. Stems clustered Noa. 1, 2, 3 

* Leaves all undivided, toothed or entire, often clasping. . {a) {Exotic. No. 10.) 

a Siliques short (6— 12") and straight. Sds. not winged. Stems clustered. .Noa. 4, 5 
a Siliques longer (1—20, straight or curved. Sds. not winged. St. simple. .Nos. 6, 7 
3 Siliques .ong v 3'), curved, pendent. Seeds winged Nos. 8, 9 

1 A I«udoviciana Meyer. All the leaves pinnatifid or pinnate, smoothish ; stems 

branched at base ; siliques ascending ; seeds bordered. (5) South. 6 — lOO March. 

2 A. lyrata L. Upper leaves smooth, linear, entire ; radical leavea lyrately pinnatifid. 

often pilous ; st. branched at base ; pedicels spreading ; siliques erect, peeds not bor- 
dered, obliquely = o . @ Hills, Can. to Va. 6—12'. Pods 1*— 2'. Pet. 3" long. Apr., May. 

3 A. petrsea Lam. Upper leaves linear, entire, minute, radical pinnatifi'd, very small ; 

steins clustered ; pods ascending (1 — If) ; seeds bordered, = o . ii Eocks (Green- 
wich), Ct., Vt., O., Mich. 6 — 12'. Flowers white or roseate. June. 

4 A. Thaliana L. St. clustered, erect ; lvs. pilous, oblong, nearly entire ; pet. twice 

longer than calyx ; pods erect, squarish (9") ; seeds obliquely |] o . (g) Fields, Vt. to 111. 
and Car. (Wayne Co., N. Y. Hankenson.) 4-12'. Fls. small. May. (Sisymbrium, Gay.) § 

5 A. dentata T. & G. Stems clustered, diffuse ; lvs. oblong, sharply toothed; petals 

hardly longer than the calyx ; pods spreading. (5) N. Y. to Mo. If. Fls. small. May 

6 A. patens Sull. Erect, pubescent ; cauline leaves coarsely toothed ; siliques spread 

ing and curved upward, beaked with a distinct style, (f) O. to Tenn. 1— 2f. May. 

7 A. hirsuta Scop. Erect, hirsute; radical leaves oblong-ovate, cauline lanceolate. 

sagittate-clasping, entire or toothed ; siliques straight, erect ; style none. (§) Can. tt> 
Va., and W. 1— 2f. June. 
ti A. laevigata DC. Tall, glaucous, smooth ; stem leaves linear-lanceolate and linear, 
sagittate-clasping, the upper entire : siliques very long, linear, at length spreading 
and pendulous. ® Can. to Tenn., and W. 2f. Pod 3'. May. 
/3. minor (Porter). Plant smaller, 10 — 15', with the lvs. sessile — not clasping. Penn 

9 A. Canadensis L. Sickle-pod. Tall, pubescent ; stem leaves lanceolate, pointed 

both ways, sessile ; silique subfalcate, veined, pendulous. @ Rocky hills. 2 — 3f. 
Petals small, but twice longer than sepals. Pods 3'. May, June. 

10 A. alpina. Erect, 8 — r2', hoary with stellate hairs ; lvs. oblong, with slender teeth, 
clasping ; fls. showy, pure wh., in many little long-stalked corymbs. Alps. Mar.— May. 

5. CARDAMINE, L. Bitter Cress. Calyx a little spreading. Sil- 
ique linear or lanceolate, with flat, veinless valves narrower than the dis- 
sepiment, and often opening elastically from the base. Stigma entire. 
Seeds not margined, = o . Flowers white or purple. 

§ Dentakta. Pod lance-linear. Rhizome thickish, knotted. Stem with 2 or 3 palinated 
leaves near the middle. Flowers large, corymbed. . .(*) 

* Leaves of the stem subopposite or subverticillate .Nos. 1, 2 3 

* Leaves of the stem alternate Nos. 4, 5 

§ Cajo amine. Pod linear. Root tuberous or fibrous. Leavea alternate ... i,t) 

t Leaves pinnate, with many leaflets Nos. 6, t 

t Leaves simple or partly temate. . . (a) 

a Siliques pointed with a slender style. In low, wet grounds Nos. 8, 

a Siliques tipped with the sessile stigma. In high mountains Nos. 10, 11 

1 C diphylla. Stem 2-leaved ; leaflets subovate ; rhizome continuous, toothed. 
U Damp woods, Can. to Car. If. Leaves 3-parted, nearly opposite. Root-stock 
pungent, aromatic. Mav 



38 Order 11.— CRUCIFEILE. 

2 C laciniata. Cauline lvs. 3, 3-parted, the divisions lanceolate or lmear-oblonfc 

obtuse, lobed, toothed or entire ; rhizome moniliform. U Woods. If. Apr. May. 

3 €. multifida. Canline lvs. mostly 3, and verticillate, rarely 2, multifld with nu- 

merous linear lobes ; rhizome tuberous, u Woods, N. Car. to Ala. Rare. 9'. 

4 C. maxima. Stem about 3-leaved (2 to 7) ; lfts. 3, ovate, toothed or cleft ; rhizome 

moniliform, the tubers toothed. U N. Y. and Penn. Rare. 1— 2f. May. 

5 C. heteropli^lla. Stem about 2-leaved (2 or 3), leaflets 3, lanceolate and nearly 

entire ; root-lvs. of 3 ovate-oblong, toothed, and cut-lobed leaflets ; rhizome monilt 
form, scarcely toothed, u Penn. Va. Ky. 6'. Flowers purple. June. 

6 C. hirsiila L. Stem (hirsute in Europe) glabrous, erect ; leaves pinnately 5-11- 

foliate, terminal leaflet largest ; flowers (white) small, silique erect, linear or filiform ; 
stigma minute, sessile. © Wet. Variable. Stem 3— 12', slender or thick. Leaflets 
obtuse. Pod 1'. March— June. 
£. sylvatica. Slender and delicate ; leaflets 1 or 2-toothed ; pods filiform, in- 
curved. Grows in dryer places. 6'. (C. Virginica Mx.) 

7 C. prateirwis L. Cuckoo Flower. Stem ascending, simple ; leaves pinnately 7-15. 

foliate ; leaflets petiolate, subentire, lower ones suborbicular, upper linear-lanceolate: 
style distinct. % Swamps, N. Y. to Arc. Am. 10 — 16'. Flowers large. Apr. May. 

8 C. rliomboidea DC. Stems simple, erect or ascending, tuberiferous at base ; 

siliques linear-lanceolate ; rt. lvs. roundish, entire, st. lvs. rhomboidal. if May. 8— 14'. 
/3. purpurea. Slender, erect, few-leaved and purple-flowered. N. Y., O., Wise. 

9 €. rotundi .folia Mx. Stems decumbent, branching, finally stoloniferous ; leaves 

all petiolate : pod linear-subulate ; rt. fibrous. 11 Cool springs, Pa. to Car. 1 — 2f. May, Jn. 
IOC. bellidifolia L. Leaves smooth, orbicular-ovate, nearly entire, petiolate ; can 

line entire or 3-lobed ; siliques erect. U White Mts. &c. li — 3 r . July. 
11C. spatulata Mx. Lvs. hirsute, the radical spatulate, petiolate ; cauline sessile, 

siliques spreading. ® Mts. of Car. and Ga. Trailing. 6—8'. April. 

6. LEAVENWORTHIA, Torr. (Named for Br. Leavenworth, the 
discoverer.) Petals cuneate, retuse, or truncate. Silique flat, oblong, 
valves indistinctly veined. Seeds in a single row, flattened, wing-mar- 
gined. Embryo nearly straight, curving toward an accumbent form. (2) 
Low, smooth herbs with lyrate-pinnatifid leaves. Pet. yellow at base. 

Ii. OTicliauxil (and aurea) Torr.— Rocks,Ky.toTex. 2 — W. Lvs. mostly radical. Fls.l--4. 

7. MATTHIOLA, R Br. Stock. (In honor of P. A. Mattliioli, phy 
sician to Ferdinand of Austria, and botanic author.) Calyx closed, 2 oi 
the sepals gibbous at base. Siliques terete ; stigmas connivant, thickened 
or comute at the back. Herbaceous or shrubby, oriental plants, clothed 
with a hoaiy, stellate pubescence. 

1 M. inc an a. Common Stock. Brompton S. July-flower. Erect, branching from the 

woody base ; lvs. lanceolate, entire. © U Eur. 2f. Fls. often double, white, purple. 

2 HE. annua. Ten-weeks Slock. Erect, branched ; lvs. lanceolate, obtuse, toothed, (ij 

S. Eur. 2f. Flowers infinitely various, mostly double. June— Nov. 

8. CHEIRANTHUS, L. Wall-flower. (Xsip, the hand, avSo}, 
flower.) Calyx closed, 2 of the sepals gibbous at base. Silique terete or 
compressed. Stigma 2-iobed or capitate. Seeds flat, in a single series, 
often margined. (== o ). Garden perennials, mostly European. Leaves un- 
divided. Fig. 55. 

C. Cheiki. St. somewhat shrubby and decumbent at base ; lvs. lanceolate, glabrous 
pet. obovate. long-clawed, yellow ; stig. capitate, u S. Eur. 2f. June. 



Order 11.- CRUCIFEILE. 2-9 

9. BARBAREA, K. Br. Winter-cress. (Dedicated to Sta. Barbara.) 
Sepals erect. Siliques columnar, 2 or 4-angled, valves carinate with a rnid- 
vein. Seeds in a single row (= c ). Leaves lyrate-pinnatifid. Fls. yellow. 

1 B. vulgaris R. Br. Upper lvs. toothed or pinnatifld at base ; siliques obtusely 4 

angled, pointed with the style. @ Brooksides : common. 1— 2f. Racemes dense, 
showy-panicled. Pod 9". May, June. 

2 B. precox R. Br. Scurvy-grass. Upper lvs. pinnatifld, with tie lobes all linear 

oblong ; silique 2-edged. u § % South. Pod 2—3'. May, June. 

10. ERYSIMUM, L. False "Wall-flower. ('Epva), to cure ; from 
its salutaiy medicinal properties.) Calyx closed. Siliques columnar, 4- 
sided, valves with a strong mid- vein. Stigma capitate. Seeds in a single 
series. Cotyledons oblong, | o . Lvs. narrow, undivided. Fls. yellow. 

1 E. cheiranthoid.es L. Pubescence minute, appressed, branched : lvs. lanceo- 

late, denticulate, or entire ; fls. small ; siliques short (8— 10")i on slender, spreading 
pedicels ; stig. small, nearly sessile. (T) Wet grounds. 1 — 2f. Rac. long. July. 

2 E. Arkansanuni N. Yellow Phlox. Simple, scabrous ; lvs. linear-lai.ceolate, 

remotely dentate ; rac. corymbed at top ; pod long (30, erect ; stig. capitate, (f) 
Bluffs, O. to Ark. 2— 3f. Flowers large, orange-yellow. June, July. 

3 E. orientale R. Br. Glabrous and glaucous ; radical lvs. obovate, stem lvs. cor- 

date-clasping, obtuse, entire ; fls. white. ® Near Phila (A. H. Smith). § Eur. 

11. SISYMBRIUM, Allioni. (An ancient Greek name.) Calyx half- 
spreading, equal at base. Petals unguiculate, entire. Silique subterete, 
valves concave, marked lengthwise with 1 — 3 veins. Style veiy short. 
Seeds in a single series, ovoid, f o . Flowers small, yellow. 

1 S. officinale Scop. Hedge Mustard. Leaves runcinate ; racemes slender, virgate ; 

siliques subulate, erect, closely appressed to the rachis. (5) A common weed, with 
branches at right angles. 1— 3f. June — Sept. § 

2 S. Sophia L. Flixweed. Lvs. bipinnatifid, lobes linear-oblong, acute ; sep. longer 

than pet. ; pod linear, erect, longer than the spreading pedicel. (T) N. Y. Can. § 

3 S. canescens Nutt. Tansey Mustard. Lvs. bipinnatifid, canescent, lobes oblong, 

subdentate, obtuse ; pet. about equalling the calyx ; pod oblong-linear, 3— 6", ascend- 
ing, shorter (or never longer) than the spreading pedicel. ® U. S. 1— 2f. Mar.— June. 

12. WAREA, N. (Named for Mr. Ware, the discoverer.) Sep. colored, 
ligulate. Pet. with very slender claws. Silique flattened, long and slen- 
der, raised on a slender stipe. Cotyledons oblong, fl © . (5) Glabrous, 
entire-leaved. Flowers white or purple, in short racemes. Siliques 
curved an( q decimate. 

1 "W. enneifolia N. Lvs. oblong, obtuse, cuncate at base, and subsesslle. Ga. Fla. 

1— 2f. Pet. obovate, white. September, 
f W. amplexifolia N. Lvs. oblong-ovate, partly clasping. Sand hills, Fla 1 — 2f. 

Pet. oval, purple. September. 

13. HESPERIS, L. Rocket. ("Ednepa, evening, when the flowei 
Is most fragrant.) Calyx closed, shorter than the claws of the petals. Pet, 
bent obliquely, linear or obovate. Silique subterete. Seeds not margined. 
Stig. forked, with the apices converging (f o ). Flowers white or purple. 

B» matronalis L. Simple, erect ; lvs. lance-ovate, denticulate ; pet. obovate ; pod 
torulous, elongated (30* erect. © Shores of L. Erie (Hankenson) and Huron. § t 

14 



40 order 11.— CRUCIFEILE. 

14. SOHIZOPETALON, Sims. (2*zCa>, to cut, as the petals appear 

to be.) Sep. erect. Pet. pinnately lobed, invol.ite in the bud. Silique 

linear, compressed. Stig. lobes erect, connate. Seeds oblong or globular, 

cotyl. twisted (|| o ). ® Lvs. sinuate-pinnatifid. Fls. white or purple. 

S. Walkeri. Stem slender, erect, branching, 2f. Lvs. canescer.t. Fls. racemed. Chili. 
Raised from seed. Flowers large, curious, soon perishing. 

15. BRASSICA (and Sinapis) L, Cabbage, Mustard, &c. (The 
ancient names.) Silique long, terete, or 4-sided, pointed with a stout style 
or an ensiform 1-seeded beak. Valves 1-3-veined. Seeds in 1 row, globu- 
lar, ((c. Root lvs. pinnatifid. Rac. elongated. Fls. yellow. Figs. 239, 192, 439. 

§ Sinapis. Sep. spreading. Pet. ovate. Pod with an acute beak Nos. 1, 2, 3 

§ BrAssica. Sep. erect. Pet. obovate. Pod squarish, with a blunt style. . .Nos. 4, 5, 6 

1 B. nigra L. Black Mustard. Smooth ; pod 1/, smooth, somewhat 4-angled, ap 

pressed to the rachis, and beaked with a slender, 4-sided style. (5) 3— 6f. § 

2 B. arvensis (L.) Field Mustard. St. and lvs. hairy ; pod If, smooth, many-angled, 

torulous, spreading, thrice longer than the slender ancipital style. (T) § June, July. 

3 B. alba (L.) White Mustard. Lvs. smoothish ; siliques hispid, torulous. shorter than 

the ensiform beak ; seeds large, pale yellow. ® Eur. 3— 5f. Pod 4-seeded. 

4 It. campestrls (L.) Gale. Lvs. somewhat fleshy and glaucous, the lower lyrate- 

dentate, subciliate, upper cordate-amplexicaul, acuminate. (T) Fields. 2f. July. § 
|S. Rutabag-a. Swedish Turnip. Root tumid, napiform, subglobous, yellowish. % 

5 IS.Ra.pa L. Radical lvs. lyrate, rough, not glaucous, cauline ones incised, uppe- 

eatire, smooth. 
/3. depressa. Common Turnip. Root depressed, globous or napiform, contracted 
below into a slender radicle. (§) Long cultivated for its root. % 

6 IS. oleracea L. Cabbage. Lvs. very smooth and glaucous, fleshy, repand-toothed 

or lobed. © Europe, on rocky shores, forming no head. 
/3. bullata. Savoy Cabbage. Lvs. curled, subcapitate, finally expanding. % 
y. Botrttis-cauliflora. Cauliflower. Stem low ; heads thick, compact, term 

nal ; flowers abortive, on short, fleshy peduncles. X 
6. Botrttis asparagoides. Broccoli. Stem taller ; heads subramous ■ branches 

fleshy at the summit, consisting of clusters of abortive flower-buds. % 
e. capitata. Head Cabbage. Stem short ; leaves concave, packed in a dense 
head before flowering ; raceme paniculate. % 
i 

16. ALYSSUM, L. M\dwort. (Gr. a, privative, \v66a, rage; sup- 
posed by the ancients to allay anger.) Calyx equal at base. Pet. entire ; 
some of the stamens with teeth. Silicle orbicular or oval, with valves flat, 
or convex in the centre. Seeds 1 — 4 in each cell (= j ). Showy European 
herbs, half shrubby at base. 

1 A. maritimum Lam. Sweet A. Lvs. lance-linear, acute, entire, some hoary; 

pods oval, smooth, 2-seeded; fls. white, small, sweet. % If. Escaped from gardens. § 

2 A., calycinum L. Calyx persistent ; lvs. linear-spatulate, canescent ; pods orbicu- 

lar, lens-shaped, with a thin border, 4-seeded ; fls. yellowish. (5) If. Fields : rare. 
Mass. N. Y. (Wayne Co., Hankenson). § 
1 A. saxatile. Rock A. Lvs. lanceolate, entire, downy ; pods round-obovate, 2-seeded; 
flowers yellow, corymbed, abundant and brilliant, il Candia. 9'. April. 

17. LUNARIA, L. Honesty. (Lat. luna, the moon ; from the broad, 
lound silicles.) Sep. somewhat bisaccate at base. Pet. nearly entire 
Stam. without teeth. Silicle pedicellate, elliptical, or lanceolate, with fla 



Okdeii 11.— CRUCIFER^E 41 

valves ; funiculus adhering to the dissepiment (== o ). European. Leaves 
cordate. Flowers lilac. 

1 Ii. redivtva L. Perennial Satin-flower. Lvs. ovate, petiolate, mucronately serrate; 

silicles lanceolate, narrowed at each end. 4 2 — 3f. June. 

2 Li. biennis DC. Honesty. Lvs. with obtuse teeth ; silicles oval, obtuse at both ends 

@ Flowers large, purple. May, June. 

18. DRABA, L. Whitlow Grass. {A pa fir], acrid, biting ; from the 
taste of the plant.) Calyx equal at base. Pet. equal. Fil. without teeth. 
Silicle oval or oblong, entire, the valves flat or slightly convex, veined. 
Seeds not margined, 2-rowed in each cell (== o ). Flowers white, rarely 
yellow. Plants small. 

§ Er6phela. Petals 2-parted No. 1 

§ Draba proper. Petals entire or only emarginate. (a) 

a Style distinct, long or short. Pods twisted when ripe. Perenn. .Nos. 2, 3, 4 
a Style none. Pods straight, plane. Plants annual or bienn. (b) 

b Pedicels as long as or Jonger than the pods Nos. 5, 6 

b Pedicels shorter than the pods Nos. 7, 8 

1 I>. (Erophila) verna L. Whitlow Grass. Scape naked ; lvs. oblong, acute, sub- 
serrate, hairy ; pet. bifid ; stig. sessile ; silicle oval, flat, shorter than the pedicel. Q) 
A little Spring flower, in rocky places. Can. to Va. 1 — 3'. 

H D. ramosissima Desv. Minutely pubescent, diffuse; lvs. linear-lanceolate, with 
remote and slender teeth : rac. panicled ; silicle lanceolate, about the length of the 
pedicel, the style half as long, u Va. Ky. 5 — 8'. May. 

3 D. arabisans Mi. Slightly pubescent ; root leaves in tufts, wedge-lanceolate. 

toothed ; stems leafy, erect, its lvs. oblong ; silicle glabrous, lance-oblong (6"), spread 
ing ; style very short. %. Lake shores, Vt. N. Y. Mich. 6 — 10'. White. May. 

4 I>. incana L. Hoary pubescent; root leaves in tufts, wedge-lanceolate, slightly 

toothed; st. nearly naked, branches and ped. very erect; silicle oblong (5"), twisted, 
sty. very short, ii or @ Mts. N.Vt. and N. 6 — 8'. Lvs. 6". Fls. very small, white. June. 

5 I>. nemorosa Ehrh. Pubescecnt, branched ; lvs. oval, the cauline lanceolate, 

toothed ; pel. emarginate ; silicles half the length of the spreading pedicels. @ Mich. 
Mo. 8 — lO'. Flowers small, white or yellowish. May. 

6 D. brachycarpa N. Minutely pubescent; lvs. ovate, the cauline oblong; rac. 

GO-flowered ; pet. obovate, entire ; silicle as long as the ped. 6-seeded. ® Mo. and 
South. 3—4'. Pod 2". April. 

7 D. cuneifolia N. Hirsute, pubescent, branching and leafy below, naked above ; 

lvs. cuneate-oblong, sessile, denticulate ; rac. elongated in fruit ; silicles twice longer 
(4") tnan the pedicels. (I) Ky. to La. 3—8'. March. 

8 D. Caroliniana Walt. Hispid, branching und leafy below, naked above ; lvs. en 

tire, obovate and oval ; rac. short ; silicles oblong-linear, longer than the pedicels (5"). 
® R. I. to Ga. and W. 1—3'. Much like No. 7. April— June. 
/3. micrdntha. Silicles minutely hispid ; pet. often wanting. (D. micrantha N.) W 

19. ARMOR ACIA, Rupp. Hokse-kadish. (Armorica, its native 
country, now the province Brittany, France.) Sep. spreading. Pet. entire, 
much exceeding the calyx. Silicles ellipsoid or globular, turgid, 1-celled 
from the incomplete partition. Style distinct. Seeds few (= c ). If Lvs. 
oblong, undivided, or the lower pinnatifid. Flowers white. 

I A. ruNtlcana Rupp. Radical lvs. oblong, crenate ; cauline long, lanceolate. 111 
cised; silicle roundish, ellipsoid, mucn longer than the style. § Eur. 



42 Order 11.— CRUCIFEILE. 

2 A. Americ<iiia Am. Aquatic; immersed lvs. doubly pinnatifid with capillary scg 
ments, emcrsed, oblong, pinnatifid, serrate or entire ; silicle ovoid, little longer than 
the style. Lakes and rivers, Can. to Ky. July, Aug. 

20. VE SIC ARIA, Lam. Bladder-pod. (Lat. vesica, a bladder or 

biisler ; from the inflated silicles.) Pet. entire. Silicle globous or ovoid ; 

inflated valves nerveless, hemispherical or convex. Seeds several in each 

?ell, sometimes margined (=o). Flowers j^ellow. (See Addenda.) 

V. Shortli T. & G. Lvs. elliptical, sessile, entire; style twice as long as the globous 
silicle • seeds 2 — 4, not margined. (T) Ky. rare. 

21. CAMELINA, Crantz. False Flax. {Xa/.iai, dwarf, \ivov, 
flax.) Calyx equal at base. Pet. entire. Silicle obovate or subglobous, 
with ventricous valves and many-seeded cells. Styles filiform, persistent 
Seeds oblong, striate, not margined (|| o). Flowers small, yellow. 

C. sativa Crantz. Lvs. lanceolate, sagittate at base, subentire; silicle obovate-pyrl- 

form, margined, tipped with the pointed style. ® Fields. § Eur. 2f. June. 

22. SUBULARIA, L. Awlwort. (Named in reference to the linear 

subulate leaves.) Silicle oval, valves turgid, cells many-seeded. Stigma 

sessile ; cotyledons linear, curved and incumbently folded on themselves. 

(D Aquatic acaulescent herbs. 

S. aquatica L.— Shores of ponds, Me. N. H. Lvs. all radical, entire, subulate, V 
Scape 2 — 3', with a few minute white flowers. July. 

23. IBERIS, L. Candytuft. (Most of the species are natives of 

Iberia, now Spain.) The 2 outside petals larger than the 2 inner. Silicles 
compressed, truncate, emarginate, the cells 1-seeded. Handsome herbs 
from the Old World, pretty in cultivation. Flowers white or purple. 

1 I. umbellata. Purple C. Herbaceous; lvs. lin. -lanceolate, acuminate, the lower 

serrate ; silicles umbellate, acutely 2-lobed. ® Eur. If. Purple. June. July. 

2 I. amara. Bitter C. Herbaceous ; lvs. lanceolate, acute ; fls. finally racemed ; sili 

cles obcordate, narrowly emarginate. (?) Eng. If. White. June, July. 

3 I. odorata. Herbaceous ; lvs. linear, tootbed, dilated at end ; siiicle round, witb 

acute, spreading lobes. (T) Alps. If. Sweet scented. Foliage pretty. July. 

4 I. riNNATA. Lvs. pinnatifid, smooth. ® Eur. If. White, corymbed. 

5 I. saxatilis. Shrubby ; lvs. linear, entire. 2£ Eur. If. White, corymbed. 

/ 

24. CAPSELLA, Vent. (Lat. capsa, a chest or box ; alluding to tbe 

fruit.) Calyx equal at base ; silicles triangular-cuneiform, obcordate, com 
pressed laterally ; valves carinate, not winged on the back ; septum sub- 
linear ; style short ; seeds go, oblong, small, || o . Fls. white. A common 
weed. Fig. 193. 

C. Bursa-pastoris Maench. Shepherd's Purse. ® Grows everywhere. 6'— It— 2f 
Root lvs. rosulate, cut-lobed ; stem leaves lance-lin. clasping-sagittate ; rac. long. 

25. LEPIDIUM, R. Br. Pepper Grass. {Aemi, a scale; from the 
resemblance of the silicle.") Sepals ovate ; petals ovate, entire ; silicles 
oval-orbicular, emarginate ; septum very narrow, contrary to the greatei 



Order 11.— CRUCIFER^. 43 

diameter ; valves carinate, dehiscent ; cells 1 -seeded. Flowers small, 
white, often incomplete. 

* Stamens only 2. Petals often wanting. Leaves not clasping Nos. 1, 2 

* Stamens 6. Silicles evidently winged Nos. 3, 4 

1 Ti. Virginicum L. Tongue-grass. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, the lower incisely ser- 

rate ; pet. 4 ; silicles orbicular, emarginate. © Dry places. If. 

2 li. ruderale L. Cauline lvs. incised, those of the branches entire ; pet. none ; pods 

broad-oval, notched, wingless, (I) Dry fields. Rare. 10 — 15 r . Always apetalous. § 

3 L.. campestre R. Br. Yellow-seed. Cauline lvs. sagittate-clasping, denticulate; 

silicles ovate, notched, winged, rough. (T) Dry fields. Rare. 6 — 10'. Jn. § Eur. 
1 L. sativum L. Pepper-grass. Lvs. oblong, variously incised and pinnatifid; silicles 
elliptic-ovate, notched and winged. ® Eur. 2f. A garden salad. July. 

26. SENEBIERA, Poir. Carpet Cress. Swine Cress. (In honor 
of Senebier, a distinguished vegetable physiologist.) Silicle didymous, with 
the partition very narrow ; valves ventricous, separating but indehiscent, 
and each 1-seeded, cotyledons incumbently folded on themselves. ® oi 
(§) Prostrate and diffuse, with minute white flowers. 

1 S. didyma Pers. Lvs. pinnate, with pinnatifid segments ; silicles rugously reticu- 
lated, notched at the apex. Waste places coastward, Atlantic and Pacific. 

% S. Coronopus DC. Lvs. pinnate, with the segm. entire, toothed, or pinnatifid ; 
silicles tubercled, not notched at apex. R. Isl. (Robbins) to Car. Rare. 

27. ISATIS, L. Woad. (Ida^ao, to make equal ; supposed to remove 
roughness from the skin.) Silicle elliptical, flat, 1-celled (dissepiment ob- 
literated), 1-seeded, with boat-shaped valves, which are scarcely dehiscent 
(||o). None North American. 

I. tinctoria L. Silicles cuneate, acuminate at base, somewhat spatulate at the end, 
very obtuse, three times as long as broad. (T) Eng. 4f. Yellow. May — July. Culti- 
vated for the dye which is yielded by its leaves. 

28. OAKILE, Tourn. Sea Rocket. (Named from the Arabic.) Sili- 
cle 2-jointed, the upper part ovate or ensiform ; seed in the upper cell erect, 
in the lower pendulous, sometimes abortive, (l) Maritime, fleshy herbs 
Flowers purple. 

C maritima Scop. Lvs. oblong, bluntly serrate, obtuse, often lobed ; lower joint oi 
pilicle clavate, upper ovate-ensiform : racemes spike-like. Coasts, N. States. Pros- 
trate. 6 — 12'. July, August 

29. RAPHANUS, L. Radish. {'Pa, quickly, (paivao, to appear; from 
its rapid growth.) Calyx erect. Pet. obovate, unguiculate. Siliques lerete 
torulous, not opening by valves, transversely J-jointed, joints with 1 oi 
several cells. Seeds large, subglobous, in a single series ((o. 

1 R. Raphani strum L. Wild Radish. Lvs. lyrate ; silique moniliform, 3-8 
seeded, becoming in maturity 1-celled, longer than the style. ® Fields : rare. 1— 2£ 
Pet. yellow, blanching as they decay. June, July. § Eur. 

% R. sativtjs. Garden Radish. Lower lvs. lyrate, petiolate ; silique 2-3-=eeded, acu- 
minate, scarcely longer than the style, (x) China. 2 — 4f. Root napiform or fusiform 
red. black, or white. Flowers pink-white. 



44 Order 13.— RESEDACE^E. 

Order XII. CAPPARIDACE^E. Capparids. 

Herbs, shrubs, or even trees, destitute of true stipules. Leaves alternate, 
pctiolate. Flowers cruciform, kypogyn^us. Sepals 4, Petals 4, unguicu- 
late. Stamens 6 — 12, or some multiple of 4, never tetradynamous, on a 
disk or separated from the corolla by an internode of the torus. Ovaries 
often stipitate, of 2 united carpels. Style united. Fruit either pod-shaped 
ind dehiscent, or fleshy and indehiscent. Seeds many, reniform. Albu 
men 0. Embryo curved. Cotyledon foliaceous. 

j Tribe (.APPAREL. Shrubs (or trees) with baccate or drupaceous fruit. S. Fla...CAPPARia 

S Tribh OLEOME^E. Herbs (or shrubs) with capsular 1-celled pods, (a) 

a Stamens 6, separated from the petals by an internode Gynandropsis. 1 

a Stamens 4—6, not separated from the petals Cleome. 2 

a Stamens 8—32, free. Torus not developed to an internode Polanisia. 3 

i. GYNANDROPSIS, DC. {Gynandria, a Linnsean class, ojnS, ap- 
pearance.) Sep. distinct, spreading. Stam. 6, separated from the 4 petals 
by a slender internode of the torus. Pod linear-oblong, raised on a long 
stipe which rises from the top of the torus. ® Lvs. digitate. Fls. racemed. 

G. pentapliy Ha DC. Middle lvs. petiolate, 5-foliate, floral and lower ones 3-foliate 
leaflets obovate, entire, or denticulate. Waste grounds, Va. to Ga. 2— 3f. White. § 

2. CLEOME, L. Spider Flower. Sep. sometimes united at base. 
Pet. 4. Torus not developed between the petals and the stamens, which 
are 6 — 4. Pod stipitate more or less. Herbs or shrubs. Lvs. simple or 
digitate. Flowers racemed or solitary. (See Addenda.) 

1 C. pungens L. Stem simple, prickly ; lfts. 5—9, elliptic-lanceolate, acute; flowcin 

racemed ; petals on filiform claws, half as long as the stamens. © Gardens and fields. 
3 — 4f. Flowers purple, curious. May— Aug. § 

2 C. speciosissima. Stem branched below ; lfts. 5 — 7, lanceolate, acuminate ; petals as 

long as their claws, rose-purple. Mexico. 3 — 4f. June — Sept. 

/ v 

3. POLANISIA, Raf. (IIoXv, much, aridoS, unequal.) Sep. dis- 
tinct, spreading. Pet. 4, unequal. Stam. 8 — 32, filaments filiform or 
dilated at the summit. Torus not developed, minute. Pods linear. @ 
Strong-scented herbs, with glandular, viscid hairs. 

1 P. graveolens Eaf. Viscid-pubescent; lvs. ternate, lfts. elliptic-oblong; fls. axil- 

lary, solitary ; stam. 8—12 ; caps, oblong-lanceolate, attenuate at base. Gravelly 
shores, Vt. to Ark. If. Flowers in leafy racemes, yellowish-white. July. 

2 P. tenuifolia T. & G. Viscid-glandular ; lfts. 3, filiform-linear ; pet. unequaL, oval 

on short claws ; 6tam. 12 — 15 ; pod linear. Ga. Fla. 1— 2f. White. 



Order XIII. RESEDACE^E. Mignonettes. 

Herbs, with alternate, entire, or pinnate leaves. Stipules minute, gland- 
like. Flowers in racemes or spikes, small and often fragrant, 4-' 7 -merous, 
unsymmetrical and open in bud. Petals unequal, entire or cleft. Stamens 
8 — 20. inserted on the hypogynous, one-sided glandular disk. Ovaries sea 



Order 14.— VIOLACE^E. 45 

sile, 3-lobed, 1-celted, many-seeded. Fruit a capsule, 1-celled, opening 
between the stigmas before maturity. Illust. 40, 165. 

RESEDA, L. (Lat. reseda, to calm : the plants are said to relieve pain.' 
Sep. 4 — 7. Pet. of an equal number, often cleft. Torus large, fleshy, one- 
sided, bearing the 8 — 00 stamens. 

1 It. luteola L. Dyer's Weed. Lvs. lanceolate, with a tooth on each side at baec ; 

sepals 4, united below ; petals (greenish-yellow) 3-5-cleft. (D Roadsides, N. Y.. 2f 
Flowers numerous, in a tall raceme. § Eur. 

2 R. odorata L. Mignonette. Lvs. cuneiform, entire or 3-lobed ; sepals shorter than 

the 7-13-cleft petals. Egypt. If. Fragrant. 

Order XIV. VIOLACE^E. Violets. 

Herbs with simple (often cleft) alternate leaves with stipules. Flowers 
irregular, spurred, with the sepals, petals, and stamens in 5's. Sepals per- 
sistent, slightly united, elongated at base, the 2 lateral interior. Petals 
commonly unequal, the inferior usually spurred at base. Stamens 5, 
usually inserted on the hypogynous disk. Filaments dilated, prolonged 
beyond the anthers. Ovary of 3 united carpels, with 3 parietal placentae. 
Style 1, declinate. Stigma cucullate. Fruit a 3-valved capsule. Seeds 
many, with a crustaceous testa and distinct chalaza. Illust. 50, 93, 137, 
302, 515, 522. 

Sepals not auricled at base. Filaments united into a tube Solka. 1 

Sepals more or less auriculate at base. Filaments scarcely cohering Viola. 2 

1. SOLE A, Gingins. Green Violet. (Dedicated to W. Sole, an 

English writer on plants.) Sep. nearly equal, not auriculate. Pet. unequal, 

the lowest 2-lobed and gibbous at base, the rest emarginate. Stam. united 

into a tube, sheathing the ovary and bearing a gland above the middle. Sds. 

6 — 8, very large. U An erect, leafy plant, with inconspicuous axillary fls. 

S. concolor Gingins. Green Violet.— Woods, W. N-Y. (Hankenson) to Car. and Mo 
1— 2f. Lvs. large, lanceolate, acuminate. Fls. greenish. Pod V. May, June. 

2. VIOLA, L. Violet. Pansey. (From the Latin.) Sep. 5, unequal, 
auricular at base. Pet. 5, irregular, the broadest spurred at base, the 2 
lateral equal, opposite. Stam. approximate, anthers connate, 2 of them 
with appendages at the back. Caps. 1-celled, 3-valved, seeds attached to 
the middle of the valves. U Low, herbaceous plants. Ped. angular, 

olitary, 1 -flowered, recurved at the summit so as to bear the flowers in 

a lvsupinate position. Joints of the rhizome often bearing apetalous 

flowers. Figs. 50, 137, &c. 

§ Acaulesccnt.— a Petals yellow.... No. 1 

—a Petals white Nos. 2, 3,4 

—a Petals blue,— b beardless Nos. 5, 6, 1 

— £ bearded.— c Lvs. divided Nos. 8, 9j3, 9y 

—c Lvs. undivided ... .9, 10, 11, and thcExot, 19 



46 Order 14.— VIOLACE^. 

f Caulescent.- d Petals yellow. Stems leafy at the top only .... .Nob. 12, -3, 11 

— d Petals not quite yellow.— e Stipules entire No. 15 

— e Stipules fringe-toothed Nos. 16, 17, 18 

— e Stip. lyrate-pinnatifid, very large.. Nos. 20-22 

1 V. rotundifolia Mx. Fig. 50. Lvs. smooth, orbicular-ovate, cordate, with the 

sinus closed ; petiole pubescent; sep. obtuse. Woods, N. E. to Tenn. Mar. — May. 

2 V. lanceolata L. Lvs. smooth, lanceolate, tapering at base into the long petiole, 

obtusish, subcrenate. Wet meadows. Lvs. 3—5'. Rt. stock creeping Pis. white. May. 

3 V. prim ulae folia L. Lvs. lance-ovate, abruptly contracted at base and decu: rent 

on the petiole ; pet. subequal, beardless. Damp soils, Mass. S. and W. White. Ap.May. 

| V. blanda Willd. Lvs. cordate, roundish, slightly pubescent; petiole pubescent ; 

petals beardless. Meadows, Can. to Penn. Root creeping. Flowers fragrant. May. 

5 V. palustris L. Lvs. reniform-cordate; stip. broadly ovate; sep. ovate, obtuse, 

spur very short : caps, oblong-triangular. White Mts. 3'. Pale blue. June. 

6 V. Selkirk!! Goldie. Lvs. orbicular-cordate, crenately serrate, the sinus deep and 

nearly closed ; spur nearly as long as the petals, thick, very obtuse. Hills, N. Y. to 
Can. and Mich 2'. Pale blue, with a large blunt spur. May. 
■J V. pedata L. Rt. premorse ; lvs. pedately 5— 9-parted, segments linear-lanceolate, 
entire ; stig. large, obtusely truncate, scarcely beaked ; spur short, obtuse. Hilly 
woods, 4—7'. Smooth and beautiful. Flowers large, violet-blue. April, May. 
|S. hi color. Upper petals violet, the lower pale blue and yellow. Mass. to Ga. 

8 V. delphinifolia Nutt. Lvs. pedately 7— 9-parted, with linear, 2—3 cleft seg 

ments all similar ; stig. thick, distinctly beaked. 111. Iowa, Mo. Deep blue. Mar. Apr. 

9 V. cucallata Ait. Lvs. reniform-cordate, cucullate at base, acute, crenate ; stip 

linear : inferior and lateral petals bearded. Common everywhere. 3— 12'. Knowc 
by its broad hooded leaves and blue flowers. Varies much. April, May. 

8. pal mat a. Lvs. cordate, hastate-lobed, middle lobe largest. Fls. large. South, &c. 

y. septemloba. Lvs. concave at base, deeply 5—7 lobed, mid. lobe lance. South 

10 V. villosa Walt. Lvs. roundish-ovate, cordate, obtuse, flat, pubescent, sinus nar 
row or closed ; pet. bearded ; stig. beaked. Woods, Pa. to Ga. ; com. 2—3'. Apr. 

11 V. sagittata Ait. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, sagittate-cordate, subacute, often in- 
cised at base, serrate-crenate ; pedicel longer than the leaves ; pet. densely bearde.l 
Dry hills. 3—5'. Lvs. varying to triangular-hastate. April — June. 

p. ovata. Lvs. ovate, incised and decurrent at base. N. J., southward. 

12 V. hast&ta Mx. Smooth; st. simple, erect, leafy above; lvs. deltoid-lanceolate 
or hastate, acute, dentate ; stip. ovate, minute, ciliate-dentate ; lower pet. dilated, 
obscurely 3-lobed ; spur very short. Fla. to Tenn. 6—10'. April, May. 

13 V. tripartita Ell. Hairy. St. simple, erect, leafy above ; lvs. deeply 3-parted, 
lobes lanceolate, dentate ; stip. lanceolate. Upper Ga. If. Yellow. 

14 V. pubescens Ait. Villous-pubescent • st. erect, naked below; lvs. broad-cor 
date, toothed ; stip. ovate, large, subdentate. Dry woods. 5— 20 / . May, June. 

/3. eriocdrpa. Tall, pubescent ; pods woolly. Westward. 

y. scabrlitscula. Some scabrous ; sts. decumbent, branched at base. Ct. to Ky. 

15 V. Canadensis L. Smooth ; lvs. cordate, acuminate, serrate ; ped. shorter than 
the leaves ; stip. short, entire. Woods. 8— 12'. Leafy all the way. Flowers large, 
snbregular, white or light blue. Summer. 

6 V. striata Ait. Smooth, nearly erect; lvs. roundish-ovate, cordate, crenate-ser- 
rate : stip. large, ciliate-dentate, oblong-lanceolate ; spur one-fourth as long as the 
corolla. Wet grounds. 6—12'. St. semi-terete. Flowers cream-white. 

17 V. OTuhlenhergil Torr. St. weak, assurgent ; lvs. reniform-cordate, upper ones 
rather acuminate ; stip. lanceolate, somewhat fimbriate ; spur half as long as the 
corolla, obtuse. Swamps. 6—8'. Pale purple. May. 

18 V. rostrata L. Smooth; st. terete, diffuse, erect , lvs. cordate, roundish, serrate, 
ripper one? scute ; stip. lanceolate, deeply fringed ; petals bearded ; spur longer than 
thcx>r(;lla. Moist woods Can. to Ky. fl— 8'. Pale blue. May. —Often beardless. 



Order 15.— CISTACE^J. 47 

19 V. odorata L. Sweet, or English Violet. Neapolitan. Stolons creeping; Ivs. cor 
date, crenate, nearly smooth ; sep. obtuse. Eur. Flowers fragrant, blue, white, <fcc. 

20 V. tricolor L. Pansey. Heartsease. St. angular, diffusely branched ; lvs. oblong- 
ovate, lower ones ovate cordate, deeply crenate ; stipules as large as the leaves ; spm 
short, thick. Gardens. Flowers large, white-yellow-violet to black, in endless variety. 

0. arvtnsis. Slender, subsirnple ; petals scarcely longer than sepals. Fields. 
Perhaps this is the primary form. Abundant in Oregon. 

21 V. grandiflora L. Stem 3-cornered, procumbent; leaves crenate, shorter that 
the peduncles, much larger than the stipules ; flowers large, all violet. 

12 V. cornuta. Stems 3-cornered, ascending ; lvs. cordate, crenate ; stip. cut-toothed; 
fls. violet-purp., the spur subulate, longer than the sepals. From the Pyrenees. Hardy. 



Order Xy. CISTACEJE. Rock Roses. 

Herbs or low shrubs with simple, entire, opposite (at least the lower/ 
leaves, w\t\i flowers perfect, regular, hypogynous, in one-sided racemes, very 
fugacious. Sepals 5, unequal, persistent. Petals 5 (sometimes 3 or want 
ing), convolute in bud. Capsules 1-celled, 3-5-valved, with as many parie 
tal placentae. Seeds albuminous. Embryo curved or spiral. 

If Petals 3, linear-lanceolate, small, brown-purple. Stamens 3 — 12 Lechea. 1 

% Petals 5, — a large, yellow, very fugacious, or none. Stamens 00 HeliAiVTHemum. 2 

— a small, bright yellow. Tufted shrublets. Stamens 9—30 Hudsonia. 3 

1. LECHEA, L. Pinweed. Sep. 5, the 2 outer minute. Pet. 3, lan- 
ceolate, small. Stig. 3, scarcely distinct. Caps. 3-celled, 3-valved, placentae 
nearly as broad as the valves, roundish, each 1-2-seeded. If. Often shrubby 
at base, with numerous very small brownish purple flowers. 

1 li. major Mx. Hairy ; leaves elliptical, mucronulate ; flowers minute, about as long 

as the pedicels. In dry woods. 1 — 2f, rigid, brittle, purple, much branched. Leaves 
4". Capsules the size of a small pin-head. July, August. 

2 Ij. minor Lam. Smoothish ; leaves linear, very acute; flowers small, on pedicels 

which are mostly twice longer. Dry, sandy grounds. Stems 8 — 16', slender, red. 
Leaves 6 — 10". Capsules the size of a large pin-head. Summer. 

3 L. tliymifolia Ph. Shrubby; hoary with appressed hairs ; leaves linear and lin- 

ear-oblanceolate, rather acute, often verticillate ; flowers small, on pedicels still 
shorter. Coasts, Mass. to N. J. If. Very bushy. Capsules size of a pin-head. Sum. 

4 Li. Novae Caesareae Austin. Hairs minute, appressed; lvs. ellip., 6", often opp. ; 

pan. leafy, narrow ; outer sep. lin., longer than the fl. or pedicels. N. J. (Prof. Portei). 

2. HELIANTHEMUM, L. Rock Rose. Sep. 5, the 2 outer smaller 
Pet. 5, or rarely 3, convolute contrary to the sepals, sometimes 0. Stam. oo 
Stig. 3, scarcely distinct. Capsules triangular, 3-valved, opening at top 
Sds. angular. Fls. yellow, often of 2 kinds, the later ones being apetaloua 

§ Flowers of 2 sorts, the later ones apetalous, and 3-10-androus Nos. 1, 2 

§ Flowers all alike, pentepetalous and polyandrous Nos. 3, 4 

1 H. Canadense Mx. Frost Plant. Hoary pubescent ; petaliferous flowers solitary, 

pedicellate, terminal ; apetalous axillary, small, clustered, subsessile ; sepals acute ; 
leaves revolute on the margin, lanceolate, acute. In dry soils, Can. to Va. 8 — 12'. 

2 H. corymbosum Mx. Canescently tomentous ; fls. in crowded, fastigiate cymes, 

the primary ones on elongated, filiform pedicels, and with petals twice longer than the 
calyx ; sep. obtuse ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, margins revolute. Sands, N. J. toFla. If 



48 Order 16.— HYPERICACEJ5. 

3 H. Carolinianum Mx. Villous, simple, erect ; lis. all large, petallferous and sab- 

terminal ; sepals acuminate ; lvs. oblong-oval, edges denticulate, not revolu te. Dry 
woods, Soutb. 8 — 12'. April, May. 

4 H. arenicola Chapm. Hoary-tomentous ; lvs. lance-oblong, obtuse, small (9") ; fla. 

few or solitary, pedicellate (7"), terminal. Fla. in sand. 3— 6'. Apr. (H. Car.a 
dense, |3. obtusum Wood. Ed. 5th.) 

3. HUDSONIA, L. (In honor of William Hudson, author of Flora An 
gliea.) Sep. 3, united at base, subtended by 2 minute ones outside pet. 5 , 
sta. 9 — 30 ; style filiform, straight ; cap. 1-celled, 3-valved, mai.y seeded 

5 with very numerous branches, minute leaves, and small, bright yellow 
flowers. May. 

1 H. tomentosa Nutt. Hoary tomentous ; lvs. ovate, appressed-imbricate, acute , 

fls. subsessile ; sep. obtuse. Coasts, Me. to N. J. and Wise. In tufts, 7 — 10'. 

2 H. ericoides L. Hoary-pubescent; lvs. subulate, a little spreading; pedicels ex- 

serted, as long as the calyx ; sep. acutish. Shores, Vt. N. H. to Va. Delicate, 6 / . 

it H. montana Nutt. Minutely pubescent ; lvs. filiform-subulate ; pedicels longei 

than the flowers ; sep. acuminate, the outer ones longer, subulate. Mts. Car. 5'. 

Order XVI. HYPERICACE^. St. John's worts. 

Herbs or shrubs with opposite, entire, dotted, exstipulate leaves, withflow- 
trs perfect, regular, hypogynous, 4 or 5-merous, cymous and mostly yellow ; 
sepals unequal, persistent ; petals mostly oblique or convolute in the bud ; 
itamens few or many, polyadelphous ; anthers versatile ; ovary compound, 
with stjdes united or separate, becoming in fruit a 1-celled capsule with 
parietal placentae, or 3 to 5-celled when the dissepiments reach the centre. 
Seeds exalbuminous, minute. (Illust. 128, 129, 275.) 

§ Sepals 4. Petals 4, oblique, contorted in aestivation, yellow Asctrum. 1 

§ Sepals 5. Petals 5, — a oblique, contorted in aestivation, yellow Hypericum. 2 

— a equilateral, imbricated in bud, purplish Elodea. 3 

/ 

1. ASCYRUM, L. St. Peter's Wort. Sep. 4, the two outer usually 
very large and foliaceous ; pet. 4, oblique, convolute ; fil. slightly united at 
base into several parcels ; styles 2 — 4, mostly distinct ; cap. 1-celled. 5 
Lvs. punctate with black dots. Fls. pale yellow, 1 or 3 terminating each 
branch. 

The outer pair of sepals— a very large, ovate. Styles 1 or 2 Nos. 1, 1 

—a still larger, orbicular. Styles 3 Nos. 3, 4 

— a small, like the two inner Styles 3, long, distinct No. 5 

1 A. Crux- Andreas L. Branches many, suberect, ancipital above ; lvs. linear -ob- 

long, obtuse ; outer sep. twice longer than the pedicel ; 2 bracteoles a little below tht 

flower. Sandy woods, N. J. to Ga. and La. 1— 2f. Lvs. 6 — 12 // . Jn. —Sep. 

p. ang"ustifi>lia, Lvs. smaller (3 — 6"), crowded ; bractlets close to the fl. Car. Qa. 

2 A. pitiiiilum Mx. Low, trailing at base ; lvs. oval and obovate, obtuse, sessile : 

outer sepals shorter than the slender pedicel, inner sepal ; bracteoles 0. Ga. Fla. 

3 A. staiis Mx. St. erect, ancipital ; lvs. oblong, sessile and half-clasping, obtuse ; 

caps, ovate, acute. Swamps, N. J. to Fla. and La. 1 to 3f. Lvs 10 -15". Jn.— Aug. 

4 A. amplexicaiile Mx. St. erect, terete below ; lvs. broadly ovate, cordate, clasp 

ing : caps, oblong ; bracteoles 0. Ga. arid Fla. 1 to 2f. Lvs. 8— 12". Apr.— Sep. 

5 A. microsepalum Torr. and Gr. Lvs. oblong-linear, crowded ; sep. much shofta 

than the obovate, rnequal petals. Bushy, 1— 2f. Lvs. 3—6". 



Order 16.— HYPEMCACE^E. 49 

2. HYPERICUM, L. St. John's-wort. &ep. 5, connected at base, 
subequal. Pet. 5, oblique, contorted in bud. Stam. mostly go, generally 
cohering in 3 — 5 sets (polyadelphous), with no intervening glands. Styles 
3 — 5, distinct or united. Caps. 1-5-celled. Herbs or shrubs. Flowers 
cymous, yellow. June — August. Figs. 128, 129, 275. 

§ Stamens 25 — 100, more or less united into sets (polyadelphous). . .(a) 
J Stamens 5—15, not at all united. Annuals. Flowers small, (g) 

a Carpels (and styles) 5 or more. Capsule 5-celled Nos. 1, 3 

a Carpels 3, capsule 3-celled (the placentae meeting). . . (b) 

a Carpels 3, capsule 1-celled (the placentae not quite meeting) ...(c) 

b Shrubby. Petals not dotted. Lvs. lanceolate or oblanceclate Nos. 3, 4, 5 

b Shrubby. Petals not dotted. Leaves linear Nos. 6, 7 

b Herbaceous. Petals sprinkled with black dots Nos. 8, 9, 10 

c Shrubs. Styles united into 1 . . . (d) 

c Half-shrubby. Styles united into 1. ..(e) 

c Herbaceous. Styles distinct, at least at the top . . . (/) 

d Flowers solitary or in 3's, axillary. Stems 2-edged Nos. 11, 12 

d Flowers clustered in a compound terminal cyme Nos. 13, 14 

e Flowers in a leafless, stalked cyme. Leaves obtuse Nos. 15, 16 

e Flowers in a leafy (few-leaved) cyme. Leaves acute Nos. 17, 18 

/ Stem and branches 4-cornered or square Nos. 19, 20 

/ Stem and branches terete, not angular Nos. 21, 22 

g Flowers in corymbous cymes, orange-colored Nos. 23, 24 

g Flowers racemed on the slender branches Nos. 25, 26 

1 H, pyramidatum Ait. Herbaceous ; lvs. sessile, oblong-ovate, acute ; sty. 5 ; 

placentae retrofiexed. U O. Pa. to Can. 3 — 5f. Flowers very large (20. 

2 H. Ralmidnnm L. Shrubby ; lvs. linear-lanceolate, very numerous, obtuse ; 

caps. 5-celled, tipped with the 5 styles. Niagara, &c. If. Flowers 9". 

3 H. Buckley! Curtis. Low, diffuse, shrubby ; lvs. obovate, very obtuse ; fls. soli 

tary. pedunckd ; caps. 3-celled, styles united. Mts. N. Car. to Ga. 8 — 12'. 

4 H. prolificum L. Branches ancipital, smooth ; lvs. oblong-lanceolate, obtuse ; 

cymes compound, leafy ; sepals unequal, leafy, ovate, cuspidate. M. W. 3 — 4f. t 
/3. Aensillbrum, Branches, lvs. and fls. crowded, and smaller. Lvs.l'. Fls. 6". South 

5 H. galioides Lam. Branches erect, terete; lvs. linear-lanceolate; cymules axil 

lary and terminal, paniculate ; sep. subequal, linear-lanceolate. S. Car. to Fla. 2 — 3f. 

6 H. rosmarinifolium Lam. Erect, sparingly branched ; lvs. linear, shorter than 

the interne les, narrowed to a petiole. South. Handsome. 2f. 

7 H. fascieulatum Lam. Shrub much branched, bushy; lvs. linear, 1', very nar- 

row, longer than the internodes, sessile ; cymules leafy. Pine-barrens, South. 1 — 2f. 
j3. abbreriatum, Lvs. very short (2 — 3"), tufted in the axils. Car. to Ga. 
S H. perforatum L. Stem 2-edged, branched ; lvs. with pellucid dots ; sep. lanceo- 
late, half as long as the petals. % Dry pastures. 1— 2f. Lvs. 6— 10 // . Flowrrs V. 

9 H. corymnosum Muhl. Stems terete, corymbously branched ; lvs. oblong-ovate 

or oval, obtuse, marked with black (as well as pellucid) dots ; sep. ovate, acute (very 
small), i as long as the petals, u Can. to Pa. and Ark. 2f. Lvs. 1— 2'. Flowers 9 // . 

10 H. maoulatnm Walt. Stem terete, corymbously branched ; lvs. oblong, thickly 
sprinkled with black dots ; sep. lanceolate. U S. Car. to Fla. 2— 4f. Lvs. 1'. Fls. 10". 

1 1 H. aureum Bartram. Branches spreading, ancipital ; lvs. thick, lance-ovate, ob- 
tuse, sessile ; flower^ (large) solitary, sessile. Ga. to Ark. 2 — 4f. Stamens 500 1 t 

12 H. ambiguum Ell. Branches ancipital; lvs. lance-linear, thin, acute; fls. soli» 
tary and in 3's in the axils of the upper leaves. Ga. 1 — 2f. Flowers 8". 

1 3 H. myrtifolium L. St. terete ; lvs. thick, ovate, or oblong, cordate-claspimj ; 
fis. in a leafy compound fastigiatc cyme, the dichotomal sessile. Ga Fla. 1 — 2f. 

3 



50 Order 17.— DIlOSERACE^. 

14 H. cistifolium Lam. St. 2-winged, subsimple; lvs. linear-ormmg, obtuse, ses- 
sile ; flowers in a leafless, compound cyme. Ga. to Fla. and La. (No. 6, /S. ?) 

15 H. nndiflorum Mx. St. and branches 4-angled and winged; lvs. ovate-lanceo 
late or oblong, obtuse, sessile; cyme leafless, peduncled ; sep. linear; capsule almost 
3-celled. % Wet. Penn. to La. and Ga. 1— 2f. Leaves 2', thin. 

1 6 H. sphaerocairpon Mx. St. obscurely 4-sided ; lvs. linear-oblong, obtuse, with 
a minute callous tip ; sep. ovate, mucronate : caps, globular, n Rivers, W. If. Fls. 7" 

17 H. adpressnm Bart. St. 2-winged above ; lvs. linear-oblong, half erect ; cymes 
few-leaved ; petals obovate. U R. I. to Ark. 

\S H. dolabriforme Vent. St. scarcely 2-edged above; lvs linear- lanceolate 
spreading ; fls. in a leafy, fastigiate cj r me ; pet. very oblique Cdolabriform). is. Ky.Teni 

19 H. ang'ulosum Mx. Herb smooth ; st. acutely 4-cornered; lvs. oblong-lanceo 
late, acute ; cymes leafless ; style distinct, thrice longer than the ov. is. N. J. to Fla. 

•20 H. ellipticum Hook. Herb smooth ; st. quadrangular, simple ; lvs. elliptical, ob- 
tuse, somewhat clasping, pellucid-punctate ; cyme pedunculate ; sep. unequal ; style 
united to near the summit, as long as the ovary. % Can. to Pa. If. Flowers 6". 

21 H. graveolens Buckley. Stem terete, smooth; leaves oblong-ovate, clasping; 
sepals and petals narrow ; styles 3. is. High Mts., N. Car. Strong-scented. 

22 H. pilosum Walt. Rough-downy ; stem simple, terete, virgate ; lvs. ovate-lance- 
olate, appressed, clasping, acute ; styles distinct. ® Pine-barrens. South. 1 — 2f. 

23 H. mutilnm L. Stem square, branched; lvs. ovate, 5-veined, clasping, obtuse ; 
cymes leafy ; pet. shorter (1") than sep. ; sta. 6 — 12. (T) Damp sandy soils. 3—9'. Com. 

/3. g-ymn tint hum. Strict, simple or branched, cy. only bracted. Del., Penn. (Porter). 

24 H. Canadeuse L. Stem quadrangular, branched ; lvs. linear, attenuated to the 
base, with pellucid and also with black dots, rather obtuse ; petals shorter than the 
lanceolate, acute sepals ; stamens 5 — 10. (T) Wet sandy soils. Capsule red. fi — 12'. 

25 H. Sarotlira Mx. Stem and branches filiform, erect, and parallel; lvs. very mi 
nute, subulate ; flowers sessile ; stam. 5 — 10. (T) Sandy soils. 4 — 12'. Fls. minute. 

26 H. Drummondii T. & G. Branches alternate ; lvs. linear, very narrow; flow 
ers pedicellate ; stamens 10—20. (?) Dry. HI. and South. If. Leaves 6". 

3. ELODEA, Adams. ('EXaodr/S, marshy; from the habit.) Sep. 5, 
equal. Pet. 5, equilateral, imbricated in bud. Stam. 9 (rarely more), tria- 
delphous, the sets alternating with 3 orange-colored glands. Styles 3, dis- 
tinct. Capsule 3-celled. U Herbs with pellucid-punctate leaves, the axils 
leafless. Flowers dull orange-purple. July — Sept. 

1 E. Virginica Nutt. Stem erect, somewhat compressed, subsimple ; leaves oblong, 

amplexicaul : stamens united below the middle, with ?. in each set. Swamps. If. 

2 E. petiolata Ph. Leaves oblong, narrowed at base into a petiole ; flowers mostly 

in 3's, axillary, nearly sessile ; filaments united above the middle ; caps, oblong, much 
longer than the sepals. Swamps, S. States, N. to N. J. Flowers smaller (4"). 

Order XYII. DROSERACE^E Sundews 

Herbs growing in bogs, often covered with glandular hairs, with leave* 
alternate or all radical, mostly circinate (rolled from top to base) in verna- 
tion. Flowers regular, hypogynous, 5-merous, the Sepals, Petals, and Sta 
mens persistent (withering). Ovaries compound, 1-celled, with the Stylet 
and Stigmas variously parted, cleft, or united. Seeds go in the capsule, 
albuminous. Embryo minute. 

* Stamens 5. Styles distinct. Seeds on the valves of the capsnle Drose^a. 1 

* Stamens 10—15. Styles united. Seeds all at the base of the cell . . Diosju. I 



Order 18.— ELATLNACE^E. 5l 

1. DROSERA, L. Sundew, (zlpodot, dew; from the dew-like se- 
cretion.) Sep. 5, united at base, persistent. Pet. 5. Stain. 5. Sty. 3 — 5, 
each 2-parted, the halves entire or many-cleft. Caps. 3-5-valved, 1-celled, 
many-seeded. (2) or If Small marsh herbs. Lvs. covered with reddish, 
glandular hairs, secreting a viscid fluid. Flowers in a raceme on a slender 
scape which is at first coiled, uncoiling as the flowers open. 

* Scapes 4 — 6 times as long as the spreading leaves Nob. 1-3 

* Scapes 1 — 2 times as long as the ascending leaves Nos. 4-6 

1 D. rotundifolia L. Lvs. orbicular, abruptly contracted into the hairy petiole ; fls. 

white. (D A curious little plant, in bogs and muddy shores. Scapes 6 — 9 r , 6-9-flow- 
ered. Leaves 1 — 2', glistening as with dew-drops. June — Aug. 

2 I>. capillaris Poir. Lvs. obovate, cuneiform at base, the petioles naked ; flowers 

purple ; scape erect. (2) Marshes, S. Car. to Fla. Scapes 3 — 12', 6-12-flowered. May. 

3 I>. brevifolia Ph. Lvs. cuneiform-spatulate, forming a small, dense tuft (1' diam.) ; 

petioles very short, hairy; flowers few, rose-colored. (2) N. Car. to Fla. 2— &. 

4 I>. longifolia L. Lvs. spatulate-oblong or obovate, ascending, alternate, tapering 

at base into a long, smooth petiole ; scape declined at base ; pet. wh. u 4-7'. Lvs. 2-3'. 

5 1>. linearis Goldie. Lvs. linear, obtuse; petioles elongated, naked, erect; scapes 

few-flowered, about the length of the leaves (30 ; calyx glabrous, much shorter than 
the oval capsule ; seeds oval, smooth, u Borders of lakes, North. White. 

6 D. filiformis Raf. Lvs. filiform, very long, erect ; scape nearly simple, longer fchar. 

the leaves, many-flowered ; petals obovate, erosely denticulate, longer than the glan- 
dular calyx ; style 2-parted to the base. 11 Wet sand. If. Purple. 

2, DIONiEA, L. Venus' Fly-trap. (One of the names of Venus.) 
Stam. 10 — 15. Sty. united into 1, the stigmas many-cleft. Caps, breaking 
irregularly in opening, 1-celled. Seeds many, in the bottom of the cell. 
% Glabrous herbs. Lvs. all radical, sensitive, closing convulsively when 
touched. Scape umbelled. 

D. muscipula Ell. — A very curious plant. Sandy bogs in Car. Lvs. rosulate, lamina 
roundish, spinulose on the margins and upper surface, instantly closing upon insects 
and other objects which light upon it. Scape 6—12', with an umbel of 8 — 10 whito 
flowers. April, May. t 



Order XVIII. ELATLNACE^E. Water Peppers. 

Herbs small, annual, with opposite leaves and membranous stipules 
Flowers minute, axillary. Sepals 2 — 5, distinct or slightly coherent at base 
persistent. Petals hypogynous, as many as the sepals. Stamens twice a* 
many as the petals, anthers introrse. Ovaries 2-6-celled. Stigmas 2— 6, api- 
tate ; placenta in the axis. Fruit capsular. Seeds numerous, exalbun inous. 

ELATINE, L. Mud Purslane. Fls. 2-, 3-, or 4-parted, symmetrical, 
all the parts distinct except the united ovaries. Stig. sessile. £? Very small 
plants growing in mud, with minute, axillary, sessile flowers. 

1 E. Americana Arn. Stems creeping, diffuse, in patches ; branches ascending 1 — y ; 

leaves wedge-obovate, 2", obtuse ; flowers 2-parted, rarely 3-parted ; seeds 6 — 8. 

2 E. Clintonia.ua (Peck). Stems erect, 4", in very dense tufts, from matted roots ; 

lvs enatulate, \" ; fls. 2-parted ; seeds sJ'ghtly curved. Sand Lake, N. Y. (C. H. Peck"* 



52 Order 19 — OARYOPHYLLACE^E. 

Order XIX. CARYOPHYLLACE^E. Pinkworts. 

Herbs with swollen joints, opposite, entire leaves, and regular V (rarely 
v') flowers. Sepals persistent. Petals often unguiculate, or bifid, or 0. 
Stamens distinct, twice as many as the sepals, or fewer. Torus often some 
developed, separating the whorls. Styles 2 — 5, ovary 1. Fruit a 1-5-celled, 
1 - co-seeded pod, opening by teeth or valves. Embryo curved around the 
albumen. Figs. 6, 41, 44, 45, 56, 131, 276, 330, 456. 

§ StiDules present, dry (0 in No. 17). Calyx open. Petals sessile, minute, or 0. Tribe III... (h) 
* Stipules 0. — a Calyx a tube including the long claws of the petals. Pod OO-seeded. Tribe I... (c) 
— a Calyx open. Petals sessile (rarely in No. 10). Pod 3- OO-seeded. Tribe II. . .(e) 

— a Calyx open, ichite. Petals 0. Styles 3. Pod 3-celled. Tribe IV. ..Mollugo. 18 

I. SILENEiE. — c Calyx with scale-like bractlets at base. Styles 2 Dianthus. 1 

— c Calyx bractless. — d Styles 2 Saponaria, 2, or Gtfsophila 2^ 

— d Styles 3. Pod 6-toothed when open Silene. 3 

— d Styles 5. Pod 10-toothed or 5-valved Lychnis. i 

OSINEJS. — e Petals erose-denticulate at the end. Styles 3 Holosteum. 5 

— « Petals 2-parted (sometimes wanting in No. T<...(f) 

f Styles 5. Capsule opening at the top by 10 teeth Cerastium. 6 

/ Styles 3. Capsule opening to the base by oalf-valves Stellaria. 7 

—e Petals entire (often wanting in No. 10)..(^) 

g Styles 3, or if 5, opposite to the sepals. (No. 7 or) Arenaria. 8 

g Styles 4, opposite to the 4 sepals. Stamens 4 Mcenchia. 9 

g Styles 4 or 5, and alternate with the sepals Sagina. 10 

CLLECEBRE^E.— h Styles or stigmas 3 — 5. Pod several-seeded. Pet. colored... Q£) 

k Leaves opposite. — I Flowers axillary, solitary Spergularta. 11 

— I Flowers in terminal clusters Stipuucida. 12 

k Leaves whorled. — m Styles 5, pod 5-valved Spergula. 13 

— m Styles 3, pod 3-valved Polycarpon. 14 

— h Styles or stigmas 2 or 1. Utricle 1-seeded. . .(n) 

7i Sepals distinct or nearly so, greenish Paronychia. 15 

n Sepals united into a tube below, white above SYPHONYCniA. 16 

n Sepals united into an urn below, green above Scleranthfs 17 

1. DIANTHUS, L. Pink. Calyx tube cylindrical, striated, with 2 or 
more pairs of imbricated scales or bracteoles at base. Pet. 5, with long 
claws, limb irregularly notched. Stam. 10, styles 2, recurved. Capsule 
cylindrical, 1-celled, 4-valved at top. Beautiful Oriental plants, every- 
where cultivated. Figs. 6, 131, 276. 

§ Bracts long-pointed, equalling the calyx tube (dry, obtuse, No. 2) Nos. 1 — 4 

§ Bracts much shorter than the calyx tube Nos. 5 — 1 

1 I>. Armeria L. Wild Pink, Leaves linear-subulate, hairy ; flowers aggregated, 

fascicled ; bracteoles erect, lance-subulate. ® Sandy fields, E. 1 — 2f. Flowers 
tmall (6" broad), pink-red sprinkled with white. August. § Europe. 

2 I>. prolifer L. Slender, strict, smooth; lvs. linear, erect, 1—2' ; biacts dry, ovate, 

covering the calyx and pod ; pet. small, pink ; fl. mostly but 1. Peun. (Porter). § Eur. 

3 I>. barbattjs. Sweet- William, or Bunch P. Leaves lanceolate ; flowers in dense 

cymes ; bracteoles erect, ovate-subulate, u Europe, ljf. Red-white. May — July. 

4 D. Chinensis. Leaves lance-linear ; flowers solitary ; bracteoles spreading, fneac. 

(D China. If. Evergreen, not glaucous. Flowers large, variegated. 

5 1>. cabtophylltjs. Carnation P. Glaucous ; leaves linear ; flowers solitary ; bract 

lets very short, ovate ; petals very broad, crenate. % England. 2— 3f. Fragrant. 

6 D. plumaritjs. Pheasant's Eye. Glaucous ; flowers solitary ; bracts ovate, acute ; 

petals many-cleft, hairy at throat. "U Europe. White-purple. June— August. 

7 D. STJPEKBTTS. Leaves linear-subulate, green ; cymes fastigiate ; bracts ovate, ma 

cremate : petals pinnatifid-frin":ed. u Europe. White-roseate. July. August. 



Obder 19.— CARYOPHYLLACEJ5. 53 

2. SAPONARIA, L. Soapwort. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, without 
bractlets. Petals 5, unguiculate. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsules ob- 
long, 1-celled. Flowers in cymous panicles. July, August. Fig. 45. 

§ Calyx tube oblong, neither angled nor veined (Saponaria.) No. 1 

§ Calyx tube ovoid, 5-angled, at length 5-winged, very smooth. (Vaccaria.). . .No. 2 

1 S. officinalis L. Bouncing Bet. Lvs. lanceolate ; pet. crowned, u 2f. White. § 

2 S. Vaccaria L. Lvs. lance-ovate ; fis. cymous, pale red. (I) If. Waste grounds. § 

2\. GYPSOPHILA, L. Gypsum Pink:. Sepals half united into a 
hell-form calyx. Pet. scarcely clawed. Caps, globular, 1-celled, 4-valved. 
— Neat, free-flowering exotics. Flowers panicled. June — Sept. Europe. 

1 G. elegans. Lvs. lance., thick ; pan. loose, forked ; pet. notched, wh. or pink. If. (g 

2 G. muralis. Low, diffuse, with linear Its. and a profusion of pinkish small fis. (5) 6'. 

3 G. pvnicttlata. Tall; lvs. lance-lin. ; lis. minute, numerous, white, in filiform pan. u 

4 G* Steveni. Lvs. lance-lin., keeled ; fis. white, in corymbs, fine for bouquets. U 21. 

3. SELENE, L. Campion. Catch-fly. (&flen,U8 was a drunken god 
of the Greeks, covered with slaver as these plants are with a viscid secre- 
tion.) Calyx tubular, swelling, without scales at the base, 5-toothed ; pet. 
5, unguiculate, often crowned with scales at the mouth, 2 or many-cleft, or 
entire ; sta. 10 ; styles 3 ; capsule 3-celled, opening at top by 6 teeth, many- 
seeded. Figs. 41, 56, 330. 

§ Acaulescent, low, tufted. Petals crowned. Perennial No. 1 

§ Caulescent.— Petals fringe-cleft, white or rose-color, crownless. Perennial. Nos. 2 — 4 

— Petals bifid or entire. — Calyx inflated, veiny. Perennial Nos. 5, 6 

— Calyx close on the pod. (*) 

* Flowers spicate, alternate. Upper leaves linear, lower spat. Annual. . .Nos. 7, 8 

* Fls. not spicate.— Petals pale, closed in sunshine. Upper lvs. linear. . .Nos. 9, 10 

— Petals red, purple, &c, — bifid Nos. 11, 12 

—entire Nos. 13—15 

1 S. acaulls L. Moss Campion. Low, moss-like ; lvs. linear (§") ; ped. solitary, short, 

1-fld. ; calyx bell-shaped ; pet. obcordate, crowned. % White Mts. 1 — 3'. Purp. Jl. 

2 S. stellata Ait. Erect, pubescent ; lvs. in whorls of 4's, oval-lanceolate, acuminate ; 

cal. loose and inflated ; pet. fimbriate. U Can. to Car. and W. 2— 3f. White. July. 

3 S. ovata Ph. Erect, puberulent ; lvs. opposite, lance-ovate, acuminate ; cal. ovate, 

not inflated ; pet. many-cleft, crownless. 71 Car. Ga. 3f. White. July. 

4 S. Baldwinii Nutt. Weak, hairy ; lvs. obovate-spatulate ; calyx not inflated ; pet. 

cuneiform, divaricately fimbriate. % Ga. Fla. If. Fls. 2', roseate. April. 

5 S. nivea DC. Minutely puberulent, erect, subsimple ; lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acu- 

minate ; fls. few, solitary, leafy ; cal. inflated ; pet. 2-cleft, with a small bifid crown ; 
caps, shorter than its stipe, u Penn. to HI. Rare. 2f. Fls. few, white. July. 

6 S. inflata Smith. Bladder Campion. Glabrous and glaucous ; lvs. ovate-lanceolate; 

fls. in cymous, leafless panicles, drooping; cal. ovoid-globular, much inflated ; caps, 
on a short stype. is. Fields. 2f. White. July. § 

7 S. quinquevulnera. L. Villous, spike somewhat one-sided; cal. very villous; 

pet. roundish, entire, crowned. (3) S. Car. If. Pet. crimson, with a pale border. § 

8 S. nocturna L. Lvs. pubescent; fls. small, appressed to the stem in a dense 1-sided 

spike ; cal. cylindrical, smoothish ; pet. narrow, 2-parted. (5) Ct. to Pa. Pare. 2f. Jl. § 

9 S. Autirrliiua L. Snap-dragon Catch-fly. Sticky in spots ; lvs. lanceolate, acute; 

fls. few, on slender branches ; cal. ovoid ; pet. emarginate. ©Waste pi. l|f. Fls. r. 
p. linaria. Very slender ; lvs. all linear ; cal. globular. Ga. and Fla. 

10 8. noctiflora L. Viscid-pubescent; lower lvs. spatulate ; cal. cylindrical, teetb 
subulate, very long ; petals 2-parted. (J) Cult, grounds. Flowers large, white. § 



54 Order 19.- CARYOPHYLLACEJB. 

US. Virginica L. Slender, erect, branching ; root-lvs. spatulate, cauline oblong 
lanceolate ; flowers large, cymous, cal. large, clavate ; pet. bifid, broad, crowned. if 
Woods, Pa. to 111. and S. 1— 2f. Red. June. 

12 S. rotundilolia Nutt. Decumbent, branching; lvs. thin, roundish-oval; fls. sol 
itary, very large ; calyx cylindric-campanulate ; petals bifid and toothed, deep scarlet, 
crowned, u Eocks, W. States. Rare. June— August. 

13 S. regia Sims. Splendid Catch-fly. Scabrous, somewhat viscid; st. rigid, erect; 
lvs. ovate-lanceolate ; cyme paniculate ; pet. oblanceolate, entire, erose at the end 
sta. and stig. exserted. % O. to 111. and S. 3— 4f. Bright scarlet. June, July. 

14 S. Pennsylvanica Mx. Wild Pink. St. clustered, low, ascending; lvs. spatu- 
late or cuneate, of the stem lanceolate ; cyme few-flowered ; pet. slightly emarginate, 
subcrenate. u Dry soils, N. Eng., S. and W. 6—10'. Fls. pink-red. June. 

1 5 S. Arnieria L. Garden Catch-fly. Very smooth, glaucous ; st. branching, glu 
tinous below each node ; lvs. ovate-lanceolate ; flowers in flat cymes ; pet. obcordate, 
crowned ; cal. clavate, 10-striate. (g 12— 18'. July, September, t § 

4. LYCHNIS, L. (AvxroS, a lamp ; from fancied resemblance or use.) 

Cal. tube bractless, 10-veined, limb 5 -lobed. Pet. 5, entire or cleft, often 

crowned. Stain. 10. Styles 5. Caps, more or less 5-celled at base, open- 

mg by 5 or 10 teeth. Handsome exotics, cultivated or §. 

§ Agrostemma. Calyx limb of 5 leafy, deciduous lobes exceeding the petals No. 1 

§ Lychnis proper. Calyx limb of 5 persistent lobes shorter than the petals., .(a) 

a Fls. dioecious. Petals 2-lobed, white or purplish. Escaped from culture No. 2 

a Fls. all perfect.— & Petals 2-lobed or entire Nos. 3, 4 

—b Petals 4-parted or laciniate Nos. 5, fi 

1 Ij. Gitliago Lam. Corn Cockle. St. forked; lvs. linear, hairy; fls. few, large, dull 

purple ; seeds large, blackish. ® Fields. 2 — 3f. A handsome weed. July. § 

2 Ii. dliirna L. Stem forked and panicled ; fls. $ $; pet. half-2-cleft ; pod ovoid oi 

subglobous. © Rare in cultivated grounds. 2f. June — August. § Eur. 

3 Ii. coronaria DC. Mullein Pink. Pose Campion. Villous; stem dichotomous ; ped. 

long, 1-flowered ; petals broad, entire, y. Italy. 2f. Purple, &c. 

4 Ij. Chalcedonica L. Scarlet Lychnis or Sweet William. Smoothish; fls. fasciculate ; 

calyx cylindric-clavate, ribbed ; petals 2-lobed. % Russia. 2f. Scarlet. 

5 Ii. Floscuculi L. Ragged Robin. Fls. fascicled; cal. campanulate, 10-ribbed; pet. 

in 4 deep, linear segments, u Europe. 1 — 2f. Flowers pink. 

6 Ii. coronata L. Chinese Lychnis. Fls. terminal and axillary, 1 — 3; calyx rounded, 

clavate, ribbed ; petals laciniate. % 1— 2f. Flowers large, red, &c. 

5. HOLOSTEUM, L. ( OXoS, all, odrsov, bone ; by antiphrasis, as 
Hie plant is no ^one, but soft.) Sep. 5. Pet. 5, erose-denticulate at the end. 
Stam. 3 — 5, rarely 10. Styles 3. Caps. 1-celled, oo-seeded, opening by 6 
teeth. Fls. white, in an umbel. 

II timbellatum L. Lvs. smooth and glaucous, oblong, sessile ; ped. long, terminal, 

Tiscid, pedicels reflexed after fl owering. ® Fields : rare. &. § Eur. 

6. CERASTIUM, L. Mouse-ear Chickweed. {Kepai, a horn; 
from the resemblance of the capsule.) Sep. 5, ovate, acute. Pet. 5, 2-cleft 
or lobed. Stam. 10, rarely fewer. Styles 5, opposite to the sepals. Cap- 
sule cylindrical or ovoid, elongated ( opening at top by 10 teeth, oo seeded. 
Flowers cymous, white. Fig. 44. 

§ Petals about as long as the sepals Nos. 1, S 

$ Petals much longer than the eepale Nos. S, 4, 6 



Order 19.— CARYOPHYLLaCE^. 55 

1 C vulgfituni L. Hairy, csespitous; lvs. obovate or ovate, ottuse, attenuated at 

base ; fls. in subcapitate clusters ; sep. acute, longer than the pedicels ; stam. often 5. 
(T) Fields and waste grounds. 6— 12'. June— Aug. § 

2 C. viscosiim L. Hairy, viscid, spreading; lvs. oblong-lanceolate, rather acute ; fls. 

in loose cymes ; sep. obtuse, scarious on the margin and apex, shorter than the pedi- 
cels, u Fields and waste grounds. 5 — 9'. Plant greener. June— Aug. 

3 C. arvense L. Pubescent; lvs. linear-lanceolate, acute; cyme on a long, termina. 

peduncle, 4-flowered ; petals more than twice longer than the calyx ; capsule scarcely 
exceeding the sepals, u Rocky hills. 4— KK. May— Aug. 

1 C. oblougifolium Torr. Villous, viscid above ; lvs. oblong-lanceolate ; flowers 
numerous, in a spreading cyme ; pet. twice as long as the sepals ; capsule about twice 
as long as the calyx. U Rocky places. Rare. 6— 10'. Fls. large. April — June. 

5 C. nutans Raf. Viscid-pubescent, erect ; lvs. lanceolate ; fls. many, diffusely cy- 
mous, on long, filiform, nodding pedicels ; pet. nearly twice as long as the calyx ; cap- 
sule a little curved, nearly thrice as long. ® Low grounds. 8 — 12'. May. 

7. STELLARIA, L. Star Chickweed. (Lat. Stella, a star; from 
the stellate or star-like flowers.) Sep. 5, connected at base. Pet. 5, 2-parted, 
rarely 0. Stam. 10, rarely fewer. Styles 3, sometimes 4. Caps, ovoid, 1- 
celled, valves as many as styles, 2-parted at top. Sds. many. Small herbs in 
moist, shady places. Fls. in forked C} T ines or axillary, small, wh. Fig. 456. 

§ Stems hairy mostly in lines, leafy to the top. Leaves bread Nos. 1, 2, 3 

§ Stems all glabrous, — a leafy to the top. Petals sometimes wanting Nos. 4, 5. 6 

—a leafless above, with scarious bracts Nos. 7, 8, 9 

1 S. media Smith. Lvs. ovate ; st. procumbent, with an alternate, lateral, hairy line ; 

pet. shorter than the sep. ; stam. 3 to 5 or 10. (D A common weed. April — Nov. 

2 S. prostrata Baldw. Lvs. ovate, the lower on long petioles ; sts. procumbent, pu- 

bescent ; fls. on long pedicels ; pet. longer than sepals ; stam. 7. (?) Ga. Fla. Mar. Ap. 

3 S. pubera Michx. Stem ascending, pubescent in 1 lateral or 2 opposite lines ; lvs. 

oblong, acute, sessile ; pet. longer than the white-edged sep. u Pa. S. and W. Apr. Jn. 

4 S. nniflora Walt. Smooth, erect from a prostrate base : lvs. linear-subulate, remote ; 

ped. long, 1-flwd. ; pet. obcordate, twice longer than cal. © Swamps, S. 10—12'. May. 

5 S. borealis Bw. Smooth,weak; lvs. veinless, lance-oblong; ped. at length axillary, 

1-flwd. ; pet. 2-parted (often 0), as long as calyx, u Wet shades, N. Eng. to Wis. 6— 15'. 

6 S. crassifolia Ehrh. Sts. weak ; lvs. linear-oblong, thickish ; pet. longer than the 

cal., or ; sds. roughened. Wet rocky places, Ky. and N. (Sagina fontii^alis Sh.& Pet.) 

7 S. uliginosa Murr. Decumbent ; lvs. lance-oval and oblong, veiny ; cymes lateral. 

sessile, leafless ; sep. 3-veined, as long as the bifid pet. 14. Springs. Md. toN. H., and W. 

8 S. longipes Goldie. Smooth and shining ; lvs. linear-lanceolate, broadest at base ; 

ped. erect, filiform, cymous ; sep. with membranous margins, shorter than the petals. 
71 Me. to Mich, and N. June. 

9 S. longifolia Muhl. Lvs. linear ; cyme terminal, naked, at length lateral, the pedi- 

cels spreading ; petals longer than the calyx, u Common. July. 

8. ARE N ARIA j L. Sandwort. (Lat. arena, sand, in which most 
species grow.) Sep. 5, spreading. Pet. 5, entire, or notched, rarely 0. 
Stam. 10, rarely fewer. Styles 3, rarely more or fewer, opposite to as many 
sepals. Capsule 1-celled, oo-seeded, opening ly valves or half- valves. 
Slender herbs, mostly tufted, with white flowers. (Th e following sections 
have sometimes been regarded as genera.) 

§ Akenakia. Caps, splitting into 6 half- valves. Lvs. acute. Seeds naked Nos. 1, 3 

§ MoBRforoiA. Caps, as above. Lvs. and sep. obtuse. Sds. strophiolate No. 3 



56 Order 19.— CARYOPHYLLACE^E. 

§ Honkenya. Capa. splitting into 3 (—5) valves. Disk large, 10-lobed No. 11 

§ Alsine. Capsule splitting into 3 entire valves. Disk inconspicuous . . (a) 

a Sepals 3 or 5-veined, acute, or acuminate Nos. 4, 5, d 

a Sepals veinless, obtuse.— b Leaves rigid, subulate, imbricated No. 1 

— b Leaves soft, opposite, spreading Nos. 8, 9, 10 

1 A. serpyllifolia L. St. dichotomous, spreading; lvs. ovate, acute, subciliate ; 

pet. shorter than tbe acute sep. ; pod ovate. ©Sandy pi. 2—5'. Lvs. 2— 3". Jn.-Aug. § 

2 A . diffusa Ell. St. long, diffuse ; lvs. lance-ovate, acute at both ends ; ped. 1-flwd. ; 

pet. oval, much shorter than the calyx, or 0. U Moist woods, S. 2 — 5f. Apr. June. 

3 A. lateriflora L. Upright, slightly pubescent; lvs. oval, obtuse; ped. lateral, 2 to 

3-flvvd. ; seeds (strophiolate) appendaged at the hilum. ii Damp shades, N. 6 — 10'. Jn. 

4 A. patnla Mx. Sts. divaricately branched, very slender; lvs. linear-filiform, obtuse ; 

petals emarginate. (I) Cliffs, Va. and Ky. 6 — 10'. June — July. 

5 A. Pitcher! T. & G. Erect, fastigiately branched, almost glabrous ; lvs. linear, ob- 

tuse, flat ; pet. entire, twice as long as the 5-veined sepals. (I) Tenn. and W. 3 — 6 / 

A. stricta Mx. Glabrous, diffuse; st. branched from the oase ; lvs. subulate-lineai, 

rigid, so fascicled in the axils as to appear whorled ; cymes few-flowered, with spread 
ing branches. % Sterile grounds. 8 — 10'. May, June. 

7 A. squarrosa Mx. Coespitous ; stem few-flowered ; lower leaves squarrous-imbri- 

cate, crowded, upper ones few, all subulate, channelled, smooth ; petals obovate, S 
times longer than the sepals, it Ban-ens, L. I. to Ga. 6 — 10'. April— Aug. 

8 A. Greenlandica Spr. Csespitous ; sts. numerous, filiform ; lvs. linear, flat, spread 

ing; ped. 1-flwd. . elongated, divaricate, u HighMts. N. 3'. Fls. 8", numerous. Jl.Aug 

9 A. brevifolia N. Erect (not tufted), few-leaved ; stems many, filiform ; lvs. minute, 

few, remote, ovate-subulate ; sepals oblong. ® Rocks, Ga. 2 — 4'. May. 

10 A. gliibra Mx. Coespitous, glabrous ; sts. filiform ; lvs. linear setaceous, spread- 
ing; sep. oval, veinless. half as long as the petals, y. Mts. S. 4 — 6 r . Fls. 6 // . July. 

11 A. peploides L. Sts. creeping, with upright branches, tufted ; lvs. ovate, fleshy, 
half-clasping; fls. small, the veinless sepals exceeding the petals. % Coast. If. May. 

9. MCENCHIA, Ehrh. (Dedicated to McencJi, a German botanist.) Sep. 

4, as long as the 4 entire petals and opposite to the 4 styles. Stam. 4. Caps. 

ovoid, not exceeding the calyx, opening by 8 teeth, co-seeded. ® Low, 

smooth, glaucous. Flowers white. 

in. quaternella Ehrh.— Dry places, Md. Stems simple, 2—3', with 1 or 2 flowers. 
Leaves lance-linear, acute. Apr. May. § Eur. (Sagina erecta L.) 
/ 

10. SAGINA, L. Peaklwort. (Lat. sagina, food or nourishment , 

badly applied to these minute plants.) Sep. 4 or 5. Pet. 4 or 5, entire, 
often 0. tf tarn, as many or twice as many as the sepals. Styles 4 or 5, al- 
ternate with the sepals, but the valves of the pod are opposite. Diminutive 
herbs with linear leaves and small white flowers. 

* Petals 0, or 4, and much shorter than the 4 sepals. Stam. 4 Nos. 1, 2 

* Petals 5, equalling or much exceeding the 5 sepals. Stam. 10 Nos. 3, 4 

1 S. procumbens L. Procumbent, glabrous ; pet. about half as long as the roundish, 

obtuse sepals, sometimes ; lvs. linear- filiform. 2f Damp, N. 3 — 4 / . June. 

2 S. ap£tala L. Erect, puberulent ; pet. very minute, or none ; sep. oblong, acute ; 

lvs. linear-subulate. (T) Sandy, N. Y., N. J. and W. Stems filiform, 2 — 4'. May, Jn. 
i S. subulata Wimmer. Smooth or puberulent, tufted; lvs. filiform-linear, mucro- 

nate, shorter than the erect ped. ; pet. 5, as long as the ovate, obtuse sep., rarely 0. @ 

Sandy, S. 2—6'. Lvs. 6". March, April. (S. Elliottii Fenzl.) 
<!• S. nodosa Fenzl. Tufted, ascending, glabrous ; lvs. subulate, the upper very shorl 

and fascicled : pet. much longer than the sepals, v. Sandy shores, N. 



Order 19.— CARYOPHYLLACE^E. 57 

11. SPERGULARIA, Pers. Sand Spurry. (Name derived from 
Spergula.) Sep. 5. Pet. 5, entire. Stam. 2 — 10. Styles 3. Caps. 3-valved, 

QO-seeded.— Herbs low, spreading, with narrow opposite leaves and sea- 
rious stipules Flowers red or rose-colored. 

1 S. rubra Presl. Decumbent, divaricately branched, slender; stip. triangular-acu- 

minate; lvs. linear; sep. lanceolate, with scarious margins; pet. as long, pink red; 
seeds rough, marginless. % Sandy, near the coast. 3—6'. May — October. 

2 S. marina. Plant thick and fleshy ; caps, a third longer than the calyx, with the 

seeds nearly smooth and mostly margined. Otherwise like No. 1, and perhaps not 
distinct. V Salt marshes. May— October. (Arenaria, L.) 

12. STIPULICIDA, Michx. (Lat. stipula, ccedo ; the stipules being 
much cleft.) Sep. with scarious margins. Pet. 5, as long as the sepals, en- 
tire. Stig. 3, sabsessile. Caps, subglobous, 3-valved, few-seeded. ® A 
slender, tufted, dichotomously branched herb, almost leafless, with the 
small flowers in terminal cj^mules. 

S. setacea Mx. — Dry sand, Ga. Fla. Stems almost setaceous, 6 — 10'. Joints distant, 
with a fringe of leaves and stipules f '. Root leaves roundish; V. Fls. reddish. May. 

13. SPERGULA, L. Spurry. (Lat. spergo, to scatter ; from the dis- 
persion of the seeds.) Sep. 5. Pet. 5, entire. Stamens 5 or 10. Styles 5. 
Caps, ovate, 5-valved, seeds go. Embryo coiled into a ring. (T) Herbs 
with fls. in loose cymes. Leaves verticillate. Stipules scarious. 

S. arvensis L. Lvs. filiform ; ped. reflexed in fruit ; sds. reniform, angular, rough. 
Cultivated grounds. 1 — 2f. Lvs. 1 — 2', many in a whorl. May — August. § 

14. POLYOARPON, L. All-seed. (IIoXvS, much, xap-rtoty fruit; 
the pods are many.) Sepals 5, carinate. Pet. 5, emarginate. Stam. 3 — 5. 
Style short, 3-cleft. Caps. 3-valved. @ Low, diffuse, with whorled lvs. 
P. tetraphyllum L. Lvs. spatalate or oval, tapering to a petiole, some of them in 

whorls of 4; stam. 3. Around Charleston, S. Car. 3—6'. Lvs. 3 — 5". Fls. minute. § 

15. PARONYCHIA, Toum. Natlwort. (Ilapa, with, ovv^, the 

nail; i. e., the whitlow ; supposed cure for.) Sep. 5, linear-oblong, conni- 

vent, mucronate or awned near the apex. Pet. or sterile filaments very 

narrow and scale-like, or none. Stam. 2, 3, or 5. Stig. 2, with the styles 

more or less united into 1. Utricle 1-seeded. Low herbs dichotomously 

branched, with scarious, silvery stips., and at least the lower lvs. opposite. 

§ Paronychia. Sepals evidently awned at apex. Lvs. linear and subulate Nos. 1 3 

§ Anychia (Mx. partly). Sep. merely mucronate at apex. Lvs. lanceolate to oval.(*) 

* Stems procumbent, diffuse on the ground. Stamens 5 Nos. 3, 4 

* Stems erect, with diffusely ascending branches. Stamens 2 or 3 Nos. 5, 6 

1 P. dichotoma Nutt. Glabrous, densely branched ; lvs. acerose, mucronate; bracts 

rike the leaves ; cymes fastigiate, with no central flower ; sepals 3-veined, cuspidate 
V Rocks, Va. to Car. and Ark. 6— 12'. Lvs. V. July — November. 

% P. argyrocoma Nutt. Pubescent, tufted, decumbent; lvs. linear, acute; cymes 
glomerate, terminal ; fls. enveloped in dry, silvery bracts ; sep. hairy, 1-veined, seta- 
ceous.y cuspidate. % Mts. N. H. Va. to Ga. 4— 1(K. Lvs. 6— 10". July. 

8 P. h.erniarioid.es Nutt. Scabrous, diffusely branched; lvs. oval or oblong, mu- 
cronate ; the ramial alternate. Fls. sessile in the axils of the leaves ; sep. 3-veined 
merely murronate. ii Sand, 3. Small, flat. Lvs. 1— 3". July— October. 



58 Order 20.— PORTULACACE^E. 

4 P. Baldwin!! Chapm. Diffusely branched , procumbent; leaves linear-lanceolate 

very acute, all opposite ; flowers longer than the setaceous stipules, mostly terminal, 
stalked ; stam. 5. ® Dry fields, Fla. Ga. 6—10'. Lvs. few. July— Oct. 

5 P. Canadensis. Stem erect, slender, pubescent, many times forked, with slendei 

or capillary branches ; lvs. lanceolate, the ramial alternate ; style none: utricle equal- 
ling the sepals, (i) Woody hills. 
0. pumila. Dwarf (2—40, tufted ; fls. closely sessile ; style as long as ovary, forked 
at apex. Dry hills, Md (Mr. Shriver.) 

16. SIPHONYCHIA, Torr. and Gr. (2i<poov, a tube; that is, Anyehia 
nXh. a tubular calyx.) Sep. linear, petaloid above, coherent into a tube 
elow, unajnied. Pet. 5 setae alternate with the stamens on the throat of 
ne calyx. Style filiform, minutely bifid ; utricle included. (D Diffuse and 

widely spreading. Fls. in glomerate, terminal cymes, white. Jn.— Oct. 

§ Calyx tube bristly with hooked hairs. Stems prostrate, diffuse Nos. 1, 2 

§ Calyx smooth or merely pubescent. Stems erect Nos. 3, 4 

t S. Americana T. & G. Sts. pubescent in lines ; lvs. lanceolate; sep. rounded, in- 
curved at apex ; fls. solitary and clustered. ® S. Car. to Fla. 1— 2f. Lvs. small. 

2 S. diffusa Chapm. Pubescent; lvs. lanceolate, obtuse; sep. linear, mucronate ; fls. 

in dense cymes. (5) Pine-barrens, Fla. If. 

3 S. erecta Chapm. Sts. smooth, rigidly erect, subsimple ; lvs. linear ; sep. lanceolate, 

tube smooth, furrowed, u Sands, Fla. 6 — '*3f. 

4 S. Rugelii Chapm. Erect, dichotomous, pubescent ; lvs. oblanceolate ; sep. conspic- 

uously mucronate, the tube hairy. (5) E. Fla. If. (Paronychia, Shutt.) 

17. SOLERANTHUS, L. Knawel. (2xXt?p6s, hard, «VSo?: the 

calyx hardens in fruit.) Sep. 5, united below into a tube contracted at the 

orifice. Pet. 0. Sta. 10, rarely 5 or 2. Styles 2, distinct. Utricle very 

smooth, enclosed in the hardened calyx tube. (D A prostrate, diffuse little 

weed, exstipulate. 

S. animus L. Dry fields and roadsides, N. and M. 3—6'. Lvs. linear, acute, short, 
partially united at their bases. Fls. very small, green, in axillary fascicles. July. 

18. MOLLUGO, L. Carpet-weed. Calyx of 5 sepals, inferior, united 
at base, colored inside. Cor. 0. Sta. 5, sometimes 3 or 10. Fil. setaceous, 
shorter than and opposite to the sepals. Anth. simple. Caps. 3-celled, 3 
valved, many-seeded. Seeds reniform. Lvs. at length apparently verticil- 
late, being clustered in the axils. 

HI. t erticillata L. Lvs. cuneiform, acute; st. prostrate, branched; pedicels 1-flow- 
ered, subumbellate ; sta. mostly but 3. ® Dry fields. 6—10'. White. 



Order XX. POBTULACACEJ3. Purslanes. 

Herbs succulent or fleshy, with entire leaves, no stipules, and regular 
flowers. Sepals 2, united at base. Petals 5, more or less imbricated. Sta- 
mens variable in number, but opposite the petals when as many. Ovaries 
free, 1-celled. Styles several, stigmatous along the inner surface. Fruit a 
pyxis, dehiscing by a lid, or a capsule, loculicidal, with as many valves as 
stigmas, Smld with a coiled embryo. Figs. 122, 123. 



Order 23.— MALVACEiE. 59 

* Stamens 8—20, perigynous. Capsule opening by a lid (a pyxis) Portttlaca. 1 

• Stamens 10 — 30, hypogynous. Capsnle opening by valves Talintjk. 2 

* Stamens 5, each on the base of a petal. Capsule 3-valved CLATTomA. 8 

• Stamens 4 — 15. Capsule 3-valved. Leaves alternate Calandb int a. i 

1. FORTULACA, Tourn. Purslanes. Sep. 2, the upper portion 
deciduous. Pet 5 (4 to 6), equal. Stam. 8 — 20. Style 3-6-parted. Pyxi? 
opening near the middle, Go-seeded. Low, fleshy herbs. 

] P. oleracea L. Stems reddish, prostrate ; leaves cuneate. (J; Cultivated grounds, 
especially gardens. If. Plant very smooth, succulent. Fls. small, yellow. June — Aag. 
'2 P. GKANDiFLdBA. Upright ; lvs. linear, acute ; fls. large, rose-purple. ® S. Am. 8'. 
3 P. GiLL^sn. Upright ; lvs. short, terete, blunt ; fls. large, deep purple. (T) S. Am. 

2. TALINUM, Adans. Sep. 2, ovate, deciduous. Pet. 5, sessile, in- 
serted with the 10 — 20 stamens into the torus. Style trifid. Caps. 3-valved, 
oo-seeded. — Herbs fleshy, smooth. 

T. teretifolium L. Stem short, thick, with crowded linear lvs. at the ends of the 
short branches, with long (60 terminal, naked peduncles, bearing a cyme of purple, 
ephemeral flowers. 2f Rocks, Penn. to Ga. June — Aug. 

3. OLAYTONIA, L. Spring Beauty. (In memory of John Clayton, 
one of the earliest botanists of Virginia.) Sep. 2, ovate or roundish. Pet 
5, emargined or obtuse. Stam. 5, inserted on the claws of the petals. Stig. 
3-cleft. Caps. 3-valved, 2-5-seeded. — Small, fleshy, early flowering planta, 
arising from a small tuber. (Stem with 2 opposite leaves.) 

1 ©• Caroliniana Mx. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate ; sep. and pet. obtuse, u Moist woods. 

Stem 3', bearing 2 (rarely 3 or 4) leaves ; root leaves few ; fls. white, with purple lines. 

2 C. Virginica L. Lvs. linear or lance-linear ; sepals rather acute ; petals obovate, 

mostly emarginate or retuse ; ped. slender, nodding, u In low, moist grounds, more 
common than the first, the 2 opposite leaves 3—5' long. Flowers roseate. 

4. CALANDRINIA, H. B. K. (Oalandrini was an Italian botanist.) 
Sep. 2. Pet. 3 — 5. Stam. 4 — 15, mostly hypogynous. Style short, stig. 3. 
Caps. 3-valved. — Herbs of Chili and California, smooth, with alternate 
leaves and purple flowers. 

1 C. GRANDiTLdRA. Leaves rhomboid ; raceme terminal. % Chili. If. Pis. near 2A 
% C. speciosa. Leaves linear-spatulate ; flowers axillary. (T) Cal. ty. Fls. V broad. 

Order XXIII. MALVACE^. Mallows. 

Herbs or shrubs with alternate, stipulate leaves and regular flowers, with 
5 sepals united at base, valvate in the bud, often subtended by an involucel ; 
5 petals hypogynous, convolute in the bud, with the stamens oo monadel 
plious, hypogynous, and 1-celled reniform anthers. Pistils several, dis- 
tinct, or united, and stigmas various. Fruit a several-celled capsule, or a 
collection of 1-seeded indehiscent carpels. Seeds with little or no albumen, 
and a curved embryo. 

§ Calyx naked, ». «., having no involucel. (o) 
5 Calyx Involucellate.— Carpels (and styles) more than 5. (a) 
—Carpels 3 to 5 only,— 1-seeded. (c) 

— S— oo-seoded. (d> 



fiO Order 23.— MALVACEAE. 

* Inrolucel of 6 to 9 bractlets. Carpels 1-seeded Althaea. 1 

a Involucel of 3 distinct bractlets. Carpels 1-seeded. Stigmas linear Malva. 2 

a Involucel of 3 united bractlets. Carpels 1-seeded Lavatera, 3 

a Involucel of 3 distinct bractlets. Carpels 2-seeded Modiola. 4 

a Involucels (of 2 or 3 distinct bractlets). Carpels 1-seeded. Stig. capitate Malvastrdm. 5 

b Flowers dioecious. Stigmas 10, linear "Sapma. 8 

b Flowers perfect. Carpels 5 or more, 1 seeded Sida. 7 

b Flowers perfect. Carpels 5 or many, 3 to 9-seeded Abutilon. 3 

c Stigmas 10. Carpels 5, baccate, united Malvavtsctts. J 

c Stigmas 10. Carpels 5, dry, distinct Pavonia. DC 

c Stigmas 5. Carpels 5, dry, united into a pod Kosteletzkv* .1 

d Invo/ucre of many bractlets. Calyx regular Hibiscus. I? 

d Involucre of 3 incisely-toothed bractlets Gossypium. " 3 

1. ALTHAEA, L. Marsh Mallow. ("AXSgj, to cure; the mucilagi- 
nous root is highly esteemed in medicine.) Calyx surrounded at base by a 
G-9-cleft involucel. Styles oo, with linear stigmas. Carpels oo, 1-seeded, 
inclehiscent, arranged circularly, and at maturity separating from the axis. 
I A. officinalis L. Lvs. soft-downy on both sides, cordate-ovate, dentate, somewhat 

3-lobed ; ped. much shorter than the leaves, axillary, many-flowered. 2f Salt marshes, 
North. 3f. Flowers large, pale purple. Sept. § Eur. 
i A. rosea Cav. Hollyhock. St. erect, hairy; lvs. cordate, 5-7-angled, rugous; fls. ax- 
illary, sessile. © Gardens, often sowing itself. 6f. Flowers of all colors. § 

2. MALVA, L. Mallow. {MaXaxr/, soft; on account of the soft 
mucilaginous properties.) Calyx 5-cleft, the involucel 3-leaved. Pet 
obcordate or truncate. Styles oo, with linear stigmas. Carpels oo, 1- 
celled, 1-seeded, indehiscent, arranged circularly, and at maturity sepa- 
rating from the axis. 

* Leaves triangular-hastate, crenate, scabrous. Carpels acute No. 1 

* Leaves orbicular, with 5—7 angular lobes. Carpels obtuse Nos. 2 — 4 

* Leaves palmately 5-7-parted Nos. 5—7 

1 HI. trlangnlata Lav. Rough-hairy ; lvs. triang. -hastate, crenate ; the lower cor- 

date ; panicle many-flowered ; carp. 10 — 15, slightly beaked, at length 2-valved. il Dry 
prairies, W. and S. 2— 3f. Petals 1', purple. July, Aug. (Callirrhoe triang. Gr.) 

2 M. rotundifolia L. Low Mallow. St. prostrate ; lvs. obtusely 5-lobed ; cor. pale, 

twice as long as the calyx. U Waste grounds. If. June, July. § Eur. 

3 ME. sylvestris L. High Mallow. St. erect ; lvs. 5-7-lobed, lobes rather acute ; pet. 

purple, 3 times longer than sepals. @ Waysides. 3f. June, July. § Eur. 

4 M. crispa L. St. erect ; lvs. angular-lobed, dentate, crisped, smooth ; fls, axillary, 

sessile, white. (T) Gardens and waste grounds. 5f. June — Aug. § Syria. 
H M. moschata L. Music Mallow. Erect ; radical lvs. reniform incised, cani'^e 3- 
parted, the segments linear-cuneiform, incisely lobed ; peauncles shorter than tlie 
leaves. U 'Gardens and waysides. 2f. Flowers large, roseate. July. § Eur. 

6 M. Alcea L. Erect; rt. lvs. angular; st. lvs. 5-lobed, the lobes merely incised ; stem 

and calyx velvety. U Escaped from gardens : rare. 3f. Fls. purple. July, t § Eur, 

7 M. Papaver Cav. Poppy Mallow. Lvs. 3-5-parted, segm. oblong or linear, entire 

or toothed ; fls. on very long peduncles ; bracteoles 1—3, subulate, if Open woods, 
South. 12—18'. Flowers bright red. May, June. (Callirrhoe Papaver Gr.) 

3. LAVATERA, L. (Named in honor of the two Lavaters, physicians 
of Zurich.) Calyx subtended by an involucel of 3 united bracteoles. 
Stigmas oo, filiform. Carpels oo, 1-celled, 1-seeded, indehiscent, arranged 
circularly as in Malva. 

L. trimesteis. Annual ; lvs. roundish-cordate, the upper angular ; fls. large, red, sol* 
tarv. Europe 2f. The flowers vary to white. July, Aug. 



Order 23.— MALVACEAE. 61 

4. MODIOLA, Mcench. (Lat. modiolus, a certain measure ; from the 
fancied resemblance of the fruit to a basket.) Calyx 5-cleft, with an in- 
volucel of 3 bractlets at base. Stigmas 15 — 20, capitate. Carpels same num- 
ber, 2-seeded, transversely 2-celled, 2-valved. (Dd) Prostrate, with cleft 
leaves and small flowers. 

JKf. multifida Moench. Lvs. roundish, cordate, 3—5 cleft; segm. cut-toothed; ped. 
soon longer than the petioles. V Car. Ga. and W. 1— 2f. Fls 6", red. July, Aug. 

5. MALVASTRUM, Gray. (Name altered from Malm.) Involucel 
of 1 — 3 leaves, or 0. Styles 5 — 20. Stigmas capitate. Carp. 5— -oo , often 
beaked or awned, each 1-seeded. 

1 HI. angustum Gr. Branched, erect, hairy ; lvs. lanceolate, with bristle-form stip. ; 

invol. bristleform ; carps. 5, dehiscent. ® S. Car. Ga. If. Fls. yellow. (Sida, Ph.) 

2 OT. tricuspidatum Gr. Shrubby ; rough-hirsute ; lvs. ov.-oblona: ; stip. lanceo- 

late ; invol. 3-leaved ; carp. 10—12, 3-awned at apex. %. S. Fla. If. Yellow. 

6. NAPJEA, Clayt. (NocTtrj, a wooded valley between mountains, 
where Clayton discovered the plant.) Involucel none. Calyx 5-toothed ; 
fls. dioecious. Styles 6 — 8, with filiform stigmas. Carpels as many, 1-seeded, 
indehiscent, beakless, circularly arranged. U Tall, with large, palmately 
divided leaves and small white flowers in leafy panicles. 

flf. dioica L.— Rocky thickets, Pa. Va. to HI. Stem weak. 4 — 6f. Leat segm. 5—11, 
lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely toothed. Flowers 4 — 5". August. 

7. SIDA, L. Involucel 0. Fls. perfect. Calyx 5-cleft. Styles 5 or 
more, with the stigmas capitate or truncate. Carp. 5 — oo, 1-seeded, finally 
separable. Herbs or shrubs, mostly tomentous. 

* Leaves palmately parted. Flowers rose-white. Carpels beaked Nos. 1, 2 

* Leaves undivided. Flowers red or yellow.— a Carpels 5 or 7 Nos. 3, 4 

—a Carpels 10—12 Nos. 5—8 

1 S. Napaea Cav. Nearly glabrous ; lvs. palmately 5-lobed, lobes oblong, acuminate, 

coarsely-toothed ; ped. many-flowered ; carpels 10, acuminate-beaked. % Woods, 
Penn. to Va. 3f. Fls. 8". White. July. 

2 S. alcaeoides Mx. Strigous-pubescent ; lvs. palmately 5-7-parted, the segments 

laciniate ; fls. corymbed, terminal ; carp. 10, acute, u In barren oaklands, Tenn. Ky. 
1 — 2f. Fls. nearly as large as in the Musk Mallow. (Callirrhoe alcaeoides Gr.) 

3 S. spinosa L. St. rigid ; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, serrate, with a spinous tubercle at 

the base of the petiole ; stip. setaceous, shorter than the petioles or axillary pedun- 
cles ; carp. 5, birostrate. © Sandy, M. and W. 8 — 16'. Yellow. July. § 

4 S. ciliaris Cav. St. prostrate ; lvs. elliptical, obtuse ; stip. setaceous, and calyx 

ciliate ; carp. 7, tipped with 2 spines ; fls. red. % S. Fla. 

5 S. stipnlata, Cav. Smoothish ; leaves rhombic-lanceolate, dentate ; stip. subulate, 

longer than the petioles, persistent; carpels 10 — 12, pointed with 2 short spines. U 
Sandy soils, S. 18'. Pet. 5", yellow. July. (S. hispida C-B.) 

6 S. Elliottii Torr. & Gr. Lvs. linear-oblong, obtuse at base ; ped. 1-fiowercd, a little 

longer than the petioles ; caps, truncate, u Sandy soils, S. 3f. Yellow. 

7 S. rliombifolia L. Leaves rhombic-oblong, serrate, cuneate and entire at bane ; 

ped. much longer than the petioles ; caps. 2-beaked. (J) S. Car. to Fla. 2f. Yellow. 

8. ABUTILON, Dill. Indian Mallow. Calyx 5-cleft, without an in- 
Yoiucel, often angular. Styles 5 to 20, with capitate stigs. Carps, as many, 
arranged circularly, each 1-celled, 3 to 6-seeded, and opening by 2 valves. 



62 Order 23.— MALVACEAE 

§ Herbaceous. Lvs. ovate, crcnate, acuminate, velvety. Pis. erect Nos. t, 9 

§ Shrub. Leaves 3-5-acnminate-lobed. Fls. pendulous No. 8 

1 A. Avieennae Gsprt. Tomentous : lvs. roundish, cordate : ped. shorter than the long 

petiole : carp, about 15. inflated. 2-beaked. 3-seeded. ii) Waste places. 3f. Yel. Jl. § 

2 A. Hulseanum Torr. Pilous-hispid: lvs. roundish; ped. 3-5-flowered ; carpels 

abont 12; fls. near 2' broad, light purple. Fla. Lvs. small, whitish beneath. 

3 A. striatum. Tassel-Tree. Shrub with maple-like lvs. and tasselform fls., the column 

exserted. Greenhouse. 5 — lOf. (.Tange-red, scarlet-veined. Brazil. 

4 A. vexillajrjum. Shrub with long, slender, drooping branches ; leaves lance- ovate, 

cordate, crenate-serrate ; flowers droop on filiform stalks, cylindric ; calyx scarlet, 
corolla golden yellow, column exserted. Greenhouse. Flowers all Winter. 

9. MALVAVISCUS Drummondii. Glue Mallow. Shrub 4f, with 
showy, erect, axillary scarlet flowers. Involucel of many bractlets. Pet. erect. Styles 
10, with capitate stigmas. Fruit fleshy. Leaves roundish, cordate, angularly 3-lobed, 
coarsely crenate-toothed. Column long-exserted. § About N. Orleans. 

10. PAVONIA, L. (Latin pavo, peacock; suggested by the colors.] 

Involucel of 5 or more bracteoles. Calyx 5-cleft. Carpels 5, half as many 

as the branches of the style, 1-seeded. Stig. capitate. Fruit dry. ^ 

P. Lecontii T. & G. Shrubby ; lvs. sagittate-oblong, obtuse, hoary-tomentous be- 
neath ; bractlets 5 ; carpels blunt, rugous. 5f. Ga, (Mr. Jones), rare. Fls. 18" diam , 
rose-white, with a deep purple centre. (P. Jonesii C-B.) 

11. KOSTELETZKYA, Presl. (In honor of Kosteletzky, a German bot- 
anist.) Calyx, involucel, styles, &c, as in Hibiscus. Fruit a 5-celled, de 
pressed capsule, with a single seed in each cell. 

K.. Virginica Presl. Lvs. acuminate, cordate, ovate, dentate, upper and lower oneN 
undivided, middle 3-lobed ; ped. axillary, and in terminal racemes ; fls. nodding, pis- 
tils decimate, u Marshes, L. I. to Ga. 3f. Fls. 21', rose-red. Aug. 

12. HIBISCUS, L. Calyx 5-cleft, subtended by an involucel of many 
bractlets. Column long with the stamens lateral and the 5 stigmas capitate. 
Fruit a 5-celled capsule, loculicidal, the valves bearing the partitions in the 
middle. Seeds 3 or many in each cell. 5 ^ Flowers large and showy. 
Plants often cultivated. 

§ Hibiscus proper. Calyx equally 5-cleft or toothed, persistent. . .(a) 

§ Abelmoschus. Calyx tube in flowering split down to the base on one side. .Nos. 12, la 

a Shrubs and trees. Leaves undivided, ovate, &c. Stip. persistent Nos. 9— 11 

a Herbs. — b Calyx, &c, tomentous. Lvs. undivided, angularly lobed Nos. 1, 2, 3 

— b Calyx, &c, hispid. Leaves palmately divided Nos. 4, 5 

—b Calyx, &c, glabrous. — c Leaves strongly 3-5-lobed Nos. 6, 7 

— c Leaves ovate, undivided No. 8 

1 H. OTosdieiktos L. Simple, erect, hoary-tomentous ; lvs. ovate, obtnsely dentate, 
some 3-lobed ; ped. long, often cohering with the petiole ; pod and seeds smooth ; 
sepals abruptly pointed. Brackish marshes. 4 — 6f. Fls. 6' diam., roseate. Aug. 
/3. Havescens, Fls. larger (pet. 4' long), of a light sulphur-yellow, with a purple 
centre. Marshes, Indiana to Fla. (H. incanus Wendl.) 

3 H. grandiflorus Mx. Lvs. cordate, acuminate, repand-dentate, downy both sides, 

hoary beneath ; pods densely hirsute. S. andW. 5— Tf. Pet. 4^, flesh-color. Jl.-Oct 

4 H. acnleatus Walt. Prickly-hispid; lvs. 3-5-lobed, repand-toothed ; bractlets ol 

the involucel linear, forked at the end : sep red-veined. S. 3— 5f. Fls. 4^, y-p. Jn. + 



Order 24.— TAMARISCINE^. 63 

5 H. Trlonum L. Flower-of-an-Hour. Hispid; leaves 3-parted, middle segments 

long, all sinuate-lobed ; bractlets entire ; calyx inflated, membranous ; flowers ycl- 
lowisn, dark-brown centre, ephemeral, numerous. Fields and gardens. § Italy. 

6 H. militarls Cav. Glabrous ; leaves hastately 3-lobed, lobes acuminate, serrate ; 

corolla tubular-campanulate ; capsules smooth, ovoid-acuminate; seeds hairy, is, 
Penn., S. and W. 4f. Petals flesh-color, purple at base, 3'. July, August. 

7 H. coccineus Walt. Very smooth ; lvs. palmate, 5-parted, lobes lanceolate, acu- 

minate ; corolla expanding ; caps, ovoid. li South. 6f. Flowers 6', scarlet. Jaly. Aug. 

S H. Carolinian us Muhl. Smooth; lvs. cordate, ovate, acuminate ; ped. free from 

petiole ; pet. downy inside, purple, 4/; pod globular. is. Wilmington Isl., Ga. (Elliott). 

9 H. Syriacus L. Althcea. Tree Hibiscus. Lvs. ovate, cuneiform at base. 3-lobed, 

dentate ; ped. scarcely longer than petiole. Fls. wh.-purp. or roseate. 8 — 15f. § Syria. 

10 H. Floridanus Shutt. Hispid ; lvs. ovate-cordate, obtuse, small ; fls. pendulous 
on long peduncles, scarlet or crimson ; stamens exserted. S. Fla. 4— 5f. Fls. V. 

1 1 H. Kosa-Sinensis. Chinese H. Shrub with very smooth ovate pointed lvs. coarsely 
dentate at end ; fls. very large, dark red, varying to buff, yellow, striped, and double: 

12 H. esculentus. Okra. Lvs. cordate, 5-lobed, obtuse, dentate ; petiole longer than the 
fl. ; involucel about 5-leaved, caducous. (I) 5f. Cult, for its large, mucilaginous pods 

1 3 H. Manihot. Lvs. divided into 5 — 7 linear, pointed, few-toothed lobes ; Dractlets 
of the involucel 5—7, persistent, is, China. 4f. Fls. sulph. -yellow, purp. centre. Jl. + 

13. GOSSYPIUM, L. Cotton Plant. Calyx obtusely 5-toothed, 
surrounded by an involucel of 3 cordate leaves, deeply and incisely toothed. 
Stamens very numerous, lateral. Stigmas 3, rarely 5, clavate. Seeds oo, 
involved in cotton. Flowers yellow. Fig. 201. 

1 G. herbaceum. Leaves 3-5-lobed, with a single gland below, lobes mucronate ; seeds 

brownish, cotton white, d) 5f. Cultivated South. Yellow. 

2 G. Barbadense. Sea Island O. Leaves with 3 glands on the mid-vein below ; seeds 

black, cotton white, long and silky. (§) Coasts, South. Planted in Autumn. 

Order XXIV. STERCULIACE^E. Silk Cottons. 

Large trees or shrubs with simple or compound leaves, with flowers 
similar to those of the Mallow, except that the anthers are 2-celled and 
turned outward. Fruit capsular, of 3, rarely 5 carpels. 

» Involucel 0. Petals 0. Carpels 5. Stamens 10— 20, all fertile, monadelphous..STERCULiA. 

* Involncel 0. Petals 5, long-clawed. Carpels 5. Fertile stamens 5. S. Fla,. .Ayenia pmilla. 

* Involncel 3-loaved. Petals 5. Carpel 1. Stamens 5, all fertile. S. Fla Waltheria Americhna. 

\ 

1. STEROULIA, L. Calyx 5-lobed, sub-coriaceous Stam. monadel- 
phous, united into a short, sessile cup. Anth. adnate, 10, 15, or 20. Carp. 
5, distinct, follicular, 1-celled, 1 - co-seeded. — Trees with axillary panicles 
or racemes. (See Addenda.) 

S. piiATANiroLiA L. Leaves cordate at base, palmately 3-5-lobed, smooth ; calyx rotate, 
reflexed, greenish, in clusters. Cultivated South. 30f. Japan. A handsome tree. 

Order XXIV. bis. TAMARISCINE^E. Tamarisks. 

Slirubs or herbs with minute, scale-like leaves, dense slender racemes of 
small 4-5-parted flowers. Stamens definite, hypogynous Styles 3. Capsules & 
valved, 1-celled, oo-aeeded. Seeds with a coma. Albumen 0. Embryo straight 



54: Order 26.— CAMELLIACE^E. 

TAMARIX Gallica. Characters mainly as given in the Order. Pet 
and sta. 5. A beautiful shrub, lOf, with virgate branches, bearing numerous exceedingl) 
delicate racemes of flesh-colored fls. Lvs. lance-subulate, clasping. Eur. Nearly hardy 

Order XXV. TILIACE^E. Lindenblooms. 

Trees or shrubs (rarely herbs) with simple, stipulate, alternate, dentate 
leaves, with flowers axillary, hypogynous, usually perfect and polyadel- 
phous ; with the sepals 4 or 5, deciduous, valvate in bud, the petals 4 or 5, 
imbricated. Stamens oo, with 2-celled, versatile anthers. Ovary of 2 — 10 
united carpels, and a compound style. Fruit dry or succulent, many-celled, 
or 1-celled by abortion. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen. 

1. CORCHORUS, L. Sep. and pet. 4 or 5. Stam. oo, rarely as few 

as the petals. Style very short, deciduous, stig. 2 to 5. Caps, roundish or 

siliquose, 2-5-celled, many-seeded. ^ Flowers yellow. 

C. siliquosus L. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, equally serrate, 4 times longer 
than the petioles ; caps, siliquose, linear, 2-valved. La. to Fla. Flowers 4-merous. 

2. TILIA, L. Linden or Lime Tree. Calyx of 5, united sepals, 
colored. Cor. of 5, oblong, obtuse petals, crenate at apex. Stam. oo, 
somewhat polyadelphous, each set (in the N. American species) with a 
petaloid scale (staminodium) attached at base. Ov. superior, 5-celled, 
2-ovuled. Caps, globous, by abortion 1-celled, 1-2-seeded. 5 Lvs. cor- 
date. Fls. cymous, cream-white, with the peduncle adnate to the vein o< 
a large leaf-like bract. 

§ Staminodia 5, petaloid, opposite the petals. Leaves mucronate-serrate Nos. 1, 2 

§ Staminodia none. Stamens scarcely cohering No. 3 

1 T. Americana L. Bdss-wood. Lvs. broad cordate, unequal at base, acuminate, 

coriaceous, smooth, and green on both sides ; pet. truncate or obtuse at apex ; sty. as 
long as the petals. Woods, N. and M. States. 70f. June. Timber valuable. 
|3. Wdlteri, Lvs. pubescent (but green) beneath. A large tree. Va. to Fla. 

2 T. heteropliylla Vent. White Bass-wood. Lvs. obliquely subcordate, scarcely 

acuminate, white and velvety beneath, shining, and dark green above ; pet. obtuse, 
crenulate ; sty. hairy at base, longer than the petals. River banks, W. 40f. 
0. alba, Lvs. whitish and minutely tomentous beneath, serratures fine and long- 
mucronate. Ky. and South along the mountains. 80f. 

3 T. Europ^ea L. Lime Tree. Lvs. suborbicular, obliquely cordate, abruptly acumi- 

nate, serrulate, twice as long as the petioles, glabrous except a woolly tuft in the 
axils of the veins beneath. Parks. 40f. t Eur. 

Order XXVI. CAMELLIACE^E. Camellias or Teaworts. 

Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple, feather-veined, exstipulate leaves 
Flowers regular, polyandrous, hypogynous, cyanic, with sepals and petals 
imbricated, the former often unequal in size. Stamens more or less cohe- 
rent at base into one, three, or five sets. Anthers 2-celled. Seeds few, with 
little or no albumen. Cotyledons large. 

8 Calyx of many imbricated sepals. Stamens monadelphous Camellia. 1 

S Calyx simple. — Stamens united at the base into one set Stuartia. 3 

— Stamens in 5 sets, adhering to the base of the petals Gokdonia. i 



Order 27.— MELIACE^}. 65 

1. CAMELLIA, L. Tea Rose. Tea. Sepals many, imbricated, the 
inner ones larger. Fil. oo, shorter than the corolla, united at base, some 
of the interior free. Styles united. Stigmas 3 — 5, acute. ^ J> 

1 C. Jap6nica L. Japan Eose. Leaves ovate, acuminate, acutely serrate, glabrous and 

shining ; flowers terminal, solitary ; petals obovate ; stamens 50 (mostly transformed 
to petals) ; stigmas 5-cleft. Tree in Japan, here a beautiful greenhouse shrub. 

2 C. (Thea) Bohea. Shrub 4f , .vs. elliptic-oblong, acute, some rugous, twice as long as 

broad ; flowers axillary, white. Cultivated throughout China and Japan — rarely here. 
(? C. (Thea) vikidis. Shrub 4f ; lvs. lance-oblong, thrice longer than broad, flat, acute ; 
fls. white, V broad. China. The leaf of these shrubs, variously cured, is the Bohea, 
Black, Green, or Imperial Tea. 

2. STUARTIA, Catesby. Sepals 5 (or 6), ovate or lanceolate. Petals 
5 (or 6), obovate, crenulate. Stamens monadelphous at base. Capsules 
5 celled, 5- or 10-seeded, seeds ascending. +) Leaves large, deciduous ; 
flowers showy, fragrant, axillary, nearly sessile. 

% Stvaxtia proper. Styles united. Capsule globous. Seeds lenticular No. 1 

§ Malachodendron. Styles distinct. Capsule ovoid. Seeds margined No. 2 

1 S. Virginica Cav. Leaves oval, acuminate, thin, serrulate, downy beneath ; sepals 

roundish; pet. white ; fil. purple, an th. blue. Va. to Fla. and La. 6 — 12f. Apr., May. 

2 S. pentagyna L'Her. Leaves ovate, acuminate ; sep. lanceolate : one pet. smaller 

than the others, all cream-white ; capsules 5-angled. Ky. to Ga. 10— 15f. June, Jl 

3. GORDONIA, Ellis. Loblolly Bay. Sepals 5, roundish, strongly 

imbricated. Pet. 5. Sta. 5-adelphous, one set adhering to each petal at 

base. Styles united into one. Caps, woody, 5-celled. Seeds 2 or more in 

each cell, pendulous. ^ With large, white, axillary, pedunculate flowers. 

§ Gordonia proper. Stam. inserted on a 5-lobed cup, as short as the style No. 1 

§ Frankxinta. Stam. inserted on the pet. at base, longer than the style No. 9 

1 G. Iiasianthus L. Leaves coriaceous, perennial, glabrous, shining on both sides 

lance-oblong; peduncles half as long as the lvs. ; fls. 3'. S. 70f. July, August. 

2 G. pubesccns L'Her. Leaves thin, serrate, deciduous, oblong-cuneiform, shining 

above, canescent beneath ; fls. on short peduncles ; sep. and pet. silky. S. 30f. May. t- 

Order XXVII. MELIACE^E. 

Trees or shrubs with exstipulate, often pinnate leaves. Flowers 4-5-me- 
rous. Stamens 6 — 10, coherent into a tube, with sessile anthers. Disk hy- 
pogynous, sometimes cup-like ; style 1. Ovary compound, several-celled, 
cells 1 — 2-6-ovuled. Fruit fleshy or dry, often 1-celled by abortion. Seeds 
winged or wingless. 

§ MELIE^E. Cells of the ovary 2-ovuled. Seeds wingless, few (in a fleshy drupe) Melia. 1 

§ SWIETENIEjE. Cells of ovary many-ovuled. Seeds winged, many in the capsule. .Swietenia. 2 

1. MELIA, L. Pride op India. (MsA.i, honey ; the name was first 
applied to the Manna Ash.) Sep. small, 5, united. Pet. spreading. Sta 
tube 10-cleft at summit, with 10 anthers in the throat. Ovary 5-celled, 10- 
ovuled. Style deciduous. Drupe with a 5-celled, bony nut, cells 1-seeded. 
*> With bipinnate lvs. and panicles of delicate flowers. 

M. Azkdarach L. Lvs. deciduous, glabrous, lfts. obliquely lance-ovate, acuminate, set 
rate. S. Stales. 30 — 40f. Pol. light ; fls. lilac ; drupes as large as cherries, t W. Ind 



Sb Okder 29.— ZYGOPHYLLACE^E. 

2. SWIE TENIA Mahogoni, L. Mahogany Tree. A large and 
beautiful tree growing in South Florida, Mexico, and the Isthmus. 80 — lOOf. The reddish- 
brown ornamental wood is well known. Lvs. smooth, abruptly pinnate, with 6 — 10 lance- 
ovate lfts. Fls. small, yellowish, in panicles. 5-parted. Pod size of a goose-egg, GO-seeded 

Order XXVIII. LINACEJ3. Flaxworts. 

Herbs with entire, simple leaves, and no stipules ; with flowers regular, 
symmetrical, and perfect, 5-(rarely 3 or 4)-parted. Calyx strongly imbri- 
cated in the bud, corolla contorted. Stamens definite, hypogynous, alter- 
nate with the petals. Styles distinct, with capitate stigmas, and each ceil 
of the capsule more or less divided by a false dissepiment into two 1-seeded 
compartments. Seeds with little or no albumen, attached to axile pla- 
centae. Figs. 10, 11, 130, 136, 469. 

LINUM, L. Flax. Sepals, petals, stamens, and styles 5, the latter 

rarely 3. Caps. 6-10-celled. Seeds 10, suspended, mucilaginous. Herbs 

with a bark of strong fibres, and simple, sessile leaves. 

Flowers yellow, small (2— 7" broad). Species (T), native. June — August. . .(a) 
a Sepals entire, 1-veined, as long as the depressed or globous capsule... Nos. 1 — 4 
a Sepals glandular-fringed, longer than the globular-ovoid capsule Nos. 5, 6 

* Flowers blue, large (1' broad). In fields and gardens Nos. 7, 8 

* Flowers large, showy, red or yellow. Garden exotics Nos. 9, 10 

1 Ii. Virginian um L. Sts. teretish, erect, corymbous above, branches short, spread 
ing, terete ; lvs. oblong to lanceolate, mostly scattered ; fls. 4-5' broad ; caps, depressed, 
styles distinct. Woods and hills. 2f. Prof. Porter distinguishes No. 2 from this. 

i L. striatum Walt. St. striate, often clustered ; branches short, ascending, sharply 
about 4-angled ; lvs. lance-oblong, the lower mostly opp. Fls. and fr. as in No. 1 . Com. 

3 li. simplex Wood. Stem single, terete, corymbed at top, branches subterete ; leaves 

linear-subulate, erect, scattered ; caps, globular ; sty. distinct ; fls. 3", few. S-W. 18'. 

4 L. diffusum Wood. Stems very slender, ascending, with long, filiform, diffuse, an- 

gular branches ; lvs. veiny, lance., spreading, 9-12" ; fls. 2 // broad ; pod depressed. W. 

5 Ii< sulcatum Riddell. St. and branches sulcate, strict, erect ; lvs. lin., erect ; sep. 3- 

veined, acuminate ; sty. united below. Conn, to 111., and S. 1 — Iff. (L. rigidum C-B.) 

6 Li. rigidum Ph. Stems low and branches rigidly erect, angular-sulcate ; lvs. linear- 

subulate, erect ; sepals lance-linear, twice longer than the pod. Iowa, Min., and W. 

7 li. usitatissimum L. Common Flax. ® Leaves lance-linear; panicle corymbous; 

flowers axillary ; petals crenate. 2f. The strong bark yields linen. § Europe. 

8 I*, perenne L. u Leaves linear ; flowers supra-axillary and terminal ; petals retuse, 

light blue. California ! and Europe. Flowers numerous and showy. 

9 Li. gkandiflokum. Leaves lance-elliptical ; flowers red ; styles 5. N. Africa. 1(K. 

10 li. tkigtnum. Leaves elliptical ; flowers yellow ; styles 3. E.India. If. 

ukder XXIX. ZYGOPHYLLACE^E. Bean Capeks. 

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with leaves opposite, mostly pinnate (not dotted) 
and stipulate. Flowers 4- or 5-merous, corolla imbricate or convolute in 
bud. Stamens twice as many as the petals, hypogynous, distinct, each often 
with a scale. Ovary compound ; style and stigma 1 • fruit and seeds as in 
Linaceee. 



Order 30.— GERANIACE^E. 67 

H«rbs. Disk annular, 10-lobed. Fruit of 5 — 12 indehiscent carpel* Tribulus. 1 

Trees. Disk inconspicuous. Fruit of 2 — 5 dehiscent, 1-seeded carpels Guiacpm. 3 

1. TRIBULUS, L. Sep. and pet. 5, imbricated. Stam. 10, the 5 al- 
ternate with the petals placed inside of hypogynous glands. Ov. sessile, 
cells 1-5-seedecl, separating into nutlets. — Loosely branched, prostrate 
herbs, with abruptly pinnate leaves. Flowers solitary (yellow). 

1 T« (Kallstrcemia) maxim us L. Lfts. 3 or 4 pairs, oblong or oval, oblique, tbe ter 

rainsl pair largest ; nutlets 10, tubercled, 1-seeded. Ga. Fla. 1— 2f. 

2 T. cistoidcs L. Lfts. 5— 8 pairs, linear-lanceolate, subequal; ped. elongated, with 

oie large flower ; nutlets 5, spiny, 2-5-seeded. Fla. 2f. 

2. GUAIAOUM, Pirn. Lignum- Yitm. Sep. and pet. 4 or 5, decidu- 
ous, imbricated. Stam. 8 — 10. Ovary stipitate, 2-5-celled, cells many-ovuled, 
in fruit 1-seeded. J> +> Wood hard and resinous. Lvs. abruptly pinnate. 
Ped. in pairs, between the stipules, 1-flowered. 

G, sanctum L. Branches jointed ; lfts. 3 or 4 pairs, oblong, oblique, entire, mucro 
nate ; ped. short ; pet. obtuse, blue. S. Fla. 20f. Bark white. 

Order XXX. GERANIACE^E. Gerania. 

Herbs or shrubs with perfect, hypogynous, symmetrical and regular, or 
irregular, 3-5-merous flowers. Stamens as many oi twice as many as the 
sepals, often some of them abortive or rudimentary Carpels as many as 
the sepals, 1-few-seeded, mostly separating from the persistent axis at ma- 
turity. — A large and rather incongruous order, as now constituted (by Ben- 
tham and Hooker), including the following tribes, heretofore regarded as 
orders. Figs. 27, 28, 172, 243, 265, 270, 315, 350, 497. 

§ Flowers regular.— a Styles 5. Carpels several-seeded. Tribe I. 

— a Styles 5. — 6 Sepals valvate. Fruit beakless. Tribe II. 
— b Sepals imbricate. Fruit beaked. Tribe m. 
I Fl*wen irregular. — c Petals perigynous. Stamens 7 or 8. Tribe IV. 

— c Petals hypogynous. Stamens 5. short. Tribe V. 

I. OXALIDEjE. Symmetrical. Stamens 10 +. Petals convolute. Pod 5-celled Oxalis. 1 

II. LIMNANTHEjE.— Symmetrical. Stamens (10 in Limnanthes, No. 3) 6 in Flojrkra. 3 

III. GERANIE^E. — Stamens 10 + . 5 often sterile. Glands between the petals. Fruit u refrma. .(e) 

e Stamens 10, all antheriferous. Tail of carpels beardless Geranium. 4 

« Stamens 5 antheriferous. Tail of the carpels bearded Erodium. 5 

IT. PELARGONIEiE.— Sepals spurred behind. Glands 0. Stamens declined.. (/) 

/ Spur adnate to the pedicel. Fruit rostrate, — a regma Pelargonium 6 

/ Spur free. Fruit not beaked. Carpels l-see4ed, separating Trop^eolum. 7 

V. BALSAMINEjE.— Sepals spurred behind. Pod owning elastically Imfatiens. 8 

/ 

1. OXALIS, L. Wood Sorrel. {'OqvS, acid: the herbage is sour.) 
Sep. 5, distinct or united at base. Pet. contorted, much longer than the 
calyx. Sty. 5, capitate. Caps, oblong or subglobous. Carp. 5, 1 to seve- 
ral-seeded. Mostly U, with palmately trifoliate leaves and inversely 
Ireart-shaped leaflets. Figs. 265, 270, 497. (See Addenda.) 

1 O. Acetos£lla L. Acaulescent; scape longer than the leaves, 1-flowered; leaflets 
broad-obcordate with rounded lobes ; styles as long as the inner stamens ; root den 
tate, scaly, u Woods, Can. and N. States. 6 / . Flowers white-purple. June. 



68 Order 30.— GERANIACE^E. 

2 O. violacea L. Bulbous at base, acaulescent ; scape umbelliferous ; flowers nod 

ding ; tips of the calyx fleshy ; styles shorter than the outer stamens, u An elegan 
species in rocky woods. 5 — 8'. Flowers violet-purple. May. 

3 O. stricta L. Caulescent ; st. branching ; ped. umbelliferous, longer than thepeti 

oles ; styie as long as the inner stamens ; flowers yellow. (J) Fields. 3 — 9'. Common. 

4 O. flava. Scapes G 7 , 1-flowered ; leaflets 6—10, linear ; petals yellow, V long. S. Afr 

5 O. rosea. Stem erect, 8' ; lfts. 3, obcordate ; pet. roseate, 1', toothed ; fls. many. Chili 

6 O. versicolor. St. 3' ; lfts. 3, linear, emarginate ; pet. crimson-striped outside. S. Afr. 

2. FLCERKEA, Willd. False Mermaid. Sep. 3, longer than the 3 

petals. Glands 3. Stam. 6. Ovaries 3, tuberculate. Style 2-cleft. Fruit 

separating into 3 achenia. @ Small aquatics, with pinnately-divided leaves. 

F. proserpinacoid.es Lindl. — By streams and lakes, Vt. to Penn., and W. 6— 1C. 
Prostrate ; lvs. alternate ; If. segm. 3 — 5 ; pet. white, shorter than the sepals ; ach. 1 — 3 

3. LIMNANTHES, Br. Sepals 5, valvate. Pet. 5, convolute, with 5 
glands. Stamens 10. Style 1. Ovary deeply 5-lobed, separating 5 ache- 
nia in fruit. — Herbs with pinnate leaves and cut-lobed leaflets. Summer. 

L . Douglasii. Stems low, diffuse, with numerous axillary flowers V broad ; petals wedge- 
oblong, yellow, edged with white, notched at the end. California. 

4. GERANIUM, L. Crane's Bill. Sep. and pet. 5, regular. Stam. 
LO, all perfect, the 5 alternate ones longer, and each with a gland at its 
base. Fruit at length separating from the axis into 5 achenia, and up- 
lifted on the smooth curving styles. — Herbs. Ped. 1-3-flowered. Fig. 172. 

* Petals entire, twice as long as the awned sepals, purplish Nos. 1, 2 

* Petals emarg. or 2-lobed, not longer than the sep., roseate. May — Aug. . .Nos. 3 — 6 

European perennials, cultivated, hardy, ornamental No. 7 

1 G. maculatnm L. Stem erect, angular, dichotomous, retrorsely-pubescent ; leaves 

palmately 3-5-1 obed, lobes cuneiform and entire at base, incisely serrate above, radi- 
cal ones on long petioles. U Woods. 2f. Flowers 1', purple. April — June. 

2 G. Robertianum L. Herb Robert. Stems weak, reddish, diffuse, hairy ; leaves 

pinnately 2-parted to the base, the segments pinnatifid, and the pinnae incisely tooth- 
ed ; capsule rugous, seeds smooth. © Rocky places, Can. to Va. 1 — 2f. Jn.— Au*?. 

3 G. Carolinianum L. Erect, at length diffuse, hairy ; leaves 5-7-parted ; eegm. 3- 

lobed, lobes entire or incised ; ped. short, clustered at the ends of branchlets ; sepals 
awned ; fruit hairy ; seeds obscurely reticulated. ® Hills, dry or rocky. I — 2f. 

4 G. dissectum L. Diffuse, pubescent ; lvs. 5- or 7-parted, segm. linear, many-cleft; 

seeds strongly reticulated, (i) Fields : rare. 6 — 12'. Fruit some hairy. § Europe. 

5 G. pusillum L. Procumbent, puberulent ; lvs. round-reniform, 7-parted, segments 

3-cleft ; sepals awnless ; seeds smooth. (T) Waste grounds, N. Y., Mass. If. § Eur. 

6 G. columbinum L. Slender, decumbent, with long, filiform flower-stalks ; eep. 

awned, enlarged after flowering ; fr. glab. ; lvs. and sd. as in No. 4. Penn. (Porter). § 

* G. sanguineus!. Erect, diffuse ; leaf-lobes 3-cleft, linear ; ped. 1-flowered ; flowers red, 

large. (3. Lancastriense is prostrate, with smaller (1') purple flowers, very elegant. 

5. ERODIUM, L'Her. Heron's Bill. Sep. and pet. 5, regular. Stam. 

10, the 5 shorter ones sterile. Styles in fruit spirally twisted and bearded. 

B. cicutarium Sm. Diffuse, hairy ; leaves pinnately divided, segments sessile, pin- 
natifid, incised, acute ; ped. several-flowered ; petals equal, red. ® Lake shores, N. 
Y. : rare. In California it is one of the chief forage plants. May, June. § Europe. 

6. PELARGONIUM, L'Her. Stork's Bill. Geranium. Sepals 5, 



Order 30.— GERANIACE^E. 69 

the tipper one ending in a nectariferous tube extending down the pedicel. 
Petals 5, irregular, longer than the sepals. Filaments 10, 3 or 5 of 
them sterile. 5 or herbs. A large and ornamental genus, chiefly S. Afri- 
can, everywhere cultivated. Lower leaves (in plants raised from the seed) 
opposite, upper alternate. Figs. 243, 350. 

§ Filaments 10, the alternate ones bearing anthers. Upper petals larger Nos. 1, i 

5 Filaments 10, of which 7 bear anthers, and 3 are sterile. . . (a) 

a The 2 upper petals smaller, all scarlet, 1-colored. Shrubby Nos. 8—5 

a Petals nearly equal in size, mostly variegated. . . (&) 

b Stemless. Root tuberous. Leaves laciniate. Flowers brown Nos. 6, 7 

b Stems shrubby. — c Lvs. cordate, palmate, lobed. Flowers small Nos. 8, 9 

— c Lvs. peltate or cordate, 5-lobed, smooth "No. 10 

a Two upper petals longer and broader. Stems shrubby. . . (d) 

d Flowers white, the 2 upper petals striped with red Nos. 11, 12 

d Flowers purple.— e Leaves undivided Nos. 13, 14 

— e Leaves divided below the middle Nos. 15 — 17 

1 P. tricolor. Lvs. lanceolate, cut-dentate; 3 lower pet.white, 2 upper purp.-blk. 18 r . V 

2 P. coriandrifolium. Lvs. bipinnate ; pet.white, upper purp.-veined, very large. If. @ 

3 P. zonale. Horseshoe G. Lvs. orbicular-cordate, slightly lobed, toothed, zoned; stem 

fleshy, shrubby ; petals cuneiform ; flowers nmbelled. 2— 3f. Numerous varieties. 
/3. marginatum. Silver-edged ; the leaves bordered with white. 

4 P. inquinans. Lvs. round, reniform, scarcely lobed, crenate viscid ; pet. obov. 2— 3f 

5 P. Fothergillii. Lvs. renifm., 5-lobed, crenate, zoned ; stip. toothed, ciliate ; pet. obov. 

6 P. flavttm. Carrot-leaved Geranium. Lf. lobes many, lin., hairy: fls. brownish-yell. 

7 P. triste. Mourning Ger. Lf. lobes lin., acute ; pet. dark-green, obi., obovate. lf. 

8 P. fragrans. Nutmeg G. Branches thick velvety, lvs. very soft; stip. subulate. Fls. w. 

9 P. alchemilloides. Villous ; lvs. 5-lobed ; peduncle few-flowered; fls. pink-colored. 

10 P. peltattjm. Ivy-leaved G. Br. fleshy ; lvs. more or less peltate ; fls. purplish. 
IIP. glatjcttm. Glabrous, glaucous ; lvs. lanceolate, entire; ped. 1-2-flowered. 3f. 

12 P. grandiflorum. Glab., glaucous ; lvs. 5-lobed, toothed at end ; fls. very large. 3f. 

1 3 P. bettxlinum. Smoothish ; lvs. ovate, unequally serrate ; ped. 2-4-flwd. Pale. 3f. 

14 P. WATSONn. Lvs. orbicular, cordate, some lobed, dentate ; fls. large, varieg. 3f. 

1 5 P. graveolens. Rose Get. Lvs. palmately 7-lobed ; lobes toothed, revolute, very 
rough at the edge ; umbels many-flowered, capitate. 3f. Very fragrant. 

16 P. radtjla. Lvs. palmate, rough, lobes narrow, rolled at edge, pinnatifid with linear 
segments ; umbels few-flowered. 3f. Fragrance mint-like. 

1 7 P. qttercieoltum. Hispid ; lvs*. sinuate-pinnatifid, often spotted, cordate at base. 3f. 

7. TROP-ZEOLUM, L. Indian Cress. Nasturtion. Fls. irregular. 
Sep. 5, produced behind into a free spur. Pet. 5, the 2 upper exterior, dif- 
ferent from the 3 lower. Stamens 8, free, unequal, perfect. Style 1. Ov. 
8-celled, in fruit separating from the short axis into 3 hardened achenia. 
^ Leaves alternate. Stipule 0. Flowers showy. S.Am. (See Addenda.) 

1 T. majtjs L. Nasturtion. Lvs. peltate, roundish, repand on the margin ; pet. ob^eo, 

the 3 lower fringed and long-clawed at base. Flowers orange, scarlet, crimson, &c. 

2 T. minus. Smaller, erect ; petals pointed, yellow to white, or variegated. Peru. 

8 T. Lobbianum. Leaves peltate, reniform, wavy, fixed near the base ; petals crenate, 
rounded, the 2 lower fringe-toothed, all shades of red. Columbia. 

4 T. peregrinum. Canary Bird. Leaves deeply 5-7-lobed, lobes toothed ; spur hooked ; 
petals light yellow, 2 of them large and much lobed. A tall climber. 

s 

8. IMPATIENS, L. Touch-me-not. Sepals colored, 4 (the upper 
one double), the lowest saccate and spurred. Petals apparently 2, each 
of them 2-lobed (double). Stamens 5, short, the anthers cohering at 



TO Order 31.— RUTACE^E. 

apex ; caps, often 1-celled by the obliteration c f the dissepiments, 5-vaived, 
bursting elastically. — Sts. smooth, succulent, tender, subpellucid, with tu« 
mid joints. Lvs. simple, alternate, serrate. Figs. 27, 28, 315. 

1 I. pallida Nutt. Lvs. oblong-ovate ; ped. 2-4-flowered, elongated ; lower gibbous 

sepals dilated-conical, broader tban long, with a very short, recurved spur ; fls. pale 
yellow, sparingly dotted. ® Wet shades. 3 — 4f. Aug. 

2 I. f ulva Nutt. Lvs. rhombic ovate ; ped. 2-4-flowered, short ; lower gibbous sepal 

acutely conical, longer than broad, with an elongated, closely reflexed spur ; fls. deep 
orange, spotted. (3) Damp grounds. 2 — 3f. July. 
6 I. balsamina L. Balsamine. Lvs. lanceolate, serrate, upper ones alternate; ped 
clustered ; spur shorter than the flower. (I) E. India. Fls. large, white and red, 

Order XXXI. RUTACE^E. Rueworts. 

Herbs or generally shrubs or trees, with the exstipulate leaves dotted with 
transparent glands containing aromatic or acrid oil. Flowers regular, 3-5- 
merous, hypogynous, perfect or polygamous. Stamens as many or twice as 
many as the sepals. Pistils 2 — 5, separate or united, styles united. Fruii 
capsular or separating into its component, 1-2-seeded carpels. 

g RUTE^E. Flowers perfect. (Herbs. Stamens 10.).. (a) 

a Petals equal, concave. Capsule 5-lobed RtTTA, 1 

a Petals unequal, clawed. Capsules separable Dictamnus. 2 

S ZANTHOXYLEiB. Flowers $ $■ (Trees, shrubs). .(6) 

b Pistils 3 — 5, separate below. Stamens 3 — 6. ....... Z anthoitlum. 3 

ft Pistils 2, united. Samara 2-seeded Ptelea. 4 

1. RUTA, L. Rue. Calyx of 4 or 5 sepals, united at base. Petals 4 or 

5, concave, obovate, distinct, torus surrounded by 10 nectariferous pores. 

Stamens 10. Capsule lobed. if 5> mostly European. 

R. graveolens L. Common Hue. Suffruticous, nearly glabrous ; leaves 2 — 3 pinnately 
divided, segm. oblong, obtuse, terminal ones obovate-cuneate, all entire or irregularly 
cleft ; fls. terminal, corymbous ; pet. entire. 3f. Greenish. 

2. DICTAMNUS, L. Fraxestella. Calyx of 5, deciduous sepals ; 

petals 5, unguiculate, unequal ; filaments 10, decimate, with glandular 

dots ; capsules 5, slightly united, if Native of Germany. 

D. albus Willd. St. simple ; lvs. pinnate, the rachis more or less winged ; fls. in a large, 
terminal, erect panicle.— In gardens. 1— 2f. Fls. showy. 
0. rubra. Fls. purple ; rachis of the leaves winged. 

3. ZANTHOXYLUM, L. Prickly Ash. {SarSoS, yellow, &Aov, 
wood.) Sepals 4 or 5, rarely obsolete. Petals 4 or 5. Sta. as many as the 
petals in $ , rudimentary in ? . Pistils 3 to 5, distinct below, with cohe- 
rent styles, in fruit crustaceous, 2-valved, 1 or 2-seeded. +> ^) With sharp 
prickles, pinnate leaves, and small, greenish flowers. 

t Z. A i2i erica ii um Mill. Prickly ; lfts. 9—11, ovate, sessile, equal at base ; umbels 
axillary ; sep. obsolete, pet. 5. Woods. 10 — 12f. Flowers before leaves April. 

2 Z. Carolinianum Lam. Prickly ; lfts. 7—13, falcate-lanceolate, very inequilat 
eral, petiolulate ; panicles terminal ; sop minute ; bark waited around the pricklea 
S. States. Tree, 20— 40f. Bark intensely pungent to the taste. May. 



Order 34.— SIMARUBACE^E. 71 

j5. fruticDsum, Shrub ; lvs. ovate-oblong, scarcely pointed ; ovaries 2. S. 
3 Z. Floridanum N. Satin-wood. Unarmed ; lfts. 5—7, s ovate-lanceolate, t el 
liptical, obtuse ; fls. minute ; carp. 1—2, 1-seeded, obovo.d. S. Fla. 

4. PTELEA, L. Shrub Trefoil. (IlrsXea, the elm-tree ; from the 
resemblance of the fruits.) ? £ $ . Sepals 3 to 6, mostly 4, much shorter 
than the spreading petals. $ Stamens longer than the petals and alternate 
with them, very short and imperfect in $ . Ovary of 2 united carpels. Stig 
2. Fruit 2-celled, 2-seeded samarae, with a broad, orbicular margin. +> Lvs 
3-5-foliate. Fls. cymous. 

1 P. trifoliata L. Lvs. 3-foliate, lfts. sessile, ovate, short-acuminate, lateral ones in 
equilateral, terminal ones cuneate at base ; cymes corymbous ; stam. mostly 4 ; style 
short. Rocky places, N. Y. S. and W. 6 — 8f. Fls. white, odorous. June. 
/3. mollis. Young branches, petioles and leaves beneath, soft-downy and hoary. S 

V P. Baldwin!! T. & G. Lvs. glabrous, very small ; lfts. sessile, o^al, obtuse ; stain 
4 ; stig. sessile. E. Fla. If. Branches numerous and scraggy. Lvs. V. 

Order XXXII. AUKANTIACE^E. Orangeworts. 

Trees or shrubs, glabrous, abounding in little transparent receptacles of 
volatile oil, with leaves alternate, 1-3-foliate or pinnate. Flowers regular, 3- 
5-merous. Stamens with flat filaments, distinct or cohering in one or sev- 
eral sets. Ovary compounded of several united carpels. Style 1. Fruit 
(hesperidium) many-celled, pulpy, covered with a thick rind. Albumen 
Cotyledon thick. Figs. 37, 363. 

CITRUS, L. {Kirpiov, the citron ; the fruit of one of the species.) 
Sepals and petals in 5's. Anthers 20, or some other and higher multiple of 
5, versatile, the connectile articulated to the filament. Filaments dilated at 
base, polyadelphous. Berry 9-18-celled. 5 b A noble E. Indian genus 
Lvs. 1-foliate, entire, evergreen. Petiole often winged. 

1 C vulgaris Risso. Bitter Orange. Petiole winged ; lvs. elliptical, acute, crenu 

late ; stam. 20 ; fruit globular, with a thin rind and bitter pulp. S. Fla. 15 — 20f. § Asia. 

2 C 1 . Atjrantitjm. Sweet Orange. Petiole scarcely winged ; 1ft. oblong, acute, crenu 

late ; sta. 20 ; fr. globous, with a thin rind and sweet pulp. 30f. 

3 C. Limetta. Lime. Petioles not at all winged ; 1ft. ovate-orbicular, serrate ; stam. 

30 ; fr globous, with a sweet pulp, and a protuberance at top. 15f. 

4 C Limontjm. Lemon. Petioles somewhat winged ; sta. 35 ; fr. oblong-spheroid, 

with a thin rind and very acid pulp. 20f. Fr. yellow. 

5 C decumana. Shaddock. Petioles broadly winged ; 1ft. obtuse, emarginate ; fr 

very large, with a thick rind. 15f. Fruit green-yellow. 5' diam. 

Order XXXIV. SIMARUBACE^E. Quassiaworts. 

Trees or shrubs with bitter bark, alternate, exstipulate, pinnate leaves, 
and small, diclinous, regular, hypogynous 3-5-merous flowers. Stamen* 
as many or twice as many as the petals, inserted on the hypogynous disk. 
Styles 2 — 5. Ovaries 2-5-lobed or carpelled. Fruit 1 — 5 one-seeded 
drupes or samaras. 



72 Order 86.— AJSTACARDIACE^. 

5 Leaves abruptly pinnate. Flowers dioecious. Styles united. Fruit drupaceous Simirttba. 1 

§ Leaves odd-pinnate. Flowers polygamous. Styles distinct. Fruit a samara Ailanthob. 9 

v 

1. SIMARUBA, Aubl. Quassia. (Its name in Guiana ) 5 +> 

S. £> la nea DC. Leaflets 4— S, alternate, entire, obtuse, coriaceous. S. Fla. Tree, 40f. 

2. AILANTHUS, Desf. Chinese " Tree-of-Heaven." {Ailanto, it* 
name in China.) $ $ $ Sep. 5. Pet. 5. $ Stam. 2—3. Ov. 3—5. Sty. 
lateral. Fr. 1-celled, 1-seeded samarse, with oblong margins. $ Stam. 10, 

2 Ovaries, styles, and samarse as in $ . 5 1) Oriental, with odd-pinnate 
leaves. Flowers in panicles. 

k. glandulosus Desf. Lfts. glabrous, 21 — 41, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 
witn 1 or 2 obtuse, glandular teeth eacb side at base, terminal one long-petiolate. 
Parks, &c. 40 — 60f. Flowers greenish, ill-scented. June. 

Order XXXV. BURSERACE^E. Burserlds. 

Trees and shrubs abounding in balsam or resin, with exstipulate, com- 
pound, dotted leaves, and small, regular, racemed or panicled flowers. 
Calyx 3-5-cleft. Petals 3 — 5. Stamens twice as many. Ovaries free, 1-5- 
celled. Stigmas 2-5-lobed, ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit drupaceous, inde- 
hiscent, rarely capsular. Seeds pendulous, exalbuminous. 

* Flowers perfect, 4-parted. Stamens 8, hypogynous. Leaves opposite Amyeis. 1 

• Flowers polygamous, 4 and 6-parted. Stamens 8 — 10; disk cren ate. Leaves alternate Bursera. 2 

1. AMYRIS, L. Balm-of-Gilead. {Mvppa, myrrh; from its per- 
fumed gum.) ^ t> Flowers in panicles, white. 

A. Floridana N. Torch-wood. Shrub ; Ivs. opposite, trifoliate, on short petioles 
lfts. ovate, obtuse, entire, petiolulate ; drupes small, globular. E. Fla. 

2. BURSERA, L. (To Joachin Burser, an Italian botanist.) *> 

B. gnmmifera Jacq. Lfts. 3—9, petiolulate, ovate, acum., entire ; fls. racemed. Fla. 

Order XXXVI. ANACARDIACEJE. Sumacs. 

Trees or shrubs with a resinous, gummy, caustic, or even milky juice. 
Leaves alternate, simple, or temate, or unequally pinnate, without pellucid 
dots. Mowers with bracts, commonly dioecious, small. Sepals 3 — 5, united 
at base, persistent. Petals of the same number (sometimes 0), imbricated. 
Stamens as many as petals, alternate with them, perigynous. Ovary 1- 
celled, free. Ovule 1. Stigmas 3. Fruit a berry or dmpe, usually the 
latter, and 1-seeded. Albumen 0. 

RHUS, L. Sumac. (The ancient name, from Celtic, rhudd, red?) 
Calyx of 5 sepals united at base. Pet. *and stam. 5. Sty. 3. Stig. capi- 
tate. Fruit a small, 1-seeded, subglobous, dry drape. — Small trees oi 
shrubs. Leaves alternate, mostly compound. Flowers often, by abor 
tion, imperfect, greenish. 



Order 37.— SAPINDACE^E. 73 

5 Leaves simple. Flowers perfect (or all abortive in cultivation) Nos. 10, 11 

§ Leaves compound. Flowers dioecious. A tree. South Florida No. 3 

§ Leaves compound. Flowers polygamous ... (a) 

a Flowers in clustered spikes preceding the trifoliate leaves No. g 

a Flowers in axillary panicles, with the 3-13-foliate lvs. Poisonous Nos. 5 — 1 

a Flowers in terminal thyrses, with the 9-31-foliate leaves ... (6) 

b Common petiole winged between the leaflets No. 4 

b Common petiole not winged Nos. 1—3 

1 it. glabra L. Lvs. and branches glabrous ; lfts. 11—31, lanceolate, acuminate, 

acutely serrate, whitish beneath ; fr. red, with crimson hairs. Thickets and pastures. 
6— 15f. The fruit hairs are extremely acid, and dye red. June, July. 

2 R. typhina L. Branches and petioles densely villous ; lfts. 11 — 31, oblong-lanceo- 

late, acuminate, acutely serrate, pubescent beneath ; fruit red, with crimson hairs. 

Rocky soils. 10— 20f. Branches thick, straggling. Drupes acid. Wood yellow. June. 

(3. laciniala, Lfts. irregularly gashed ; panicles leafy. Hanover, N. H. (Ricard.) 

3 It. pumila Mx. Procumbent, villous-pubescent ; lfts. 9 — 13, oval or oblong, coarsely 

toothed ; drupes red, silky pubescent. N. Car. to Ga. Branches If high. 

I K. copallina L. Mountain Sumac. Branches and petioles pubescent ; lfts. 9 — 21, 

oval-lanceolate, mostly entire, unequal at base, common rachis winged ; fls. in dense 
panicles ; drupes red, hairy. Rocky hills. 2 — 8f. Thyrse sessile. July. 
o Bt. venenata DC. Poison Sumac. Dog-wood. Very glabrous; lfts. 7— 13, oval, ab- 
ruptly acuminate, very entire ; panicles loose, axillary, pedunculate ; drupes greenish- 
yellow, smooth. Swamps. 10 — 15f. Flowers green. Very poisonous. June. 

6 ft. Toxicodendron L. Poison Oak. Poison Ivy. Erect, or decumbent; lvs. pu- 

bescent ; lfts. 3, broadly oval, acuminate, angular, or sinuate-dentate ; drupes smooth, 
roundish. Thickets, Can. to Ga. Perhaps runs into the next. June. 

7 K. radicans L. Climbing Ivy. Stems climbing by means of innumerable radi- 

cating tendrils ; leaflets ovate, smooth, entire. Ascending trees, 20— 50f. Drupes 
dull white. Stems 1—2' in thickness. June. 
S It, aromatica Ait. Sweet Sumac. Lfts. sessile, incisely crenate, pubescent be- 
neath, lateral ones ovate, terminal one rhomboid ; fls. in close aments, preceding the 
leaves ; drupe globous, villous. Copses. 2 — 6f. Flowers yellowish. May. 

9 It. Metopium L. Lfts. 3—7, smooth, entire, ovate, acumin. ; drupes smooth. 301. 

10 It. cotinoides N. Smooth; lvs. oval, obtuse, entire, acute at base, thin, long- 
stalked : fls. minute, in loose, erect panicles ; drupes smooth. Mts. Car. to Ark. 

I I It. Cotintjs. Venetian Smnac. Smoke-tree. Lvs. obovate, entire, thick ; floweis 
mostly abortive, pedicels diffusely branched and hairy. Italy. 

Order XXXVII. SAPINDACE^E. Mapleworts. 

Trees, shrubs, or rarely herbs, with simple or compound, alternate or 
opposite leaves. Mowers mostly unsymmetrical, often irregular, 4 or 5- 
merous, with the sepals and petals both imbricated in the bud, with the 
stamens 5 to 10, inserted on a hypogynous or perigynous disk. Ovary 2 or 
3-celled, lobed, and with 1 or 2 (rarely more) ovules in each cell. Embryo 
mostly curved or convoluted, with little or no albumen. Figs. 100, 224, 
230, 236, 237, 308, 312, 444, 515. 

I. ACERINE.<E. — Leaves opposite. Flowers regular, diclinous. Fruit a double samara. ..(a) 

a Disk annular. Petals 4 or 5 or 0. Leaves simple, lobed Acer. 1 

o Disk obsolete. Petals none. Leaves pinnately compound Nkgundo. 2 

II. STAPHYLEiE.— Leaves opposite. Flowers regular, perfect. Stamens 5 Staphylea. 3 

III. HIPPOCASTANE^E.— Leaves opposite. Flowers irregular. Stamens 7 JSsculus. 1 

IV SAPINDE^E.— Leaves alternate. Flowers polygamn-dioeciouo.. .(b) 

4 



74 Order 37.— SAPLNDACE.E. 

b Petals 5, regular. Ovules solitary. Fruit baccate. Trees Sapindus. I 

5 Petals 5 or 4, reguliar. Ovules 2 or 3 in each jell. Trees. South Florida Rtfelatk. 

b Petals 4, irregular. Trees. Kgelreuteria, No. 7 Vines Carpiospermdm. t 

b Petals 0. Ovules 2 in each cell. Capsules winged. Shrub. Socth Fla Dodonjia. 

1. ACER. Maple. (The ancient name, meaning sharp, vigorous.) 
Fls. polygamous. Cal. 5 (4-9)-cleft. Cor. 5 (4-9)-petalled or 0. Stam. 8 
(4 -12). Sty. 2. Samarae 2-winged, united at base, by abortion 1 -seeded, 
leaves simple, palmately 5 (rarely 3-9)-lobed. (See Addenda.) 

§ Flowers in dense, umbellate clusters, appearing before the leaves Nos. 1. 9 

§ Flowers in pendulons corymbs, yellowish, appearing with the leaves Nos. 3, 4 

§ Flowers in terminal racemes, greenish, appearing after the leaves... (a) 

a Shrubs or small trees, native. Leaves 3-lobed Nos. 5, 6 

a Large trees, exotic, cultivated. Leaves 5-7-lobed Nos. 7, 8 

1 A. rubrum L. Bed Maple. Swamp Maple. Lvs. cordate, acutely and incisely 

toothed, the sinuses acute, glaucous beneath ; ped. elongated in fruit ; pet. linear- 
oblong ; ovaries and fruit smooth. Swamps. 30 — 80f. Flowers red. April. 
0. tHtiens. Lvs. 3-lobed, rounded at base; flowers yellowish. N. J. to La. 20f 

2 A. dasycarpiiiu Ehrh. White Maple. Lvs. truncated at base, unequally and in 

cisely toothed, with obtuse sinuses, white and smooth beneath ; fls. greenish, with 
downy ovaries ; petals ; fruit divergent. Woods. 50f. Mar. April. (Fig. 308.) 

3 A. saccharinum L. Sugar Maple. Bock Maple. Lvs. subcordate at base, acu 

minate, remotely toothed, with rounded and shallow sinuses, glaucous beneath ; fls. 
pedunculate, pendulous. Rocky hills, N. 40— 70f. A noble tree. 

4 A. nigrum Mx. Black Maple. Sugar Tree. Lvs. cordate, with the sinus closed, 

lobes divaricate, sinuate-dentate, paler beneath, with the veins beneath and the peti- 
oles pubescent ; flowers on long, slender pedicels. Vt. to Ind. 30— 70f. April. 

5 A. Pennsylvanicum L. Striped Maple. Whistle-wood. Lvs. with 3 acuminate 

lobes, rounded at base, sharply denticulate, smooth ; rac. simple, pendulous. Can. to 
Ga. and Ky. 10 — 15f. Bark striped, green and black. May. 

6 A. spicatura Lam. Mountain Maple-bush. Lvs. 3-5-lobed, acute, dentate, pubes 

cent beneath ; racemes erect, compound. Woody hills. 5 — 8f. Flowers greenish. 
t A. Pseudo-Platantjs L. Sycamore. Lvs. cordate, glabrous, glaucous beneath, lobeg 

acute, unequally dentate ; raceme pendulous ; fruit smooth. Europe. 40f. 
S A. MACRorHTLLUM Ph., with large, very deeply 5-lobed leaves, nodding racemes, and 

hispid fruit. Oregon. 30 — 50f. 

2. NEGUNDO, Mcench. Box Elder. Ash Maple. Flowers ? s. 

Corolla ; ? flowers racemed, 8 fascicled. Disk O. Stam. 3 — 5. Fruit as 

in the last genus. Leaves compound, pinnately 3-5-foliate. 

Pf. aceroides Mcench. Lfts. ovate, acuminate, remotely and unequally dentate; 9 rac. 
long and pendulous ; fruit oblong, with large wings dilated upward. A handsome 
tree, 20— 40f. N. Y. to Car. and Cal. 1 April. 

3. STAPHYLEA, L. Bladder-nut. (A Greek word, meaning a 
cluster of grapes ; from the forrn of the fructification.) Fls. 2 .. Calyx of 5, 
colored, persistent sepals. Pet. and sta. 5. Styles 3. Caps. 2 — 3, membra- 
nous and inflated, slightly cohering. Seeds not arilled. +) With opposite, 
3-7-foliate lvs. and caducous stipi.les. Fig. 444. 

S. trifolia L. Lfts. 3, ovate, acuminate, serrate ; fls. in drooping cymous panicles, 
white ; pet. ciliate at base. Can. to Car. -jad Tenr . 6 — lOf. Caps, large. May. 

4. iESCUIiUS, L. Horse Chestnut Buckeye. Calyx 5-toothed 



Order 38.— CELASTRACE^E. 75 

cor. irregular, 4 oi 5-petalled ; sta. 7 (6 to 8), distinct, unequal. Style fili- 
form, ov. 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit coriaceous, 2-3-valved, 
containing but one or very few large, smooth seeds. Cotyledons thick, 
bulky, inseparable. ^ t> With opposite, digitate, 5-7-foliate leaves. Fls. 
paniculate, terminal. Fig. 100. 

§ Pa via. Fruit smooth. Petals 4, erect, the two upper clawed. Buckeye.. Nos. 1— S 
§ ^Esculxjs proper. Fruit prickly. Petals 4 or 5, spreading Nos. 4, 5 

1 JE, Pavia L. Lfts. 5 — 7, shining, oblong-lanceolate ; cuneate at base, short-acumi- 

nate, finely serrate ; fls. red, very irregular in a lax, thyreoid raceme ; pet. as long as 
stamens ; cal. half as long as the two shorter petals. S. 3— lOf. Mar. April. 

2 JE, parviflora Wal*. Lfts. 5 — 7, obovate, acuminate, serrate, velvety canescent be- 

neath ; petals 4 wnite, somewhat similar and spreading, thrice shorter than the capil- 
lary stamens. S. 2 — 9f. Fls. very numerous. 

3 JE, flava Ait. Sweet Buckeye. Lfts. 5—7, oblong or elliptic-ovate, acuminate, ser- 

rulate, pubescent beneath ; fls. in thyreoid, pubescent panicles ; pet. very unequal, 
longer than the stamens. W. and S. 6— 70f. Yellowish. April, May. 

4 JE, glabra Willd. Ohio Buckeye. Lfts. 5, oval or oblong, acuminate, serrate o-r ser 

rulate ; fls. in lax thyrsoid panicles ; pet. 4, half as long as the stamens. River banks, 
W. Tree 20 — 40f, ill-scented, with small, yellowish flowers. June. 

5 JE, Hippocastanum L. Horse CJiestnut. Lvs. of 7 obovate lfts. ; pet. 5, spreading; 

fruit prickly. Tartary. A noble tree, in parks, &c. June. 

5. SAPINDUS, L. Soap-berry. (That is, by syncope, Sapo Indicus, 
Indian soap.) Sep. 4 or 5. Pet. as many, or one less by abortion, append- 
aged inside with a gland, scale, or beard. Sta. 8 — 10. Stig. 3. Fruit 3, 
connate, globular, fleshy carpels, often by abortion 2 or 1. Seed large, 
solitary. 5 Lvs. alternate, pinnate, exstipulate. 

S. marginatas Willd. Common petioles wingless ; lfts. 9 — 18, ovate-Ian eeolatc, long- 
pointed, very inequilateral, short-stalked, entire, glabrous, shining above ; flowers in 
white, dense panicles. Ga. to Ark. 20 — 40f. Fruit globular. 

6. CARDIOSFERMUM, L. Heart-seed. (Kapdza, heart, dmepua, 
seed.) Sep. 4, two of them smaller. Pet. unequal, each with a scale at base. 
Sta. 8. Style 3-fid. Caps, membranous, inflated. J? Leaves biternate. 
Pedicels changed to tendrils. 

C. Halicacabum L. Lfts. ovate-lanceolate, incisely lobed and dentate ; fr. pyriform- 

globous, large, bladder-like. Banks of streams, S. and W. 4— 6f. July. § 

7. KCELREUTERIA, Lam. (To J. G. Kohlreuter, a Russian botanist 

and author, 1755.) Sep. 5. Pet. 4, irregular. Sta. 8. Sty. exserted. Caps 
inflated, 3-celled, cells 2-seeded. ^> Lvs. alternate, pinnate, lfts. about 13 
cut-serrate. Flowers yellow, in large panicles. 
K rANicrjLATA.— Chiua. 20 — 30f. Odd leaflet cut-lobed. A curious tree. 

Order XXXVIII. CELASTRACE^E. Staff Trees. 
Shrubs with simple leaves alternate or opposite, with flowers small, regu- 
lar, 4 or 5-merous, perigynous, sepals and petals both imbricated in aestiva- 
tion, stamens alternate with the petals, and inserted on a disk which fills 
the bottom of the calyx. Carpels 2 — 5, styles united. Fruit free from thf 
calyx, with 2 — 5 cells. Seeds arilled. few, albuminous. 



76 Order 40.— RHAMNACE^E. 

* Left"es alternate.— a Capsule dehiscent Cells 2-ovuled. Vine Celastr03. 

—a Capsule dehiscent. Cells 1-ovuled. Erect. S. Fla MaVtenC3. 

— a Drupe dry, 2-celled, 2-seeded. Erect. S. Fla Schaefferia. 

• Leaves opposite.— b Capsule 3-5-celled. Cells 2-ovuled Euonymus. i 

—6 Drupel-celled, 1-seeded (ovary 2^-celled.) S. Fla Myginda. 

/ 

1, CELASTRUS, L. Staff-tree. Fls. often imperfect. Sep. and pet. 
5. Disk 5-lobed, bearing the 5 stamens on its edge. Caps, subglobous, or 3- 
anglod, 3-celled. Seeds with an arillus, 1 or 2 in each cell. •£ With alter- 
nate, deciduous lvs. and minute, deciduous stipules. 

C. scandens L. St. twining; lvs. oblong, acuminate, serrate; rac. terminal; flowei* 
dioecious. Woods. 20 — 40f. Arilled seeds scarlet, persistent in winter. June. 

2. EUONYMUS, Tourn. Burning Bush. {Ev, good, ovoju a, name.) 
Fl. perfect; calyx flat, of 5 (sometimes 4 or 6) united sepals. Corolla flat, 
inserted on the outer margin of the broad disk. Stamens 5, with short fila- 
ments. Caps, colored, 5-angled, 5-celled, 5-valved. Seeds wholly invested 
with a scarlet aril. +) *> Lvs. opposite, serrate. Flowers purple. 

1 E. atropurpureus Jacq. Lvs. elliptic-ovate, petiolate, acuminate, finely serrate, 

pubemlent beneath ; ped. compressed, many-flowered ; fls. usually 4-merous ; capsule 
smooth, lobed. Woods. 4— lOf. Fruit crimson. June. Varieties in cultivation have 
orange-red or even whitish fruit. 

2 E. Americanns L. Branches 4-angled ; lvs. oval and elliptic-lanceolate, acumi 

nate, acute, or obtuse, smooth, subsessile ; ped. round, about 3-flowered ; fls. mostly 
pentamerous ; caps, warty. Woods. 2— 5f. Fruit dark red. June. 

/S. obovatus. Trailing ; lvs. obovate, obtusish, petiolate. Ohio, &c. 

y. ansrust if alius. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, inequilateral, acute at each end. South. 

3 E. EuKOPiEFS, has smooth, shining, lance-oblong, serrate leaves, the flattened ped 

3-flowered ; fls. 4-parted. Europe. Not hardy North. (See Addend*. ) 

Order XL. RHAMNACE^E. Buckthorns. 

Shrubs or small trees, often spiny, with simple, alternate, stipulate leaves, 
with flowers regular, sometimes apetalous or otherwise imperfect ; with the 
stamens perigynous, as many (4 or 5) as the valvate sepals, alternate with 
them, and opposite to the petals when they are present. Bisk perigynous. 
Capsule or drupe with one albuminous seed in each cell. 

* Leaves opposite or subopposite, with opposite branches. . .a 

a Flowers small, in axillary clusters or umbels. S. Fla Scutia. 

a Flowers minute, spicate, in terminal panicles Sageretia. I 

Leaves alternate. — b Shrubs climbing by twining. Petals sessile Berchemia. 2 

—b Shrubs climbing by tendrils. Pet. short Gouania. 3 

• Leaves alternate. — c Clusters of (white) flowers terminal. Pet. unguiculate Ceanothus. 4 

— c Clusters axillary. Pet. 4, 5, or 0, on the margin of disk Rhamnus. 5 

— e Clusters axillary. Pet. 5, under the 5-lobed disk. S. Fla Colubrika. 

1. SAGERETIA, Brongn. (Named for M. Sageret, a Frend florist 
and -veg. physiologist.) Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, cucullate. Sta. 5. Ovary 
immersed in the entire disk, with a 3-lobed stigma. Drupe 3-celled. +) 
With slender branches. Fls. in rigid, interrupted spikes. 
S. Michauxli Brongn. Branches at length spiny; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, snb 
»essile. sbininsr, suhentire. Sandy coasts. Car. to Fla. Trailing, 6- 15f. October. 



Order 41.— VITACE^E. 77 

2. BERCHEMIA, Necker. Supple Jack. Calyx 5-parted Pet. 5 r 
convolute, enclosing the 5 stamens. Ovaiy half immersed in the disk, but 
free from it, 2-celled. Style bifid. Drupe oblong, with a bony, 2-celled 
nut. J> "£> Unarmed. Lvs. pinnate- veined. Panicles terminal, small. 

B. volubilis DC. Climbing, glabrous; lvs. ovate, straight-veined, repandly serrate ; 
drape dark purple. Damp soil*, S. Stem supple, 10 — 20f. May, June. 

4. OEANOTHUS, L. Jersey Tea. Red-root. Calyx tubular-cam- 
panulate, 5-cleft. Petals 5, saccate, arched, with long claws. Sta. mostly 
exserted. Style 3-cleft. Capsule obtusely triangular, 3-celled, 3-seeded, 
surcounded at base by the persistent tube of the calyx. 5 ^ Thornless. 
Fls. small, aggregated at the end of the branches. 

1 C Aniericanus L. Leaves oblong-ovate, or ovate, serrate, 3-veined ; flowering 

branches leafy or leafless, elongated. Dry woods. 2 — 4f. June. 

2 C. ovatvis Bw. Lvs. oval-lanceolate or narrowly oblong, with glandular serratures, 

3-veined, veins pubescent beneath ; thyrse corymbous, abbreviated. Vt. to Mich. 
2 — 3f. Less common than No. 1. Lvs. smooth, shining. May. 

3 C. microphallus Mx. Diffusely branched, branches very slender ; leaves minute, 

obovate, rigid, glabrous, strigous beneath. Pine-barrens, S. 1— 2f. April. 
/3. serpyllifoliua. Very slender ; branches filiform ; lvs. oval (2 — 3" long). S. 

5. RHAMNUS, L. Buckthorn. (The Greek name.) Calyx urceo 
late, 4 or 5-cleft. Pet. 4 or 5, notched, lobed, or entire, or sometimes want- 
ing. Ov. free, not immersed in the thin torus, 2-4-celled. Styles 2 — 4, 
more or less united. Drupe containing 2 — 4 cartilaginous nuts. ;£> Lvs. 
alternate, rarely opposite. Pis. in axillary clusters. 

§ Flowers tetramerous. Leaves with arcuate veinlets Nos. 1, 2 

§ Flowers pentamerous. Leaves with the veinlets nearly straight Nos, 3, 4 

1 R. eatliartlcus L. Thorny ; lvs. ovate, denticulate-serrate ; fls. fascicled ; poly- 

gamo-dioecious, mostly tetrandrous ; sty. 4, at apex distinct and recurved : fr. globu 
lar, 4-seeded. Hedges, rarely wild. 10— 15f. Drupes black, cathartic. May +. §Eur. 

2 R. lanceolatus Ph. Thornless ; lvs. lanceolate or oblong, acute at each end, the 

earlier ones obtuse ; fls. 1 — 3 together ; pet. 4, minute ; sty. 2 at apex, distinct ; drupe 
2-seeded. Pa. to Iowa (Colman). Pare. 4 — 8f. May. 

3 R. alnifolius L'Her. Unarmed; lvs. oval, acute, serrate; ped. aggregate, 1-flow 

ered ; fls. mostly pentandrous and apetalous ; sep. acute ; styles 3, united, very short ; 
fruit 3-seeded. Pa. to Can. 2 — 4f. June. 

4 R. Carolinianus Walt. Unarmed ; leaves oblong-oval, serrulate, acute, paler be- 

neath ; fls. perfect, in short, axillary umbels, petals minute ; stigmas 3 ; fr. 3-seeded 
Rivei banks, Va. to Fla. 7— 15f. June. 

Order XLI. VITACE^E. Vines. 

Shrubs with a watery juice, tumid nodes, and usually climbing by ten 
drils. Flowers small, regular, racemous, often polygamous or dioecious 
Calyx minute, truncated, the limb obsolete or 5-toothed. Petals hypogy 
nous, valvate in aestivation, as many as and opposite to the stamens 
Stamens inserted on the disk which surrounds the 2-celled, 1-styled ovary, 
Fruit a berry, usually 4-seeded. Seeds bony. Albumen hard. Figs. 187, 25Q 

VTITS, L. Grape-vines. (Celtic gwvd, a tree or shrub.) Petals 4 oi 



78 Order 42.— POLYGALACE^E. 

5, deciduous, cohering at the top, or distinct and spreading. Ovaries 
2-c.elled, cells 2-ovuled. Fruit a globular beny, 1-4-seeded. "£ Lvs. sim- 
ple or compound. Ped. opposite the lvs. often changed to tendrils. F1&. 
email, clustered. 

§ Vitis proper. Petals cohering at the top, and falling without expanding. . .a 
§ Cissus. Petalb free, expanding before falling. Tendrils coiling, or 0. . .b 

9 Ampel6psxs. Petals free, expanding. Tendrils with an adhesive foot No. 9 

a Leaves beneath clothed with a whitish or rusty wool Nos. 1, 2, 3 

a Leaves glabrous except the veins, and green both sides Nos. 4, 5, 10 

b Leaves simple, angular or entire No. 6 

b Leaves pinnately compound . .Nos. 7, 8 

1 V. laltrusca L. Fox Grape. Isabella, Catawba. Leaves broad-cordate, angular- 

lobed. hoary tomentous beneath ; berries large. Woods. 30— 80f. Pr. p. gr. or amb. 

2 V. aestivalis L. Lvs. broadly cordate, 3-5-lobed or palmate-sinuate, coarsely den- 

tate, with scattered ferruginous hairs beneath ; fertile racemes long, panicled, berries 
small. Shady banks. Fruit deep blue, small, ripe in September. 

3 V. Caribsea DC. Hoary ; lvs. round-cordate, 3-lobed or entire, smooth above. Fla. 

4 V. cordifolia Mx. Frost Grape. Lvs. cordate, acuminate, somewhat equally 

toothed, smooth, or pubescent beneath the veins and petioles ; rac. loose, many-flwd.; 
berries small. River banks. 10 — 20f. Fruit blackish, ripe in November. 
b V. vulpina L. Muscadine. Scuppernong. Lvs. (small) cordate, slightly 3-angled 
or lobed, shining on both sides, coarsely toothed, the teeth not acuminate ; rac. com- 
posed of many capitate umbels. Va. to Fla. Fruit large, purple, few. 

6 V. indivisa Willd. Lvs. simple, cordate or truncate at the base, often angular- 

lobed ; flower? 5-merous ; berry 1 or 2-seeded. Swamps, S. Fruit small (2 f ). 

7 V. bipinni&Ca T. & G. Lvs. bipinnate, Ifts. incisely serrate, glabrous; flowers 5 

merous. S. States along rivers. Fruit small, black. No tendrils. 
g V. incisa N. Lvs. 3-foliate, thick; lfts. 2-3-lobed ; berry 1-seeded. Fla. to La. 

9 V. quinquefolia Lam. Virginia Creeper. Lvs. digitate, lfts. 5, oblong, acunn 

nate, dentate ; berries dark blue, smaller than peas, acid. Woods, thickets. 20— 40f. 

10 V. vinifera L. European Wine-grape. Lvs. cordate, sinuately 5-lobed, glabrous; 
flowers all perfect. Europe. Many varieties. 

Order XLII. POLYGALACE^E. Milkworts. 

Herbs or shrubs, with the leaves mostly simple and without stipules. 
Flowers irregular, unsymmetrical, bypogynous, perfect. Sepals 5, unequal, 
distinct, some or all of them colored. Petals 3, often 5, and 2 of them 
scale-like. Stamens 4 to 8, distinct, or cohering in a tube which is split on 
the upper side. Ovary superior, compound, with suspended ovules, united 
styles and stigmas. Fruit a 2-seeded pod. Seeds pendulous, with or with- 
out a caruncle and albumen. 

Sepals 5 anequal, 2 larger, wing-shaped, petaloid. Petals 3. Stamens 8 Polygala. 1 

Sepals 5, aearly equal. 3 of the 5 petals long-clawed. Stamens 4 Krameria. 2 

1. POLYGALA, Toum. Milkwort. (IloXvi, much, ydXa, milk; 
said to favor the lacteal secretions of animals.) Fls. very irregular. Sep. 
5, 2 of them wing-shaped and petaloid. Pet. 3, cohering by their claws to 
the filaments, lower one carinate and often crested on the back. Stam. 6 
or 8, filaments united into a split tube. Anth. 1-celled. Caps, obcordate, 



Order 42.— POLYGALACE^E. 79 

2-cclled, 2-seeded, loculicidal. Sd. appendaged with a various caruncle at 
the hilum. Mostly herbs, bitter, and with simple leaves. Flowers often 
of two forms, the subterranean apetalous. 

* Leaves alternate.— a Fls. purple, solitary, 2 — 4. Perennial No. 1 

— a Fls. purple, racemecl, many. Biennial .Nos. 2, 3 

—a Fls. white. Spike slender. Seeds hairy. Perennial Nos. 4, 5 

—a Fls. purple. Spike capitate. — Caruncle double Nos. 6 — 8 

— Car. appears simple. (T). . .Nos. 9 — 11 

— a Fls. xanthic. — b Spikes solitary, large. Biennial Nos. 12, 13 

—b Spikes 00. corymbed. small. Bien Nos. 14, 15 

• Lvs. vertic. on the stem. — c Spikes acute, slender. Fls. greenish- white. .. Nos. 16, 17, 18 

c Spikes obtuse, thick. . (Shrubs, t. No. 22— 25). .Nos. 19, 20, 21 

1 P. paucifolia L. St. simple, erect, naked below ; lve. ovate, acute, smooth ; ter- 

minal fls. large, crested, radical ones apetalous. u Woods. 3 — I'. Flowers few, 
large (lO'O. very showy. May, June. 

2 P. grandiflora Walt. Ascending, pubescent ; lvs. ovate-lanceolate to lance-linear, 

acute: fls. distant, pendulous after blooming, wings large, roundish, covering the fruit, 
keel as long as the wings (3"), crestless. © ? Dry soils, S. 9—12'. May — Aug. 
< I*, polygama Walt. Sts. simple, numerous, glabrous; lvs. linear-oblong, mucro 
nate. obtuse ; fls. racemed, short-pedicelled, those of the stem winged, those of the 
root wingless ; keel cristate. ©Fields. 6—12'. Rac. showy. Fls. 2". June, July. 

4 P. Senega L. Seneca Snake-root. St. erect, smooth, simple, leafy ; lvs. lanceolate, 

tapering at each end ; fls. slightly crested, in a terminal spike-form, slender raceme. 
% Woods, W. States, rare in E. 8—14'. Spike 1-2'. Leaves 1—2'. July. 
0. latifhlia. Leaves ovate, acuminate at each end. Leaves 2— 3'. Ind. 

5 P. alba N. St. angular, branched above ; lvs. linear ; spike lance-linear, pointed, on 

a long stalk, u Ala. to La. 6—12'. Spikes 1—3'. 

6 P. s^tacea Ms. Sts. filiform, simple, apparently leafless (lvs. minute, deltoid-acum.); 

spike (small) oblong, acute ; wings short-pointed, shorter than the petals : caruncle 
enclosing the short stipe of the hairy seed. 71 South. If. Leaves 1". June. 

7 P. incarnata, L. Glaucous ; st. erect, slender, mostly simple ; lvs. few, scattered, 

linear-subulate ; spike oblong ; wings lanceolate, cuspidate ; claws of the petals 
united into a long, cleft tube ; seed very hairy. (J) N. J. to Fla. 1— 2f. June. 

8 P. Cliapmanii T. & G. Very slender, simple, or nearly so ; lvs. linear-subulate ; 

spike loose, roundish-oblong, rather acute ; wings obovate, slightly clawed ; caruncle 
lateral on the thin-haired seed. ® South. If. 

9 P. Nuttallii T. & G. St. erect, somewhat fastigiate ; lvs. linear; spikes acute, 

roundish-oblong, dense ; wings elliptical, attenuate at base; crest minute; caruncle 
notched, lateral on the thick seed-stipe. (!) Mass., R. L, to La. 6 — 10\ August. 

10 P. fastigiata Nutt. Slender and much branched above; lvs. linear; spikes round- 
ish, loose-flowered ; wings ovate-oblong, distinctly clawed ; caruncle broad, nearly 
embracing the small seed-stipe (immature). ® N. J. to Fla. 8 — 12'. July+ . 

11 P. sangainea L. St. branching at top; lvs. linear and lance- Inear ; spikes ob- 
long, obtuse, dense ; wings oval or ovate, obtuse, subsessile ; carur.de mostly simple, 
nearly as long as the hairy seed. @ Wet grounds. 10'. Leaves V. July + . 

9 2 P. lutea L. St. mostly simple ; root leaves spatulate, obtuse, attenuate at base ; 
cauline ones lanceolate, acute ; rac. ovate-globous, obtuse, dense ; fls. pedicellate ; 
wings ovate, mucronate, keel with a minute crest. © Sands, N. J. to Fla. If. June + . 

13 P. nana DC. Low, ascending; lvs. obovate and spatulate, mostly radical ; heads 
ovate, becoming oblong, dense ; wings lance-ovate, cuspidate-acuminate, twice longer 
than the slightly-crested keel. © Pine woods, S. 4'. April, May. 

14 P. ramosa Ell.. Erect, corymbously branched above ; spikes loose, oblong, nume- 
rous, forming dei se, level-topped cymes ; radical lvs. few, spatulate, cauline oblong* 
linear ; seed oval caruncled. @ Swamps, Del. to Fla. If. June. 



80 Order 43.— LEGUMINOS^E. 

15 P. cymosa Walt. Tall, corymbously branched at top; lvs. mostly radical, llneai 
pointed, crowded ; stem lvs. very few, linear-subulate ; racemes spike-like, loaning I 
dense, fastigiate cyme ; seed globular, naked. © Swamps, S. 2— 5f. June + . 

16 P. verticillata L. St. branched above, erect; lvs. linear, verticillate both on 
the stem and opposite branches ; fls. crested ; calycinc wings roundish ; seed oblong, 
smooth, caruncle hardly half as long. (Tj Dry hills. 6 — S'. July + . 

/3. ambig-ua. Branches and upper lvs. alternate ; spikes long; fls. scattered. 

1 7 P. Boyltinii T. & G. Sts. erect from an ascending base, simple ; lvs. obovato 
and lanceolate ; spike slender, pointed, dense ; caruncle two-thirds the length of the 
very hairy seed, if South. 12—18'. June— Aug. 

\ 8 P. leptostachys Shuttl. Sts. filiform, strict ; lvs. setaceous, in 4's or 5's, re- 
mote ; spikes linear ; seed smooth. ® Dry sands, Fla. If. Greenish. 

I 9 P. Hookeri T. & G. Sts. weak, 4-angled; lvs. in 4's, linear ; spikes lance-ovate 
pointed. Pine woods, Fla. to Tex. If. Flowers pale red. 

•20 P. cruciata L. St. erect, winged at the angles, fastigiate; lvs. in 4's, linear ob- 
long, punctate ; spikes ovate, dense, obtuse, subsessile ; caruncle as long as the ovof d 
smooth seed. (T) Wet grounds. 3 — 12'. July, Aug. 
0. cuspidata, Lvs. linear ; heads squarrous with the wing-cusps. South. 

21 P. brevifolia Nutt. Slender, branched above; lvs. linear, short, remote, in 4's, oi 
on the branches scattered ; spike oblong, dense, obtuse, on long peduncles ; wings 
ovate-lanceolate, acute ; seed just as in No. 20. ® N. Y. to Fla. If. August. 

22 P. sPECidsx. Shrub 6f ; lvs. cuneate-oblong, alternate ; fls. purple, in terminal rac. 

23 P. mtrtifolia. Shrub 3 — 4f ; lvs. oblong-obovate, altern. ; fls. purple, in lateral rac. 

24 P. oppositif6lia. Shrub 3f ; lvs. opp., sessile, cordate, smooth ; fls. roseate, large. 

25 P. latifolia. Shrub 3f ; lvs. opposite, ovate, glaucous, downy beneath ; fls. purple. 

2. KRAMERIA, L. Ovary 1-celled, with 2 collateral ovules. Seed 
with no caruncle and no albumen. 5 Racemes terminal. 
K. lanceolata Torr. Prostrate ; lvs. lance-lin., acute, longer than ped. ; fr. spiny. Fla 

Order XLIII. LEGUMINOS^E. Leguminous Plants. 

Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate, usually compound, margins en- 
tire. Stipules 2, at the tumid base of the petiole. Stipels commonly 2. Se- 
gals 5, more or less united, often unequal, the odd one always anterior. 
Petals 5, either papilionaceous or regular, perigynous, the odd one (when 
present) posterior. Stamens diadelphous, monadelphous, or distinct. An- 
thers versatile. Ovaries superior, single, and simple. Style and stigma 
simple. Fruit a legume, either continuous (1-celled), or (a loment) jointed 
into 1-seeded cells. Seeds solitary or several, destitute of albumen. Figs. 
59, 60, 102, 157, 190-1, 203-4, 214, 233, 308 354-6, 361-2, 397, 401-2, 480.^ 

A vast and important order, containing 400 genera and 6,500 species, of 
which 850 are native in the United States. 

I MIMOSEjE. Corolla regular, valvate in bud. Stamens exserted, hypogynous. Lvs. bipinnate. ..(§) 
II. CjESALPINE-lE. Corolla irregular, upper petal interior in bud. Stamens 5 — 10, perigynous. ..(§§) 
LIT. PAPILIONACE^E. Corolla papilionaceous, upper petal (the banner) larger and exterior... (** 

* Stamens 10, all distinct to the base. Plants erect. (Tribe PoDALYRiEfi). ..(1) 

* Stamens 10, monadelphous or diadelphous. ..(**) 

*• Leaves cirrhous, ending with a tendril. Stamens 9 and 1. Vines. (Tribe ViciE.fi)... (2) 

*• No tendrils. Pod a loment (§ 165), or rarely 1-seeded. Lvs. pinnate. (Tr. Hedysabe.«)...(S 

•* No tendrils. Pod a legume (§ 165), rarely 1-seeded. ..(***) 

*** Erect (or if prostrate, with palmately 3-foliate leaves). (Tribe LoTEfi). . .(4) 

••• Twining or trailing vines, with pinnately compound leaves. (Tribe PHASEOLE.fi). . .(5) 



Order 43.— LEGUMINOS^E. 81 

8 Pods flat, composed of 1 or more 1-seedcd joints. Petals united Stamens 4 — 10. .Mimosa. 

S Pods continuous, — m prickly, 4-sided and 4-valved. Petals united. Sta. 8 — 10. .Schrankia. 2 

— to smooth, — n Petals distinct. Pod linear. Stamens 5 or 10. .Desmanthus. 3 

— n Petals distinct. Pod oblong. Stamens 10. . . .Neptunia. 4 

— n Petals united. Trees, shrubs. Sta. oo, monadeL.ALBizziA. 5 

— n Petals distinct, ylw. Shrubs Stamens OO ..Acacia. (5a) 58 

§§ Flowers perfect, red or yellow, showy. Trees or shrubs. Lvs. bipinnate. . Poinciana.(9 a) 59 

§§ Flowers perfect, red or rose-colored. Trees with simple broad leaves Cercis. 9 

§§ Flowers perfect, yellow (in our species). Herbs with pinnate leaves Cassia. S 

§§ Flowers imperfect, greenish. — Trees thornless, with bipinnate leaves Gymnocladus 6 

—Trees thorny. Lvs. pinnate and bipinnate. . .Gleditschia. 7 

. PudalyrEjE. — c Trees. Leaves pinnate. Pod flat and thin Cladastris. 10 

— c Trees or shrub3. Lvs. ternate. ..Callistachys, 60, or pinnate in. .Sophora (10 a) 61 

— c. Shrubs in the greenhouse, with simple, spiny-toothed leaves Chorizema. (10 b) 62 

— c Herbs.— p Pod inflated, stipitate. Leaves 1-3-foliate Baptisia. 11 

— p Pod flattened, sessile. Leaves 3-foliate Thermopsis. 12 

, VicibjS. — d Erect. Tendrils obsolete. Fls. white, with a black spot on each wing. .Faba. 13 

— d Climbing. — q Leaflets serrate. Pods 2-seeded Cicer. • 14 

— q Lfts. entire.— r Sty. grooved on the back. Sds. 3—9 glob . .Pisum. 15 

— r Sty. flattened on the bk. Sds. 3-9, flattish.LATHYRUS. 16 

— - Sty. flattish. Seeds 1 or 2, lens-shaped Lens. (17 a) 64 

— ^Style filiform. Seeds 2 — 7, roundish Vicia. 17 

I Qbdysar&s. — e VI*. yellow. — s Leaves palmately 4-foliate. Stam, monadelphous. .Zornia. 18 

— « Leaves pinnate, 7-i9-foliate. Stam. diadelphous. ..<Eschynomene.19 
— s Lvs. pinnately 3-7-foliate. Stam. monadelphous. .Chapmania. 20 
— e Leaves pinnately 3-foliate. Pod slender at base. . . Stylos anthes. 21 
— s Leaves pinnately 4-foliate. Pod gibbous at base. . Arachis. 22 

Fls. cyanic. — u Lvs. pinnate, 5-21-foliate. — t umbels pedunculate. ..Coronilla. 23 

— t rac. pedunculate Hedysarum. 24 

— u Lvs. pin. 3-foliate. — t Btipellate. Pod 3-7-jointed. . .Desmodium. 25 
— t exstipellate. Pod 1-jointed. .Lespedeza. 26 
. L&tt.je — (including Geniste^, Gen. 27—30, Trifolie.e, 31—34, and Galege.b, 35 — 48). 

f Leaves wanting ; if present, simple. Flowers yellow Spartium. 27 

/ Leaves present, simple. Flowers yellow. — v Keel oblong, straight Genista. 28 

— v Keel falcate, pointed Crotalaria. 29 

/ Leaves palmately 5-15-foliate (rarely simple). (Genus 35, or) Lupinus. 30 

/ Leaves palmately 3-foliate. — w Small tree with yellow hanging racemes Laburnum. 31 

— w Shrubs. Fls. ylw., axil. Some of the lvs. simple. .Cytisus. (31 a) 65 
— w Herbs with straight, small pods. Fls. capitate. . .Trifolium. 32 

t Lvb. pinnately 3-foliate. — x Pods curved or spiral. Fls. in spikes, heads, &c Medicago. 33 

—x Pods long and long-pointed. Flowers axillary. .Trigonella, (33 a) 66 
—a; Pods 1-2-seeded. Rac. (red, Gen. 50) white or yellow. .Melilotus. 34 
— x Pod 1-seeded. — y Fls. yellow. Lvs. resinous-dotted. .(Genus 48 

—y Fls. cyanic. — z Lvs. dark-dotted. .Psoralea. 35 

— z Lvs. not dotted (In Genus 26 

f Lva. pinnate, with no odd leaflet.— * 15 to 25 pairs. Tall. Fls. yellow. S Sesbania. 36 

— *1 to 6 pairs. Flowers purple. Cult Orobus. (13 a) 63 

/ Lvs. odd-pinnate, — h dotted with dark glands.— k Shrub. Fls. spicate Amorpha. 37 

— k Herbs 10-androus Dalea. 38 

— k Herb 5-androus Petalostemon.39 

-rfc ditless. — i Herbs. Style glabrous. Pod partly 2-celled. . .Astragalus. 40 

— i Herbs. Style hairy. Pod 1-celled Tephrosia. 41 

— i Herbs. Style glabrous. Pod 1-celled Indigofera. 42 

— i Trees or shrubs. Flowers white or roseate Robinia. 43 

— i Shrubs with yellow flowers Colutea. 44 

— i Shrubs with scarlet flowers Clianthus.(44 a) 67 

L Phasbolk^.-- -g Lvs. pinnate, 5-15-foliate. — >a Vine shrubby. Keel falcate Wistaria. 45 

— m Herbs. Keel (straight, Gen. 41) spiral. .Apios. 46 

—g Leaves pinnately 3-(rarely l)-foiiate. . .(nr/ 

n Flowers yellow. Legumes 5-seeded Vigna. 47 

n Flowers yellow Legumes 1-2 -seeded RhynChosia, 48 

n Flowers cyanic. .(*) 



82 Order 4b\— LEGUMLNOS^. 

* Keel with stamens and style spirally twisted. Bushy or twining x'haseolus. it 

* Keel straight or merely incurved. . .(o) 

o Shrubby at base. Flowers and seeds scarlet. Wings and keel very si rt. S. .Erythrina. 51'. 

o Herb8.—x Calyx ebracteolate Style beardless. Petals suberect, pale Amfhicarpjea 51 

— x Calyx 2-bracteolate,— y 4-cleft. Style beardless. Fls. pale Oalactia. 52 

— y 4-toothed. Style bearded at top Douchos. 53 

— y 5-cleft, loDg. Style bearded inside Cljtoria. 54 

— y 5-cleft, short. Style bearded at top Centrosema. 55 

— y 5-lobed. Style beardless. Cultivated. . .Kennkdya. 56 

—y 4-toothed. Style beardless. Cult IIardenbbrgia.57 

1. MIMOSA, L. Sensitive Plant. {Mi/lwS, a buffoon: tne leaves 
seem sporting with the hand that touches them.) Fls. $ $ $ . 5 Calyx 
vaivate, 5-toothed. Cor. 0, or 5-toothed. Stam. 4 — 15. Legume separated 
into 1 -seeded joints. $ Like the perfect, but without ovaries or fruit, if 5 
Tropical. Leaves bipinnate. 

1 M. strigillosa T. & G. Nearly unarmed, prostrate, diffuse, strigous ; stip. ovate ; 

petioles aud peduncles very long ; pinnae 4 to 6 pairs ; lfts. 10 to 15 pairs, oblong-linear : 
heads oblong, u Fla. to La. Flowers rose-color. 

2 M. pt'DiCA L. St. prickly, more or less hispid ; lvs. digitate-pinnate, pinnae 4, of many 

(30 or more) pairs of linear leaflets. Brazil. If. Leaflets 3". 

2. SCHRANKIA, Willd. Sensitive Brier. (In honor of Francis de 
Paula Sclirank, a German botanist.) Fls. £ 8 . Cal. minute, 5-toothed. 
Pet. united into a funnel-shaped, 5-cleft corolla. Stam. 8 — 10. Pod long 
and narrow, echinate, dry, 1-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. U Prickly. 
St. procumbent. Lvs. sensitive, bipinnate. Fls. in spherical hds., purplish. 

S. nncinata Willd. St. angled, grooved ; pinnne 6 to 8 pairs ; lfts. numerous, minute, 
elliptic-oblong or linear; heads axillary, 1 to 2 together, on peduncles shorter than 
the leaves. S. States. 2— 4f. Leaflets 2". May— July. (& S. angustata T. & G.) 

3. DESMANTHUS, Willd. {Ae6/J7f, a bundle, arSoS, flower.) Cal. 

vaivate, 5-toothed. Pet, 5, distinct. Stam. 5 or 10, distinct. Pod dry, flat, 

2-valved, 4-6-seeded, smooth. % 5 With bipinnate lvs. and white fls. in 

axillary, pedunculate heads. Petioles with 1 or more glands. 

D, bracliylobus Benth. Erect, smoothish : pinnae 6 to 13 pairs ; lfts. minute, 20 to 
30 pairs ; stam. 5 ; pods short 1', 2^4-seeded. U 111. to La. 2f. June— Aug. 

4. NEPTUNEA, Lour. Anthers 10, crowned with a stipitate gland. 
Pod oblong, oblique, deflexed on the stipe, 2-valved. Otherwise as in 
Desmanthus. 

N. lii tea Benth. Sts. ascending, strigous ; pinnae 4 — 5 pairs ; lfts. linear-oblong, ciliate. 
crowded ; ped. longer than the leaves ; pod 5-8-seoded. u Prairies, Fla. to La. The 
leaves similar to those of Mimosa. Flowers yellow. Pods stiped. (Acacia lu tea O-B 

b. ALBIZZIA, Durazz. Calyx 4- or 5-toothed. Petals united into a 

funnel-form corolla. Stamens go, monadelphous at base, very long. Pod 

linear ar.d flat, jointless, dry, 2-valved, many-seeded. ^> t) Tropical, with 

the leaves twice pinnate. Flowers in dense heads or spikes, roseate or 

white, polygamous. 

A., Julibrassin. Silk Tree. Tree about 20f, glabrous, thornless ; pinna? 8—12 pairs, 
each with 20 — 30 pairs of halved leaflets (being one-sided), acute ; heads peduncu- 
late, forming a terminal panicle ; corolias white, with the innumerable long silky 
stamen3 purpnah; poda some contracted between the seeds. Very ornamental, 
tardy Soath, sparingly naturalized in the Gulf States. 



Order 43.— leguminos^:. 83 

6. GYMNOCLADUSj Lam. Coffee Tree. (rv/.iv6s, naked, *Ad8o<; f 
a shoot ; for its coarse, naked shoots in winter.) Fls. 9 $ . Cal. tubular, 
5-cleft, equal. Pet. 5, inserted into the summit of the tube. 6 Stam. 10, 
distinct. 5 Style 1. Leg. 1-celled, oblong, very large, pulpy within. ^ 
Unarmed, with unequally bipinnate lvs. Lfts. ovate, acuminate. Fig. 480. 

G. Canadensis Lam.— Woods, N. Y. to HI. and Tenn. 50f. Rac. greenish ; seeds 

round, polished, brown, very hard, i' diam. May — July. 

7. GLEDXTSCHIA, L. Honey Locust. (To John G. Gleditsch, a 
botanical writer, Leipzig.) Fls. ? 5 6 . Sep. equal, 3 — 5, united at base. 
Pet. 3 — 5. Stam. 3 — 5, distinct, opposite the sepals. Style short. Legume 
continuous, compressed, often intercepted between the seeds by a sweet 
pulp. ^ With branched spines. Lvs. abruptly pinnate and bipinnate, 
often in the same specimen. Fls. small, green, racemous. Figs. 362, 401. 

1 G, triacanthus L. Branches armed with stout, triple, or multiplex spines ; lfts. 

alternate, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse ; leg. linear-oblong, compressed, many-seeded. 
Va. to Mo. and La. 40— 70f. Wood very heavy. Pods 8— 18 7 . May — July. 

2 G. monosperma Walt. Water Locust. Spines few, mostly simple ; lfts. ovate- 

oblong ; pod broadly oval, without pulp, 1-seeded. Swamps, S. 30f. 

8. CASSIA, L. Senna. (Hebrew Katzioth.) Sep. 5, scarcely united 
at base, nearly equal. Pet. 5, unequal, but not papilionaceous. Stam. dis- 
tinct, 10, or by abortion fewer, anth. opening by terminal pores, the three 
upper often sterile. Pod many-seeded, 1-celled or many-celled transverse- 
ly, b b or herbs. Lvs. abruptly pinnate. Fly. mostly yellow. Fig. 357. 

§ Stam. 5 or 10, all perfect. Sep. acute. Lfts. small. Stip. persistent Nos. 1, 9 

§ Stam. 10. the 3 upper abortive. Sep. obtuse. Lfts. large. Stip. deciduous.. (a) 

a Gland on the petiole at or near the base Nos. 3, 4 

a Gland on the rachis between the two lowest leaflets Nos. 5, 6 

1 C. Chamsecr ista L. Sensitive Pea. Lfts 8—12 pairs, oblong-linear, obtuse, mu- 

cronate ; fls. large, pedicellate, 2 or 4 in each fascicle ; anth. 10, unequal, all fertile. 
(J) Dry soils. 12 — 18'. Flowers large, 2 petals spotted. August. 

2 C nictitans L. Wild Sensitive Plant. Lfts. 6 — 15 pairs, oblong-linear, obtuso, 

mvcronate, sessile; fls. small, 2 or 3 in each subsessile fascicle ; stam. 5, subequal. 
(D Sandy soils. If. Flowers small (3"), pale yellow. July. 
8 C. Marilandiea L. American Senna. Lfts. 6—9 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, mucro- 
nate, an obovoid gland near the base of the common petiole ; fls. racemed ; pod curved, 
12-20-seeded. il Stonj places. 4 — 5f. Flowers showy. August. 

4 C occidentalis L. Lfts. 3 — 6 pairs, ovate or lance-ovate, sharply acuminate ; fla 

in si ;ort racemes; pod nearly straight, 25-40-seeded. ®Va. to Ga. 5— 6f. July. $ 

5 C. obtusifolia L. Lfts. about 6, obovate. obtuse; pod long (60 and narrow, re 

cuiTed. 20-40-seeded ; seeds longitudinal. ® Dry soil, S. 1— 4f. July, Aug. 

6 C. melanocarpa Vegel. Shrubby; lfts. 2—3 pairs, narrowly lanceolate, acute, 

coviansous ; rac. as long as the leaves. Ga. § 

9. CERCIS, L. Judas-tree. Red-bud. Calyx 5-toothed. Petals 
scarcely papilionaceous, distinct, wings longer than the banner and smallei 
than the keel petals. Stamens 10, distinct. Pod compressed. Seeds obo- 
vate. ^ Leaves simple, appearing after the roseate flowers. Fig. 308. 

i C. Siliq,TjA3trum. Lvs. ronnd-reniform ; flowers more open than in No. 2. Eur. 20f 



84 Order 48.— LEGUMINOSiE. 

5i C. Canadensis L. Lvs. broadly ovate-cordate, acuminate, villous on the veins be 
neath. Mid. and W. States. 20 — 30f. Flowers covering the branchlets. April. 

10. CLADASTRIS, Raf. Yellow-wood. Cal. 5-tootlied, teeth short 

obtuse. Pet. of nearly equal length, those of the keel distinct and straight 

like the wings. Vex. large, roundish, reflexed. Stam. 10, distinct. Fil. 

glabrous, incurved. Leg. flat and thin, short-stiped, 5 or 6-seeded. ^ Wilh 

yellow wood, pinnate leaves, and pendulous clusters of white flowers. 

C. tinctoria Raf.— Hills, Ky. and Tenn, 20— 40f. Lfts. 7—11, oval, pointed, 3* , rac. 
6 — 10', resembling Robinia. April, May. 

11. BAPTISIA, Vent. Wild Indigo. (BditTGa, to dye ; a use to 
which some species are applied.) Cal. 4-5-cleft half way, persistent. Pet. 
of about equal length, those of the keel nearly distinct and straight. Vex. 
orbicular, emarginate. Stain. 10, distinct, deciduous. Pod inflated, stipi- 
tate, many (or by abortion few) -seeded. '4 Lvs. palmately 3-fol. or simple 

§ Leaves simple. Flowers yellow Nos. 1, 2 

§ Leaves 3-foliate.— Flowers blue, in few elongated racemes No. 3 

—Flowers white, in few elongated racemes.. (a) 
— Flowers yellow, solitary or in short racemes.. (b) 
a Stipules leaf- like, longer than the petioles. Hairy. Cream- white. . . .Nos. 4, 5 

a Stipules much shorter, or not longer than the petioles. Glabrous Nos. 6, 7 

b Pedicels not longer than the calyx. Drying dark Nos. 8— 1C 

b Pedicels much longer than the calyx. Drying bright Nos. 11 — 13 

1 B. perfoliata R. Br. Glabrous and glaucous • lvs. large, oval-orbicular, perfoliate ; 

fls. solitary, axillary. Pine woods, S. Car. Ga. 1 -2f. Pod inflated. May — July. 
5J IB. simplicifolia Croom. Lvs. broadly ovate, ©btuse, sessile ; rac. terminal, elonga 

ted, many-flowered. Quincy, Fla. 2— 3f. Pod ovate. 6". June. 

3 B. an straits R. Br. Petioles short; lfts. obovate or oblong, obtuse; stip. lanceo- 

late; rac. long, erect; pod oblong-oval. Ohio River and S. 2— 3f. Flowers large 
and showy, indigo blue. June — Aug. 

4 B. leucophsea Nutt. Lfts. oblanceolate, varying to obovate; stip. triangulai- 

ovate ; rac. nodding, the many flowers turned to the upper side on their long pedi- 
cels ; pod ovoid, inflated. Prairies, W. and S. 2— 3f. Flowers large. April. 

5 B. villosa Ell. Lfts. lance-oblong, or oblanceolate ; stip. lance-linear, persistent ; 

rac. long, declining ; bracts minute, deciduous ; ped. not secund ; leg. oblong. N. Car. 
to Ga. : rare. 2 — 3f. Plant of rough aspect, as well as No. 4. June, July. 

6 B» lcocantha T. & G. Lvs. petiolate ; lfts. cuneiform-obovate, obtuse ; stip. lance- 

linear, about as long as petioles ; rac. elongated, erect ; bracts caducous ; pod inflated, 
stipitate. Prairies, &c. W. and S. 2— 3f. Flowers large. May— July. 

7 B. alba R. Br. Fastigiate-brancbed above; petioles slender; lfts. elliptic-oblanceo- 

late, acute at ba»e ; stip. and bracts minute, caducous ; rac. erect or nodding, on a 
long peduncle. In rich soils, Va. to Fla. 2— 3f. March, April. 

8 B. lanceolata Ell. Much branched, bushy ; lvs. subsessile ; lfts. narrowly elliptic 

to oblanceolate, obtuse, petiolulate ; fls. axillary, subsolitary, short-pedicelled ; pod 
ovate-globous. Pine woods, S. l^f. Flowers large, dull yellow. April, May. 
/3. stricta. Erect, strict ; lfts. obovate, very obtuse : rac. few-flwd., termin. La. Fla. 

9 B< tinctoria R.Br. Glabrous, branching; lvs. subsessile; lfts. small, roundish- 

obovate, acute at base, very obtuse at apex ; stip. setaceous, caducous ; rac. loose, 
terminal ; pod subglobous. Dry woods. 2f, bushy. Pod size of a pea. July — Sept. 

10 B. microphylla N. Smooth, bushy; lvs. small, 2-3-foliate below, simple, ses- 
sile above ; stip. and bracts large, persistent ; fls. 8mall, axillary, and in terminal i* 
cemes. S. Car. to P"a> 2— 3f. (B. stipulacea Raven el.) 



Ordek 43.— LEGUMINOS^. 85 

11 JB. IiecontiiT. & G. Pubescent; lvs. short-petioled ; lfta. obovate-oblong ; pedi- 
cels with 2 bractlets ; bracts persistent ; pod short-stiped ; branches, stipules, and 
racemes as in No. 9. Ga. Fla. 2f. May. 

12 B. Serenae Curtis. Smooth, diffuse ; lfts. oblong-obovate, cuneate ; fls.in terminal 
racemes, the central longest. S. Car, 1— 2f. Pod oblong. 

13 B. megacarpa Chapm. Glabrous, slender; lvs. petioled; lfts. oval; rac. short 
and short-stalked ; stip. and bracts minute, caducous ; fls. nodding ; pod large, g*obu 
lar, and much inflated. Ga. Fla. : rare. 2— 3f. Pods If. 

12. THERMOPSIS, R. Br. (Named for its resemblance to the Egyp- 
tian Lupine — L. Thermis.) Vex. roundish, sides reflexed. Sta. persistent. 
Pod subsessile, linear-oblong, many-seeded. % Rhizome creeping, stems 
with sheathing bracts at base. Leaves 3-foliate. Flowers large, yellow. 

1 T. mollis M.A.Curtis. Pubescent, diffusely branched ; lfts. obovate-oblong; stip. 

leafy, as long as the petioles ; ped. shorter than calyx. Woods, N. Car. 2f. Aprh. . 

2 T. fraxinifolia Curt. Smoothisb, slender, branching; petioles longer than the 

stipules; lfts. wedge-oblong; ped. as long as the flower. Mts. Tenn. Car. 2f. May. 

3 T. Caroliniana Curt. St. stout, simple ; petioles as long as the ovate clasping 

stipules ; lfts. obl.-obov. ; fls. on short ped. with decid. bracts. Mts. N. Car. 4f. June. 

13. FAB A, Moench. Coffee Bean. Fls. as in Vicia. Seeds oblong, 

with a long scar (hilum) on the narrower end, and leathery, tumid legumes. 

(D Lvs. equally pinnate, with the tendril obsolete (in the following species, 

Peduncle shorter than the flowers. 

F. vulgaris Moench. St. rigidly erect, with very short axillary racemes ; lfts. 2—4, oval 
entire ; stipules semisagittate Gardens. From Egypt. 2— 3f. Glaucous. 

14. CICER arietinum, the Cttjck Pea, rarely cultivated, may be 
known by its serrated leaflets, a character quite strange in this Order. 

15. PISUM, L. Pea. (Celtic pis, Lat. pisum, Eng. pea, Fr. pois.) 
Style dilated above, grooved on the back, villous and stigmatic on the in- 
ner side. Otherwise as in Lathyrus. (i) Figs. 59, 60, 190. 

P. sativum L. Lfts. ovate, entire, usually 4 ; stip. ovate, semicordate at base, crenate . 
ped. several-flowered. Nativity unknown. Many varieties. 
/ 

16. LATHYRUS, L. Calyx campanulate, the two upper sepals short- 
est. Stam. diadelphous (9 and 1). Style flat, dilated above, ascending, 
bent at a right aDgle with the ovary, pubescent or villous along the inner 
side next the free stamen. Pod oblong, several-seeded. ^ ^ Leaves 
abruptly pinnate, of 1 to several pairs of leaflets. Petioles produced into 
tendrils. Peduncles axillary. Fig. 497. 

* Native. — a Leaflets a single pair. Southern No. 1 

—a Leaflets commonly 3 pairs. Perennial Nos. 2, 3, 4 

— a Leaflets commonly 5 pairs. Perennial Nos. 5, 6 

* Exotic— & Leaflets a single pair Nos. 7—9 

—b Leaflets 3 to 6 pairs. (Species of Orobus) Nos. 10 — 12 

1 Id* pusillus Ell. St. winged ; lfts. 2, linear-lanceolate, acute at each end ; stip. con 
epicuous, lance-falcate, half-sagittate ; ped. long. S. Car. to La. Purple. May. 

H L. ochroleucus Hook. St. slender; lfts. broadly ovate ; stip. semicordate, large; 
ped. 7-10-flowered. shorter than the leaves ; fls. cream-white. Shades, N 3f. Jane 



86 Order 43.— LEGUMINOSi£.. 

3 L.. palustr # L. St. winged: stip. semisagittate, mucronate; lfts. 2 or 8 pairs 

lance-linear or oblong, mucronate; ped. 3-5-flowered, equalling the leaves. Wei 
thickets, N.Eng. to Oreg. 1 — 2f. Blue-purple. June — July. 

4 Li. myrtiflttlius Mulil. St. slender, 4-angled ; lfts. elliptic-oblong, obtuse; 6tip. 

ovate, entire ; ped. longer than lvs., 5-flwd. N.E. toVa and Ind. 2-4f. Palepurp. JL 

5 Li. venosus Muhl. St. 4-angled; stip. semisagittate, lanceolate, very small; ped. 

8-16-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; lfts. 4 — 7 pairs, somewhat alternate, obtusish, 
mucronate. Shady banks. 2— 3f. Flowers large, purple. June, July. 

6 Li. maritimus Bw. Beach Pea. St. 4-angled, compressed; petioles flat above; 

stip. cordate-hastate, nearly as large as the 8 — 12 ovate leaflets ; ped. many-flowcrcd 
Sandy shores. N. Y. to Oreg. 1 — 2f. Leaves pale green. Flowers blue. May, Juno. 

7 L. latifoltus. Everlasting Pea. Ped. many-flowered ; lfts. 2, lanceolate, uter 

nodes membranous-winged, u Eur. 6f. Flowers large, pink. July, Aug. 

8 Li. odoratus. Sweet Pea. Ped. 2-flowered; lfts. 2, ovate-oblong; leg. hirsute. (f) 

Sicily. Flowers very large, fragrant, red-white. June. 

9 Li. sativus. Chick Pea. Ped. 1-flowered ; lfts. 2 — 4; leg. ovate, compressed, with 

2 winged margins at the back. ® S. Eur. A.n unhealthy food. 

10 Li. vernus. Lfts.fi, ovate, acuminate; fls. red-purple-blue. Europe. If. April. 

11 Li. niger. Lfts. 12, ovate-oblong; fls. dark purple. Europe. 3f. July. 

12 L. atropurpureus. Lfts. linear, 3 pairs, acute ; fls. dark purple. Algiers. If. May. 

17. VICIA, L. Vetch. (Celtic gwig, whence Gr. ftiuiov i Lat. vicia, Fr. 
vesce, and Eng. vetch.) Style filiform, bent at right angles with the ovaiy, 
villous beneath the stigma on the outside (next the keel). Otherwise 
nearly as in Lathyrus. 

* Peduncles 1-2-flowered, shorter (in flower) than the leaves Nos. 1— a 

* Peduncles 3-20- flowered. — a Leaflets 3 — 6, very narrow No. 4 

—a Leaflets 8 — 20.— b Stipules loner-toothed No. 5 

—b Stipules entire Nos. 6— S 

1 V. saliva L. Vetch. Tares. Fls. solitary or in pairs, subsessile ; lfts. 10—12, ob 

long obovate, often linear, retuse, mucronate ; pod linear, erect, 4-8-seeded. ©Fields. 
2— 3f. Fls. 6", pale purple. June. § Eur. 

2 V. tetraspernia Loisel. Ped. 1-2-flowered, in fl. shorter (in fr. longer) than the 

lvs. ; pod 4-seeded ; lfts. 4 — 6, small, linear, obtuse. Fields, Can. to Penn. St. very 
slendor, 1— 2f. Fls. bluish-white. Pod 5". July. 

3 V. micrantha N. Lfts. 4—6, linear, acute, obtuse or retuse; fls. mostly solitary, 

minute, pale ; pod 1', sabre-shaped, erect, 6-10-seeded; seeds black. S. 2— 3f. 

4 V. acutifolia Ell. Leaflets 3—6, linear, acute; stip. lance-linear; tendrils mostly 

simple ; rac. 3-9-flowered, longer than the leaves. Ga. Fla. 2— 4f. Whitish. 

5 V. Americana Muhl. Ped. 4-8-tlowered, shorter than the lvs.; stip. semisagit- 

tate, deeply dentate ; lfts. 10 — 14, elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse ; pod oblong- linear, com- 
pressed, reticulated. N. Y. westward. 1 — 3f. Blue-purple. May. 

6 V. Carolinia.ua Walt. Pedicel 6-12-flowered, rather shorter than the .eaves ; fls. 

loose ; calyx teeth very short ; stip. lance-linear ; lfts. 8-12, linear-oblong or linear, 
smoothish ; pod oblong. Woods and banks. 4— 6f. Pale purple. May. 

7 V. Cracca L. Tufted Vetch. Fls. imbricated, 12—20 or more in the raceme ; lfts 

12—24, oblong, puberulent ; stip, semisagittate, linear-subulate, entire, Thickets 
2— 3f. Flowers blue-purple, 4". July. 

8 V. hirsuta Koch. Hairy; lfts. 8 — 20, linear, truncate, rrncronate; ped. 3-6-flwd. 

shorter than leaves ; leg. hirsute, 2-seeded. Fields. 1— 3f. June. § 

18 ZORNIA, Gmel. (For John Zome, M. D., of Bavaria.) Caiyx bila- 
biate, upper lip obtuse, emarginate, lower 3-cleft. Vex. orbicular, with the 
sides revolute. Sta. monadelphous, the alternate anthers different. Pod 



Order 4S.— LEGUMINOSJE. 87 

compressed, of 2 — 5 roundish joints, if Lvs. palmately 2-4-foliate with 

sagittate stip., which are enlarged above and supply the place of bracts. 

Z. tetrapliylla Mx. Lfts. 4 ; stip. or bracts oval, acute : pod aculeate, about 3-jointecL 
U N Car. to Fla. and Tex. 1— 2f. Deep yellow. Pods adhesive. June— Aug. 

19 53SCHYNOMENE, L. (Aidxvvojuai, to be modest; alluding to 
its sensitive property.) Calyx bilabiate, bibracteolate ; upper lip bifid, lower 
trifid. Vex. roundish. Stamens diadelphous, 5 in each set. Pod exserted, 
composed of several truncated, separable, 1-seeded joints. — Lvs. odd-pin- 
nate. Stip. semisagittate. Rac. axillary (yellow). August. 

1 2E. hispida Willd. Erect, scabrous ; lfts. very smooth, 27 — 37, oblong-Jin ear, ob- 

tuse ; rac. 3-5-flowered ; pod 6-9-jointed. (3) Marshes, Pa. and S. 2 — 3f. 

2 iE. viscidula Mx. Slender, procumbent, viscidly pubescent ; lfts. 7 — 11, obovatc; 

ped. filiform, 1 or 2-flowered ; pod 2 or 3-jointed. (T) Sandy fields, S. 

20. CHAPMANIA, T. & G. (To A. W. Cliapman, M. D., author ol 
* Flora of the Southern States.") Fls. nearly as in Stylosanthes. Cor. in- 
serted on the throat of the calyx. Keel 2-cleft at apex. Anth. alike, ob- 
long. Leg. hispid, 1-2-jointed. — A viscid-hirsute branching herb. Leavea 
pinnately 3-7-foliate. Fls. small, yellow, in terminal racemes. 

C. Floridana T. & G.— E. Fla. 2— 3f. Lfts. oblong. 

21. STYLOSANTHES, Swartz. {2rdlo$, a style, avSoS.) Fls. of 
two kinds. 6 Calyx bibracteolate at base, the tube slender and stalk-like, 
with the corolla inserted on its throat. Vex. orbicular. Sta. 10, mona- 
delphous. Ov. sterile, with a filiform style. 2 Cal. and corolla 0. Ov. 
between 2 bracteoles. Leg. 1-2-jointed, uncinate with the short, persistent 
style. — Lvs. pinnately trifoliate. 

S. elatior Swartz. Pencil Mower. St. pubescent on one side ; lfts. lanceolate, smooth, 
acute; spikes 3-4-flowered ; loment 1-seeded (lower joint abortive). % Dry, gravelly 
woods, Long Isl. to Fla. If. Fls. yellow. July, Augnst. 

22. ARAOHIS, Willd. Peanut. (Lat. aracos, used by Pliny to 
designate some subterranean plant.) Calyx bilabiate. Cor. resupinate. 
St. monadelphous. Pod gibbous at base, coriaceous, veiny, turgid, and in- 
dehiscent, the joints not separating. — S. American herbs, with equally pin- 
nate leaves and yellow flowers. 

A . Uypogjea Willd. Leaflets 2 pairs, oval or roundish, cuneate at base ; stip. entire, 
lance-subulate, as long as the leaflets ; fruit subterranean. Cult. South. 

23. CORONILLA, L. (Lat. corona, a crown ; from the inflorescence.) 
Calyx bilabiate. Petals unguiculate. Loment somewhat terete, jointed, 
Seeds mostly cylindrical. £> % Lvs. unequally pinnate. Fls. in simple, 
pedunculate umbels, rose-colored. 

1 C emeeus. Scorpion Senna. St. woody, angular ; ped. about 3-flowered ; claws of 

the petals thrice longer than the calyx. France. 3f. May. 

2 C. VARiA. Herbaceous ; lfts. 11—19, oblong ; ped. 10-15-flwd. Eur. 2— 4f. Jl.~ Sept. 

24. HEDYSARUM. L. {'HSvS, sweet, apoojua, smell.) Calyx cleft 
into 5 linear-subulate, subequal segments. Keel obliquely truncate, longei 



88 Oktjer 43.— LEGUMINOS^E. 

than the wings. Sta. diadelphous (9 and 1), and, with the style, abruptly 
bent near the summit. Pod (loment) of several 1-seeded joints connected 
by their middle. U Leaves unequally pinnate. 

H. boreale N. Erect ; lfts. 13—21, oblong ; stip. united, sheathing ; flowers deflexed. 
spiked on the long peduncle, violet-purple ; pod of 1 — 4 lens-shaped, veiny joints. 
Rocks, Willoughby Lake, Vt. and N. 1— 8f. Flowers large. June, July. 

25 DESMODIUM, DC. Bush Trefoil. Calyx more or lesa bila 
biate. Vex. roundish, keel obtuse. Sta. diadelphous (9 and 1) sometimes 
monadelphous. Pod (loment) compressed, jointed, constricted most on the 
lower (dorsal) suture, the joints 1-seeded, separable, mostly aculeate and 
adhesive. U b Leaves pinnately trifoliate. Flowers in racemes or often 
large, loose panicles, purplish, in Summer. Figs. 191, 355. 

§ Legumes distinctly stiped, the stipes about as long as the joints. . . (a) 

a Stems prostrate, creeping. Leaflets round or oval Nos. 1 — -ii 

a Stems erect. Leaflets broadly ovate, or (in No. 6) narrowly. . .(b) 

b Calyx teeth shorter than the tube Nos. 3 — 5 

b Calyx teeth longer than the tube, — upper one notched. . .Nos. 6 — 8 

—upper one entire No. 9 

fi Legumes subsessile, the stipes, if any, not exceeding the calyx., .(c) 
c Bracts large, covering the flower buds, caducous. . .(d) 
c Bracts inconspicuous, smaller than the flower buds., .(e) 

d Stipules large (0— 9" long), ovate-lanceolate Nos. 10, 11 

d Stipules quite small, subulate Nos. 12, 12 

e Leaflets large (2—3' by 1 — 2'), oblong-ovate... Nos. 14, 15 

e Leaflets small, orbicular or oval Nos. 16 — 18 

e Leaflets long, linear. . .No. 19. Lfts. oblong.t. . .No. 20 

1 D. rotuiidilolium DC. Plant prostrate, downy; leaflets suborbicular ; bracts 

and stipules broadly ovate, acuminate ; racemes few-flowered ; loment constricted on 
both margins nearly alike. Rocky woods. 2— 3f. Purplish. August. 

2 D. ocliroleiicum Curt. Plant decumbent, smoothish ; lfts. ovate, rarely single ; stip. 

ovate, pointed ; raceme long, fls. white ; loment twisted. Woods, Md. & S. (Porter). 

3 D. nudiflorum DC. Lfts. roundish ovate, bluntly acuminate, slightly glaucous 

beneath ; scape radical, panicled, smooth ; joints of the loment obtusely triangular. 
Woods, com. St. If, scape 2— 3f, with many small purple flowers. 

4 D. acuminatum DC. Plant erect, simple, pubescent, leafy only at top ; leaflets 

ovate, long-acuminate, the odd one round-rhomboidal ; pan. terminal, on a very long 
peduncle. Woods, com. 8— 12', the panicle 2— 3f. Fls. small, flesh-color. Pod 3-jointed. 

5 I>. pauciflorum DC. St. assurgent, leafy all the way, retrorsely hairy ; lfts. thin, 

obliquely ovate, acutish, terminal one rhoTnbeidal ; rac. terminal, the flowers few, in 
pairs ; petals all distinct, spreading. Woods, N. T. to Dl and La. If. Whitish. 
8 D. paniculatum DC. Erect, slender, nearly glabrous ; lfts. oblong-lanceolate, 
obtuse ; stip. subulate, deciduous ; fls. on slender pedicels in panicled racemes ; lo- 
ment of about 3 triangular joints. Woods, common, 2 — 3f. Purple. 

7 I>. Tiridiflorum Beck. Densely pubescent ; lfts. ovate, scabrous aoove, whitened 

beneath ; stip. lance-ovate, acuminate ; pan. naked, very long ; pod of 3 or 4 triangu- 
lar joints. Alluvion, N. Y. and S. 3— 4f, rigid. Violet, fading to green. 

8 D. laevigatum DC. Glabrous, or nearly so ; lfts. ovate ; panicle subsimple, pedl 

eels slender, in pairs. Woods, N. J., and S. 2— 3f. Purple 
0. mvHophyllmn. Dwarf, simple ; lower lvs. 1-foliate. Oxbridge. Ms. If. (Ricard. 



Order 43.— LEGUMINOS^l. 89 

9 T>. glabellum DO. St. smoothish; lfts. ovate, small, rough-pubescent on both 

sides ; pod of 3 or 4 triangular, minutely hispid joints. Shades, Car. 

10 I*, cuspidatum T. & G. Smooth; lfts. oblong-oval, or ovate, sharply acumi- 
nate; bracts deciduous, ovate, acuminate; joints of the loment suboval. Woods. 
3 — 5f. Stipules and bracts 9". Flowers 8", purple. 

11 D. canescens DC. St. striate, scabrous; lfts. ovate, rather obtuse, scabrous on 
the upper surface, soft- villous beneath ; pan. densely canescent, naked ; joints of the 
loment 4, obliquely aval, mspid. Woods. 3f. 

J 3 JO. Canadense DC. St. pubescent; lfts. oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, nearly 
smooth ; stip. filiform ; bracts ovate, long-acuminate ; joints of the loment obtusely 
triangular, hispid. Woods, Can. to Pa. and W. 3f. Flowers 8", purple. 

1 J J>. sessilifolium T, & G. St. tomentous-pubescent ; lvs. sessile ; lfts. linear or 
linear-oblong, obtuse at each end, scabrous above, softly toraentous beneath ; stip 
subulate ; pod of 2—3 semiorbicular joints. Woods, W. 2— 3f. Fls. small, crowded. 

k4 1>. DilJenii Darl. Branching, hairy ; lfts. oblong, villous beneath ; stip. subulate ; 
rac. panicled; joints of tne loment 3, rhomboidal, reticulate, a little hairy, connected 
by a narrow neck. Moist soils, N. and W. 2 — 3f. Purple. 

15 D. rigidum DC. Scabrous, pubescent; lfts. ovate-oblong, obtuse; petioles 
short, hairy; stip. ovate-acuminate, ciliate, caducous ; leg. with 2 — 4 obliquely obovate 
joints. Hills and woods, Mass. to La. 2— 3f. (D. Floridanum Chapm.) 

1 6 D. ciliare DC. Erect, slender, scabrous-pubescent ; lvs. crowded, on short, hairy 
petioles ; lfts. small, ovate, ciliate on the margin ; joints of the short-stiped loment 2 
or 3. Woods. 2f. Purple. 

IT D, Marilandicum Boott. Erect, slender, nearly smooth ; lfts. ovate, obtuse, 

subcordate at base, the lateral ones as long as the petioles ; loment stipe as long as 

the calyx, joints 1 or 2. Woods. 2— 3f. Violet. 
i8 D. lineatum DC. Slender, reclining; st. finely striate witn colored lines; lfts. 

small, roundish oval, smoothish, green both sides; pod quite sessile in the calyx. 

joints about 2. Dry woods. 2 or 3f. 
19 I>. strictum DC. Slender, nearly glabrous ; lvs. petioiate ; lfts. linear, elongated: 

pan. few-flowered ; pod hispid, incurved, of 1—3 lunately triangular joints, with a fill 

form isthmus. Pine woods, N. J. and S. 3f. 
80 D. gtbans. Moving-plant. Lateral lfts. very small ; pods pendulous. From Bengal. 

Wonderful for the leaves, which in warm weather are always in motion. 

26. LESPEDEZA, Mx. Bush Clover. Calyx 5-parted, bibracteo- 
late, segments nearly equal. Keel of the corolla very obtuse, on slender 
claws. Pod (loment) lenticular, compressed, small, unarmed, indebiscent, 

1 -seeded. U Leaves pinnately trifoliate, reticulateb/ veined. Summer. 

$ Pis. an complete. Calyx villous, long. Cor. whitish with a purple spot Nos. 1, 2 

§ Fls. partly apetalous. Calyx short. Corolla violet.— a Stems upright Nos. 3, 4 

— a Stems prostrate No. fi 

Ii. capitata Mx. Bush Clover. Lfts. elliptical to linear, silky beneath ; stip. subu- 
late ; fascicles of flowers ovate, subcapitate, shorter than the leaves, axillary ; loments 
hairy, shorter than the villous calyx. Dry soils, Can. to Car. 2— 4f. 

2 li. lairta Ell. Stem villous ; lfts. roundish oval, pubescent beneath ; rac. capitate, 

axillary, oblong, longer than the leaves ; corolla and pod about a3 long as the calyx. 
Dry woods. 2 — 4f. Flowers reddish-white. 

!* Ii. Steiivi Nutt. Branched and bushy, tomentous or pubescent ; lfts. oval-obovste 
or roundish, longer than the petiole ; rac. axillary, capitate or loose ; pod villous- 
pubescent. Dry soils, Mass. to Ga. 2f. Variable. 

4 L. iriolacea Pers. Erect or diffuse, sparingly pubescent ; lfts. oval, varying to ob- 
long and linear, obtuse, mucronate, as long as the petioles ; rac. axillary , few-flow 
ered, the apetalous ones generally below. Dry woods. Leaflets V. 



90 Order 43.— LEGUM1JSOSJE. 

0. sesailWora, Flowers many, in clusters shorter than the leaves. 
y. reticulata. Leaflets linear, rigid ; flowers in short fascicles. Erect. 
8. diverg-ens. Leaflets ovate ; upper peduncle longer than the leaves. 
5 Ii. procumbent Mx. St. prostrate, diffuse, tomentous-pubescent ; lfta. ovt»l 01 
obovate-elliptical, smooth above, on very short petioles ; ped. filiform few-flowered ; 
pod roundish. Dry soils. Leaflets 5 — 9". Ted. 2 — 5'. 
|3. repens. Nearly smooth and very slender ; leaflets oval or elliptical. 
y. JFeayana, Decumbent ; leaflets obovate upper ped. apetalous. South. 

27 SPARTIUM, L. Common Broom, (^Ttaprov , a ro t .e; formerlv 
u.ade of the Broom.) Calyx spathe-like, split behind, teeth very short, 
iveei incurved, acuminate, longer than the wings. Otherwise like Genista. 

S. scopaeium. — Shrub native of Spain, 6f, with rush-like erect branches often leafless 
Leaves simple (if any), oblong. Flowers showy, yellow or white. 

28. GENISTA, L. Dyer's Broom. Woad-waxen. (Celtic gen, Fr. 

genet ; a small shrub.) Calyx with the upper lip 2-parted and the lowei 

3-toothed. Vex. oblong. Keel oblong, scarcely including the stamena 

and style. Stigma involute. Stamens monadelphous. 5 With simple 

leaves and yellow flowers. 

G. tinctovia L. Branches round, striate, unarmed, erect ; lvs. lanceolate, smooth 
pod smooth. Dry hills, Mass. N. Y. If. August. § Europe. 

29. CROTALARIA, L. Rattle-pod. (KporaAov, a rattle ; from 
the rattling of the loose seeds in the horny pod.) Calyx 5-cleft, somewhat 
bilabiate. Vex. cordate, large. Keel acuminate. Stam. 10, monadelphous. 
Filamentous sheath cleft on the upper side. Pod pedicellate, turgid. — 
Herbs or shrubs. Lvs. simple or palmately compound. Flowers yellow. 

1 C. sajj.itta.lis L. Annual, erect, branching, hairy ; lvs. lance-oval to lance-linear ; 

stip. acuminate, decurrent ; rac. 3-flowered, opposite to the leaves ; cor. shorter than 
the calyx. Sandy fields. 6—12'. Cor. small. July. 

2 C. ovalis Ph. Perennial, hairy, diffuse; lvs. oval and elliptic; stip. small or ml- 

nute, partly decurrent; pedicels long, 3-6-flowered ; corolla longer than the calyx. 
Sandy woods, S. 4 — 12'. Flowers showy. April, May. 
8 C« Pursliii DC. Perennial; slender, assurgent, nearly smooth; lvs. oblong-linear 
or linear, subsessile ; stip. narrowly decurrent through the whole internode ; pedicels 
5-7-flowered ; corolla as long as the calyx. Damp shades, S. 1 — ljf. 

30. LUPINUS, Tourn. Lupine. (Lat. lupus, wolfish as a weed?) 
Cal. deeply bilabiate ; upper lip 2-cleft, lower entire or 3-toothed. Wings 
united at the summit. Keel falcate, acuminate. Stam. monadelphous, the 
.""aeath entire. Anth. alternately oblong and globous. Pod compressed. 
02^5 Leaves palmately 5-15-foliate, rarely unifoliate. Raceme terminal. 

1 Ii. villosus Willd. Unifoliate, densely silky-tomentous ; sts. decumbent-assurgent ; 

lvs. large, elliptic-oblong, long-petioled ; rac. terminal, long, dense-flwd. Pine woods, 
S. 1— 2f. Flowers roseate, with a purple spot. Pods very woolly. April— June. 

2 L. Diffiisus N. Diffusely branched from the base ; lvs. oval, obtuse, soft, silky, on 

short petioles ; pods very silky. Sands, S. Blue-purple. April. 

3 Ii. Pereimis L. Minutely pubescent, 5-7-foliate ; lfts. oblanceolate, mucronate ; 
fls. alternate ; calyx without appendages, upper lip emarginate, lower entire. Sandy hills. 

If, Flowers blue, varying to white. May, June. Cultivated. 



Order 43.— LEGUMLNOS^E. 91 

4 L. roLYPHTLLus. Lfts. 11— 15, lanceolate ; calyx lips subentire. Oreg. 3f. Purp.-wh. 

5 I.. Nootkatensis. Villous ; lfts. 5— 9, oblong; cal. lips subentire. N.W. Coast. 2f. Pur. 

6 L. Uartwe&ii. Hairy; lfts. 7—9, obi. obtuse; stip. and bracts setaceous. Mex. Blue 
T It. vIricjs. Small and delicate ; calyx appendaged, lips 2-fid and 3-fid. Blue. 

31. LABURNUM, Benth. Calyx campanulate, bilabiate, upper lip 2-, 
lower 3-toothed. Vex. ovate, erect, as long as the straight wings. FiL 
diadelphous (9 and 1). Leg. continuous, tapering to the base, several- 
seeded. +) ^i Leaves palmately trifoliate. Flowers mostly yellow. 

1 Tt, vttlgake L. Golden Chain. Arborescent ; lfts. oblong-ovate, acute at base, acu- 

minate ; raceme elongated (If), pendulous ; legume hirsute. Europe. 15f. 

2 Ii* alpinum L. Arborescent; lfts. oblong-ovate, rounded at base; raceme long, sim- 

ple, pendulous ; legume glabrous. Alps. 30f. 

32. TRIFOLIUM, Toum. Clover. (Tpi<pv\\ov (three-leaved) , Lat. 
trifolium ; Fr. trefle ; Eng. trefoil?) Calyx 5-toothed. Pet. united at the 
base, withering. Vex. reflexed. Alae oblong, shorter than the vexillum. 
Carina shorter than the alae. Stam. 10, diadelphous (9 and 1). Legume 
mostly indehiscent, covered by and scarcely longer than the calyx, 1-4- 
seeded. Seeds roundish. — Herbs. Leaves palmately trifoliate. Leaflets 
with straight veinlets. Flowers in heads or spikes. Figs. 233, 354. 

§ Flowers yellow, in small, dense, roundish heads. Legume 1-seeded Nos 1, 2 

$ Flowers cyanic, — c pedicellate, finally deflexed...(a) 
—c subsessile, never deflexed. . .(b) 

a Heads small, on stalks some ten times longer. Legume 4-seeded Nos. 3, 4 

a Heads large, on stalks two or three times longer Nos. 5, 6 

b Calyx teeth plumose, longer than the whitish corolla No. 7 

6 Calyx teeth shorter than the purple or roseate corolla Nos. 8—10 

1 T. procumbens L. Yellow Clover. St. procumbent or ascending; lfts. denticu- 

late, terminal one stalked; stip. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, much shorter than the 
petioles ; heads small, subglobous ; style short. ® Dry soils, N. H. to Va. 1 — 2f. Jn. 

2 T. agrarium L. St. ascending or erect ; lfts. denticulate, all subsessile ; stipules 

linear-lanceolate, cohering with and longer than the petiole ; heads ovoid- elliptic ; 
style equalling the pod. ® Dry fields, N. H. to Va. If. July. 

3 T. Carolinianum Mx. Slender, diffuse; lfts. cuneate-obovate, the middle one 

obcordate ; stip. ovate-acuminate, foliaceous ; cal. teeth thrice longer than its tube. 
® Fields, S. 

4 T. repens L. White Clover. Shamrock. St. creeping, diffuse ; *fts. obcordate, den- 

ticulate ; stip. narrow, scarious ; cal. teeth shorter than the tnbe. %. Pastures, &c. 

5 T. reflexum L. Buffalo Clover. Pubescent ; ascending or procumbent : lfts. obo- 

vate, serrulate ; stip. leafy, seraicordate ; cal. teeth nearly as long as the corolla ; leg. 
4-seeded. © Prairies, W. and S. 8—16'. April— June. 

6 T. stoloniferum Muhl. Glabrous, creeping; lfts. broadly obcordate, denticu.ate ; 

stip. leafy, ovate lanceolate ; cal. teeth not half the length of the corolla; .egvune 
2-seeded. W. States. 6—12'. May, June. 

7 T. arvense L. Hds. cylindrical, very hairy ; cal. teeth setaceous, longer than the cot ; 

leaflets narrow-obovate. (I) Dry, sandy fields. 5— lO'. June— Aug. § Eur. 

8 T. pratense L. Bed Clover. Ascending, thinly hirsute ,• lfts. spotted, oval, entire ; 

stip. ovate, cuspidate-acuminate ; heads sessile ; lower tooth of the cal. longer than 
the four others which are equal, u Fields and meadows. 2f. 

9 T. medium L. Zig-zag Clover. St. suberect, branching, flexuous, nearly gla- 

brous ; lfts. not spotted, oblong, subentire ; stip. lanceolate, acuminate ; heads o?otd" 
globous, pedunculate ; cal. teeth setaceous, hairy, u Hills, N. § Eur 



92 Order 43.— LEGUMINOS^E. 

10 T. incarnatum. St. erect, flexuous; lfts. round-ovate, obtuse oi obcordate, vil 
lous ; spike dense, oblong, pedunculate. Italy. 2f. Red. 

33. MEDIC AGO, L. Medick. Calyx 5-cleft. Cor. deciduous. Vex. 
free and remote from the keel. Leg. variously curved, or spirally coiled oi 
twisted. — Lvs. pinnately 3-foliate, denticulate. European. 

* Pod? smooth Nos. 1, 2, 3. * * Pods spiny Nos. 4, 5, 6. 

( M. lupnlina L. None-such. Procumbent, pubescent; lfts. wedge-obovate ; fls. 

yellow ; pod reniform, 1-seeded. ® Waste grounds. 6—20'. May— July. § 
i 19Em sativa L. Lucerne. Erect, glabrous ; lfts. oblong-lanceolate ; stip. lance-linear; 

fls. violet-purple, large ; pod spiral, it Fields : rare. 2— 3f. June, July. § 

3 Itt. scutellata L. Snails. Lfts. elliptical and obovate ; ped. 1-3-fiowered, ahortei 

than the leaf; pod coiled like a snail-shell. Gardens. July. § 

4 M. denticulata Willd. Lfts. obovate ; stip. bristly-gashed ; ped. with 1—3 yellow 

flowers ; pod loosely spiral, border doubly echinate. (J) 1 — 2f. June. § 

5 Ma maculata Willd. Lfts. obcordate, with a purple spot ; ped. 2-3-fiowered ; pod 

compactly spiral, outer edge grooved and doubly spiny. ® § 

6 M. intertexta L. Hedgehog. Lfts. rhomboidal ; stip. gashed ; pod spirally coiled 

in 5 or 6 turns, bordered with bristly prickles. Pare. § 

34. MELILOTUS, Tourn. Melilot. Legume ovoid, wrinkled, longer 
than the calyx, 1-2-seeded. Fls. as in Trifolium. (I) (§) Leaves pinnately 
trifoliate, leaflets toothed. Flowers in racemes. June, July. 

1 III. officinalis Willd. Fls. yellow ; lfts. obovate-oblong, obtuse ; stem erect, with 

spreading branches. Alluvion. 3f. Raceme slender, one-sided. § 

2 M. alba Lam. Sweet-scented Clover. Fls. white; lfts. ovate-oblong, truncate, mu 

cronate ; vex. longer than the other petals. Fields. 4 — 6f. 

35. PSORALEA. Cal. 5-cleft, campanulate. Segm. acuminate, lower 
one longest. Stam. diadelphous, rarely somewhat monadelphous. Pod aa 
long as the calyx, 1-seeded, indehiscent. U £> Often glandular-dotted. 
Stip. cohering with the base of the petiole. Flowers cyanic. 

* Leaves, at least the upper ones, 1-foliate, lowest 3-foliate Nos. 1, 2 

* Leaves all pinnately 3-foliate Nos. 3, 4, 5 

* Leaves pinnately 19-21-foliate No. 6 

* Leaves palmately 3-7-foliate. — a Silky or smooth. Fls. loosely spicate. . .Nos. 7, 8, 9 

—a Villous. Flowers densely capitate Nos. 10, 11 

1 P. canescens Mx. Bushy, downy-canescent ; lower lvs. palmately 3-foliate ; lfts. 

roundish obovate, dotted, upper simple. Woods, S. 2f. 

2 JP. virgata N. Virgate, smoothish ; lowest lvs. pinnately 3-foliate ; ifts. linear or 

ob\ong, often all simple ; spikes rather dense. Ga. 2f. 

3 P. stipulata T. & G. Smoothish ; lfts. elliptic-ovate, obtuse ; stipules large, ovate ; 

ped as long as the leaves ; spikes capitate. Falls of Ohio, Ky. 

4 P. melilotoides Mx. Smoothish ; lfts. lance-oblong, obtuse ; stip. lanceolate ; 

ped. much longer than the leaves. Dry soils, S. and W. 2f. 

5 P. Onobrycliis N. Pubescent; lfts. ovate, acuminate; stipules filiform; ped. 

long, with slender spikes. Thickets, W. 3— 5f. June, July. 

6 Pa multijiiga Ell. Lfts. numerous, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse; spikes oblong; 

calyx villous, with long teeth. Upper country. Car. Ga. 
V P. Liiipinellus Mx. Slender, glabrous ; lfts. 5—7, linear-filiform ; rac. elongated j 
fls. violet : pod S-shaped. Woods, S. 2f. May. June. 



Okder 43.— LEGUMINOS^B 93 

8 P. floribunda N. Canescent; lfts. 3, rarely 5, dotted, oblong to linear ; rac. slen- 
der ; ped. as long as the flowers (3'0 ; pod smooth. 111. and W. 3f. June. 

P. argopliylla Ph. Erect, silky- white; lfts. elliptic, obtuse, 5, rarely 3; ped. much 

longer than the leaves ; fls. whorled. Wis. to Dakota (Matthews.) 
1 P. subacaulis T. & G. Nearly stemless, hirsute ; lvs. 7-foliate on very long 

petioles ; lfts. obovate-oblong ; ped. long, rigid ; cal. teeth obtuse. Tenn. April. 
IIP, esculemta Ph. Erect, rigid, diffuse, white-haired ; lfts. 5, oblanceolate ; peti- 
oles long, ped. longer (30 ; head oblong; sep. and bracts long, pointed. Minn, to Da 
kota (Matthews, Colman.) If. Tubers farinaceous. 

36. SESBANIA, Pers. Calyx bell-shaped. Vex. spreading or re- 
flexed. Keel incurved, with long claws. Leg. linear or oblong, oo- oi 
few-seeded. Seeds transverse. — Lvs. abruptly pinnate, with many leaflets. 
Raceme axillary, loose (yellowish). Fig. 356. 

1 S. macrocarpa Muhl. Tall, glabrous ; lfts. oblong-linear, 20—30 ; pod linear, 

long, jointed, many-seeded. ® Damp, S. 3— 9f. Pods If. Aug. — Oct. 

2 S. platycarpa Pers. Tall, glabrous ; lfts. as above ; pod oblong-elliptic, valves 

double, the inner membranous, 2-seeded. ® S. lOf. Aug. (Glottidium Flor. DC.) 

37. AMORPHA, L. Lead Plant. Calyx 5-cleft. Vex. concave, 
unguiculate, erect. Wings and keel none. Stam. exserted. Leg. oblong, 
somewhat curved at the point, scabrous with glandular points, 1 or 2- 
seeded. 5 +> American. Lvs. unequally pinnate, punctate. Fls. bluish- 
white, small, in spikes. 

* Leaves stalked (lowest leaflets remote from base). Legume 2-seeded No. 1 

* Leaves sessile or nearly so. Lfts. 16—20 pairs. Legume 1-seeded Nos. 2, 3 

1 A. fruticosa L. Scarcely pubescent ; lfts. 9—19, oval, obtuse (10; cal. teeth short, 

obtuse, the lowest pointed. W. and S. to Rocky Mts. 6— 16f. May, June. 

2 A. herbacea Walt. Pubescent or not ; lfts. 41—51, oblong, obtuse (7") ; cal. teeth 

subequal, villous, upper obtuse, lower acute. South. 2 — 4f. June, July. 

3 A. canescens N. Villous-canescent ; lfts. small (4/0, crowded, ovate-oblong; vex. 

bright blue ; calyx teeth equal, acute. Wis. to Ga. and W. 2— 4f. July, Aug. 

38. DALEA, L. Calyx subequally cleft or toothed. Pet. unguiculate, 
claws of the wings and keel adnate to the staminate tube half way up. 
Vex. free, the limb cordate. Sta. 10, united into a cleft tube. Ov. 2-ovulecL 
Pod enclosed in the calyx, indehiscent, 1-seeded. — Glandular-punctate. 
Lvs. odd-pinnate. Stipels 0. Stip. minute, setaceous. Spikes mostly dense. 

D. alopecuroid.es Willd. Glabrous and much branched; lfts. 8—14 pairs, linear- 
oval, obtuse or retuse, punctate beneath ; spike pedunculate, oblong-cylindric, silky 
villous. ® m. to Ala. and W. 2f. Flowers white and violet August, 

39. PETALOSTEMON, Mx. Calyx 5-toothed, nearly equal. Pet. 5, 
on filiform claws, 4 of them nearly equal, alternate with the stamens and 
Tmited with the staminate tube. Stam. 5, monadelphous, tube cleft. Leg. 
i- seeded, indehiscent, included in the calyx. U Leaves unequally pinnate, 
exstipellate. Flowers in dense, pedunculate, oblong spikes or heads. 

§ Kuhnistera Lam. Heads corymbed, each with an involucre of scales ; calyx teeth 
long, plumous, pappus-like, setaceous No. 5 

$ Pktalostemon proper. Spikes solitary, not involucrate. Calyx teeth short. . . (a) 

a Bracts awn-pointed, longer than the calyx. West Nos. 1, 2 

a Bracts not awned, short, acute or obtuse. South Nos. 3, 4 



0* Order 43.— LEGUMINOS^E. 

1 P. candidnni Mx. Glabrous, erect; lfts. 7—9, all sessile, linear-lanceoiatc, inu 

cronate, glandular beneath ; spikes on long peduncles ; bracts longer than the white 
petals. Dry prairies, S. and W. Slender. 3f. Leaflets V. July. 

2 P. violrtceum Mx. Minutely pubescent, erect ; lfts. 5, linear, glandular beneath: 

spikes pedunculate ; bracts shorter than the violet petals. Prairies, West. 2f. Leaf 
lets V. Heads V long, brilliant. July, Aug. 

3 P. carneum Mx. Glabrous, erect ; lfts. 5—7, lance-linear ; spikes oblong, pedun 

culate ; bracts obovate ; pet. oblong. Ga. and Fla. Slender. 1— 2f. Rose-wh. Aug. 

1 P. gracile Nutt. Glabrous, decumbent at base ; lfts. 7, lance-linear ; spikes some- 
what sessile ; bracts acute ; petals ovate. Pine woods, Fla. and W. 1— 2f. White. 

5 P. corymbosnin Mx. St. corymbously branched ; spikes capitate, sessile ; bracts 
broaa, colored, the outer leaf-bearing ; lfts. linear, 5—7 South. 2f. White. Sept. 

40. ASTRAGALUS, L. Milk Vetch. Calyx 5-toothecl. Pet. elon- 
gated, erect, clawed. Vex. narrow, equalling or exceeding the obtuse keel. 
Stam. diadclphous (9 aud 1). Legume mostly turgid, 2-valved, 1-celled, or 
2-celled partly or completely by the intrusion of the sutures. Seeds 1 — oo, 
funiculus slender, li chiefly. Leaves unequally pinnate. Flowers in 
spikes or racemes. (Including Phaca, L.) 

§ Legume abruptly stipitate, oblong, straight-pubescent Nos. 1, % 

§ Legume sessile in the calyx.— a Fls. white or yellowish. . .(b) 

—a Fls. blue or tipped with blue. ..(c) 

b Legume straight, ovoid-otyong. smooth, dry, turgid Nos. 3, 4 

b Legume curved, oblong, woolly or veiny, dry, flattened Nos. 5, 6 

e Legume cirved, crescert-shaped, 1-celled, smooth No. 7 

c Legume globular, fleshy ; when dry splitting into two Nos. 8, 9 

1 A. Robbinsil Oakes. Erect; lfts. 5—11, etJiptical ; cor. white, twice longer than 

the calyx ; pf d puberulent, 1-celled. Rocky shores, Vt. Rare. 8—14'. Cor. white, 
5". May, June. 

2 A. alpinus L. Diffuse; lfts. 13—21, Dvate; cor. blue above, thrice longer than tho 

calyx ; pod pubescent with black hairs, 2-celled, Mts. Vt. Me. Can. June, July. 

3 A. Canadensis L. Canescent, tall ; lfts. 21—31, elliptical ; bracts as long as the 

calyx ; fls. greenish ; pod 2-celled. Banks. 2— 3f. Pod 6". July, August. 

4 A. Co<5peri Gray. Smoothish ; lfts. 13—27, elliptical ; rac. exceeding the leaves ; fls. 

white ; pod inflated, 1-celled, roundish-ovate, with a deep groove at the ventral su- 
ture. Banks, N. Y. and W. 1— 2f. June, July. (Phaca neglecta T. & G.) 

5 A. glaber Mx. Erect, smoothish ; lfts. 15 — 23, lance-oblong or linear ; spikes loose; 

pod smooth, flattened, 2-celled. Pine woods, S. 1 — 2f. Flowers greenish. July. 

6 A. villosus Mx. Low, villous ; lfts. 9—15, oblong-oval ; rac. ovoid, dense ; pod 3- 

ang'ed, 1-celled, clothed with long hairs. Dry, S. 3 — 6'. Fls. dull yellow. Mar. Apr. 

7 A. obcordatus Ell. Low, assurgent, smoothish ; lfts. 7 — 12 pairs, 4", oblong to 

obovate, cordate at apex ; ped. as long as the leaves, 8-15-flowered ; pod deflexed, in- 
curved, pointed. 111. to Ga. 6—10'. April— June. (A. distortus T. & G.) 

% A. ear jrocarpus Ker. Low, diffuse, whitish, downy or nearly smooth ; leaves 
stalked ; lfts. 15—21, obovate ; ped. longer ; fls. 8 — 10", capitate ; pod as large as a 
grape, smoothish, eatable. 111. W. and S. May. (A. Mexicanus DC.) 

9 A. Plattensis N. Villous, diffuse ; lfts. 8—12 pairs, oblong ; stip. lanceolate ; rac. 
ctpitate ; pod ovoid, villous. Gravel, 111. Tenn. and W. May. 

41. TEPHROSIA, L. Goat's Rue. Cat-gut. Calyx with 5, nearly 
equal, subulate teeth. Bracteoles 0. Vex. large, orbicular. Keel obtuse, 
cohering with the wings. Sta. diadelphous (in the following species) or 
monadelphous. Legume linear, much compressed, many-seeded. U Lvs. 
unequally pinnate. Leaflets mucronate. Flowers white-purple. 



Order 43.— LEGUMLNuS/*; 95 

f Flowers large (9 — 10" long) in a leafy terminal cluster. Lfts. 15—27 , No. 1 

{ Fls. small, spicate, on long peduncles.— a Lfts. 9—17. Pods downy Nos. 2, 3, 4 

—a Lfts. 5—9. Pods smoothish Nos 5, 6 

1 T. Virginica Pers. Erect, villous ; lfts. oblong; fls. subsessile, axillary and termi- 

nal, variegated with white, rose, and purple ; pod villous. Dry. 1 — 2f. July. 

2 T. spicata T & G. Rusty-villous, diffuse; lfts. oval-oblong, obtuse or refuse; ped 

very long ; calyx teetn longer than tube. S. 1 — 3f. July. 

3 T. liispidula Ph. Minutely hispid or pubescent, slender, decumbent; lfts. ellip 

tic-oblong, acute ; cal. teeth not longer than tube. S. 1— 2f. May — July. 
1 T. amfoigua M. A. Curt. Smoothish, decumbent; lfts. 7—15, oblong-oblanceolatt\ 
truncate, brownish beneath ; ped. angular, 2-3-flowered, as long as the leaves ; calyx 
teeth shorter than tube. S. If. June, July. 

5 T. gracilis Wood. Slender, diffuse, subglabrous ; lvs. stalked ; lfts. oblong-obovate, 

emarginate ; ped. twice longer than the leaves ; fls. on slender pedicels ; cal. teeth very 
short ; pod smooth. Fla. to La. 6—12'. 

6 T. chrysopliylla Ph. Prostrate, rust-pubescent ; lvs. sessile ; lite, round-obovate, 

acutish, wavy, yellowish ; pedunc. much longer than the leaves ; calyx teeth subulate 
Dry woods, Ga. Fla. to Tex. 10—20'. May— July. 
r 

42. INDIGOFERA, L. Indigo-plant. Calyx with 5 acute seg- 
ments. Vex. roundish, emarginate. Keel spurred each side, at length 
reflexed. Legume 2-valved, 1 to oo-seeded. 5 if Stip. small, distinct from 
the petiole. Leaves odd-pinnate. Legume pendulous. 

§ Racemes longer than the leaves. Leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse Nos. 1, 9 

§ Racemes shorter than the leaves. Leaflets oval. Naturalized South Nos. 3, 4 

1 I. Carolinlana Walt. Erect, branched; lfts. 11 — 15, petiolulate ; fls. yellowish- 
brown ; pod oblong, veiny, rugous, 2-seeded. Sandy woods, S. 3— 7f. July— Sep. 

1 I. leptosepala N. Decumbent, strigous ; lfts. 7 — 9, subsessile ; calyx teeth subu- 
late ; fls. pale-scarlet ; pod linear, 6-9-seeded. Ga. Fla. to Ark. 2 — 3f. 

3 I. tinctoria L. Erect ; lfts. 9—11 ; pod terete, torulous. curved. Waste pi. § E. Ind. 

4 I. Anil L. Erect ; lfts. 7—11 ; pod flattened, even, with thick edges. Waste. § W. Ind. 

43. KOBINIA, L. Locust. Calyx 5-cleft, the 2 upper segments more 
or less coherent. Vex. large. Alae obtuse. Sta. diadelphous (9 and 1). 
Style bearded inside. Legume compressed, elongated, many-seeded. ^ +> 
With stipular spines. Lvs. odd-pinnate Fls. showy, in axillary ra- 
cemes. Fragrant. Fig. 402. 

1 R. Pseudacacia L. Common Locust. Branches armed with spines ; lfts. ovate 

and oblong-ovate ; rac. pendulous, white, smooth, as well as the pods. Perm. S. and 
W. Introduced everywhere. 30 — 80f. Wood very durable. April, May. 

2 R. viscosa Vent. Clammy Locust. Spines very short ; branchlets, petioles, and 

pods glandular-viscid ; lfts. ovate ; rac. crowded, erect, roseate. Mts. S. 40f. Ap. Jn. t 

3 R. liispida L. Rose Acacia. Spines almost wanting, shrub mostly hispid ; rac. 

oose, mostly pendulous ; fls. large, rose-red. Mts. S. 3 — 8f. May, June, t 

44. OOLUTEA, L. Bladder Senna. Calyx 5-toothed. Vex. with 
2 callosities, expanded, larger than the obtuse carina. Stig. lateral, under 
the hooked summit of the style, which is longitudinally bearded on the 
back side. Legume inflated, scarious. +> Leaves odd-pinnate. 

O. akborescens L. Lfts. elliptical, refuse ; vex. shortly gibbous behind. Mt Vesuvine 
8— 12f. Leaflets about 9. Flowers large, yellow. June — Aug:. 



96 Order 43.— LEGUMINOS^E. 

45. WISTARIA, Nutt. Cal. bilabiate, upper lip emarginate, the lowci 

one 3 subequal teeth. Vex. with 2 callosities ascending the claw and 
separating above. Wings and keel falcate, the former adhering at top 
Legume torulous. Seeds many, reniform. "£> Leaves odd-pinnate. Ra 
cerae large, with large, colored bracts. Flowers lilac-purple. 

1 XV. frutescens DC. Pubescent when young, at length glabrous ; lfts. 9—13, ovati 

or elliptic-lanceolate, acute ; raceme densely GO-fiowered ; calyx teeth obtuse ; ovarj 
glabrous. Swamps, S. 15 — 30f. Woody. April, May. 

2 W. consequana Benth. Pu'bescent; lfts. 9—13, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acumi 

nate ; raceme loose, pendulous, If long ; calyx teeth acuminate. China. April. 

46. APIOS, L. Ground Nut. Calyx obscurely bilabiate, the uppei 

Mp of 2 very short, rounded teeth, the 2 lateral teeth nearly obsolete, the 

lower one acute and elongated. Keel falcate, pushing back the broad 

plicate vex. at top. ^> Glabrous. Root bearing edible tubers. Leave* 

pinnately 5-7-foliate. 

•V. tnberosa Ph. St. twining; lfts. ovate-lanceolate; rac. shorter than the lvs. Thick 
ets and shady woods. 2— 8f. Rac. 1—3' long. Fls. brownish-purple. Handsome. Jl.Aug 

47. VIGNA, Savi. (To Dominic Vigna, commentator on Theophras 
Uis.) Calyx of 4 lobes, the upper twice broader, the lower longer. Vex 
oroad, with 2 callosities near the base of the limb. Keel not twisted 
Stigma lateral. Legume terete. \> Leaves pinnately trifoliate. 

V. hirsuta Feay. Plant hirsute, the stem retrorsely so; cal. with 1 bractlet at base, 
eegm. all acute, the lower acuminate ; lfts. ovate-lanceolate, pointed. Marshes, S. Car. 
Fla. to La. 6— lOf. Flowers pale yellow, 6". Pod 2', 4-6-seeded. July— Sept. 

48. RHYNCHOSIA, DC. Calyx somewhat bilabiate, or 4-parted, witfi 

the upper segment 2-cleft. Vex. without callosities. Keel falcate. Style 

glabrous. Legume oblique, short, compressed, 1-2-seeded. Seeds carun- 

culate. U !? Leaves resinous-dotted beneath, pinnately 3-foliate, sometimes 

reduced to a single leaflet. Flowers yellow. 

§ Phaseoloidble. Twining. Raceme long, OO-flowered. Calyx teeth short No. 1 

§ Arct: »HfLLUM. Low, or twining. Flowers in fascicles or short racemes. 

Calyz teeth leafy, as long as the corolla Nos. 2, 3 4 

§ Orthodanum. Erect. Ped. 1-flowered, axillary. Calyx teeth subulate No 6 

1 R. minima DC. Scrambling ; lfts. thin, rhomboidal ; rac. with about 12 remote, re 

flexed fls. ; pod torulous, 6" long. Banks, S. Car. to Fla. and La. 3 — 5f, delicate. 

2 R. simplicifolia (Ell.) Low, erect, pubescent ; lvs. reduced to a single leaflet, or 

bicular or reniform. obtuse. Sandy woods, S. 1— 3'. Leaves iy. April, May. 

3 R. voliiMlis Wood. Twining, pubescent; lvs. 3-fol. ; lfts. oval or orbicular; rac. 

3-10-fiwd. ; calyx teeth ovate, cuspidate. Dry woods, S. 3 — 4f. Lfts. V. June, July. 

4 R. erecta Wood. Tall, velvety pubescent; lvs. 3-foliate; lfts. oval, acute; sepals 

scarcely ui^ted, lance-ovate to linear. Dry. Md. to Fla. 2 — 5f. June — Aug. 

5 R. galactoides Chapm. St. erect, rigid, branched; lfts. small, elliptic or oval, 

margins revolute ; ped. half as long as the flowers. Ala. Fla. 2 — 3f. 

49. FHASEOLUS, L. Kidney-bean. Cal. upper lip 2-toothed, lowei 
3-toothed. Keel with the stamens and style spiral v twisted. Leg, com 



Order 43.— LEGUMINOS^E. 97 

pressed and falcate, or cylindric, many-seeded. Seeds compressed, reni* 
form. Leaves pinnately trifoliate. Leaflets stipellate. Figs. 157, 203-4, 214 

§ Flowers arranged in racemes. Legume falcate. July — Sept No. 1 

6 Flowers few. capitate on long stalks. Legume straight, linear Nos. 3 — 4 

Exotic. — a Stems climbing Nos. 5, 6, T 

—a Stem erect, bushy No. 8 

1 P, pereiinis Walt. Wild Bean Tine. Twining, pubescent ; rac. paniculate, mostly 

in pairs, axillary; lfts. ovate, acuminate, 3-veined; leg. pendulous, falcate, broad- 
mucronate. Dry woods : common. 4— 7f. Pod 2'. 

2 P. diversifolius Pers. St. prostrate, scabrous ; lfts. angular, 2-3-lobed or entire ; 

ped. longer than leaf ; pod pubescent, broadly-linear, cylindric. (f) Sandy shores. 3 — 5f. 

3 P. helvolus L. St. slender ; lfts. between oblong-ovate and lance-ovate, not lobed ; 

ped. slender, several times longer than the leaves ; pod straight, cylindric, 8-10- 
seeded. n Sandy fields. 3— 5f. 

4 P. pauciflorus Benth. Stem slender, retrorsely hirsute; Lfts. linear-oblong; not 

lobed, as long as the petiole, hirsute ; pod hirsute, 5-8-seeded. Prairies, 111. (Mead) 
and W. 2— 4f. 

5 P. vulgaris. Lfts. ovate, acuminate ; rac. solitary ; pod pendulous, long-pointed , 

seed reniform, variously colored. ® E. Ind. Flowers white. 3 — 8f. 

6 P. lunatus. Lima B. Lfts. ovate-deltoid ; pod broad, flat, falcate, with large, flat, 

white seeds ; flowers whitish. ® E. Ind. 6 — 12f. 

7 P. multiflorus. Scarlet Pole B. Lfts. ovate, acute ; rac. as long as the lvs. ; fls. 

scarlet ; pod pendulous, seeds reniform. (T) S. Am. 6 — lOf. 
S P. nanus. Bush B. Lfts. broad-ovate, acute ; pod torulous ; flowers and seeds 
white. (T) India. If. There are many varieties. 

50. ERYTHRINA, L. Calyx truncate or lobed. Vex. long, lanceolate, 
with no callosities. Wings and keel much smaller. Stam. straight, nearly 
as long as the vexillum. Style glabrous. Legume torulous. ^> +> U Often 
prickly. Leaves pinnately trifoliate. Flowers racemed. 

1 E. hcrbacea L. Glabrous ; lfts. rhombic-hastate, with 3 rounded, shallow lobes , 

petioles with here and there a small hooked prickle ; rac. terminal ; flowers slender, 
deep scarlet, 2'. Rich soils, S. Rhizome thick. 3 — 4f. April. 

2 E. Ckista-galli. Shrub or tree ; lfts. ovate or elliptical, with hooked prickled be- 

neath ; banner recurved ; fls. scarlet, in large racemes. Planted South. 

51. AMFHICARfAjA, Ell. Pea-vine. Calyx with 4 or 5 nearly 
equal segments. Pet. oblong. Vex. with the sides appressed. Stag, capi- 
tate. Ovary on a sheathed stipe. Leg. flat, 2-4-seeded. (I) Slender, 
twining. Leaves pinnately trifoliate. The upper flowers complete, but 
usually barren, the lower apetalous and fruitful. 

1 A. monoica Nutt. St. retrorsely pubescent; lfts. ovate, thin; cauline racemes 

pendulous ; cal. segm. very short ; bracts minute. Woods. 4 — 8f. Very slender. 
Flowers pale purple. Upper pods 4-seeded, lower 1-seeded. July— Sept. 

2 A. Pitcheri T. & G. Stem rusty-villous ; lfts. rhomboid-ovate ; rac. erect, often 

branched ; bracts broad, conspicuous. N. Orleans and W. Seeds blackish. 

52. GALACTIA, L. Cal. bibracteolate, 4-cleft, the segments of nearly 
equal length, upper one broadest, entire. Pet. oblong. Vex. broadest and 
incumbent. Keel petals slightly cohering at top. Legume many-seeded 
£ £> Lw, Lvs. pinnately compound. Rac. axillary. Fls. purplish. Aug. Sept 

5 



98 Ordeb 43.— LEGUMINOS^. 

§ Leaves pinnate, 7-9-foliate. Sta prostrate, twining. Lvs. coriaceous No. 1 

§ Leaves pinnately 3-foliate. Sts. prostrate, twining. Pods 12— 18" long. .Nos. 2 — 4 
§ Leaves pinnately 3-foliate. Sts. erect or ascending. Petioles longer than lfts..Nos. 5,6 

1 G. Elliottii N. Lfts. elliptic-oblong, obtuse; ped. longer than the lvs., few-flwd. at 
the top; upper sep. (double) broad-ovate. 2[ Ga. Fla. 3— 7f. Rose-white. May, Jn. 

t CS-. glabella Mx. St. nearly glabrous ; lfts. elliptic-oblong, emarginate at each end, 
shining above, a little hairy beneath ; rac. pedunculate, about the length of the leaves ; 
flowers 6", pedicellate. % Arid soils, N. J. to Fla. 2— 4f. Rose-purple. 

3 O. mollis Mx. St. softly pubescent ; lfts. oval, obtuse, nearly smooth above, softly 

villous and whitish beneath ; rac. longer than the leaves, pedunculate, fasciculate ; Ab. 
4", on very short pedicels ; pod villous. ii Dry soils, Md. to Ga. 2 — 4f. 
|8. microph/flla, Lfts. small (4 — 6"), oval; fls. solitary, and nearly sessile in the 
upper axils ; pods 5 or 6-seeded. Ga. Fla. (Miss S. Keen.) 

4 tJ. pilosa N. St. pubescent or smoothish ; lfts. thin, oblong-ovate or oval, obtuse or 

retuse at both ends ; rac. very slender, twice or thrice longer than the leaves, with 
scattered, distant flowers, u Dry soils, S. 3— 7f. Leaflets 1— %'. Flowers 4". 

5 G. bracli^poda T. & G. Slender, branching ; lfts. oblong, odd one petiolulate ; 

rac. stalked, shorter than the leaves. % Sandy woods, W. Fla. 2 — 3f, ascending. 

G G. sessiliflora T. & G. St. simple, flexuous ; lfts. oblong-linear, odd one subset* 

sile ; rac. very phort, sessile. Sandy woods, S. 1— 2f. Lfts. 1'— 20". Pod erect. 

53. DOLICBOS, L. Calyx 4-lobed, the upper lobe 2-tootlied or entire. 
Vex. with 2 or 4 callosities at the base of the limb. The free stamen spur- 
red at base. Legume flattened with a few oval, flattened seeds. \? Leaves 
oinnately 3-foliate. 

I I>. multiflorous T. & Q. Lfts. ample, orbicular, acute, thin, pubescent ; racemes 

equalling the petioles, densely QO-flwd. at the top of the stout peduncle ; calyx upper 

lip entire ; pod 4-5-seeded. % Banks, Ga. to La. 
i D. Halei Wood. Lfts. ample, round-ovate, acuminate ; petioles 3 times longer than 

the few-(3-8)-1wd., stalked raceme ; pod broad, 2-3-seeded, the point incurved. % N. 

Orleans and W. (Dr. J. Hale.) Pod 2'. 

3 D. SESQurpri>lx,i8. Pods smooth, subterete, very long (If). W. Ind. t South. 

4 D. Cat-iaks. Pods linear, erect, twin at top of the long ped. E. Ind. t South. 

54. CLITORIA, L. Calyx bibracteolate, 5-toothed, segm. acuminate. 
Vex. large spreading, roundish, emarginate, not spurred. Keel smaller 
than the wings, acute, on long claws. Legume linear-oblong, torulous, 
several-seeded. \> Leaves pinnately 3-5-foliate. Flowers very large, soli- 
tary, or several together. 

C. Mariana L. Glabrous; lfts. 3, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, obtuse, lateral ones 
petiolaiate ; ped. short, 1-3-flwd. ; bracteoles ano bracts very short ; pod 3-4-seeded 
it T)ry soils, N. J. to Fla. 1— 3f. Flowers pale purple. July, Aug. 

55 OENTROSEMA, DC. Sep. lance-linear, slightly united, the lowei 

lonseRt and with 2 broad bractlets. Vex. very large, with a short spui 

en the back near the base. Keel and stamens much shorter, incurved 

Legume long, linear, margined and long-pointed. |? Leaves pinnately 3 

foliate. Flowers very large, purple. 

C» Vlrginlana Benth. St. very slender ; lfts. oblong-ovate to oblong-linear, firm, very 
veiny, the veins incurved ; ped. 1-4-flowered, bractlets larger (not longer) than the 
calyx ; pod veined along the margin, u Dpv soils, S. 2 — 5f. July, August. 



Order 43.- LEGUMINOS^. 99 



v 



56. KENNED YA, Vent. Two upper lobes of calyx half-united Ban 
tier broad, spreading, keel as long as the wings, incurved. Legume linear 
2 Australian twiners with brilliant flowers in clusters. Leaves 3-nate. 

1 K. Comptonlana. Smoothish ; lfts. 3, ovate, retuse, veiny ; peduncle bearing an 

erect raceme of many bright blue flowers, very ornamental in the conservatory. 12£ 

2Ki rtjbicunda. Hairy; lfts. ovate ; ped. 3-flwd., fls. dark-red orcrimson^ to scarlet. St. 

57. HARDENBERGIA, Benth. Two upper teeth of calyx: united. 
Banner broad, spreading, keel much shorter than wings. Legume linear. 
£ Australian. Flowers in racemes, very delicate. Leaflet mostly but 1. 
H. monophylla. Plant very smooth ; 1ft. lance-ovate ; rac. erect ; fls. blue-purple. lOf. 

58. ACACIA, Necker. Calyx valvate, 4- or 5-toothed. Pet. 4 or 5, 
small, distinct or nearly so. Sta. numerous, distinct. Legume not jointed, 
dry, 2-valved, oo-seeded. Beautiful trees or shrubs, native of warm cli- 
mates. Lvs. twice pinnate, or reduced to phyllodia (§ 321). Fls. yellow 
<)r yellowish, in spikes or heads, very numerous and showy. 

§ Leaves bipinnate. Flowers collected in heads or spikes Nos. 1 — 3 

§ Leaves abortive— reduced to flattened petioles (phyllodia) with their edges 

vertical. Flowers yellow,— a; in globular, solitary heads Nos. 4, 5 

—x in globular, racemed heads Nos. 6, 1 

— x in cylindrical spikes Nob. 8 — 11 

1 A. Famesiana L. Sponge Tree. Tree armed with straight stipular spines; lvs. 

with 4 — 8 pairs of pinnae, leaflets 15—20 pairs, oblong, crowded ; ped. 2 or 3 together. 
Naturalized along the Gulf, Fla. to N. Orleans. Pods 2—3' long. (Vachellia, C-B.) 

2 A. albicans. Shrub from Mexico, 5f, with stipular spines, silvery-pubescent ; leaves 

with 8 or 9 pairs of pinna?, leaflets 19—30 pairs, linear-oblong, glabrous ; flowers 
white, the heads in axillary racemes, 2 — 5 together. 

3 A. dealbata. Shrub thornless, 5f, from N. Holland, all velvety-pubescent; pinnm 

lo pairs, leaflets 30—35 pairs, linear, crowded ; heads in axillary racemes. 

4 A. JUNrPERiNA. Shrub from N. Holland, spinescent ; phyllodia linear-subulate, pun- 

gent; branches terete, hairy or downy ; heads solitary ; petals 5. 

5 A. armata. Shrub 5 — 8f, downy or hairy, with spinescent stipules ; phyllodia half- 

oblong-ovate, entire, 1-veined ; heads solitary ; pods velvety. N. Holland. 

6 A. vestita. Shrub 6f, clothed with a soft down; leaves (phyllodia) halved, elliptic- 

oblanceolate ; heads loosely racemed along the ped., one being terminal. N. Holland. 

7 A. criLTiiiFORMis. Shrub 5f, smooth and glaucous ; leaves curved, triangular-lanceo- 

late, coriaceous ; heads in racemes, panicled at the end of the branches. 

8 A. verticiliata. Shrub bushy, leafy, with the phyllodia and leaf-like stipules crowded 

and irregularly whorled ; spikes oblong, solitary, axillary. New Holland. 

9 A. longieolia. Shrub 5f, unarmed, with the phyllodia long, linear-lanceolate, &• 

veined at base, veiny above ; spikes axillary, in pairs ; flowers 4-parted. N. S. Wales, 

10 A. linearis. Shrub 5f, unarmed, with phyllodia very long (7') and narrowly lin 
ear, 1-veined ; spikes axillary, many, often branched ; calyx 4-parted. 

1 1 A floribtxnda. Shrub or small tree, 6 — lOf ; phyllodia linear-lanceolate, attenuate 
botn ways, 3-5- veined ; spikes simple, axillary, solitary ; calyx 4-toothed. N. Holland. 

59. POINCIANA, L. Sepals 5, united just at base. Petals broad, un- 

gniculate, spreading. Stam. 10, very long, decurved with the slender style 

Legume flat. 5 Tropical. Leaflets very many, no odd one. Fls. large. 

1 P. pulcherrima. Shrub prickly (used in the W. Ind. for hedge*, hence called Flower 
fence) ; leaflets oval-oblong ; fla. 2 / broad, orange, with crimson filaments 2' lonj?. 101. 



100 Order 43.— LEGUMINOSJ3. 

2 P. GiLLEfeU. From S. Am. Thornless ; lfts. very small ; fls. 2', ylw., the pet. subequai 

subsessile, glandular-ciliate at apex. [one spotted. From Madagascar. lOf 

3 P. regia, has crimson flowers 3' broad, the petals long-clawed, crenate-edged, uppei 

60. CALLISTACHYS, Vent. Calyx 2-lipped. Banner erect, keel and 
wings deflexed. Stam. 10, separate, as in Baptisia. Style incurved. Pod 
woody before ripening, many-seeded. £> From New Holland. Leaves 
3-foliate but sessile. Flowers yellow, in a terminal cluster. 

1 C. lanceolXta. Hairy, half-shrubby ; leaflets lanceolate, apparently wJwrled in 3's. 

2 C. ovata. Pubescent ; leaves ovate, acute ; spike short and broad, many-flowered. 

v 

61. SOPHORA, L. Keel obtuse, not shorter than the wings or round- 
ish banner. Pod stipitate, many-seeded, moniliform, indehiscent. Seeds 
globular. ^ J) Leaves odd-pinnate. Panicles terminal. 

1 S. tomentosa L. Shrub 4— 6f, hoary- tomentous ; lfts. about 15. oblong, thick ; fla 

in long racemes, yellow, handsome ; calyx obscurely 5-toothed ; pod 6'. Coast, Fla. 

2 S. Japonica. Tree 30— 40f, from Japan, hardy from Philadelphia south. Leaflet* 

about 13, smooth ; panicles large, erect, open, white, in July and August. 

62. CHOROZEMA ilicifolia. Shrub from N. Holland, 3f, bushy, 
with thick spinescent, holly-like, simple leaves, and a profusion of deep orange or scarlet 
racemes. Calyx 2-lipped. Keel shorter than the wings. Pod inflated, many-seeded. 

63. OROBUS, Tourn. Bitter Vetch. Calyx obtuse at base, deeper 
cleft on upper side. Cor. long, keel incurved, shorter than wings or banner. 
Sty. terete, downy above. U Lfts. 2 — 12, rachis ending in a short point. 

1 O. vernus. Lfts. 6, ovate, pointed; stip. J-sagit., entire ; fls. blue and purp. Apr. If. 

2 O. niger. Branched, 3f ; lfts. 12, ovate to oblong ; flowers dark purple. June — Aug. 

3 O. atropurpureus. Leaflets 6, linear ; flowers dark purple, in long 1-sided racemes. 

64. LENS esculenta*. Lentil. Herb cultivated for food at the East 
since the times of Esau, seldom seen here. Stem weak, If. Leaves of many pairs of ob- 
long leaflets, ending in a branched tendril. Raceme of 2 or 3 pale flowers succeeded by a 
short broad pod. Seed exactly lens-shaped, giving the name. (I) 

65. CYTISUS, L. Cal. 2-lipped, with 5 teeth, keel obtuse, straightLsh. 

Style incurved or at length involute. Seeds with a scale at the hilum 

(strophiolate). }j Leaves of 3 leaflets, the upper becoming simple. 

C. scoPABius. Scotch Broom. Shrub with smooth angular, virgate branches ; lfts. oblong , 
pedicels solitary, axillary ; flowers yellow, showy ; pods hairy at edge. Europe. 

66. TRIGONELLA Fcenum-Gr^ecum. Fenugreek. Herb from Eu- 
rope, in gardens. Cult, for its strong-scented herbage. 2f. Lfts. 3, cuneate at base. Fls. 
axillary, sessile, small, white. Pods linear, long, slightly falcate at point, 2 or 3 together. 

67. OLIANTHUS, Soland. Cal. bell-form, 5-cleft. Banner lance-ovate, 
acuminate, refiexed, keel boat-shaped, decurved, as long as the banner, 
longer than the narrow wings. Pod oblong, inflated. £> From New 
Zealand. Leaves odd pinnate. Flowers large and splendid. 

1 C. puniceus. Shrub smoothish, 4f; leaflets about 17, oblong, retuse, alternate, 
flowers 3' wide, crimson-red, in dense hanging racemes of superb appearance. 

i, C. Dampierii. Shrub hairy, 4f; leaflets about 17, oval, acute; flowers very Jarteo 
scarlet, with a black prominence at the base of the banner. Flowers freely. 



Obdek 44— KOSACEiE. 101 

Order XLIV. ROSACEA. Roseworts. 
Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate, stipulate leaves and regular flow- 
ers. Sepals 5, rarely fewer, united, often re-enforced by as many bractlete. 
Petals 5, rarely 0, distinct, inserted on the disk which lines the calyx tube. 
Stamens oo, rarely few, distinct, inserted with the petals (perigynous) 
Ovaries 1, 2, 5, or oo, distinct, or often coherent with each other, or im- 
mersed in the tube of the calyx. Fruit a drupe, or achenia, or a dry or 
juicy etserio (g 158), or pome. Seeds 1 or few in each carpel, anatropous, 
exalbuminous. Embryo straight. Figs. 5, 35, 38, 117, 139, 158, 183-5, 188, 
197, 244, 251, 285, 297, 300-1, 307, 358, 365-6, 400, 428. 

A Ovary superior, and the fruit not enclosed in the tube of the calyx... (a) 
A Ovary inferior, and the fruit enclosed in the calyx tube...(m) 

a Carpel 1, forming a drape in fruit. Calyx deciduous. Trees or shrubs. . .(6) 

a Carpels 2 — OO . Calyx persistent, bractless. Shrubs or herbs. . .(c) 

a Carpels 4 — 00 . Calyx persistent, with 5 bractlets added. Herbs mostly. . .(/) 

l> Tribe I. CHRYSOBALANEiE.— Style lateral. Ovules 2, ascending Chrysobalaitos. 1 

6 Tribe II. AM YGD ALE M.— Style terminal. Ovules 2, pendulous Prtjnus. 2 

t Tribe III. SPIR^EE^E.— Carpels 2—8, several-seeded follicles in fruit... (d) 

d Petals obovate, equal, imbricate in the bud Spir^a. 3 

d Petals lance-linear, convolute in the bud Gillenia. 4 

e Tribe IV. RUBEiE. — Carpels 2 — oo, 1-seeded drupes or achenia.... (e) 

e Shrubs unarmed. Carpels 5 — 8. Petals 5 (or OO ), yellow Kerria. 6 

e Shrubs unarmed. Carpels 2 — L Petals 0. Calyx leafy Neviusia. 6 

e Shrubs prickly. Carpels OO , drupaceous and juicy Rubus. 7 

« Herbs not prickly. Carpels 5 — 10 (2 — 6 in No. 12), dry Dalibarda. 8 

/ Tribe V. FRAGARIDE^E.— Carpels 4— OO, 1-seeded achenia in fruit... (q) 

g Style persistent on the dry achenia. — h Petals 8 or 9 Dryas. 9 

— h Petals 5 Geum. 10 

g Style deciduous.— A; Torus pulpy, globular, red Fragaria. 11 

— h Torus spongy or dry. — I Bractlets minute or Waldsteinia. 12 

— I Bractlets 5 Potentilla. 13 

m Tribe VI. SANGUISORBE^E.— Carpels 1—3, acheniate. Petals or 5. . . (n) 

n Stamens 1 — 4. Style lateral. Flowers apetalous, scattered Alchemilla. 14 

nStamensi — OO. Style terminal. Flowers apetalous, spicate Poterium. 15 

n Stamens 10—15. Styles 2. Petals 5, yellow Agrimonia. 16 

m Tribe VII. ROSEJ3.— Carpels OO , 1-seeded, free in the calyx tube Rosa. 17 

m Tribe VIII. POMEiE.— Carpels 2—5, consolidated with the calyx tube. . .(o) 

o Petals oblong-spatulate. Carpels half-2-celled Amelanchier. 18 

o Petals roundish.— p Carpels 1-seeded Crat^igtjs. 19 

— p Carpels 2-seeded Pyrus. 20 

—p Carpels OO -seeded Cydonia. 21 

1. CHRYSOB AL ANUS, L. Cocoa Plum. Calyx 5-cleft. Pet. 5. Sta. 

about 20, in a single series. Ov. solitary, sessile, the style arising from the 

base. Ovules 2, collateral. Drupe 1-seeded, with thin pulp. £> "With 

en tire, veiny leaves, minute stipules, and terminal panicles. 

C oMongifolius Mx. Lvs. oblong, varying to oblanceolate, subsessile, pedicels and 
calyx tomentous-hoary ; filaments and ovary glabrous ; drupe as large as a plum. 
Pine-barrens, Ga. Ala. Fla. 8— 12f. Leaves shining. Flowers small, white. 

2, PRUNUS, Tourn. Plum, &c. Calyx 5-cleft, the tube bell-shapea 
or cup-shaped, deciduous. Pet. 5, spreading. Sta. 15 — 30. Ov. solitary, 
with 2 pendulous ovules. Drape fleshy, with a bony nucleus. ^> +> Frail 
mostly edible. Fls. white or purplish. Figs. 51, 119-21, 124-5, 158, 285, 297 



102 • Order 44.— ROSACEA. 

§ Prunus. Drupe smooth, more or less glaucous with a bloom. Stone smooth, more 
or less flattened. Leaves mostly convolute (rolled) in vernation. Plums. . .(a) 

a Umbels 2-5-fluwered. Leaves conspicuously acuminate No. 1 

a Umbels 2-5-flowered. Leaves acute or obtuse Nos. 2, 3, 4 

a Umbels 1-2-flowered. Leaves acute, obovate, or oval Nos. 5, 6 

§ Cerasus. Drupe smooth, without bloom. Stone smooth, globular. 
Leaves conduplicate (folded §254) in vernation. Cherries. . .(b) 

b Flowers in lateral leafless umbels. Drupes small. Native Nos. 7, 8 

b Flowers in lateral leafless umbels. Drupes large. Exotic Nos. 9, 10 

b Flowers in racemes— c terminating the leafy branches Nos. 11, 12 

— c in the axils of the evergreen leaves No. 13 

§ Armeniaca. Drupe soft-velvety. Stone smooth, compressed. Lvs. 

convolute in bud, expanding after the flowers. Apricots Nos. 14, 15 

§ Amtgdalus. Drupe tomentous or smooth. Stone rugous-furrowed, 
compressed. Leaves conduplicate in vernation. . .(d) 

d Fruit with a soft juicy pulp. Small trees. Peach, &c No. 16 

d Fruit with a hard dry pulp. Trees or low shrubs. Almond. . .Nos, 17, 18, 19 

1 P. Americana Marsh. Red Plum. Yellow Plum. Somewhat thorny ; lvs. oblong 

oval and obovate, abruptly and strongly acuminate, doubly serrate ; drupes roundish 
oval, reddish orange, with a tough skin. Low woods. 10 — 15f. May. t ■ 

2 P. maritima Wang. Beach Plum. Lvs. oval or obovate, slightly acuminate, 

sharply serrate ; petioles with 2 glands; umbels few-flowered; ped. short, pubescent; 
fruit nearly round. Sea beach, Me. to Va. 3 — 4f. Fruit size of a grape. May. 

3 P. umbellata Ell. Lvs. lanceolate or lance-oval, acute or barely acuminate, ob- 

scurely serrulate ; petioles glandless ; umbels 3-5-flowered, precocious ; fruit oval. 
small, glaucous, red. Dry soils. South. 10 — 15f. Fruit pleasant. May. 

4 P. Cliicasa Mx. Chickasaw Plum. Branches spinous; lvs. oblong-lanceolate or 

oblanceolat^, glandular serrulate, not at all acuminate ; pedicels short, smooth ; drupe 
globous. Thickets, South. 6— 12f. Fruit red or yellowish. April. 

5 P. spinosa L. |8. insititia. Bullace Plum. Branches thorny ; lvs. pubescent 

beneath ; obovate-elliptical, varying to ovate, sharply and doubly dentate ; umbels 
1-2-flowered ; fruit globular, black, glaucous. Roadsides. 15— 20f. § 

6 P. domestica L. Common Garden Plum. Damson Plum. Branches unarmed ; lvs. 

oval or ovate-lanceolate, acute; pedicels nearly solitary ; drupe globous, oval, ovoid, 
and obovoid. Long cultivated. 15f. Italy. 

7 P. pumila L. Sand Cherry. Lvs. oblanceolate or obovate, acute, subserrate, 

smooth, paler beneath ; umbels few-flowered, sessile ; drupe ovoid. Shrub trailing in 
sandy soils. 1 — 2f. Fruit small, dark red, pleasant. May. 

8 P. Pennsylvanica L. Wild Red Cherry. Lvs. oblong-ovate, acuminate, finely 

serrate, thin, smooth ; umbels corymbous, with elongated pedicels ; drupe small, 
ovoid-subglobous. Woods, N. 25f. Bark red-brown. May. 

9 P. Avium L. Ox-heart. English Cherry. Branches erect or ascending; lvs. oblong- 

obovate, acuminate, hairy beneath ; umbels sessile, with rather long pedicels ; drupe 
ovoid-globous, subcordate at base. Gardens, parks. 30 — 50f. t 

10 P. Cerasus L. Sour Cherry. Large Red. Aforello, &c. Branches spreading; lvs. 
ovate-lanceolate, acute at apex, narrowed at base, nearly smooth ; fls. with short pedi- 
cels ; drupes globous. Tree 15— 20f. t 

IIP. serotina Ehr. Black or Wild Cherry. Lvs. firm, oval-oblong or elliptic, acu- 
minate, smooth, shining above, unequally glandular-serrate ; petioles with 2 — 4 glands ; 
raceme long ; drupes black. Woods. 50 — 80f. Bark black. May. 

12 P. Virginiana L. Choke Cherry. Lvs. smooth, oval or obovate, short-pointed, 
thin, not shining, with sharp, subulate serratures, veins bearded at base; petioles 
with 2 glands ; raceme short. Thickets. 5— 20f. Fruit blackish, astringent. May. 

13 P. Caroliniana Ait. Cherry Laurel. Lvs. oblong-oblanceolate, acuminate, on 
short petioles, entire, coriaceous ; fls. small, in numerous, dense racemes shorter than 
the leaves : drupes persistent, poisonous. Banks, S. 80 — 50f. April, t 



Order 44.— ROSACEA. 103 

14 P. Armeniaca Willd. Apricot. Lvs. broadly ovate, acuminate, subcordate at base, 
denticulate ; stip. palmate ; fls. sessile, subsolitary ; drupe large, subglobous. From 
Armenia. 10— 15f. Fruit purple-yellow, 1—2'. 

1 5 P. dasycarpa Ehrh. Slack Apricot. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, doubly serrate ; peti- 
oles with 1 or 2 glands ; fls. pedicellate ; drupe subglobous. From Siberia. 10 — 15f 
Fruit dark purple, in July. Flowers white, April. 

1 6 P. vulgaris Mill. Peach. Lvs. lanceolate, serrate, with all the serratures acute ; 
fls. solitary, subsessile, preceding the leaves ; drupe tomentous. Persia. 8— 15f. Fls. 
rose-color, with the odor of prussic acid. Fruit yellow-purple. 

(3. IuEvis. Nectarine. Drupes glabrous, yellow, purple, red, large. 

1 7 P. communis. Almond. Lvs. lanceolate, serrate, with the lower serratures glandu- 
lar ; flowers sessile in pairs. Barbary. 15f. Varies with flowers double. 

1 8 P. nana. Dwarf single-flowering Almond. Lvs. ovate, attenuate at base, simply 
and finely serrate ; flowers subsessile. Russia. 3f. May. June. 

19 P. lanceolata. Dwarf double-flowering Almond. Lvs. lanceolate, doubly serrate ; 
fls. pedicellate, covering the stems. China. 2— 3f. Roseate. (Amygd. pumila, Ait.,) 

3. SFIRiEA, L. Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Pet. 5, roundish. Stam. 
10 — 50, exserted. Carp, distinct, 3 — 12, follicular, 1-celled, 1-2-valved, 
l-10-seeded. Styles terminal. +> U Branches and leaves alternate. Flow- 
ers white or rose-colored. Fig. 244. 

§ Shrubs, with stipulate, simple, lobed leaves. Carpels inflated No. 1 

§ Shrubs, with stipulate, pinnate leaves. Carpels 5, united. Exotic .No 2 

§ Shrubs, without stipules. Leaves simple. Ovaries distinct., .(a) 

a Flowers in umbels or corymbs, —b Corymb compound, terminal. Mts No. 3 

—b Clusters many. Gardens. Exotic. .Nos. 4 — 7 

a Flowers in a terminal panicle, — c roseate-purple Nos. 8, 9 

— c white, rarely blush-colored Nos. 10 — 12 

§ Herbs, without stipules. Leaves tripinnate. Ovaries 5, drooping No. 13 

§ Herbb, stipulate. Leaves pinnately divided. — d Flowers rose-purple No. 14 

— d Flowers white Nos. 15 — 17 

1 S. opulifolla L. Mnebark. Lvs. roundish, 3-lobed, doubly serrate ; fls white, in 
pedunculate corymbs ; carp. 3—5. By streams. Rare. 4f. June. 

5S S. sorbipolia. Lvs. odd-pinnate ; lfts. lanceolate, acuminate, doubly serrate, termi- 
nal one lobed ; fls. white, in terminal panicles. Siberia. 6f. May. 

3 S. corymbosa Raf. Lvs. ovate, cut-serrate above, whitish beneath ; fls. innumor 

able, white or roseate, in a dense, level-topped corymb ; styles and carpels generally 3. 
Penn. Ky. and S. 1— 2f. May, June. 

4 S. HTPERiciFOLiA. St. Peter's Wreath. Lvs. obovate-oblong, subentire ; fls. in many 

lateral clusters, on short branches, white, mostly double. Europe. 3f. May. 

5 S. prtjnifolia. Branches virgate ; lvs. ovate, petiolate, serrate, 5-veined, silky oe- 

neatn ; fls. in 3 1 s— 5's (very double), white. Japan. Beautiful. 

6 S. ttosKVTCsiANA. Lvs. lanceolate, serrate, 3-lobed or pinnatifid, glaucous beneath ; rao, 

capitate, pedunculate, often forming long wreaths. June. 

7 S. triloeata. Lvs. roundish, lobed, crenate, veiny: fls. corymbed. Alps. 

8 S. tomentosa L. Hardhack. Rusty tomentous ; lvs. lance-ovate, smoothish above 

serrate ; rac. short, dense, aggregated into a dense thyrse-like, terminal panicle ; carp 
5. Pastures, thickets. Common. 2 — 3f. July, Aug. t 

9 S. DotroLAsn. Much like No. 8, but larger, smoother, and with redder fls. Oregon. 

10 S. salicifolia L. Nearly smooth ; lvs. lanceolate to oblanceolate, serrate; rac 
panicled, dense or lax, white, often with a blush ; carp. 5. Meadows, thickets. Com 
mon. Stem purplish. 3 — 4f. Stam. conspicuous as in other species. July, t 

IIS. arlefolia. Lvs. elliptic-oblong, crenately lobed and toothed ; fls. innumerable 
in large, terminal paniolcs, white. Oreg. 6— 12f. Stems virgate. J»ne, J ily. 



104 Order 44.— ROSACEA. 

12 S. laevigata. Lvs. obovate-oblong, very smooth and entire, sessile. Siberia. 

13 S. Ar uncus L. Goafs Beard. Lvs. tripinnate ; lfts. oblong-lanceolate, acumi- 
nate, straight-veined, doubly serrate, odd ones lance-ovate ; pan. large, of numerous 
slender racemes ; carpels 3—5, glabrous, V. Mts. N. Y. to Ga. 3— 5f. July. 

14 S. lobata L. Queen-of -the- Prairie. Lvs. pinnatifid, the term, lobe largest, ped- 
ately 7-9-parted, lobes all doubly serrate ; stip. reniform ; panicle large, roseate, ex- 
ceedingly delicate; carpels 6— 8. Low prairies, W. & S. 4— 8f. June, July. + 

15 S. Ulmakia. Double Meadow-sweet. Lvs. interruptedly pinnate, white-downy be- 
neath ; lfts. lance-ovate, the terminal one large, palmately 3-5-lobed. Eur. July. 

1 6 S. FrLiPENDULA. Pride-of-the-Meadow. Lfts. 9—21, pinnatifid- serrate, minute onea 
between ; stip. clasping, large ; corymbs lax ; sep. reflexed. Europe. Root tuberous. 

1 7 S. Japonica. Lvs. biternate ; lfts. oblong, acuminate, cordate, their stalks bearded 
at base ; panicle terminal ; flowers with 10 stamens and 2 styles, pure white. 3 — if 

4. GiLLENIA, Moench. Indian Physic. Calyx tubular-campanu- 
late, contracted at the orifice, 5-cleft. Pet. 5, linear-lanceolate, long. Sta. 
10 — 15, very short. Carpels 5, connate at base. Styles terminal. Follicles 
2-valved, 2-4-seeded. u With trifoliate, doubly-serrate leaves. 

1 G. trifollata Moench. Lfts. ovate-oblong, acuminate ; stip. linear-setaceous, entire ; 

fls. on long pedicels, in pedunculate, corymbous panicles. In woods, W. N. Y. to Ga. 
2— 3f. Flowers axillary and terminal, rose-white, 1^ broad. June, July. 

2 G. stipulacca Nutt. Bowman's Root. Lvs. lanceolate, deeply incised; radical 

leaves pinnatifid ; stipules leafy, ovate, doubly incised, clasping ; flowers large, in 
loose panicles. W. N. Y. to Ala. Flowers rose-color. June. 

5. KERRIA, DC. Calyx of 5, acuminate, nearly distinct sepals. Cor. 
of 5 petals. Ov. 5 — 8, smooth, globous, ovules solitary. Sty. filiform. 
Ach. globous. +> Stems virgate. Lvs. simple, ovate, acuminate, doubly 
serrate, with stipules. Flowers terminal on the branches, solitary or few 
together, orange yellow. 

K.. Jap6nica. Japan Globe-Jlower.— Gardens. 5 — 8f. FIowcts double. 

6. NEVIUSIA, Gray. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes leafy, cut-serrate, 
persistent. Cor. 0. Sta. oo, filiform. Ov. 2 — 4, 1-ovuled. Ach. drupa- 
ceous. 5 Lvs. simple, ovate, petiolate. Stipules subulate, free. Flowers 
terminal, numerous, showy. 

N. Alabamensis Gr.— Tuscaloosa, Ala. (Rev. R. D. Nevius.) 2— 3f. 

7. RUBUS, L. Bramble. Calyx spreading, 5-parted. Pet. 5, decidu- 
ous. Stam. oo, inserted into the border of the disk. Ovaries many, with 
2 ovules, one of them abortive. Achenia pulpy, drupaceous. +> [^ With 
(2) stems, armed with prickles. Inflorescence imperfectly centrifugal. 
Fruit esculent, July — Sept. Flowers in May, June. Fig. 185. 

$ Fruit inseparable from the juicy, deciduous receptacle. Blackberries, .(a) 

a Stems (mostly) erect, stout, armed with stout, recurved prickles Nos. 1, 2 

a Stems procumbent, trailing, mostly with slender, minute prickles Nos. 3—5 

§| Fruit separating from the dry, persistent receptacle. Raspberries. . .(b) 

b Leaves simple, lobed. Not prickly Nos. 6—8 

b Leaves compound.— Stems not prickly, herbaceous No. 9 

—Stems prickly, shrubby.— Corollas single Nos. 10 — 12 

—Corollas double No. 13 

1 It. ■vlllosus Ait. High Blackberry. Pubescent, viscid, and prickly; st. recurved 



Order 44.— ROSACEA. 105 

M top, angular ; lfts. 3—5, ovate, acuminate, serrate ; petioles prickly ; calyx acumi 
ante; raceme leafless, QO-flowered ; fruit ovoid, small-grained, sweet. Th ckets. S-tif 
Fruit black, in August. 
0. frond'osus, Lawton B. Smoothish ; rac. leafy at base, short-; fr. subglobons, 

laige-grained, very acid. Fields and gardens. 
y. humifusus. Trailing ; leaves smaller ; peduncles few-flowered. 
2 R. cuneifolius Pb. Sand B. Pubescent; lvs. 3-foliate ; lfts. wedge-obovate. en- 
tire at base, dentate above ; racemes few-flowered, loose. Sandy woods, L. I. to F)a 
2-3f. Pet. white, thrice longer than calyx. May, June. 

I 11. hispidns L. Hispid with retrorse bristles; lvs. 3-foliate, smooth, green botr 

sides ; lfts. obovate, thickish, persistent ; fls. and fr. small, corymbed, on fllifom 
pedicels. Damp woods. 3— 7f long. Fruit sour. May, June. 
p. setbsits. Lvs. oblanceolate ; fruit red. (E„ setosus Bw.) 
'I R. Canadensis L. Northern Dewberry. Sli £htly prickly ; lvs. 3 (rarely 5)-foliate ; 
lfts. elliptic or rhomb-oval, acuminate, tbin ; ped. long, hardly in clusters ; fruit largo, 
black, very sweet in August. Stony fields, North. 

5 R. trivialis Mx. Southern Dewberry. Prickly and bristly; lvs. 3-5-foliate, tbick. 

ovate-oblong or oval ; ped. 1-3-flowered ; sep. obtuse, reflexed. South. 

6 R. odoratus L. Mulberry. St. erect or reclining, unarmed, glandular-pilous ; lvs. 

palmately 3-5-lobed, middle lobe longest, unequally serrate ; fls. large, in terminal 
corymbs ; pet. orbicular, purple. Woods : common. 3— 5f. Fr. red, sweet, in Aug. 

7 R. Nutkanus Mocino. Somewhat pilous ; lvs. broad, 5-lobed, lobes nearly equal, 

coarsely serrate ; ped. few-flowered ; sep. long-acuminate, shorter than the very large, 
round-oval, white petals. Mich., Wis. to Oreg. 5— 7f. 

8 R. Chamaemoms L. Cloudberry. Herbaceous, dioecious ; st. decumbent at base, 

erect, unarmed, 1-flwd. ; lvs. mostly but 2, cordate reniform, rugous, with 5-ronnded 
lobes, serrate ; sep. obtuse ; pet. obovate, white. White Mts. If. June. 

9 R. triflorus Rich. Branches herbaceous, green ; lvs. 3- or 5-foliate ; lfts. nearly 

smooth, thin, rhombic-ovate, acute, odd one petiolulate ; stip. ovate, entire ; pet. erect, 
oblong-obovate. Hilly woods, N. Fruit few-grained, dark red. 

1 R. strigosus Mx. Wild Red Raspberry. St. strongly hispid ; lvs. pinnately 3- or 
5-foliate ; lfts. oblong-ovate or oval, obtuse at base, canescent-tomentous beneath, odd 
one stalked ; cor. cup-shaped, wbite. Old fields, N. Common. Fruit red. 

II R. occidentalis L. Black Raspberry. Thimble-berry. St. glaucous with bloom, 
long, recurved, prickly ; lvs. pinnately 3-foliate ; lfts. ovate, acuminate, hoary-tomen- 
tous beneath, lateral ones sessile ; pet. shorter than sep. ; fr. blk. Rky. fields and gard. 

a 2 R. rrxxtrs. Garden R. Hispid or prickly; lvs. pinnately 3-5-foliate ; lfts. rhomb- 
ovate, acuminate, hoary- foment ous beneath ; sep. hoary-tomentous, pointed, longer 
than the white petals ; fruit red, white, or yellow. § ? % 

1 3 R. ros^folius. Bridal Rose. Prickles straight ; lvs. pinnately 3-7-foJiate ; lfts. 
lance-ovate, doubly serrate, velvety ; flowers large, white. Mauritius. 

8. DALIBARDA, L. False Violet. Calyx inferior, deeply 5-6- 

parted, spreading, 3 of the segm. larger Pet. 5. Sta. oo. Sty. 5 — 8, long, 

deciduous. Ach. nearly dry. Lo Lvs. undivided. Scaoes 1-2-flowered. 

D. rcpens L. Low, pubescent, bearing creeping shoots ; lvs. simple, roundish-cordato, 
crenate ; stipule linear-setaceous ; calyx spreading in flower, erect in fruit. ii Damp 
woods, lean, to Can. 2— 12 / . Scapes with 1 small white flower. June. 

9. DRYAS integrifolia, Vahl.— On the White Hills of N. H. Prof. 
Peck (Pursh). On Pike's Peak, Colorado. (A. H. Thompson.} 

10. GEUM, L. Avens. Calyx 5-cleft, with 5 alternate segments oi 
bractlets smaller and exterior. Pet. 5. Sta. oo. Ach. oo, aggregated 



106 Order 44— ROSACEA. 

on a dry receptacle, and caudate with the persistent, mostly jointed, genic- 
ulate and bearded style. 2f Leaves pinnately divided. 

§ Sieversia- Style straight, jointless, all of it persistent. Flowers large. . .Nog. 1, 9 
§ Geum proper. Style bent and jointed in the middle, upper part deciduous ... (a) 

a Head of fruits raised on a stipe. Flowers yellow or purple Nos. 8, 4 

a Head of fruits sessile (no stipe).— b Flowers yellow Nos. 5, 6 

—b Flowers white Nos. 7, 8 

1 G. triflorum Ph. Villous, erect, about 3-flowered ; lvs. mostly radical, interrupt 

edly pinnate, of numerous cuneate, incisely dentate, subequal lfts. ; bractlets linear, 

longer than the sepals: styles plumous, very long in fruit (2—30. N-W. States, rare 

in the North. 8—12'. Flowers purplish- white. May, June. 
2. G. rad.ia.tum Mx. Hirsute or smoothish ; stem erect, nearly leafless ; root lvs. 

lyrate, the terminal leaflet large, reniform, lobed and toothed, lateral ones minute ; 

bractlets minute ; pet. obcordate, yellow, large ; styles hairy afc base. White Mts. 

N. H., Roan Mt. N. Car. 9—15'. (G. Peckii Ph.) 
3 G. vernum T. & G. Smoothish ; lvs. pinnately divided, incisely lobed and toothed, 

the lowest often simple ; fls. small, yellow ; sep. reflexed ; torus conspicuously stipi- 

tate. W. and S-W. 12—20'. Stipules large. April— June. 
•A G. rivale L. Pubescent ; st. subsimple ; radical lvs. lyrate ; stip. ovate, acute ; fls. 

nodding, purple; pet. as long as the erect cal. segments, purplish-yellow ; upper joint 

of the persistent style plumous. Wet meadows, N. and M. 1— 2f. June. 

5 G. strictum Ait. Hirsute: lvs. interruptedly pinnate ; lfts. ovate, lobed and toothed; 

pet. roundish, longer than the reflexed sepals ; torus densely pubescent. Fields, N. 
States and Can. 2— 3f. Terminal leaflet largest. July ,. August. 

6 G. macropliyllum Willd. Hispid; lvs. interruptedly lyratc-pinnate, the termi- 

nal lft. much the largest, roundish cordate, 3—5', all unequally dentate; petals longer 
than the calyx; recept. nearly smooth. White Mts. and Can. 1— 2f. June, July. 

7 G. album Gmel. Smoothish or pubescent ; root lvs. ternate or often simple, upper 

lvs. simple ; lfts. ovate, lobed and dentate; pet. as long as calyx ; torus white-bristly. 
Thickets. Common. 2— 3f. July. (G. Virginian urn T. & G. &c.) (See Addenda.) 

8 G. Virginianum L. Hirsute ; lvs. pinnate below, then ternate, the upper simple; 

lfts. incisely lobed, wedge-lanceolate, very acute, cut-toothed ; pet. shorter than calyx ■ 
torus nearly naked. Wet thickets. 2— 3f. Stout. July. 

11. FRAGARIA, L. Strawberry. Cal. concave, deeply 5-cleft, with 
an equal number of alternate, exterior segments or bractlets. Pet. 5, 
obcordate. Sta. go. Sty. oc, lateral. Ach. smooth, affixed to a large, 
pulpy, deciduous receptacle. U [^ Stems stoloniferous. Leaves trifoliate. 
Fruit red. Flowers white, in Spring. Figs. 5, 117, 184, 251, 428. 

§ Bractlets entire ; petals white. Stemless, stoloniferous Nos. 1, 9 

§ Duchesnia. Bractlets 3-lobed ; petals yellow. Stems trailing No. 3 

F. Virginiana Ehrh. Pubescent; lvs. thick; cal. of the fruit er eel -spreading; 
acu. imbedded in pits in the globous receptacle ; ped. commonly shorter than the lva 
Fiells and gardens. 6 — 12'. Some of its varieties are polygamo-dioecious. 
|8. Illinoensis. Larger, very villous in the stems. Prairies. Westward. 

2 F". vesea L. Alpine, Wood, or English Straivberry. Villous-pubescent; cal. cf 

the fruit spreading or reflexed ; ach. superficial on the conical or hemispherical recep- 
tacle, which is without pits ; lvs. thin. Fields and woods. 
/3. pallida. Fruit white. A var. well established in Wayne Co. N.Y. (Hankenson.) 
S F. Indica Ait. Pubescent, rooting at the joints ; lfts. ovate, obtuse, incisely cre- 
nate-serrate ; stip. lanceolate, free ; pedicels axillary, solitary 1-flowered ; bractlets 
leafy in frnit. V Damp places, Penn. and S. § India. 



Order 44.— ROSACEA. JL07 

12. WALDSTEINIA, Willd. Dry Strawberry. Cal. 5-cleft, with 
5 alternate, sometimes minute and deciduous bractlets. Pet. 5 or more, 
sessile, deciduous. Sta. oo. Sty. 2 — 6. Ach. few, dry, on a dry receptacle, 
if Acaulescent, with lobed or divided leaves, and yellow flowers. 

1 W. fragarioides Traut. Lvs. trifoliate ; lfts. broad-cuneiform, mcisely dentate 

crenate, ciliate ; scapes bracteate, many-fiowered. Hilly woods. 8 / . June. 

2 "W. lobata T. & G. Lvs. simple, roundish, cordate, 3-5-lobed, incisely crenate ; 

scapes filiform, bracted, 3-7-flowered. Hills, South. 6'. May, June. 

13. FOTENTILLA, L. Cinquefoil. Calyx concave, deeply 5-cleft, 
with 5 bractlets added. Pet. 5, roundish. Sta. oo, slender. Ovaiies col- 
lected into a head on a small, dry, hairy torus. Sty. terminal and lateral, 
deciduous. Achenia Co. (T) U 5 Leaves compound. Flowers solitary 
or cymous, mostly yellow. Figs. 365-6. 

§ Sibbaldia. Stamens 5. Achenia 5 — 10, styles lateral. Low herbs. Mts No. 1 

§ Comarum. Sta. GO. Flowers brown-purple. Torus in fruit ovoid, spongy No. 2 

§ Potentilla joroper. Sta. OO. Flowers yellow to white. Torus not enlarged.. (a) 

a Leaves palmately 3-foliate Nos. 3, 4, 5 

a Leaves palmately 5-foliatc. Flowers yellow Nos. 6, 1 

a Leaves pinnate. — b Shrub3, with the flowers axillary above No. H 

— b Herbs, with the flowers axillary, solitary Nos. 9, 10 

— b Herbs, with the flowers in terminal cymes Nos. 11, 12 

Exotic species, with fls. roseate and purple.. Nos. 13, 14 
a P. proc iiniheiis Clairv. Lfts. 3, obovate, 3-toothed at apex, hairy beneath ; fls 
corymbed. White Mts. ? (Pursh), and N. (Sibbaldia L.) 

2 P. palustris Scop. Lvs. pinnate; lfts. 3 — 7, lance-oblong, obtuse, sharply serrate, 

hoary beneath; sep. much longer than the purple petals; torus persistent, large, 
tasteless. 2f Swamps, N. 1— 2f. June. (Comarum L.) 

3 P. Norvegica L. Hirsute; st. erect, dichotomous above; lfts. 3, elliptical or obo- 

vate, dentate-serrate, petiolulate ; cymes leafy ; cal. exceeding the emarginate pale 
yellow petals ; sty. terminal, (g) Old fields, thickets, Can. to Car. 1 — 4f. July — Sept 

4 P. tridentata Ait. Smooth; st. ascending, woody and creeping at base ; lfts. 3. 

obovate-cuneate, evergreen, entire, with 3 large teeth at the apex; cymes nearly 
naked ; petals white, obovate. u High Mts. N. Eng. 6—12'. June. 

5 P. minima Haller? St. pubescent, ascending, mostly 1-flowered; lfts. 3, obovate, 

obtuse, incisely serrate with 5 — 9 teeth above ; petals yellow, longer than the sepals. 
"U White Mountains 1 — 3', tufted. June, July. 

8 P. Canadensis L. Villous-pubescent, procumbent, producing runners : lfts. 5, 
obovate, cut-toothed above ; pedicels axillary, solitary, 1-flowered. 
Ct.pumila, Small and delicate, flowering in Apr. May, everywhere. 
0. simplex, Sub*imple, ascending. 8 — 14', sraoothish ; fls. June— Aug. Common 

1 P. arjjentea L. St. ascending, tomentous ; lfts. 5, oblong-cuneiform, with a few, 
larg . incised teeth, smooth above, silvery canescent beneath, sessile ; flowers in a 
cymous corymb, small (3'0- U Rocky hills, N. 6 — 10'. June — Sept. 

8 P. Trnticosa L. St. fruticous, very branching, hirsute, erect ; lfts. 5 — 7, linear- 
oblong, all sessile, margin entire and revolute ; petals large, much longer than the 
calyx. A low, bushy shrub, N. States. 1— 2f. Flowers 1'. June— Aug. 

B P. anserina L. Silver-weed. Goose-grass. St. slender, prostrate, rooting; lvs. 
interruptedly pinnate ; lfts. many pairs, oblong, deeply serrate, canescent beneath ; 
peduncle solitary, 1-flowered, very Ion?. 71 Wet, N. Eng. N. and W. 1— 2f. Jn.— Sept. 

10 P. paradoxa N. Decumbent at base, pubescent; lvs. pinnate ; lfts. 7 — 9, ovate- 
obl. incised, upper ones confluent ; ped. solitary, recurved in fruit ; ach. 2- obed. ® 
Shores of Sod us Bay (Hankenson), W. to Oreg. If. June — July. 



108 Order 44.— ROSACEA. 

IIP. Pennsylvania L. Erect, whitish-downy ; lfts. 5—0, oblong, obtuse, pin 
natind, upper ones larger ; cyme fastigiate, at length loose, u N. Eng. : rare. 

1 2 P. arguta Ph. Erect, grayish, pubescent and villous ; radical lvs. on long peti- 
oles, 7-9-foliate, cauline few, 3-7-foliate ; lfts. broadly ovate, cut-serrate, crowded; fls. 
in dense terminal cymes, u By streams, N. and W. 2 — 3f, stout. May, June. 

13 P. Nepalensis. Root lvs. qninate ; stem ternate ; lfts. wedge-oblong, serrate ; ptip. 
large, adnate, entire, u Nepal, lj-f. Flowers large, rose, scarlet, orange, &c. 

IIP. atrosanguinea. Lvs. temate ; lfts. obovate, cut-serrate, white-downy beneath 
scp. elliptic ; pet. obcordate. y Nepal, ltf. Flowers crimson, often double. 

14. ALCHEMILLA, L. Ladies' Mantle. Calyx 4- toothed, with 4 
external bractlets. Petals 0. Sta. 1 — 4. Carp. (1 — 4) mostly solitary, with 
the style lateral. Stig. capitate. Seed suspended. Low herbs, with pal- 
mately lobed oi incised leaves and small green flowers. Fig. 38. 

1 A. arvensis Scop. Parsley Piert. Lvs. crenate at base, incisely 3-lobed or parted, 

the segm. 2-3-cleft, pubescent ; fls. axillary. (T) E. Va. A small weed. § Europe. 

2 A. alpinus L. Lvs. radical, silky beneath, 5-7-parted, cut-serrate at apex ; fls. co- 

rymbed. High Mts. of N. Eng. (Pursh, 1816.) t Europe. 

15. POTERIUM, L. Burnet. Calyx tube contracted at the top. 
Lobes 4, imbricated, petaloid, deciduous. Pet. 0. Sta. 4 — go , exserted. 
Styles slender, 1 — 3. Stig. penicillate. Ach. included in the hardened, 4- 
angled calyx tube. U Lvs. unequally pinnate, with long stalks and ad- 
nate stipules. Lfts. petiolulate, serrate. Fls. in a spike or head, on along 
peduncle or scape, often 8 . (Includes Sanguisorba L.) 

1 P. Canadense (L.) Glabrous ; lfts. many, ovate or oval, obtuse, cordate, with 
seirate stipels and stipules ; spikes cylindric (30 ; stam. 4, long exserted. Wet 
meadows along the mountains. Can. to Ga. 2 — 4f. Flowers green-white. Aug. 

'Z P. Sanguisorba L. Glabrous ; leaflets many, ovate or roundish, deeply serrate , 
heads subglobous ; sta. GO, in the lower fls. L. Huron (Hooker) andW. Purp. t Aug. 

16. AGRIMONIA, L. Agrimony. Calyx tube turbinate, contracted 
at the throat, muricate, limb 5-cleft, connivent in fruit. Pet. 5. Sta. 12 — 
15. Ov. 2. Styles terminal. Ach. included in the indurated tube of the 
calyx. U Lvs. pinnately divided. Fls. yellow, in long, slender racemes. 

1 A. Eupatoria L. Lfts. 5 to 7, lance-oval or obovate, with small ones interposed, 

coarsely dentate ; stip. large, dentate ; pet. twice longer than the reflexed calyx. Dry 
soils, common. 1— 3f. Rac. spicate, 6'— If. Fls. 3 — 4" broad. July, Aug. 

2 A. parviflora Ait. Lfts. 9 — 17, crowded, pubescent beneath, lanceolate, cut-serrate, 

with smaller ones interposed ; pet. small. Woods, &c, Pa. S. and W. Plant fragranf , 
3 — 4f, with spreading brownish hairs. July, Aug. 
]8. incisa, Lfts. incisely pinnatifid. South. (A. incisa T. & G.) 

17. ROSA, Tourn. Rose. Calyx tube urceolate, contracted at the on 
fice, lined with the fleshy disk. Petals 5 (greatly multiplied by cultiva- 
tion). St. oo, inserted into the rim of the disk. Ach. go, bony, hispid 
borne free within the calyx tube. J> Prickly. Lvs. odd-pinnate. Stip. 
mostly adnate to the petiole. Figs. 35, 139, 197, 301. 

06s. Our innumerable varieties of garden Roses have mostly originated with the few species men- 
tioned below. To define these varieties in order to their recognition would generally be impossible, fbt 
their forms are as evanescent as their names are arbitrary. All that we propose is to aid the learner in 
tracing back each form to the species whence it sprung. This will be easily done in all cases except nit!) 
Vhe hybrids 



Order 44.— ROSACEA. 109 

• Wild Koses, with simple, 5-petailed flowers, open in June and July. . .(§) 

§ Leaflets 3, rarely 5, smooth. Branches long, climbing or trailing Nos. 1, 9 

§ Leaflets 5 — 9, — a rusty glandular and fragrant beneath Nos. 3, 4 

—a not glandular. Erect. — b Prickles stout, falcate No. 5 

— b Prickles weak, straight Nos. 6, 7, 8 

* Garden Roses, with either simple or double flowers . . . (§§) 

§§ Styles cohering in an exserted column. Climbers. . . (a) 

a Leaflets 3 — 5, mostly 3. Prickles stout, deflexed No„ 1 

a Leaflets 5 — 9. — & Stipules and sepals mostly entire Nos. 9, 10 

—b Stipules, or sepals, dissected. Prickles slender Nos. 11, 12 

§§ Styles separate.— c Stipules nearly free, and caducous Nos. 2, 13, 14 

— c Stipules adnate to the petiole. — d Prickles falcate., .(e) 

—d Prickles straight... (/) 

e Leaflets not at all glandular. Shrubs erect, often slender Nos. 15, 16, 17 

e Leaflets glandular and fragrant beneath, downy or not Nos. 3, 18, 19 

/ Lvs. and often the calyx, glandular. Fls. roseate or yellow. .Nos. 20, 21 
/ Lvs. not at all glandular. Prickles numerous, weak, or 0. .Nos. 22, 23, 24 

I R. setigera Mx. Prairie Rose. Spines strong, straightish ; lfts. ovate ; stip. adhe- 

rent ; fls. in corymbs, deep roseate, becoming pale, scentless ; styles united in an ex- 
serted column. Prairies, &c, N. Y. W. and S. 12— 20f. June, July, t 
Var. Prairie Queen, Baltimore Belle, Rosa Superba, &c. 
$ R. laevigata Mx. Cherokee R. Prickles very strong, recurved ; lfts. elliptical, evex ■ 
green, polished; stip. free, setaceous ; fls. solitary, large, white ; calyx bristly ; styles 
separate. Tenn. to Fla. 15— 30f. § ? In hedges and gardens. 

3 R. rublginosa L. Sweet Brier. Eglantine. Prickles strong, recurved, many weak 

ones intermixed ; lfts. broad-oval; fls. solitary ; fruit obovoid and, with the pedicels, 
glandular hispid. Fields, roadsides. 4 — 8f. Fls. light red, single or double. 
Var. Clementine, Maiden, Royal, Scarlet, Tree-double, White, &c. 

4 R. micrantlia Smith. Prickles strong, recurved, few and equal ; lfts. ovate ; fl». 

solitary, small (15"), mostly white. Pastures, &c. N. Eng. 6— 8f. June. 

5 R. Carolina L. Swamp R. Tall, erect, glabrous ; lfts. elliptical, glaucous beneath, 

not shining; fls. corymbed ; fr. depressed -globous, dark red, with hispid peduncles. 
Damp woods. 4 — 8f. Fls. varying from red to white. June, July. 

6 R. lucida Ehrh. Wild R. Prickles scattered, setaceous ; lfts. elliptical, simply ser- 

rate, shining above ; fls. in pairs (1 — 3) ; fr. depressed-globous and, with the pedi- 
cels, glandular-hispid. Dry woods. 1- -3f. Branches greenish. Fls. red. 

7 R. nitida Willd. Wild R. Stems reddish with very numerous reddish prickles; 

lfts. narrow-lanceolate, smooth and shining ; fls. solitary ; calyx hispid. Swamps, N. 
Eng. 1— 2f. Fls. red. Fr. scarlet. Perhaps a variety of No. 6. 

8 R. blanda Ait. Thornless Wild R. Prickles few, slender, deciduous ; lfts. oblong, 

obtuse, not shining ; stip. broad ; ped. short, and with the calyx smooth and glau- 
cous ; fr. globous. Dry hills, N. and M. 2— 3f. Petals reddish. 

9 R. sempervirens. Prickles subequal ; lfts. thick, evergreen ; fls. clustered, mostly 

white ; fr. round-ovoid, yellow, glandular-hispid. S. Eur. 6 — 12f. 

10 R. arvensis. Ayreshire R. Prickles unequal, falcate ; lfts. ovate, acute, deciduous, 
glaucous beneath ; fls. solitary or clustered, white to purple. Eur. 20f. 

Var. Dundee Rambler, Virginia Lass, Weeping-tree R., &c. 

I I R. M "schata. Musk R. Lfts. lanceolate, acuminate ; stip. very narrow ; sep. long- 
appendaged, pinnatifid ; fls. panicled, peculiarly fragrant, white. Asia. 10— 12f. 

12 R. MtTLTirLORA. Japan R. Lfts. lance-ovate, rugous, soft ; stip. pectinate-fringed ; 
fls. corymbed ; sep. short and ped. tomentous. South. 15— 20f. Pet. wh. topurp. § 1 

Var. Boursault, Seven Sisters, RusseTs, &c. 

1 3 R. bracteata. Macartney R. Erect ; prickles recurved ; lfts. 5—9, obovate, shin- 
ing ; stip. bristle-fringed ; fls. solitary, with large bracts under the tomentous calyx 
China. 2— 3f. Fls. white, creamy, &c. § S. 



110 Order 44.— ROSACEA. 

14 R. Banksls:. JThornless B. Prickles none; Ifts. lanceolate, 3—5, subentlrc; fto. 
email, in umbels ; fruit globular, nearly black. ' China. 

15 R. Indica. Chinese Monthly B. Bengal B. Lfts. 3—5, ovate, pointed, shining j 
stip. very narrow ; sep. subentire ; stam. inflexed ; fruit top-shaped. China. 1— 8f. 
Fls. white to crimson. April to November. 

/3. Lawrenciana. Miss Lawrence' 's B. Aculeate; fls. small (10, pink-purple. 
Other var. Noisette, Tovland of Aragon, Giant of Battles, Cloth of Gold (sulphur 
yellow), and the favorite Tea Boses. 

1 6 R. canina. Dog B. Prickles strong, compressed ; lfts. 5—9, with acute, incurved 
serratures ; stip. rather broad, serrulate ; sep. deflexed after flowering, deciduous; fir. 
ovoid, red. Eur. 4 — 8f. Fls. often simple, red. Often runs wild. 

j3. Boukboniana. Lfts. ovate, subcordate, glossy ; fls. double and semidouble, pur- 
ple. Numerous subvarieties, everblooming. 
1 7 R. ctnnamomea. Cinnamon B. Lfts. 5 — 7, oval-ohlong, grayish-downy beneath ; 
stip. broad, involute, pointed ; ped. and cal. glabrous ; sep. as long as the petals, closed 
and persistent on the fruit. Eur. 6 — 12f. Purple. 

18 R. damascena. Damask B. Prickles broad, unequal; lfts. large, broad-elliptic, 
whitish-downy ; sep. reflexed. Levant. 3 — 4f. Fls. pale roseate, very fragrant. The 
common Monthly is a variety. 

1 9 R. alba. White B. Erect, tall ; prickles slender, or ; lfts. round-ovate ; petioles 
and veins downy, glandular; sep. pinnatifid ; fr. ovoid. Eur. Stout, 4 — 8f. Flowers 
large, clustered, sweet-scented, pure white, semidouble. 

20 R. centifolia. Brovens B. Cabbage B. Very prickly; leaflets 5 — 7, ovate, edges 
gland. -ciliate ; cal. and ped. gland-hispid, viscid and frag. S. Eur. 2— 4f. Fls. pink, &c. 

Var. very numerous, among which is the incomparable Moss Bose. 

21 R. eglantekia. Yellow B. Austrian Eglantine. Branches red, all prickly; lfts. 
5 — 7, small, broad-oval, or obovate ; sep. smooth, entire ; pet. large, yellow. Aust. 3f. 

Var. The Copper Austrian, single ; Bersian Yellow, double, and others. 

22 R. alpina. Boursault B. Climbing; lfts. 5 — 11, ovate or obovate, sharply serrate; 
ped. deflexed after flowering, and sep. connivent on the ovoid hip. Alps. 10 — 20f. 
Older stems thornless. Fls. clustered, pink, blush, crimson, &c. 

23 R. Gallica. Common French B. Erect ; leaflets 5—7, oval to lanceolate, thick ; fls. 
erect, with large spreading red petals ; sep. ovate, some viscid. Eur. 2 — 5f. 

Var. 300 or more ; as the Velvet, Carmine, Carnation. Some are variegated, as 
York-and-Lancaster, Tricolor, Bicotee, Nosegay, &c. 

24 R. pimpinellifolia. Scotch B. Burnet B. Very prickly, erect ; lfts. 5—9, round- 
ovate, obtuse, smooth; sep. entire, finally convergent on the fruit; fls. small, rose- 
ate ; but there are varieties with purple and even yellow flowers. 

18. AMELANCHIER, Medic. Shad-flower. Wild Service. Cal. 
5-cleft. Pet. 5, oblong-obovate or oblanceolate. Sta. short. Sty 5, some- 
what united at base. Pome 3-5-celled, cells partially divided, 2-seeded 
^> *} Leaves, simple, serrate. Flowers racemous, white. 

A. Canadensis T. & G. Lvs. oval or oblong-ovate, sharply serrate, smooth ; raceme 
loose; calyx segments lance-triangular; fruit globous, purplish. Woods: common. 
5— 35f. Flowers showy, in early Spring. Fruit pleasant, ripe in June. 

/3. oblong-ifblia. Shrub ; lvs. oblong-oval, mucronate ; pet. oblong-obovate. 

y. rotundifblia, Lvs. broad-oval ; pet. linear-oblong. Shrub 10 — 20f. 

S. alnifbfia. Lvs. round-oval, serrate near apex ; pet. linear-oblong. 15 — 30f 

«• olig"ocdrpa. Shrub ; lvs. elliptic-oblong, cuspidate ; rac. 2-4-flowered. North. 

19. CRATAEGUS, L. Thorn. Hawthorn. Calyx urceolate, limb 
5-cleft. Pet. 5. Sta. 00. Ov. 1 — 5, with as many styles. Pome fleshy, 
containing 1 — 5 bony, 1-seeded carpels, and crowned at the summit by the 



Obder 44.— ROSACEA. Ill 

persistent calyx and disk. 5 h Armed with thorns. Lvs. simple, often 
lobed. Bracts subulate, deciduous. Fls. coiymbous, white or purplish. 

§ Corymbs 6-30-flwd., appearing with the leaves. Fruit red or yellowish. . . (a) 

a Villous or pubescent. Leaves plicate or sulcate along the veins Nos. 1, % 

a Pubescent. Leaves plain, not at all plicate, cleft or not Nos. 3, 4 

a Glabrous throughout.— b Leaves abrupt at base, lobed, petioled Nos. 5—7 

— b Leaves attenuate at base, seldom lobed Nos. 8, 9 

§ Corymbs 1-6-flowered, — c appearing before the downy leaves No. 10 

— c appearing wi th the leaves, — d pubescent No. 11 

—d glabrous Nos. 12, 13 

1 C. tomentosa L. Black Thorn. Lvs. broad-ovate or oval, abrupt at base, doubly 

serrate or cut-lobed, villous beneath when young, and plicate ; fls. large, in compound 
pubescent corymbs ; fruit oval, large (S'0, 2-5-seeded, red. Can. to Ky. and Car. Mts. 
15 — 25f. Flowers white, April, May. Fruit July, Aug. Varies greatly. 

/3. plicata, Lvs small, glabrous, strongly plicate. Vt., N. H., N. Y. 

y. pyrifolia, Lvs. elliptic, acute at base, thinly pubescent. Styles 3. W. 

6. flabellata, Lvs. fan-shaped : corymbs glandular-pubescent. W. 

£ mollis, Lvs. large, soft-villous, subcordate, many-lobed ; corymbs cancscently- 
villous ; fruit downy when young. Ohio to Iowa. 

2 C punctata Jacq. Lvs. cuneiform-obovate, doubly and often incisely serrate, entire 

at base, and narrowed to a short, winged petiole, veiDs straight and prominent, co- 
rymbs villous- downy ; styles 3; fruit globous, punctate. Woods. 12— 25f. April- 
June. (See Addenda.) 

3 C arborescens Ell. Thornless ; lvs. lanceolate, acute at each end, deeply serrate ; 

calyx hairy ; segments subulate, obtuse, entire ; corymbs very numerous ; styles 5 : 
fruit ovoid, red, 3". Ga. Fla. and W. 20— 30f. March, April. 

4 C. apiifolia Mx. Thorny. Lvs. deltoid, truncate at base, cut-lobed and toothed ; 

petioles slender ; styles 2 or 3. Woods, S. 8 — 12f. March, April. 

5 C. Oxyacantha L. Hawthorn. Lvs. wedge-obovate, 3-5-lobed at apex ; corymba 

glabrous, white to purple ; styles 1—3 ; fruit small, red. Hedges, &c. 8— 18f. § 

6 C. coccinea L. White Thorn. Lvs. broadly ovate, acutely serrate, 7-9-lobed (lobes 

shallow), thin, abrupt at. base ; petioles long, slender, and (with the calyx) subglandu- 
lar; styles 3— 5. Thickets: common. 10— 20f. May. 
f C cordata Ait. Washington Thorn. Lvs. cordate-ovate, somewhat deltoid, in- 
cisely and often deeply 3-5-lobed, serrate, with long petioles ; sep. short ; sty. 5 ; fr. 
email, globous-depressed. Banks, Va. to Fla. 15— 20f. % 

8 C. €rus-galli L. Cock-spur Thorn. Lvs. obovate-cuneiform, tapering to a short 

petiole, serrate, coriaceous, shining above ; spines very long; corymbs glabrous ; sep. 
lanceolate, subserrate ; styles 1 (2 or 3). Thickets. 10— 20f. Fruit pyriform. June. 

9 C. spatb.ula.ta Mx. Lvs. small, coriaceous, shining, oblong-spatulate, attenuated 

to the subsessile base, crenate above, sometimes lobed; corymbs numerous, lateral, 

20-25-flowered ; sepals very short ; fruit very small, scarlet. South. 10— 15f. June. 
IOC aestivalis T. & G. Apple Raw. Young lvs. rust-downy, older smooth above, 

elliptic, repand, short-stalked; corymbs glabrous, 2-5-flowered; fruit large (8— 9"). 

globular, red. Wet shores, S. 20— 30f. Fruit pleasant, in May. (See Addenda.) 
11C parvifolia Ait. Thorns straight and slender; lvs. cuneate-obovate, subses- 

eile ; fls. subsolitary, villous-tomentous ; sep. incised, leafy, as long as the petals ; sty. 

5 ; fr. large, roundish, yellowish. Sandy woods, N. J. and S. 4— 7f. April, May. 

12 C. flava Ait. Summer Haw. Thorns straight or arcuate; lvs. rhombic-obovate, 
attenuate into a glandular petiole ; corymbs 1 (often 2 or 3)-flowered ; styles 4 or 5; 
fruit large, pear-shaped. Va. to Fla. 15— 25f. April, May. 

13 C. viridis L. Thorns few and short; lvs. roundish or oval, acute at each end, 
sharply and doubly toothed above; petioles glandless ; corymbs 3-6-flowerod ; style* 
3 or 8 ; fruit large, globular. Iowa to Fla. 12— 18f. April, May. 



112 Order 45.— SAXIFRAGACEJE. 

20. PYRUS, L. Pear, Apple, &c. Calyx urceolate, limb 5-cleft. Pet 
5, roundish. Styles 5 (2 or 3), often united at base. Pome closed, 2-5- 
carpellcd, fleshy or baccate. Carp, cartilaginous, 2-seeded. ^ t) Lvs. simple 
or pinnate. Flowers white or rose-colored, in cymous corymbs. 

§ Pyrus. Leaves simple, glandless. Styles distinct. Pome pyriform No. 

§ Maltjs. Leaves simple, glandless. Styles united below. Pome globous .Nos. 2 — 4 

§ Aronia. Leaves simple, glandular on the midvein. Styles united, &c No. 5 

§ Sorbus. Leaves poinate. Styles 2—5, distinct. Pome small (scarlet) Nos. 6, 7 

1 P. communis. Pear-tree. Lve. ovate-lanceolate, obscurely crenate, glabrous and 

polished above, acute or acuminate ; corymbs racemous ; cal. and pedicels pubes( ent ; 
styles 5, distinct and villous at base. Europe. 20— 35f. 

2 P. Malus. Common Apple-tree. Lvs. ovate or oblong-ovate, serrate, not lobed, 

downy, the veins all incurved ; corymbs subumbellate ; pet. with short claws ; styles 
5, united and villous at base. Europe. 20 — 30f. Nearly §. 

3 P. coronaria L. Wild Crab-tree. Lvs. ovate, rounded at base, cut-serrate, often 

sublobate, straight-veined, soon smoothish ; sep. subulate ; fls. large, roseate, corymbed, 
fragrant ; pome large (18"), sour. Glades. 10— 20f. May. 

4 P. angtistifl»lia Ait. Lvs. lanceolate, often acute at base, crenate-serrate or sub- 

entire, short-stalked ; sep. ovate ; styles distinct. Pa. and S. 20 — 30f. March. 

5 P. arbutifolla L./. Choke Berry. Downy; lvs. oblong or obovate, crenate-serru- 

late, narrowed at base into a short petiole ; fruit pyriform or subglobous, dark red. 
Damp woods. 5 — 8f. Fruit size of currants. May, June. 
p. melanocarpa. Nearly smooth ; fruit blackish purple. Swamps. 2 — 4f. 

6 P. Americana DC. Mountain Ash. Lfts. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, mucro 

nately serrate, smooth, subsessile ; cymes compound, with numerous flowers ; pomo 
small, globous ; styles 3 — 5. Mountain woods, Can. to Ga. 15— 20f. May. t 

7 P. Aucuparia. English Mountain Ash. Lfts. as in P. Americana, except that they 

are always smooth on both sides, and, with the serratures, less acute at apex , flowers 
corymbous; fruit globous. Europe. 20 — 40f. t 

21. CYDONIA, Toorn. Quince. Flowers and leaves as in Pyrus. 
Carpels cartilaginous, many-seeded. Seeds covered with mucilaginous 
pulp. ^> +) Flowers mostly solitary. 

1 C vulgaris. Lvs. oblong-ovate, obtuse at base, acute at apex, very entire, smooth 

above, tomentous beneath ; fls. solitary, large, roseate ; pome tomentous, obovoid. 
Europe. 8 — 12f. Stems crooked. April, May. 

2 C. Japonica. Japan Quince. Lvs. glabrous, shining, coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate, 

acute at each end, serrulate ; stip. reniform ; spines short, straight ; fls. axillary, sab- 
sessile, crimson. Japan. 5 — 6f. Very bushy. April, May. 

Order XLY. SAXIFRAGACEJE. Saxifrages. 

Herbs or shrubs Leaves alternate or opposite, sometimes stipulate 
Sepals 4 or 5, cohering more or less, and partly or wholly adherent. Pe- 
tals as many as the sepals, inserted between the lobes of the calyx. 
Stamens as many as the petals, and alternate with them, oi 2 to 10 
times as many. Ovary mostly inferior, usually of 2 (2 — 4) carpels cohering 
at base and distinct or united above. Fruit generally capsular, 1-2-cellecL 
Seeds small, many, albuminous. Figs. 25, 52, 53, 132, 250, 273. 

A large order, now including Ribes and Parnassia, each often regarded 
as constituting separate orders. 



Order 45.— SAXIFRAGACE^E. 113 

L SAXIFRaGE^E. Herbs. Stipules none or adnate. Petals imbricate, rarely 
convolute in the bud. Calyx free or partly adherent. . .(a) 

a Petals wanting. Ovary adherent, 1-celled. Stamens 10 ChrysosplBic iiw. 1 

a Petals pinnatifid. Ovary half adherent, 1-celled. Stamens 5 or 10 Mixella. 2 

a Petals entire. — d Stam. 10. — e Ovary 1-celled, nearly free Tiarella. 3 

— e Ovary 2-celled. Fls. perfect. Lvs. simple Saxifraga. 4 

— « Ovary 2-celled. Fls. polyg. Lvs. compound . Astilbe 5 

— d Stam. 5.—/ Ovary 2-celled, adherent. Seed rough Boykinia. 6 

— / Ovary 2-celled, seed -wing-margined Sullivantia. 7 

—f Ovary 1-celled.— # Styles and carpels 2 Heuchera. 8 

—g Styles and carpels 3 Lepuropetalon. 9 

—g Stigmas and carpels 4 Parnassia. 10 

il ESCALLONIE^E. Shrubs with alternate leaves, no stipules, and a valvate corolla bud. . .(&) 

6 Calyx free from the 2-celled ovary. Stamens 5. Capsule 00 -seeded Itea. 11 

6 Calyx adherent to the ovary. Stam. 5. Berry 00 -seeded. (From S. Am.) Escallonia. 12 

CTI. HYDBANGEyE. Shrubs with opposite, simple leaves, and no stipules... (c) 

c Corolla valvate in the bud. — h Cymes radiate. Shrub erect Hydrangea. 13 

— A Cymes naked. Shrub climbing Dect/maria. ' 14 

e Corolla convolute in the bud. — Je Stamens 20 — 40 Petals 4 Philadelphus. 15 

—7,- Stamens 10. Petals 5. (Asiatic) Deutzia. 16 

IV. RIBESIEiE. Shrubs with alternate, palmately-lobed leaves, and baccate fr. . .Ribes. 17 

1. CHRYSOSPLENIUM, Tourn. Water Carpet. Calyx adnate 

to the ovary, 4-5-lobed, colored inside. Cor. 0. Sta. 8 — 10, short. Sty. 2. 

Caps, obcordate, 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. £? Prostrate, small. 

C. Americannm Schw. Lvs. opposite, roundish, slightly crenate, tapering to tho 
petiole ; cal. 4-cleft. Cool springs, Northward, 3 — fy. Calyx yellowish. Apr. May. 
/ 

2. MITELLA, Toum. Mitre-wort. Calyx 5-cleft, adherent to the 

base of the ovary. Pet. 5, pectinately pinnatind, inserted on the throat of 
the calyx. Sta. 5 or 10, included. Sty. 2, short. Caps. 2-beaked, 1-celled, 
with two equal valves. U Flowers small, in a slender raceme or spike. 

1 HI. dipliylla L. Lvs. cordate, acute, sublobate, serrate-dentate, radical ones on 

long petioles, the cauline 2, opposite, subsessile ; fls. white, in a long, loose spike. 
Woods, N. Eng. to Car. If. May, June. Curious. 

2 M. nuda L. Lvs. orbicular-reniform, doubly crenate, with scattered hairs above ; 

scape filiform, few-fiwd., naked or with a single leaf; pet. pinnatifid with filiform 
segments. Damp woods, N. Eng. N. Y. : rare. 6'. Very delicate. June. 

3. TIARELLA, L. Bishop's Cap. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes obtuse 

Pet. 5, entire, the claws inserted on the calyx. Sta. 10, exserted, inserted 

into the calyx. Sty. 2. Caps. 1-celled, 2-valved, one valve much larger. 

U Flowers white. 

T. cordifolia L. Lvs. cordate, acutely lobed, mucronate-dentate, pilous ; ecape ra- 
comous ; stolons creeping. Rocky woods, Can. to Ga. Common North. If. 

4. SAXIFRAGA, L. Saxifrage. Sep. 5, more or less united, often 
adnate to the base of the ovary. Pet. 5, entire, inserted on the tube of the 
calyx. Sta. 10. Anth. 2-celled, with longitudinal dehiscence. Caps, of 
2 connate carpels, opening between the 2 diverging, acuminate beaks 

(styles). Seeds go. u 

| Leaves opposite (small) on the prostrate stem. Flowers purplish No. 1 

S Leaves alternate on the ascending stem. Flowers yellow or white Nos. 2, S, 4 

§ Leaves rosulate at the base of the mostly leafless scape. . .(a) 



114 Order 45.— SAXIFRAGACEJE. 

a Calyx entirely free from the ovary (inferior) Nos. 5, 6, 7 

a Calyx adherent to the base of the ovary (half superior) Nos. 8, 9, 10 

Exotic species, cultivated Nos. 11, 18 

1 S. oppositifolia L. Lvs. opposite, obovate, carinate, obtuse, punctate, persist- 

ent c fls. solitary ; cal. free ; pet. large, obovate, 5-veined, longer than the stamens. 
Rocky cliffs, Willoughby Lake, Vt. June. 

2 S. aizoides L. Csespitous, leafy ; lvs. linear-oblong, thick, flat ; sep. ovate, slightly 

adherent ; pet. oblong, yellow, longer than the sepals ; capsules as long as the styles. 
With No. 1, and N. W. June. 

3 S. rivularis L. St. weak, ascending, 3-5-fiowered ; radical lvs. petiolate, reniform, 

r.renatelv lobed, cauline lanceolate, subentire ; cal. lobes broad-ovate, nearly as lone 
as tne white, ovate petals. White Mts. and N. 

4 S. tri.cuspida.ta Retz. St. thick, erect ; lower lvs. crowded, oblong, 3-cuspidate ; 

lis. few, large, somewhat corymbed ; sep. thick, ovate, shorter than the oblong-obo- 
vate, yellow, dotted petals. Lake shores, Can. and N. 

5 S. leucantliemifolia Mx. Viscid-pubescent ; lvs. radical, spatulate, cut-dentate, 

tapering to a petiole ; scape diffusely paniculate ; calyx free, reflexed ; pet. unequal, 
white, 3 of them spotted. Mts. S. 18'. 

6 S. erosa Ph. Viscid-pubescent ; lvs. radical, thin, oblong-lanceolate, acute, with 

erose teeth ; panicle oblong, loose, with leafy bracts ; cal. free, with reflexed, obtuse 
sepals as long as the equal, obtuse white petals. Mts. Pa. to Car. 15'. 

7 S. Careyana Gr. Lvs. round-ovate to deltoid, coarsely dentate, abrupt at base ; 

panicle diffuse ; pet. equal, ovate or oblong, white, dotted, twice longer than the 
recurved sepals. Mts. S. (and S. Caroliniana Gray). 

8 S. aizbon Jacq. Lvs. spatulate, obtuse, bordered with white cartilaginous teeth, 

and a marginal row of impressed dots ; flowers corymbous paniculate ; pet. obovate, 
white. Rocky shores, N. Ver. to Mich, and N. 5 — 10'. July. 

9 S. Virginiensis Mx. Early Saxifrage. Lvs. spatulate obovate, crenately toothed v 

shorter than the broad petiole ; scape nearly leafless, paniculately branched ; petals 
white, oblong, much exceeding the calyx. Rocks, common. 4— 12'. April. May. 

1 S. Pennsylvanica L. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, rather acute, tapering at base, 
denticulate ; scape forming a diffuse panicle ; fls. pedicellate ; pet. greenish, linear- 
lanceolate, but little longer than the cal. Wet meadows, N. Eng. to O. 1 — 2f. May, Jn. 

IIS. sarmentosa. With creeping runners ; leaves roundish ; pet. white, 2 longer than 
the other 3 ; scapes naked ; plant hairy. China. Pretty for baskets. 

12 S. CRAsstFOLiA. No runners ; lvs. thick, oval ; sc. naked ; fls. pk. Siberia. Jn. Jl. 
/ 

5. ASTILBE, Don. <S 5 ? Calyx obconic, with 4 or 5 erect segments. 

Pet. 4 or 5, spatulate. St. 8 or 10, exserted. Ov. 2-celled. Carpels in fr. 
separating and dehiscing lengthwise inside. Seeds 1 — 4 in each cell, if 
Coarse, weed-like plants. Leaves bi- or tri-ternate. Fls. small, yellowish- 
white, in spicate rac. forming a compound panicle (like Spiraea Aruncus). 

A. decandra Don. St. tall, angular ; lfts. subcordate, incisely lobed, mucronate-se* 
rate ; sterile flowers mostly apatelous ; sta. 10. Mts. South. 4— 6f. June— August. 

6. BOYKINIA, Nutt. Calyx turbinate, adherent, 5-cleft. Pet. 5, deci 
duous. Sta. 5. Ov. 2-celled, 2-beaked. Capsule invested with the calyx, 
dehiscent between the beaks. U Lvs. alternate, petiolate, palmate. F1& 
cymous, white. 

B. aconitifolia NnU. St. viscia-glandular ; lvs. smoothish, deeply 5-7-lobed (like 
those of AcoT-Icum) ; cyme fastigiate, the fls. secund. Mts. S. 1— 2f. July. 

7. SULLIVANTIA, T. & G. Calyx adherent to the base of the ovary 



Order 45.— SAXIFRAGACE^. 115 

Segm. ovate, acute. Pet. oval-spatulate, twice as long as the calyx. Sta. 
5, shorter than the calyx. Capsule 2-beaked, 2-celled. Seeds wing-mar- 
gined. U Lvs. mostly radical, palmate-veined. Fls. in a loose pan., small, wh. 

S. Ohionis T. & G.— Ohio, Wise. Stem weak, ascending, 6— 1W. Lvs. roundish, cor- 
date, lobed and toothed. May, June. 

8. HEUCHERA, L. Alum Root. . Calyx of 5 obtuse segm. Cor. 

of 5 small, entire petals, inserted with the 5 stamens on the throat of the 

calyx. Cap. 1-celled, 2-beaked, dehiscent between the beaks. Seeds many, 

with a rough, close testa, ii Lvs. radical, long-petioled, petioles with ad- 

nate stipules at base. 

§ Fls. small (1— 2" long), regular ; stamens and style much exserted Nos. 1 — 3 

§ Fls. larger (3— 5" long), oblique ; stamens and style short Nos. 4, 5 

1 H. Americana Willd. Viscid-pubescent ; leaves roundish, cordate, somewhat 7- 

lobed ; pan. elongated, loose, divaricate ; cal. obtuse, short, about equalling the spatu- 
late petals ; stam. much exserted. Shades, W. and S., rare N. 2 — 4f. May, June. 

2 H. villosa Mx. Villous, with rusty, spreading hairs ; radical lvs. round-cordate, thin, 

glabrous above, 7-9-lobed ; pan. loose, filiform ; pet. white, about as long and narrow 
as the filaments. Mts. Md. to N. Car. and Ky. 1 — 3f. June, July. 

3 H. caulescens Ph. Smooth or nearly so ; lvs. 5-7-lobed, dentate; pan. loose, slen- 

der ; scape bearing one or two leaves below ; pet. linear-spatulate, twice longer than 
the calyx. Mts. Car. Tenn. Ky. 1— 2f. (H. Curtisii Gr.) 

4 H. pubescens Ph. Lvs. glabrous, round-cordate, 7-9-lobed; panicle dichotomous, 

geniculate ; style exserted, stam. included ; pet. white. Mts. Middle States. 

5 H. liispida Ph. Lvs. hispid-rough, 5-7-lobed, lobes very obtuse ; fls. scattered; pot. 

spatulate, purple; sta. a little exserted. Mts. S. and prairies W. June. 

9 LEPUROPETALON, Ell. Calyx 5-parted, lobes obtuse, tube tur 
binate, adherent to the base of the 3-carpelled ovary. Petals 5, minute, 
spatulate, persistent. Sta. 5, short. Capsule globous, 1-celled, 3-valved, 
many-seeded. Placentae opposite the stigmas. (I) A minute, succulent 
herb, growing in tufts. Lvs. entire, dotted. Fls. terminal. 

Ii. spatulAtum Ell.— Hard soils S. Stems scarcely V\ leaves spatulate, veinless ; flu. 

large in proportion, white. March, April. 

10. PARNASSIA, Tourn. Grass of Parnassus. Sep. 5, united at 
base, persistent. Pet. 5, persistent, with a bundle of sterile fil. at the base 
of each, and 5 perfect stamens alternating. Caps. 1-celled, 4-valved. Pla- 
centas opposite the stigmas, in the middle of each valve Seeds winged 
U Glabrous. Lvs. radical. Scape 1-flowered, often with one sessile leaf 
Pet. white, with green veins. 

1 P. Carolinia.ua L. Sterile filaments 3 in each group, each with a little round 

head ; pet. sessile ; lvs. broad-oval, rounded at base, one sessile on the scape. Wet 
meadows. 10 — IS'. Flower handsome, 1' broad. June — August. 

2 P. asarifolia Vent. Sterile fil. 3 in each set ; pet. abruptly clawed ; lvs. reniform. 

Mts. Va. and Car. 10'. Lvs. large (1—20. 

3 P. palustris L. Sterile fil. pellucid, setaceous, 9 — 15 in each set; cauline leaf, ii 

any, sessile ; radical lvs. all cordate. Bogs, Mich. N. and W. 6'. Fls. 1/. August. 

11. ITEA, L. Calyx small, with 5 subulate segm. Pet. 5, lance-linear, 
indexed, inserted with the 5 stam. on the calyx. Styles united. Caps. 2 



116 Order 45.— SAXIFRAUACE^E. 

celled, 2-furrowed, 8-12-seeded. +) "With alternate, simple leaves, and a 

simple, spicate, terminal raceme of white flowers. 

I. Virginica L. — Swamps, Pa. to Fla. 6f. Lvs. oval, acuminate, short-stalked. May, Z a. 

12. ESCALLONIA rubra and E. glandtjlosa are handsome shrubs, 
with evergreen leaves and scarlet flowers, prized in the greenhouse. S. Am. 

13. HYDRANGEA, L. Hydrangea. Marginal fls. sterile, neutral— 
an enlarged, rotate 5-lobed, colored calyx only. '$ Calyx tube hemispheri- 
cal, adherent. Limb 4-5-toothed, persistent. Pet. ovate, sessile. Stamens 
twice as many as the petals. Caps. 2-beaked, opening between the beaks. 
Seeds oo. +> With opposite leaves. Fls. cyinous, generally radiant. 

§ Cymes paniculate. Lvs. sinuate-lobed. Fls. rose- white No. 1 

§ Cymes corymbons, level-topped. Leaves undivided Nos. 2, 3, 4 

1 H. q uercifolia Bartram. Lvs. deeply sinuate-lobed, dentate, tomentous beneath, 

and on the petioles and veins above ; cymes paniculate, radiant, the sterile fls. very 
large and numerous. Shady banks, S. 4 — 8f. A superb plant, t 

2 H. arborescens L. Lvs. ovate, obtuse or cordate at base, acuminate, serrate-den 

tate, paler beneath, nearly smooth ; fls. white-red. Banks, S. and W. 5 — 6f. 

3 H. yad.ia.ta Walt. Lvs. ovate, abrupt or cordate at base, acuminate, serrate, silvery- 

tomentous beneath ; fls. white. Uplands, S. 6 — 8f. 

4 H. hortensis L. Changeable Hydrangea. Lvs. elliptical, narrowed at each end, den 

tate-serrate, strongly veined, smooth. China ? 1— 3f. In cultivation the fls. are gen- 
erally all neutral, of varying hues, white, blue, pink, &c. 

14. DE CUM ARIA, L. Calyx 7-10-toothed, tube adherent to the 
5-10-celled ovary. Pet. as many as calyx teeth, valvate in the bud. Sta. 
3 times as many as the petals, in one row. Stig. radiate. Caps, many- 
ribbed, crowned with the style, oo-seeded. "t? With rootlets, opposite 
leaves and cymes of white, fragrant flowers. 

D. barbara L.— A beautiful climber, in damp woods, S. 15— 30f. 

15. PHILADELPHUS, L. False Syringa. Calyx 4-5-parted, halt 
superior, persistent. Cor. 4-5-petalled. Sty. 4-cleft. Sta. 20 — 40, shortei 
than the petals. Caps. 4-celled, 4-valved, with loculicidal dehiscence. Sds. 
many, arilled. J) Handsome. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. 

1 P. inodorns L. Lvs. ovate, acute or pointed, 3 (rarely 5)-veined, smooth, entire 
or with remote slender teeth ; calyx lobes ovate, acute, as long as the tube ; styles 
united ; fls. scentless, 1 or several together, pure white, V. Uplands, S. 5 — 8f. May-Jl. 
0. g-randiabrus. Pubescent ; flowers larger (1$0 ; sepals acuminate. Cultivated, 
■y. hirsiitns. Hairy ; leaves and flowers smaller, the latter 7". Mt. woods. 
1 P. coRONAKirrs. Mock Orange. Glabrous ; lvs. ovate, remotely serrate above. 5-7- 
veined ; flowers in dense clusters, cream-white, very fragrant ; styles separate. S. 
Europe. 5 — 8f. June, July. 

16 : DEUTZIA, Thunb. Pet. 5, valvate or imbricate in bud. Sta. 10, 
the alternate longer, fil. dilated, 3-toothed, middle tooth antheriferous. Ov 
inferior. Caps. 3-5-celled. J> Leaves opposite. Fls. numerous, white. 

1 D. scabra. Lvs. ovate, acute, serrate, rough-hairy ; racemes terminal, dense ; styles 

3 ; flowers bell-shaped. Japan. 5 — 8f. Very fragrant. June. 
% D. gracilis. Foliage similar to the other buv smoother. Shrub only 2— 3f, branches 

covered with flowers in June. 



Urder 46.— CRASS UL ACE^S. 11? 

17. RIBES, L. Currants. Calyx tube ovoid, adherent to the one- 
celled ovary, limb tubular or bell-shaped, 4-5-cleft. Pet. 4 — 5, small, in- 
serted with the 4 — 5 stamens on the top of the calyx tube. Sty. 2. Berry 
filled with pulp, with 2 parietal placentae. Seeds oo, albuminous. +) ^ 
Leaves alternate, palmately lobed. 8 — 6f. Styles often united. 

§ Ribesia. Currants. Stems and berries not prickly. Flowers in racemes. . .(a) 

a Flowers greenish or red. Lvs. plicate in the bud. — b Fruit smooth Nos. 1, 2, i 

—b Fruit hairy Nos. 4. 5, C 

a Flowers bright yellow. Leaves convolute in the bud No. 7 

§ Gkossularia. Gooseberries. Stems spinescent. Leaves plicate., .(c) 

c Peduncles 5-8-flowered. Style 2-cleft. Berries small, hispid No. 8 

c Peduncles 1-3-flowered.— d Calyx tube and fruit prickly Nos. 9, 10 

—d Fruit smooth. — e Leaves cordate at base No. 11 

— e Leaves not cordate Nos. 12, 13 

1 R. rnbrnm L. Common Red C Lvs. obtusely 3-5-lobed, pubescent beneath, sub- 

cordate ; rac. smoothish, pendulous ; calyx limb rotate ; bracts short ; fr. globous, 
glabrous, red, rarely amber. Woods, Vt. Wise, t 

2 R. floridum L'Her. Wild Black C. Lvs. acutely 3-5-lobed, resinous-dotted, sub- 

cordate ; rac. pubescent, pendulous ; cal. cylindrical ; bracts long ; fruit obovoid, 
smooth, black. Copses, Can. to Ky. 3 — 4f. May, June. 

3 R. nigrum. Black C. Lvs. 3-5-lobed, resinous-dotted beneath, not cordate ; rac. lax, 

hairy ; calyx bell-shaped ; fruit roundish, black. Eur. 4 — 5f. 

4 R. sanguineum. Lvs. 3-5-lobed, white-downy beneath, cordate ; rac. long, lax, all 

rose-red ; calyx segments spreading ; styles united ; fruit blue. Oregon. 

5 R. prostratum L'Her. Mountain C. Stems reclined ; lvs. 5-7-lobed, rugous, cor 

date ; rac. erect, lax ; cal. rotate ; berries globous, glandular-hispid, red, ill-scented 
Rocks, N. Eng. to Car. Raceme becoming erect. May. 

6 R. resinosum Ph. Clothed with resinous-glandular hairs ; lvs. 3-5-lobed, round 

ish ; raceme erect ; calyx spreading. Mts. Car. (Lost.) 

7 R. attretjm Ph. Glabrous ; lvs. 3-lobed, subentire, shorter than their stalks ; raceme 

lax ; calyx limb tubular, longer than the pedicels ; fruit oval, yellow, soon brown. 
Mo. to Oreg. 6 — lOf. Flowers fragrant. 

8 R. laciistre Poir. Spiny and prickly; lvs. deeply 3-5-lobed and incised, cordate ; 

raceme hairy ; style 2-cleft ; fruit hispid. Swamps, Northward. 

9 R. Cynosbati L. Prickly G. Spines in pairs, prickles few or none ; lvs. cordate, 

iobed, pubescent, cut-dentate; styles united to the top ; fruit brown-purple, with long 
spines, eatable. Thickets, Northward. May. 

10 R. sPECiostrai. Glabrous; lvs. roundish, lobed, crenate, polished; spines long, in 
3's ; flowers nearly solitary, pendulous, scarlet. California. Very handsome. 

1 1 R. liirtellum Mx. Spines few and short, prickles ; lvs. roundish, lobed, toothed; 
calyx limb bell-shaped, lobes twice longer than the petals ; stamens exserted ; style 
2-cleft. Rocky woods, N. Eng. to Wise. Fruit purple. 

f 2 R. rotundifolium Mx. Spines few and short ; prickles few or ; lvs. roundish, 

lobed, cut-crenate-dentate, smooth or downy ; calyx lobes linear, reflexed ; stamens 

and styles much exserted. Rocky woods. May. 
13 R. Uva-ceispa. English G. Spiny; lvs. roundish, short-stalked, hairy beneath; 

peduncle hairy, 1-flowered: fruit oval or globous, large (8— 12"), red, green, amber, 

white, &c. Europe. 

Order XLVI. CRASSULACE^E. House-leeks. 

Plants herbaceous or shrubby, succulent. Leaves entire or pinnatifid 
Stipules 0. Flowers sessile, usually in cymes and perfectly symmetrical. 



118 Order 46.— CRASSULACE^i. 

Sepals 3 — 20, more or less united at base, persistent. Petals as many as the 
sepals. Stamens as many as the petals, and alternating with them, or twice 
as many. Ovaries as many as the petals. Filaments distinct. Anthers 
2-celled, bursting lengthwise. Fmit distinct follicles or a capsule, many- 
seeded. Figs. 8, 9, 468. 

5 Carpels distinct, forming a circle of follicles... (*) 

* Petals distinct. — a Flowers all 3- or 4-parted. Stamens3or4 Tilljea. i 

— a Flowers 5-, or 4- and 5-parted. Stamens 8 or 10 Sebum. » 

—a Flowers all 5-parted. Stamens 5 Ckassula. 3 

—a Flowers 6-12-parted, with cleft hypogynous scales Sempervivum. 4 

Petals united at base. — b Flowers 4-parted. Stamens 8 ..Bryophyllum. 5 

— b Flowers 5-parted. Stamens 5 Rochea. 6 

— b Flowers 5-parted. Stamens 10 Echieveria. 7 

S Carpels united into a many-seeded capsule... (x) 

x Fiowers 4-parted, with 8 stamens Diamorpha. 8 

x Flowers 5-parted, with 10 stamens. Petals often wanting Penthorum. 9 

1. TILLiEA, Mx. Pigmy-weed. Calyx of 3 or 4 sepals united at base. 
Petals 3 or 4, equal. Sta. 3 or 4. Caps. 3 or 4, distinct, follicular, opening 
by the inner surface, 2- or many-seeded, x? Very small. Lvs. opposite. 

T. simplex Nutt. St. ascending or erect, rooting at base ; lvs. connate at base, linear- 
oblong, fleshy ; flowers axillary, solitary, subsessile, their parts in 4'g ; pet. greenish ; 
carpels 8-10-seeded. ® Muddy banks, Ct. to Md. 1—2'. July— Sep 

2. SEDUM, L. Stone-crop. Sep. 4 or 5, united at base. Pet. 4 oi 
5, distinct, spreading. Sta. 8 — 10. Carp. 4 — 5, distinct, many-seeded, with 
an entire scale at the base of each, if Lvs. fleshy. Inflorescence cymous. 

§ Fls. in scorpoid racemes or spikes, or axillary, the latter often 4-parted Nos. 1 — 4 

§ Fls. in corymbous cymes, all 5-parted. — a Leaves mostly alternate Nos. 5 — 7 

— a Leaves opposite, and whorled No. 8 

1 S. ternatnm Mx. Leaves scattered, flat, obovate, the lower mostly in whorls of 3, 

the upper spatulate ; spikes 3, rarely 2 — 4, radiating, secund ; central flower 5-parted, 
the rest 4-parted, white. Damp woods. 3 — 8'. May, June. 

2 S. Nevii Gr. Stem weak, branched, 3—5'; leaves alternate, imbricated, small, obo 

vate-sparulate ; petals lance-linear, white. Mts., Va. (Porter), and S. June, July. 

3 S. pulclielltim Mx. Leaves linear, alternate, crowded ; spikes radiating, dense 

flowered, secund, central flower 5-, the others 4-parted, rose-purple. Rocks, Va. to 
Tex. 4 — 12'. May— July. Very pretty in gardens. 
•4 S. acre L. English Moss. Procumbent, diffuse ; leaves very small, fleshy, erowded, 
alternate, appressed ; cyme leafy, somewhat trifid ; fls. yellow. Gardens. Jl. § Eur. 

5 S. Ttliodtola DC. Stems clustered, erect. 5— 10 7 ; leaves mostly scattered, obovate, 

with several angular teeth or entire, crowded ; flowers 4-parted, in a small cyme at 
top, yellowish, dioecious. Rocks, Penn. (Prof. Porter), Me., and Can. 

6 S. tc lepliioides Mx. Ascending, tall; lvs. round-oval to lance-oval, narrowed to 

the base, subdentate, alternate ; pet. acuminate, pink. Rocks, Md., and S, Stems If, 
leaves 1 -2'. Flowers numerous, in a terminal branching cyme. June. 

1 S. Telepliium L. Live-forever. Clustered, erect, very leafy ; lvs. of ^ng-ovate, ob 
tuse, dent-serrate : corymb dense, leafy, blue-purple. Waste grounds, &c. Stems l-2f 
round, simple, with a compact pale-purple cyme at top. August. § Europe. 

8 8. Sieb6ldu. L?s. opposite, or in 3's, roundish, glaucous, sessile ; cymes dense, lenfy 



Order 46.— CRASSULAOE^. 119 

flB. 5-parted, small, bluish-purple, blooming in October. Japan. la dense tufts. A 
pretty plant, and one of the last to flower in the garden. Like most of the Sedums 
its severed stalks will grow even if suspended in air. 

3. ORASSULA, Haw. Parts of the flower all in 5's, distinct and free 
Scales at base of ovaries 5. 5 if Fleshy plants, from S. Africa, remark 
able for the perfect symmetry of their flowers. 

1 C. arborescens. Stem shrubby, terete, erect ; lvs. opposite, fleshy, roundish, cuspi 
date, flatfish, glaucous, dotted above ; cyme 3-parted ; flowers handsome, roseate. 

% C. lactea. Stem erect, twisted below, branched ; lvs. ovate, narrowed to the connate 
bases, dotted along the margin ; cyme panicled, with many white star-like flowers. 
Leaves bright green. From S. Africa, as are many other species. 

4. SEMPERVIVUM, L. Live-forever. House-leek. Sep. 6—20, 

nearly distinct. Petals and pistils as many, and stamens twice as many. 

Scales lacerated. 5 U Leaves thick and fleshy, crowded. 

S. tectorum. Lvs. oval-obovate, ciliate-fringed, densely packed at the ends of the off- 
sets, scattered on the stems ; flowers purplish, usually 12-parted. Europe. Will 
grow on walls and on the roofs of houses (tectorum), or in borders. 

5. BRYOPHYLLUM calycinum. ^ Evergreen, fleshy, 2f. Leaves 
opposite. 3-5-foliate, with thick, oval, crenate leaflets. Flowers in a loose, terminal 
panicle, with an inflated calyx and a tubular, exserted, purplish corolla, which has a 
4-lobed limb. The plant is propagated from the leaves, which produce buds on their 
margins becoming new plants, — like ovules from a carpellary leaf. 

6. ROCHEA, DC. Corolla funnel-form, 5-cleft. Sepals, stamens, ova 
ries, and hypogynous scales each 5. £> Fleshy. S. African. 

1 R. falcata. Shrub 2f ; leaves opposite, the pairs some united ar. base, glaucous, ob- 

long, deflexed-falcate ; flowers in corynibous cymes, red, open, fragrant. 

2 R. coccinea. Leaves connate-sheathing, ovate-oblong ; cymes scarlet. Beautiful. 

7. ECHEVERIA, DC. Corolla tubular to bell-form, 5-lobed or parted. 
Calyx 5-cleft. Stamens 10. Ovaries 5, with 5 scales. ^ if. Fleshy. 

1 E. grakdieolia. Plant 2f, erect, glaucous with a bloom ; lvs. spatulate to obovate, acute, 

the lowest large, rosnlate ; flowers urn-shaped, panicled, orange-red. From Mexico. 

2 E. coccinea. Plant 2f, erect ; leaves obovate-cuneate, acute, scattered ; flowers car 

mine outside, yellow within, in a tall leafy spike. Mexico. 

8. DIAMORPHA, N. Fls. 4-parted, with 8 stamens. Carp 4, united 
below, at length spreading, openiug by an irregular valve on he back, 
4-8-seeded. (2) Small, fleshy, tufted, with cymes of white or pink flowers 
D. pus ilia N.— Sunny rocks, S. 1—3'. Leaves oval, sessile, 1". March, April. 

9. FENTHORUM, L. Virginia Stone-crop. Calyx of 5 sepals 
united at base. Pet. 5 or 0. Sta. 10. Caps, of 5 united carpels, 5-angled, 
5-celled, 5-beaked, dehiscent by an obliquely-terminal valve. Seeds oo, 
minute. if. Not succulent. Lvs. alternate. Fls. yellowish, cymous. 

V sed.oid.es L. Stem branched and angular above ; leaves nearly sessile, lanceolate, 
acute, serrate ; fls. in secund, radiating racemes. Wet paces. 10—16'. Jul/ — Sept. 



120 Order 48.— HOLOKAGE^E. 

Order XLVIL HAMAMELACE^E. Witch Hazelwobts. 

Shrubs or trees with alternate simple leaves and deciduous stipules. 
Flowers in heads or spikes, often <3 £ ? or 8 . Calyx adherent. PetaU 
linear, or 0. Stamens twice as many as the petals, the opposite sterile and 
scale-like, or oo. Ovaries of 2 carpels, 2-celled, 2-styled, ovules 2 or oo. 
Fruit a woody capsule, 2-beaked, 2-celled, 1-2-seeded. 

§ Petals 4. Calyx 4-1 obed. Stamens 4. Flowers mostly g Hamahelis. 1 

§ Petals 0. Calyx truncate. Stamens 20 — 28. Flowers a Fothergilla. 2 

SPstalsO. Calyx 0. Stamens oo. Flowers g , in globular heads . .Liquidambar. 3 

1. HAMAMELIS, L. Witch Hazel. Calyx with an involucel of 
2 — 3 bracts at base. Pet. veiy long, linear. Sterile stamens scale-like, 
opposite the petals, alternating with the 4 fertile ones. Caps, nut-like, 
2-celled, 2-beaked. ^ J) Flowers yellow. 

H. Virginiana L. Lvs. oval or obovate, acuminate, crenate-dentate, obliquely coi- 
date ; fls. sessile, 3 — 4 together, blooming in late autumn and winter. Woods. Stems 
crooked, 10— 15f. Pet. twisted, 9" long. 

2. FOTHERGILLA. L. filius. Calyx campanulate, truncate and ob 
scurely o-7-toothed, bearing the stamens in one marginal row. Styles 
distinct. Caps. 2 lobed. +> Lvs. oval or obovate, expanding after the 
dense spikes of flowers. 

F. alnifolia L./.— Swamps, Va. to Fla. 2— 4f. Calyx white, fringed with the Ion? 

white or pink filaments. Styles long, recurved. March, April. 

3. LIQUIDAMBAR, L. Sweet Gum Tree. Involucre 4-parted 

deciduous. $ Anient conical. ? xlment globular. Calyx a scale, if any. 

Fruit a globular sorosis (g 171), woody, consisting of the scales, ano 

capsules which open between their beaks. Ovules oo, 1 or 2 maturing 

^> Leaves and gum fragrant. Twigs winged with corky bark. 

I*, styraciflua L. Lvs. palmate, with 5 acuminate, serrate lobes; veins villous a> 
their bases. A large and handsome tree, Conn, to 111. and S. 60f. May. 

Order XLVIII. BALORAGE^E. The Hippurids. 

Herbs mostly aquatic, with incomplete or minute ty—ty flowers. Calyx 
tube adherent. Petals — 4. Stamens 1 — 8. Pollen 4-grained. Ovary 1-4- 
celled. Styles 1 — 4, distinct, one pendulous ovule in each cell. Fruit in- 
dehiscent, 1-4-celled, 1-4-seeded. Seed pendulous, anatropous, albuminous. 
(Formerly joined to Onagraceae.) 

* Flowers 3-parted, apetalous, perfect Proserpinaca. 1 

* Flowers 4-parted, monoecious ; petals 4 or Mtriophtllum. 2 

* Flowers 1-parted, apetalous, perfect , . . Hippuris. 3 

1. PROSERPINACA, L. Mermaid Weed. Calyx tube adherent to 
the ovary, 3-sided, limb 3-parted. Fet. none. Sta. 3. Stig. 3. Fruit 3- 
angled, 3-celled, bony, crowned with the calyx £? Roots creeping Lvs 
altera ate. Fls. greenish 



Order 51.— MYRTACE^E. 121 

1 P. pal ust ris L. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, sharply serrate above the water, those be 

low (if any) pinnatifid. U Swamps : common. 6 — 2(K. Lvs. 1 — 2'. June, July. 

2 P. pectinacea Lam. Lvs. all pectinate, with linear-subulate se^m. ; fr. obtusely 

3-angled. % Sandy swamps, Ms. (rare) to Fla. 5— 10 / ; long creepers at base. Jl. Aug. 

2. MYRIOPHYLLUM, Vaill. Water Milfoil. Flowers 8 , or fre- 
quently 5 . Calyx 4-toothed in the £ and ? flowers, 4-parted in the 8 . 
Pet. 4, often inconspicuous or none. Sta. 4 — 8. Stig. 4, pubescent, sessile. 
Fr. oi ' 4 nut-like carpels, cohering by their inner angles. ^ U Submersed 
lvs. parted into capillary segments. Upper fls. usually $ , middles ones 
9 , lower 5 , greenish, emerging in summer. 

§ Stamens 8. Carpels smooth and even. Leaves whorled in 3's, rarely in 4's. .Nob. 1, 2 

§ Stamens 4. — Carpels ridged on the back. Leaves whorled in 4's and 5's Nos. 3, 4 

— Carpels smooth and even. Leaves alternate or wanting Nos. 5, 6 

1 IW. splcatum L. Floral lvs. ovate, entire, shorter than the flowers, the rest all pin- 

nately capillary ; fls. in term, spikes. Deep waters, fls. emerging. lOf. 

2 M. verticillatum L. Floral lvs. pectinate-pinnatifld, much longer than the flow- 

ers, the lower pinnately-setaceous. Spikes leafy, terminal. Slow waters. 

3 M. heteropbfllum Mx. Floral lvs. ovate-lanceolate, serrate, longer than the fls. 

crowded, the rest pinnately or pectinately capillary. Ponds : rare. 

4 M. scabratum Mx. Floral lvs. linear, pectinately toothed ; fr. roughened, sharply 

angled ; verticils axillary. Shallow waters. 6— 12'. Capillary segments few. 

5 M. tenellum Bw. Erect and almost leafless ; floral leaves or bracts alternate, mi- 

nute, entire, obtuse ; fls. 8 ; petals linear. Water edges, N. Eng. N. Y. and N. Scapes 
4 — 12', from long creeping rhizomes. Fls. purplish-white, sessile. 

6 M. ambiguum Nutt. Lvs. many, submersed ones pinnate, with capillary seg- 

ments, middle ones pectinate, upper linear ; fls. mostly 5 . Floating in ponds and 
ditches. Ms. to Ga. 

/3. Umosum, Small, procumbent, rooting, in muddy places ; lvs. all linear. 

y. capillaceum. Very slender ; lvs. all immersed and capillary, in ponds. 

3. HIPPURIS, L. Mare's Tail. Calyx with a minute, entire limb 
crowning the ovary. Cor. 0. Sta. 1, inserted on the margin of the calyx. 
Anth. 2-lobed, compressed. Style 1, longer than the stamen, stigmatic the 
whole length. Seed 1. ^ if St. simple. Lvs. verticillate, entire. Fls. ax- 
illary, greenish. 

H. vulgaris L. Lvs. in verticils of 8 to 12, linear, acute, smooth, entire ; fls. solitary, 
minute. Borders of ponds, marshes. N. and W. : rare. 1 — 2f. Dakotah (Matthews) 

Order LI. MYRTACE^E. Myrtleblooms. 

Trees and shrubs, without stipules. Leaves opposite, entire, punctate, 
usually with a vein running close to the margin. Calyx adherent below to 
the compound ovary, the limb 4- or 5-cleft, valvate. Petals as many as the 
segments of the calyx. /Stamens numerous. Anthers introrse. Style and 
stigma simple. Fruit with many seeds. Albumen none. 

Our Myrtleblooms are either tender exotics, or indigenous far South 
The following table must suffice for their recognition. 

* Calyx truncate. Petals connate into a caducous calyptra or lid. ..(a) 

a Fruit a capsule. Stain, free. Australian trees, alternate-leaved Eucalyptus. 

a Fruit a berry. Stam. free. Leaves opposite. Small trees in S Florida Cat yptranthkr 

* Cal. 4-lobed. Pet. 4, spreading. Fr. bac. Lvs. opp. Trees, shrubs. S. Fla. Allspice, &c. .Eugenia. . | 

* Cal. 6-lobed. Pet. 5, spreading. Stam. long-exscrted. Shrubs. Cultivated. . .lb) 



122 Obder 52.— MELASTOMACILE. 

b Starneus united Into 5 sets. Fruit capsular. Lvs. alternate or opposite. Austrl. .Melalrcoa. 8 

b Stamens distinct. — c Flowers in dense lateral cymes. (Lvs. alternate.) Austrl. . Callistemon. 3 

— c Flowers solitary, axillary. Sepals equal. Lvs. opposite. ..Myrtus. 4 

— c Flowers solitary, axillary. Sep. unequal. Opp. Guava. . .Psidium. 6 

1. EUGENIA Jambos. Bose Apple. Tree (20— 30f in India), with 
lanceolate leaves. Flowers white, in terminal showy cymes. Fruit round-ovoid, crowned 
with the caljx, If diam., yellow, with a thick rind, which has a sweetish, rose-like flavor. 

2. MELALEUCA hypericifolia. Shrubby, 5f, with opposite, ellip- 
tic -oblong, shining, 3-veined leaves on the drooping brauches. Flowers of a splendi. 
red, in slender spikes, with innumerable stamens (1/long) radiating in all directions.— 
UI» leucaoendron, the fain cms Oajeput Tree of the East, has long lance-linear leaves, 
white fls. spiked on the pendent branchlets. The trunk is black and the branches white. 

3. CALLISTEMON lanceolatum. Bottle-brush. Beautiful shrub, 
•tfith long, thick, lanceolate leaves, and the flowers in dense, cylindric spikes, crimson sta- 
mens innumerable, radiant at right angles, suggesting the English name. Often cultivated 

4. MYRTUS communis. Myrtle. Evergreen shrub or tree of S. Eu- 
rope, emblematic of victory in honorable contests. The leaves are long, ovate, shining, 
the flowers pure white or rose-tinged, with innumerable stamens, and the berries black. 

Order LII. MELASTOMACE^E. Melastomes. 

Trees, shrubs, or herbs, with square branches and usually no stipules. 
Leaves opposite, undivided, dotless, and 3-5-veined. Calyx tube urceolate, 
adherent, at least to the angles of the ovary. Betals 4 — 6, convolute in bud. 
Stame-tis definite. Anthers opening by terminal pores. Fruit capsular or 
baccate. — Genera more than a hundred, all tropical except the following. 

1. RHEXIA, L. Deer-grass. Calyx 4-cleft, swelling at the base. 
Petals 4. Stamens 8, 1-celled. Styles declined. Capsules 4-celled, nearly 
free from the investing calyx tube. Seeds numerous, if Leaves opposite, 
exstipulate, 3-veined. Flowers showy. June — September. 

§ Anthers curved, saccate and appendaged at base. Flowers purplish., .(a) 

a Stem square, winged. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, bristly-serrate Nos. 1, 'i 

a Stem terete or teretish. Leaves ianceolate to linear Nos. 3, 4 

§ Anthers straight, oblong. — b Stems simple, with purple flowers Nos. 5. 6 

— b Stems brachiate, with yellow flowers No. "J 

1 R. Virginica L. Meadow Beauty. Stem narrowly 4-winged ; leaves sessile, and 

with the stem clothed with scattered hairs ; calyx hispid. Wet grounds, E. Mass., 
S. and W. £2 — 1G'. Cymes corymbed. Flowers purple. July, August. 

2 R , stricta Ph. Stem tall, strongly 4-winged, glabrous ; leaves acuminate, glabioue ; 

calyx glabrous, tube very short. Bogs, S. 3 — 4f. Purple. Juue, July. 

3 R. Mariana L. Hairy; leaves lanceolate and lance-linear, acute, bristly-serrate, 

tapering to a short petiole. Sandy bogs, N. J. to Fla. 1 — 2f. Purple. 
/3. linearis. Diffusely branched ; lvs. almost linear. South. (R. lanceolata Walt.) 

4 ft., glabella Ph. Glabrous, glaucous; lvs. lanceolate, subserrulate, acute, sessile; 

cal. glandular-hispid. Damp woods, S. 2 — 3f. Fls. few, large, purple. June — Aug. 
& R. ciliosa Mx. Stem 1 — 2f, squarish ; leaves broad-ovate, sparsely hispid above, 

margin ciliate with long bristles ; flowers few, subsessile, terminal ; calyx glabrous, 

lobes acute. Damp woods, Md. to Fla. Petals roundish. June — August. 
6 R. serrulata N. Stem 6 — 8', square ; leaves small, roundish-oval, glabrous both 

sides, serralate-ciliate ; calyx glandular-hispid, lobes obtuse. Swamps, S. 



ORDER 52 LYTHBAOHLdfi. 123 

t R. liitea 'Walt. Leaves oblong-linear: flowers panicled; calyx much constricied 
above the ovary, limb bell-form, with cuspidate teeth. Damp woods, S. 18'. 

2. OENTRADBNIA rosea, from Mexico, is often seen in conservato- 
ries. A small shrub, with opposite, lanceolate leaves (one of each pair much smaller or 
obsolete). Fls. 4-parted. re leato, i:i numerous hanging clusters. Sta. 8, anthers append- 
aged.— C. grandifolia lias the ar^e lanceolate leaves crimson beneath, and cymes erect. 

Order LI II. LYTHRACE^. Loosestrifes. 
Plants with entire, exstipulate, mostly opposite leaves, with a tubuk* 
calyx bearing the (4—7) petals and stamens in its throat, and a comDCund 
ovary and style. Stamens 4 — 14, rarely 00. Fruit capsular and free, or 
baccate, 2 — 6-, or by abortion, 1-celled, oo-seeded. Albumen 0. 

§ Shrubs, with alternate leaves, 00 stamens, and a bell-shaped calyx Lagerstrcemia. 1 

$ Shraba, with opposite leaves, 00 stamens, and a tubular, adherent calyx Punica. 2 

g Herbs — a Flowers irregular Calyx inflated, gibbous at base Cuphea. - 3 

— a Flowers regular. — b Calyx cylindrical, striate, with 5 minute horns Lythrum. 4 

— b Calyx campanulate, — c 5 teeth with 5 long horns Nas^sa. 5 

— c 4 teeth with 4 short horns. . . Ammannia. 6 

— c 4 teeth. Horns 0. Petals O.-Didiplis. 7 

i. LAGERSTRCEMIA Indica. Crape Myrtle. Petals 6, crisped, 

on claws inserted into the calyx tube. Sta. 00. Lvs. round-ovate, thick, smooth. Branches 
winged. Flowers blue-purple, in panicles. Common S. t and §. From E. India. 

2. PUNICA granatum. Pomegranate. Lvs. lanceolate. Pet, 5, oval, 
obtuse, erect, scarlet, large. Fr. large, crim., crowned with the calyx, eatable, of singulai 
structure, being 3-celled below and 5-celled above, 10— 20f. Hardy in Fla. and La. (Eur.) 

3. CUPHEA, Jacq. Calyx tubular, 12-veined, gibbous at base, with 6 
erect teeth, and often as many intermediate processes. Pet. 6 or 7, unequal. 
Stam. about 12, unequal. Sty. filiform. Caps, thin, 1-2-celled, few-seeded. 

1 C viscosisstma Jacq. ® Viscid-pubescent ; branches alternate ; lvs. opp., lance- 

ovare : flowers violet-purple, short-stalked, 1 in each axil ; capsules bursting laterally 
before ripe. Wet grounds, Mass., W. and S. Not common. 9 — 18'. August. 

2 C. platycentra. Low, bushy perennial ; leaves lanceolate ; fls. with a scarlet calyx 

tube aud short, purple petals, produced in profusion all Sum. From Mex. Not hardy. 

3 C strigxjlosa. Shrubby, hi spid and viscid ; lvs. oblong-ovate ; cal. scarlet, gibbous 

at base ; petals 6, subequal, large, violet-purple, varying to yellow ; sta. 11. hairy. 

4 C. silenoides. Lvs. lanceolate ; cal. green and red ; pet. 5. purple, 2 large and 3 small. 

4. LYTHRUM, L. Loosestrife. Calyx cylindrical, striate, 'irnfc 
4-6-toothed, with as many intermediate, minute processes. Pet. 4 — 6, 
equal. Stain, as many or twice as many as the petals, inserted in the 
calyx. Style filiform. Capsule 2-celled, many-seeded. U Mostly ^lib 
entire leaves and purple or pale flowers. June — Aug. 

§ Stamens as many as the petals. Flowers axillary, solitary Nos. 1—* 

§ Stamens twice as many as the petals. Flowers spicate or racemed Nos. 4, ft 

1 Li. hyssopifolium L. Grass-poly. Glabrous, slender; branches square; lvs. alter- 
nate or opposite, linear or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse ; fls. solitary, axillary, subsessile : 
pet. and stam. 5 or 6. Low grounds, coastward, Ms., N. Y. Rare. 6 — lC. 

3 L. a] at ii in Ph. Glabrous, erect, branched ; stem winged below ; lvs. lance-ovate 
acute, sessile, broadest at base, alternate and opposite; flowers axillary, solitary 
with 6 wavy petals and 6 short stamens. Damp. S. and W. 1— 2f. 

3 Ii* lineare L. St. slender, somewhat 4-angied, branched above ; Irs. linear, asoet^ 
opposite, obtuse; fls. nearly sessile ; pet. and sta. 6. Swamps, N J. to Fka. 9— 4f. 



L24 Order 54.— ONA-GRACE^C. 

4 Li. Salic&ria L. More or less pubescent; lvs. lanceolate, cordate at base, tin 

nearly sessile, in a long, somewhat verticillate, interrupted spike ; pet. 6 or 7; stam. 

twice as many. Wet meadows, N. Eng., N. Y. Rare. 2— 5f. Fls. showy, purple. 1 

/3. koseum. Flowers rose-red, in many spikes, all summer. A fine garden variety. 

5. NESS A, Jnss. Calyx short, broadly campanulate, with 5 erect 
teeth, and 5 elongated, spreading, hornlike processes. Sta. 10, alternate 
ones very long. Sty. filiform. Caps, globous, included, oo-seeded, 2C Lvs 
opposite or verticillate. Flowers axillary, purple. 

tf . verticillata Kunth. Swamps, common. Stems woody at base, stolon Lferou a 
2— 4f, angular ; lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, opposite or in whorls of 3's ; fls. in a long 
leafy, showy, slender panicle of umbels. (Decodon verticillatum Ell.) 

6. AMMANNIA, L. Calyx campanulate, 4-5-toothed or lobed, gen 
erally with as many hornlike processes, alternating with the lobes. Pet 
4 or 5. Sta. as many, rarely twice as many as the calyx lobes. Capsule 
globular, 2-4-celled, oo-seeded. (l) Stems square and leaves opposite, 
entire. Flowers axillary. 

1 A., liiimilis Mx. St, branched from the base, ascending ; lvs. lanceolate, obtuse, 

tapering at base into a short petiole : fls. solitary, closely sessile, all the parts in 4's ; 
sty. very short. Ditches. A low herb, with inconspicuous flowers. Aug., Sept. 

2 A. latifolia L. St. erect, branching ; lvs. linear-lanceolate, acute, dilated and au- 

ricled at the sessile base; cal. 4-angled, 4-horned ; fls. crowded. Wet, W. 1 — 2f. Purp. 

7. DID1PLIS, Raf. Calyx 4-lobed, without accessory teeth. Pet. 
Sta. 2 — 4. Ov. 2-celled. Stig. 2 -lobed, subsessile. Caps, globous, burst- 
ing irregularly, oo-seeded. £7 Leaves opposite, crowded, linear. Flower? 
axillary, sessile, minute. (Hypobrichia, Curt.) 

I>. diandra.— £onds and sluggish streams, HI. and S. 10—20' long. Jn.-Aug. 

Order LIV. ONAGRACE^E. Onagrads. 

Herbs, rarely shrubs, with the flowers 4-(sometimes 2 or 3)-parted, with 
the calyx tube adhering to the 2-4-celled ovaiy, and teeth valvate in the 
bud ; the petals convolute in the bud, sometimes obsolete as well as the 
calyx teeth. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals or calyx 
teeth. Ovary 2-4-celled, styles united, and stigmas capitate or 4-lobed 
Fruit capsular or baccate, 2-4-celled. Seeds with little or no albumen 
Figs. 13, 54, 138, 317, 385. 

* stamens 8, or twice as many as the petals or sepals. . .(a) 

a Calyx tube not prolonged above the ovary.— b Seeds comous Epilobium. 

— b Seeds glabrous Jusswea. 2 

a Oalyx tube prolonged, — c the free summit slender.— d Seeds comous, 00 Zauschneriv. 3 

— d Seeds glabrous, 00 (Enotheea. 4 

—d Seeds glabrous, 1 — 4 Gaura. 5 

— c the free summit enlarged, — c short. Pet. clawed Clarkia. C 

— e long. Pet, sessile Fuchsia. 7 

• Stamens 4 or 2, as many as the sepals. — d Flowers 4-parted Ludwigia. 9 

—d Flowers 2-parted Circea. J 

1. EPILOBIUM, L. Willow-herb. Rose Bat. Cal. tube not pro- 
longed beyond the ovarv, limb deeply 4-cleft, deciduous. Sta. 8. Stig 



Order 54.— ONAGRACE^E. 125 

often with 4 spreading lobes. Ov. and caps, linear, 4-cornered, 4-cellcd, 
4-valved. Seeds oo, comons with long silky hairs, if Flowers purple 
to white. July — Sept. 

* Lvs. alternate. Fls. Bhowy, expanding. Stig. with 4 long lobes. Sty. declined. .No. 1 

* Lvs. opposite. Fls. small. Stigma undivided. — a Petals entire Nos. 2, 9 

— a Petals 2-lobed Nos. 4, 5 

1 E. angustifolium L. St. simple, erect ; lvs. lanceolate, subentire with a mat 

ginal vein ; rac. long, terminal, spicate ; pet. unguiculate, purple ; stig. with 4 linear, 

revolute lobes. In newly-cleared lands, fence-rows, &c, E. and W. 4— 6f. 

j3. canescens. Flowers pure white throughout ; ovaries silvery canescent. 

£ E. alpinnm L. St. creeping at base, usually with 2 pubescent lines, few-flwd. ; lvs. 

glabrous, oblong-ovate, obtuse ; caps, glabrous. HighMts. N. 6 — 12'. Fls. pale-roseate. 

/3. nutanc. Taller (If), nodding at the summit ; lvs. oblong, denticulate. White Mts. 

3 E. palustre L. £. albiflbrum. Minutely downy, branching; lvs. sessile, linear 

or narrowly lance-lin. ; caps, pubescent. Swamps, Pa., N. & W. 6'— 2f. Fls. nearly wh. 

4 E. molle Torr. Velvety-pubescent, strict, branched above ; lvs. sessile, crowded, 

lanceolate- to linear-oblong, subentire ; pet. deeply-emarginate, rose-color. Swamps, 
E, and W. 1— 2f. Varies to nearly smooth, and less leafy. (N. Y., Hankenson.) 

5 E. coloratura Muhl. Nearly smooth, much branched ; lvs. lance-oblong, dent- 

serrulate, some petiolate, often with reddish veins ; pet. 2-cleft, rose-color. Wet. l-3f 

2. JUSSIiEA, L. Calyx tube long, but not produced beyond the 
ovary ; the lobes 4 — 6, leafy, persistent. Pet. 4 — 6, spreading. Sta. 8 — 12. 
Pod 4-6-celled, long, opening between the ribs. Seeds very numerous.— 
Herbs with alternate leaves and yellow flowers. 

1 J. decurrens DC. Glabrous; fls. 4-parted, 9"; st. erect, branched, winged by the 

decurrent, lanceolate lvs. ; pod clavate, 4-angled. U Wet. Pa., and S. 6-20 / . Jl.-Sep. 

2 J. repens L. Smooth, or hairy above, creeping, with erect branches ; fls. 5-parted, 

2' ; lvs. oblanceolate to oblong, narrowed to the slender pet. ; ov. much shorter than 
the ped. u Ponds, ditches, Pa. to HI., and S. 2 — 3f. May — Aug. (J. grandiflora Mx.) 

3 J. leptocarpa N. Hairy ; fls. mostly 6-parted, small (9") ; lvs. laneeolate, subses- 

sile ; pod slender, much longer than the ped. ® Marshes, Fla. to La. 1 — 2f. June 

3. ZAUSCHNERIA Californica. U Bushy, hairy-viscid, with lan- 
ceolate leaves and scarlet (varying to white) flowers resembling Fuchsias. Sta. exserted. 

4. OENOTHERA, L. Evening Primrose. Calyx tube prolonged 
beyond the ovary, deciduous. Segm. 4, reflexed. Pet. 4, equal, obcordate 
or obovate. Sta, 8. Caps. 4-celled, 4-valved. Stig. 4-lobed. Seeds many, 
without a coma. — Herbs with alternate leaves. Summer. 

* Native. Fls. nocturnal, yellow. Pods sessile, oblong, terete Nos. 1 — 3 

* Native. Fls. diurnal, yellow. Pods clubshaped, 4-angled and 4-ribbed. . (a) 

a Calyx tube not longer than the ovary. Fls. o" or 6" diameter Nos. 4, 5 

a Calyx tube about twice longer than the ovary. Fls. 15"— 18" Nos. 6—8 

a Calyx tube 3 or 4 times longer than the ovary. Fls. 2'— 4 / Nos. 9, 10 

* Exotic. — b Fls. yellow, large. Tube much longer than the ovary Nos. 11, 12 

— & Fls. white, very large. Pods 4- winged and 4-ribbed. . ....... .Nos. 13, 14 

— b Fls. purple or roseate. Tube short, funnel-form. Godetia. .Nos. 15 — 18 

I CE. biennis L. St. erect, hirsute ; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, repand-denticulate ; fls. in 
a terminal, leafy spike ; cal. tube 2 to 3 times longer than the ovary ; stam. shorter 
than the obcordate or obtuse petals ; pod oblong, obtusely 4-angled. Com. 2— 5f. 



126 Order 54.— ONAGRACE^E. 

0. muricata. Stem rough-hirsute ; petals but little longer than the stair ens. 

y. g-randillora, St. branching ; pet. much longer than stani., deeply obcordate. ♦ 

8. parvM'ora, Calyx tube elongated ; petals small, as long as the stamens. 

E, cruciata. Petals linear-oblong, shorter than the stamens. 

C. canescens. Petals enlarged ; whole plant canescently hairy. 

2 CE. rliombipetala N. St. erect, tall, smooth; lvs. lance-linear; pet. rhombiC' 

elliptical, pointed ; cal. tube 3 — 4 times longer than ovary. © Prairies, W. 2 — 3f. -\ 

3 CE. sinuata L. Pubescent, decumbent at base ; lvs. oval-oblong, sinuate-dentate, 

or incised ; fls. axillary, solitary ; tube twice longer than ovary. (I) N. J. and S. 3 — 8/. 
/3. minima. Low, simple, 1-flowered ; lvs. subentire. Pine-barrens, N. J. and S. 

4 CE. piimila L. Low, pubescent, half-erect ; lvs. lanceolate ; fls. 6", in a leafy spike ; 

calyx tube shorter than the oblong-clavate ovary. © Meadows, Can. to Car. 6 — 10 ; . 

5 CE. chrysantha Mx. Ascending, slender; fls. small (5") crowded, spicate ; lvs 

lanceolate ; cal. tube as long as the ovary; pet. emarginate. © N. Y. to Wis. 12 — 18' 

6 CE. fruticosa L. St. rigid, hairy or downy; lvs. lance-oblong; rac. corymbed ; fls 

16" diam. ; pod oblong-clavate, 4-winged, 4-ribbed, pedicellate, u Hard soils. 1— 3f. 

7 CE. riparia N. St. slender, branched, purple, and polished ; lvs. lin. -lanceolate, peti 

olate, denticulate ; rac. coiymbed; fls. large (18"). Banks, N. J., and S. 1— 2f. May + . 

S CE. linearis Mx. Hoary -puberulent, subsimple; lvs. linear, subentire, obtuse; fls. 

large, corymbed ; pod obovoid. u Montauk Pt. to Tenn., and S. 1— \\f. May, June. 

9 CE. glauca Mx. Smooth, glaucous ; lvs. ovate, sessile, pointed; fls. large, clustered 

at the ends of the branches ; pod oval, u Va. to Ky., and S. 2 — 3f. May— July. 

10 CE. Missotjriensis Sims. Simple, decumbent; lvs. thick, lanceolate, petiolate ; fla. 
very large (40, tube very long; pod very large, 4-winged. Dry hills, Mo. July— Oct 

1 1 CE. nocturna. St. erect, downy ; lvs. lanceolate, repand-dentate. © S. Af. 2f. 

12 CE. longitlora. Simple, hairy: 'vs. lanceolate, denticulate ; pet. 2-lobed. © S. Am. 

13 CE. speciosa. Lvs. pinnatifid be«ow ; fls. diurnal, white, fading red. U Ark. 18'. 
\4 CE. tetraptera. Lvs. pinnatifid beloAV ; fls. nocturn., large, pure wh. ®Mex. l-2f. 

CE. RUBicfJNDA. Erect; lvs. lance-linear ; pet. rose-purp., orange at base. ® Cal. 2f. 

6 CE. Likdleti. Diffusely branched ; lvs. lance-lin. ; pet. lilac, red at base. (I) Cal. If. 

1 7 CE. vinosa. Erect ; lvs. linear-oblong ; pet. white-roseate ; fls. 2' broad. (5) Cal. 2f. 

1 8 CE. lepida. Erect, simple ; lvs. lance-obl. ; pet. pale-purp., crimson-spotted at edge. 

5. GAURA, L. Calyx tube much prolonged above the ovary, cylin- 
dric, limb 4-cleft. Pet. 4, unguiculate, somewhat unequal. Sta. 8, decli- 
nate, alternate ones a little shorter. Ovary oblong, 4-celled, nut usually by 
abortion, 1-celled, 1-4-seeded. — Herbaceous or shrubby. Lvs. alternate 
Flowers white and red, in slender spikes. July, August. 

1 G. biennis L. St. branched, pubescent ; lvs. lance-oblong, spikes dense ; cal. tube 
as long as the segments, the pet. rather shorter. © Dry bluffs, rare, handsome. 3 — 5f. 

3 G-. fillpes Spach. Paniculate and naked above ; lvs. linear-oblong, tufted at the 
base of the slender racemes ; calyx segments longer than the tube or petals ; pods 
obovoid-clavate, on slender pedicels. Dry soils, S. and W. 3 — 5f. 

3 G. angustifolia Mx. Pubesccsrt; lvs. linear, very acute ; calyx seg. much longer 

than tube or pet. : pod sessile, ovoni, sharply 4-angled. S. Car. to Fla. Fls. small, wh 

4 G. Lindheimeri. Erect, much branched ; lvs. lin. ; cal. red ; pet. blush, long in bloom. 

6. CLARKIA, Ph. Calyx tube slightly prolonged beyond the ovary, 
limb 4-parted, deciduous. Pet. 4, unguiculate, 3-lobed or entire, claws 
with 2 minute teeth. Sta. 8. Sty. 1, filiform. Stig. 4-lobed. Capsule 
largest at base, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. -(T) Herbs (from Oreg. and 
Cal.) with showy, axillary flowers. 

1 C. riTLCHKLLA. Lvs. lin.-lanceolate ; pet. 3- parted ; 4 sterile sta. FxS. wh.,roso, orlUao 



Order 54.— ONAGKACE^E. 127 

2 C elegans. Lvs lance-ovate; pet. rhombic-ovate ; eta. all fertile. Purple to white. 

3 C khomboidea. Lvs. ovate-obl. ; pet. rhomb. -ovate, 2-toothed, lilac, with purple spots, 

7. FUCHSIA, L. Ladies' Eardrop. Calyx tubular-funn el-form, 
colored, deciduous, iluib 4-lobed. Pet. 4, in the throat of the calyx. Sta. 
8, exserted. Disk glandular, 8-furrowed. Baccate capsule oblong, obtuse, 
4-sided. +> S. American, beautiful. Fls. drooping, axillary. Figs. 54, 138. 

1 F. coccinea. Smooth ; lvs. opp. or 3-whorled, ovate, denticulate; pet. convolute, vio- 

let-purple, half as long as the scarlet sepals, quarter as long as the purple stamens. 

2 F. gracilis. Half-shrubby; lvs. ovate, glandular-dentate; pet. nearly as long as sep. 

3 F. pulgens. Lvs. cordate-ovate ; cal. tube long, trumpet-shaped, bright red.— Many 

hybrid varieties of the above three species are in cultivation. 

8. LUDWIG-IA, L. Bastard Loosestrife. Calyx tube not pro- 
longed beyond the ovary, limb 4-lobed, mostly persistent. Pet. 4, equal, 
obcordate, often minute or none. Sta. 4, opposite the sepals. Sty. short 
Caps, short, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded, and crowned with the persist- 
ent calyx lobes, if and mostly xz. Leaves entire. Flowers in summer. 

§ Leaves opposite. Stems creeping. — a Petals none. Flowers very small. . .Nos. 1, 9 

— a Petals yellow, showy Nos. 3, 4 

§ Leaves alternate, sessile. Stems mostly erect. . .(b) 

b Petals large, yellow. Pods pedicellate, short Nos. 5 — 7 

b Petals small, yellowish. Pods sessile, elongated, smooth Nos. 8, 9 

6 Petals or minute. — c Pods elongated, hairy or smooth Nos. 10, 11 

— c Pods short, rounded, shorter than the sepals.. Nos. 12, 13 

— c Pods short, square, — d axillary Nos. 14 — 16 

— d capitate No. 17 

1 L. palustris Ell. Water Purslane. Creeping or floating, smooth, some fleshy; 

lvs. ovate-spatulate, on winged petioles ; fls. sessile, solitary, apetalous ; pod oblong 
(2 r 0, with 4 green angles. Stem 10 — 18', round, reddish. 

2 Ii. spatulata T. & G. Ascending, branched, downy, not fleshy ; lvs. obovate- 

spat., on winged petioles ; fls. very small, sess. ; pod ovoid, 4-sided, downy. Fla. 8-12'. 

3 Ij. natans Ell. Creeping or floating, smooth; lvs. oblong, on margined petioles; 

fls. sessile ; pet. as long as the calyx ; ov. with 2 bractlets at base. Swamps, S. Pod 4". 

4 L. arcnata Walt. Creeping, smoothish ; lvs. linear-oblanceolate, tapering to the 

slender base ; fls. solitary, on ped. twice longer than the lvs. ; petals bright yellow, 
longer than the narrow sepals ; pod clavate, finally arcuate. Va. to Fla. 3 — W. 

5 Ii. alternifolia L. Seed Box. Erect, glabrous ; lvs. lanceolate, acute; ped. axil- 

lary, 2-bracted ; sep. large, purplish, crowning the 4-winged pod. Swamps. 1 — 3f. 

6 Ii. hirtella Raf. Erect, hairy; lvs. ovate-oblong, obtuse; ped. axillary, 2-bracted; 

sep. shorter than the yellow petals; pod 4-winged, subglobous. Wet. N.J. to Fla. l-3f 

7 Ii. virgata Ph. Erect, with virgate branches, pubescent ; lvs. oblong to linear, ob- 

tuse ; fls. large ; pet. longer than the leafy calyx, which is finally persistent and re- 
flexed on the roundish-cubical 4-winged pod. Dry soils, S. 2 — 3f. Flowers 1'. 

8 Ii. linearis Walt. Slender, with erect branches ; lvs. lance-linear, acute ; fls. axil 

lary, sessile ; pet. obovate-obl. ; pod clavate, 4-sided, longer than sep. N. J. and S. 2f 

9 L. linifolia Poir. Simple, erect from a creeping base ; lvs. spreading, lin., attenu 

ate at base ; sep. ovate, pointed, equalling the pet. and oblong pods. Mud, S. If. Lvs. 1' 

10 Ii. cylindrlca Ell. Smooth ; lvs. lanceolate ; fls. minute, 1—3 together, apetalous. 
pod slender, cylindrical, blunt, longer than the calyx segm. S. Car. to Fla. and La. 3f 

11 Ii. pilosa Walt Villous-pubescent ; lvs. lanceolate ; fls. axillary and spiked above 
pod villous, oblong, 4-sided, as long as the ovate, pointed sepals. Swamps, S. 2f. 



128 Order 56.— TURNERACE^E. 

12 I., sphaerocarpa Ell. Lvs. lanceolate, attenuate to base ; ped. subsol.. tractions 
short ; sep. as long as the small subglobous pod. Wet swamps, Mass. to Ga. : rare, 'if 

13 li. niicrocarpa Mx. Ascending from a creeping base; lvs. spatulate-obovate 
sep. roundish, acuminate, larger than the very small obovoid pod. Wet, S. If. 

14 Ii. alata Ell. St. slender, strongly 4-angled ; lvs. wedge-lanceolate ; fls. in the up- 
per axils few, white, apet. ; pod cubic-obconic, winged ; sds. ovoid. Marshes, S. 2-3f. 

15 L. lanceolata Ell.? (Chapm.) St. stout, terete; lvs. lanceolate ; fls. in all the 
axils green, apetalous ; pod cubical, with sharp angles. Swamps, Ga. Fla. l-2f, bushy. 

16 L. polycarpa Short & Peter. Lvs. lance-lincar, on the runners oblanceolate ; fls 
solitary, with 2 subulate bractlets at base ; pod cubieal-obconic. Swamps, W. 1— 3f. 

n L.. capitata Mx. Erect; lvs. lance-linear to lance-obl.. obtuse at the sessile base* 
flowers sessile, crowded in a terminal bracted head or spike. Wet barrens, S. 2 — 3f. 

9. CIRCiEA, L. Enchanter's Nightshade. Calyx slightly pro- 
duced above the ovary, deciduous, limb 2-parted. Pet. 2, obcordate. Sta. 
3. Caps, obovoid, uncinate-hispid or pubescent, 2-celled, 2-seeded. Sty. 
united, if Leaves opposite. Flowers small, racemed. Figs. 13, 317, 385. 

1 C. Lntetiana L. St. erect, pubescent above; lvs. ovate, subcordate, acuminate, 

slightly repand-dentate, opaque, longer than the petioles ; bracts none ; fr. reflexed, 
hispid-uncinate. Damp shades. 1— 2f. Rac. slender. Fls. rose-colored. June, Jl. 

2 C alpina L. Smooth ; st. ascending at base, weak ; lvs. broad-cordate, diaphanous, 

dentate, as long as the petioles ; bracts setaceous ; caps, pubescent. Wet, rocky 
woods, N. Eng. to Oreg. 6—10'. Fls. white. Plant small and delicate. July, Aug. 

Order LV. LOASACE^E. Loasads. 

Herbs often hispid with stinging hairs, with leaves opposite or alternate 
and no stipules. Calyx, adherent to the ovary, 4 or 5-parted, lobes persist- 
ent, equal. Petals 5, or 10 in 2 circles. Stamens go. Ovary 1-celled, with 
several parietal placenta?. 

1. MENTZELIA, L. Calyx tubular, limb 5-parted. Pet. 5—10, flat, 

spreading. Sta. go, 20 to 200. Ov. inferior. Sty. 3, filiform, connate, and 
often spirally twisted. Stig. simple, minute. Caps. 1-celled, many-seeded. 
—Branching herbs. Leaves alternate. 

1 HI. oligosperma Nutt. Very rough, with barbed hairs ; stem dichotomous ; lvs 

ovate-lanceolate, lobed or incisely toothed ; pet. entire, cuspidate, longer than the 20 + 
sta. ; caps. 3-5-seeded. n. Dry rocks, 111. Mo. and S. If. Fls. deep yellow, 9". May-Jl. 

2 JI. Floridana N. Slightly roughened ; lvs. deltoid-ovate, unequally toothed, petio 

late ; pet. wedge-oval, obtuse ; sta. 30 ; caps. 6-seeded. Fla. If. Fls. small, yellow. 

3 JJI. Lindleti. Golden Bartonia. Hispid ; lvs. lance-ovate, pinnatifid, lobes often den- 

tate ; pet. broad obovate ; seeds GO ; stamens 200. ® California. Fls. golden, 2— S'. 

2. LOASAj Adans. Cal. 5-parted. Pet. 5, concave. Scales 5, petaloid, 
2-3-lobed, connivent, with 2 sterile filaments inserted at base. Sta. go, in 
many fascicles. Style 3-fid. Caps. 1-celled, half 3-valved. 

Ii. lateritia. Brick-red L. Climbing, stinging; leaves palmately lobed, cordate; fls. 
large, on long stalks, brick-red to orange. Chili. 20f. June — October. 

Order LVI. TURNERACE^. 

Herbs with alternate, exstipulate leaves, solitary, 5-parted flowers, a free 
calyx bearing the 5 petals and 5 stamens in its throat. Ovary 1-celled, with 



Order 58 — CUCUKBITAC1LE. 129 

3 parietal placentae. Styles 3, distinct. Fruit a 3-valved capsule. Seeds 
albuminous, strophiolate. 

TURNERA, L. Calyx campanulate. Styles 3. Stigmas 2-5- oo- 
parted or fringed. Caps, of 3 valves separating to the base. Herbs pubes- 
cent or tomentous. Flowers on jointed pedicels, yellow. (Piriqueta, Aub.) 

1 T. cistoides L. Hairy, erect ; lvs. lanceolate, obtuse, denticulate ; the upper bract- 

like, shorter than the peduncles ; pet. obovate, cor. 1'. Dry. S. If. June, July. 

2 T. tomentosa. Tomentous ; lvs. oblong (10, longer than the peduncles. FVi. If. 

3 T. glabra (Chapm.) Smooth, branched ; ped. 2 — 3 times longer than lin. lvs. Fla 

Order LVII. PASSIFLORACE^E. Passionworts. 

Plants often woody, climbing by tendrils, with alternate leaves and leafy 
stipules. Mowers perfect, 5-parted. Calyx tubular, the throat crowned 
with several rows of sterile filaments, and the corolla above them. Sta- 
mens 5, monadelphous, sheathing the stipe of the ovaiy. Fr. fleshy, oo- 
seeded. Figs. Ill, 112, 348. 

PASSIFLORA, L. Passion-flower (i. e., emblematic of our Saviour's 
passion). Cal. colored, deeply 5-parted, the throat with a complex fila- 
mentous crown. Ov. raised on a stipe. Stig. 3, with 5 large anthers. Fr. 
a pulpy berry. "£ ^ Fls. large, wonderful and beautiful. May — July. 

1 P. lutea L. Lvs. glabrous, cordate, 3-lobed, obtuse ; petioles glandless ; ped. mostly 

in pairs ; pet. gr.-yel., narrower and much longer than sep. u Woods, O., and S. lOf. 

2 P. incarnata L. Lvs. deeply 3-lobed, serrate ; petioles with 2 glands above ; in- . 

volucre 3-leaved ; crown triple, roseate, u Dry fields, Va. to Fla. 20 — 30f. Pet. wh. 

3 P. ccerttlea. Shrubby ; lvs. palmately 5-parted, entire ; invol. 3-bracted ; petioles 

glandular ; pet. longer than the crown, blue, purple, and white. Brazil. Not hardy 

Order LYIII. CUCURBITACE^E. Cucurbits. 

Herbs succulent, creeping or climbing by tendrils, with alternate leaves. 
Flowers monoecious or polygamous, never blue. Calyx 5-toothed, adherent. 
Petals 5, often united, inserted on the calyx. Stamens 5, generally cohering 
in 3 sets. Anthers united, contorted. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 parietal pla- 
centae often filling the cells. Fruit a pepo or membranous. Seeds flat, with 
no albumen, often arilled. Figs. 186, 476, 482. 

% Corolla white, —a 6-cleft. Stigmas 2. Fruit echinate Echinoctstis. 1 

— o 5-petalled. Pepo smooth, many-seeded Lagenaria. 2 

— o 5-parted. Berry smooth, few-seeded Bryonia. 3 

— a 5-lohed. Fruit prickly, 1-seeded Sictos. 4 

S Corolla yellow,— b 5-lobed. Berry small, smooth, QO-seeded Melothria. S 

— b 5-lobed. Pepo large. Seeds thick at edge Cucurbita. fi 

—6 5-cleft. Pepo large, — c Seeds colored, thick-edged Citrttllus. 7 

— c Seeds white, acute-edged Cucumis. 3 

1. EOHINOCYSTIS, T. & G. Flowers 8 . Calyx of 6 filiform-subu- 
late segments, shorter than the corolla. Petals 6, united at base into a ro- 
tate-campanulate corolla. $ Sta. 3, diadelphous. ? Abortive fil. 3, dis* 



130 Order 58.— CUCURBITACE^l. 

tinct, minute. Style very short. Stig. 2, large. Fruit roundish, inflated, 
echinate, 4-seecled. ® Climbing, with branched tendrils. 

E. lobata T. & G. Alluvion, Can. to Penn. and W. Smoothish. Lvs. thin, palmately 
5-lobed. Fls. small, white, the barren in large racemes, fertile few below. JL— Sep, 

2. LAG-ENARIA, Ser. Gourd. Fls. a . Calyx campan., 5-toothecL 
Pet. 5, obovate. $ Sta. 5, triadelphous. $ Stig. 3, thick, 2-lobed, subses- 
sile. Pepo ligneous, 1-celled. Seeds arilled, obcordate, compressed, mar- 
gin tumid. — Mostly climbing by tendrils. 

L. vttlgare. Stem soft-pubescent ; tendrils branched ; lvs. roundish, cordate, 2 glands 
beneath at base ; fls. solitary, peduncled, white ; pepo bottle-shaped. (T) Gardens. 

3. BRYONIA, L. Bryony. Fls. a or $ ?. Cal. 5-toothed, teeth 

short. Cor. 5-cleft or -parted. $ Stamens 5, triadelphous, with flexuous 

anthers. $ Sty. trifid. Berry small, globular. J? Fls. greenish-wh. June. 

B. Boykiiiii T. & G. Scabrous pubescent; lvs. deeply 3-5-lobed, cordate; flowers 
small, axillary, mixed, on short pedicels ; berries 3-seeded, bright red. Ga. to La. lOf. 
/ 

4. SICYOS, L. Single-seed Cucumber. Fls. a . Cal. 5-toothed. 

Pet. 5, united at base. Anthers cohering, contorted. Styles 8, united at 
base. Fruit ovate, membranous, hispid or echinate, with one large, com- 
pressed seed. \> With compound tendrils. Flowers axillary, mixed. 

S. a nii u 1 a t u s L. Hairy, branched ; lvs. roundish, 5-angled or lobed, lobes pointed , 
fls. wh. with gr. veins, the $ in long rac, the ? smaller, capitate. Thickets. Jl. — Sep. 

5. MELOTHRIA, L. Fls. $ 5 8 or a . Calyx bell-form, limb in 5 
subulate segments. Pet. 5, united into a bell-form corolla. Sta. 5, triadel- 
phous. Style 1, stig. 3. Berry ovoid, small, oo-seeded. ^ Tendrils simple. 

HI. peudalaL. Lvs. roundish, small, 5-lobed or angled, pointed; fls. axillary, $ in 
small rac, $ solitary, on long peduncles. N. Y. to Ga. Delicate. Fls. yellowish. Jl. 

6. CUCURBITA, L. Squash. Fls. a . Cal. 5-toothed, limb decidu- 
ous after flowering in 2 . Cor. bell-shaped, cohering with the calyx. 
Stam. 3, anth. connate, straight. Stig. 3. Pepo fleshy. Seeds thick at 
margin, smooth, jp Flowers yellow. 

1 C Pepo. Pumpkin. Rough-hispid ; lvs. very large, cordate, 5-lobed or angled ; fls. 

large, $ long-stalked ; fr. very large, rounded, smooth, torulous, finally yellow, (I) 

2 C. Melopepo. Flat Squash. Hairy ; lvs. cordate, 5-lobed ; fr. depressed-orbicular, 

margin torulous, smooth or warty, whitish. (T) Hybridizes with No. 1. 

3 C. verrucosa. Crookneck S. Hairy ; lvs. cordate, deeply 5-lobed ; fr. oblong or cla 

vate, often elongated and curved at base. (I) The varieties are numerous. 
/3. medtjllosa. Vegetable Marrow. Lvs. triangular in outline, deeply 3-lobed ; fr. 
oblong or club-form, dark-green and wh., 10 — 20' long Highly prized in England. 

4 C maxima, Mammoth S. Winter S. Rough-hairy ; lvs. round-reniform, obtusely 

5-lobed; fruit 10'— 3f! diam., with a lobed, yellowish-white surface and dense pulp. 

7. CITRULLUS, Neck. Watermelon. Citron. Cal. deeply 5-cleft, 
Gegm. linear-lanceolate. Pet. 5, united at base. Sta. triadelphous. Style 
trifid. Stig. reniform-cordate. Fr. rounded or oblong, the succulent pla« 
centae filling the cell. Seeds colored, truncate at base. ^ 



Order 59.— BEGONIACE^Q. 131 

C # TUlK&ris Schrad Hirsute ; lvs. somewhat 5-lobed, the lobes sinnate-pinnatifld, 
giaucus beneath ; fls. with a bract ; fr. dark-spotted. (T) India. Africa. 

8. CUCUMIS, L. Fls. 8 or $ . Cal. tubular-campanulate, with sub- 
ulate segments. Cor. deeply 5-parted. Sta. triadelphous. Style short 
Stig. 3, thick, 2-lobed. Pepo elongated. Seeds lance-oblong, white, acute, 
not margined at the edge. ^ Fls. axillary, solitary, yellow. 

* Leaves angular, not lobed, snbcordate. Tendrils simple Nos. 1, fl 

* Leaves deeply-lobed or cleft. Tendrils simple or forked Noa. 3 — 8 

1 C. sativxts. Cucumber. Rough ; If. angles acute ; fr. oblong, prickly when young, (I) 

2 C. Melo. Musk Melon. Hairy ; If. angles obtuse ; fr. globular, torulous. ® Asia. 

3 C Anguria. Prickly C. Lvs. sinuate-lobed ; tendrils simple ; fr. ovoid, echinate. 

4 C. Coloctnthis. Colocynth. Lvs. cut-lobed ; tend, short ; fr. round, yel., very bitter. 

5 C. ANGUINU8. Serpent C. Lvs. S-5-lobed ; tendrils forked ; fr. long, coiled, snake-like 

Order LIX. BEGONIACE^E. Begoniads. 

Herbs or shrubby plants, with alternate, inequilateral leaves, and dicli- 
nous, unsymmetrical flowers. Perianth of 3 — oo lvs., all petaloid or the in- 
ner only. Stamens oo, anth. connate. Ovary inferior, 3-angled or winged, 
3-celled, the placentas in the angles. Styles united at base. Albumen 0, or thin. 

BEGONIA, L. $ Sepals 2. Pet. 2, rarely more, or 0. $ Sepals 2, 
larger than the 4 petals. Cap. with 3 angles unequally winged, opening 
below the apex. Sds. go, minute. U £> Lvs. alternate, stipulate, with the 
sides unequal, margins toothed or lobed. Fls. often showy. Species 320. 
mostly tropical, often found in the greenhouse. Much mixed. 

§ Leaves feather-veined, and glabrous as well as the whole plant Nos. 1 — 4 

§ Leaves palmi-veined, with 5—9 veins from near the base. ..(a) 

a Plant glabrous throughout. Leaves toothed or crenulate Nos. 5 — 7 

a Leaves hairy, at least on the deeply 5-9- lobed margins Nop. 8, 9 

a Leaves hairy, at least on the undulate or toothed margins ... (6) 

b Staminate flowers with 2 sepals only, the petals usually : .Nos. 10, 11 

b Staminate flowers with 2 sepals and 2 petals. E. India Nos. 12 — 15 

1 B. macitlata. Very smooth ; lvs. ovate-oblong, wavy, cordate, white-spotted above, 

purple beneath ; fls. white or flesh-colored, in forked cymes. Brazil. (B. argentea.) 

2 B. fuchsioides. Smooth ; lvs. oblong to obovate, obtuse at base, serrulate ; fls. bright 

red, drooping like Fuchsias, in many terminal cymes, very handsome. N. Granada. 

3 B. semper florens. Leaves bristly on the crenate edges, ovate, snbcordate; fls. white 

to rose-colored, 1'— 18", in an open panicle, with scarious, persistent bracts. Brazil. 

4 B. incarnata. Leaves bristly-serrate, ovate to oblong ; fls. roseate, large, in com- 

pound, pendulous cymes, with caducous bracts or 0. Mexico. (B. insignia.) 

5 B. kitida. Leaves ovate, half-cordate, subcrenate. shining, green as well as the stip- 

ules • flowers purplish-white, with caducous bracts, on axillary peduncles. W. Ind. 

6 B. bangutnea. Leaves oblique-ovate, deeply cordate, crenulate, red beneath, large ; 

flowers white, small, many, in cymes longer than the leaves. Stalks red. 
T B. coccinea. Leaves oblique oblong, half cordate, dentate ; stipules obovate, cadu- 
cous ; flowers scarlet, pendulous, 8" broad, in cymes equalling the leaves (5'). 

8 B. heracleifolia. Leaves roundish, palmately 7-cleft, lobes toothed ; fringed scales 

on the petiole aDove ; scape long, with many roseate flowers, V diameter. Mexico. 

9 B. parvxflora. Shrub rusty-downy ; leaves ample, roundish, snbcordate, 7-9-lobed, 

lobes serrulate ; cymes If long, with numerous email pale flowers. Peru. 



132 Order 60.— CACTACE^G. 

10 B. manicata. Leaves oblique-ovate, cordate, angular, toothed, with purple-frins;ea 
scales on the petioles ; flowers flesh-colored, in open cymes, on long peduncles. Mex. 

1 1 B. phyllomaniaca. Stem covered with leaf-like bulblets ; leaves broad-ovato, 
cordate, doubly dentate ; peduncles longer than the leaves ; flowers roseate. Brazil. 

12 B. Evansiana. Leaves ovate, subcordate, bristly denticulate, purple beneath; 
flowers rose-colored, 1', in cymes on long stalks. Our oldest species, from China. 

1 3 B. Rex. Leaves ample, ovate, cordate, variegated with zones of dark-green, silvery 
gray, and purple, sinuate-crenate ; scape 1 — 2f, with large roseate flowers. E. Ind. 

14 B. Griffithii. Like No. 13, but densely downy all over, even the large whitish fls. 

1 5 B. xanthina. Lvs. like No. 13, but varied with metallic spots ; scape with yellow fls 

Order LX. CACTACE^. Indian Figs. 
Plants with a green fleshy caudex or stock, angular or jointed, mostly 
leafless, armed with numerous prickles and terrible spines. Flowers soli- 
tary, mostly very showy. Sepals oo on the surface. Petals and stamens oo 
on the top of the ovary or calyx tube. Fruit fleshy, 1 -celled, with parie- 
tal placentae. Style filiform, with stellate stigmas. Figs. 472, 487. 

• Calyx tube not produced above the ovary. Stock jointed, branching Opuntia. 1 

• Calyx tnbe produced above the ovary. — a Joints flat, leaf-like, spineless... (x) 

— a Stocks 3- 00 -angled or grooved, spiny... (y) 

x Flowers rose-red, oblique, from the top of the short truncated joints Epiphtllxtm. 2 

x Flowers pink to red, regular, from the notches of the long joints PhyllocACTUS. 3 

y Stock long-cylindrical, many-ridged. Flowers lateral, long-tubed Ceeeus. 4 

y Stock depressed-globular to oblong. Flowers subterniinal, short-tubed Echinocactus. 

y Stock globular to conical. Flowers terminal, small, woolly-tubed Melocactus. fi 

y Stock globular to cylindrical, covered with tubercles. Flowers lateral MammillarU. 

1. OPUNTIA, Mill. Indian Fig. Sep. and pet. oo adnate to the 
ovary, not produced into a tube above it, longer than the stamens, the in- 
ner obovate. Stig. 4 — 10. Berry smoothish or prickly. J) Branches com- 
posed of fleshy, mostly flattened joints. Lvs. small, deciduous, alternate, 
with tufts of prickles in their axils. Flowers large, yellow. 

§ Joints obovate or broadly oval. Stigmas 8 — 10. Seeds many. Fr. eatable... Nos. 1—4 
§ Joints oblong or nearly cylindrical. Stigmas 4—6. Seeds 1—6 Nos. 5, 6 

1 O. JFicus-Indica Haw. Stock branches stout, erect-spreading, pale-glaucous ; 

lvs. subulate, with pungent bristles, no spines ; fr. bristly, obovoid, purple. Florida I 
to San Diego 1 3 — 20f. Joints If. Fruit pleasantly acid. § Trop. Am. 

2 O. vulgaris Mill. Stock prostrate, pale-glaucous ; lvs. minute, scale-like, with 00 

bristles and few spines ; fr. nearly smooth, ovoid, eatable, crimson when ripe. Dry 
rocks, &c, Ct. to Fla. 1— 2f, the joints 4— 6'. Flowers 2*— 4' broad. Pet. 7—10. Jn. 

3 O. Kafinesquii Eng. Stock prostrate, bright green ; lvs. spreading, subulate, longei 

(3 — i"); spines 1-5 in each axil ; petals 10-12, often purplish at base. Ky. to 111., and W 

4 O. Missouriensis DC. Stock prostrate ; leaves minute, the axils bristly and 

with whorl of many spines ; fruit prickly, dry. Wis., along the rivers, and W. June. 

5 O. polyantlia Haw. Erect ; joints oblong, the upper bearing niauy rlowers at top ; 

spines strong, yellow, unequal ; stigmas 6 ; fruit small, 6-seeded. Waysides, Fla. Jn. 

6 O. Pes-Corvi Leconte. Stk. prostrate ; joints compressed-cylindric, small (20; spinea 

in pairs, unequal ; pet. few, spatulate ; stig. 4; fr. small, prickly, 1-4-seeded. Ga.,Fla. 

7 O. Braziliensxs Stock cylindrical, 6 — lOf ; branches short, bearing ovate joints,which 

are thin and somewhat leaf-like ; spines 1 — 3 together, sharp and strong. Brazil. 

2. EPIPHYLLUM truncatum. Stock consisting of short, flat, notched 
joints, truncate at top ; flowers at top of the joints, 2—3' long, conspicuously oblique, 
Style longer than the stamens or 6- 8 10 reflexed petals. From Brazil. 1 f. 



Order 63.— UMBELLIFER^]. 133 

/ v 

3. PHTLLOOAOTUS phyllanthoides. Stock consisting of narrow, 

onsiform, crenate joints, fleshy but leaf-like. Flowers 4' long, open by day, with many 
rose-colored petals and sepals longer than the tube, gradually spreading. Mexico. 

2 P. Ackermanni. Fls. scarlet ; pet. channelled, pointed, very many, 3 — 4'. Mexico. 

3 P. phyllanthus. Spleenwort. Joints ensiform, serrate ; fls. 9 — 12', the white fun- 

nel-form cor. much shorter than the slender tube, opening by night, fragrant. S. Am. 

4. CEREUS, DC. Sep. and pet. imbricated, adnate to and prolonged 
into a long tube above the ovary. Sta. and style filiform, adnate to the 
tube. Stig. 10. Berry scaly with the remains of the sepals. J> *> Stock 
fleshy, green, prismatic, often jointed, with fascicles of spines on the ridges. 

1 C. grandiflorcts. Night-blooming C. Stock long, about 5-angled ; flowers very large, 

nocturnal; pet. spreading 6—8', pearl-white ; sep. yellow. Mex. A magnificent flower. 

2 C. triangularis. Stock 3-angled, prickles bristly ; fl. very large, white ; sep. green. 

3 C. flagelliformis. Stock slender, long, prostrate, 10-angled, hispid ; fls. pink-color, 

smaller, open by day many days in succession ; tube longer than the petals. 

4 C. serpentinus. Stock 12-angled, 4f ; spines white, bristly ; fls. pale, open by night. 

5 C. speciosissimus. Stock 3- or 4-angled, erect, 4f ; angles winged, undulate ; fls. large 

(4' long), with many red or crimson petals and white stamens, diurnal. Common. 

6 C. senilis. Old-Man C. Stk. erect, oblong, with tufts of long, white, hair-like bristles. 

5. MELOCAOTUS communis. Stock very succulent, roundish ovate, 
If, 12-18-ribbed, surmounted by a sort of spadix, consisting mostly of dense wool, in 
which at the top the small red flowers are imbedded. W. Indies. 

Order LXI. FICOIDE^E. Mesembbyanths. 

Plants fleshy, of forms variously singular, with entire, mostly opposite 
leaves, and solitary, regular flowers, remarkable for their profusion and 
duration. Calyx lobes 4 or 5. Petals oo — 5, or rarely 0. Stamens oo, dis- 
tinct, perigynous. Ovary more or less adherent. Stigmas 2 — oo. Cap- 
sules 1- oo-celled, oo-seeded. Embryo curved. 

§ Petals and stamens 00 , in several rows. Capsule fleshy, valvate Mesembryanthemum. 1 

§ Petals none, stamens 00 — 5. Capsule 3-^5-celled, circumsessile Sesuvium. .2 (& p. 446) 

1. MESEMBRYANTHEMUM, L. Ice Plant. Calyx lobes 5. Pet 
linear, inserted with the filiform stamens on the calyx tube. U 5 Air bub- 
bles beneath the epidermis appear like dew or frost. 

1 OT. crtstallinum. Procumbent, fleshy ; lvs. large, ovate, acute, wavy at the margin, 

3-veined beneath, y Greece. Stem If. Flowers white, all summer. Not hardy. 

2 HI. grandiplorum. Procumb. ; lvs. cord, ovate ; cal. 4-cleft, 2-horned ; pet. pink. Afr. 

2. SESUVIUM, L. Sea Purslane. Sep. 5, united at base, colored 
inside. Sta. 5 — 50, inserted on the calyx tube. Ov. free, 3-5-celled. Sty. 
3 — 5. Pyxis opening transversely by a lid. If Prostrate sea-side herbs. 

S. Portulacustrum Tourn. Lvs. linear-spatulate ; fls. on short peduncles ; sta. qq. 
Sandy coasts, N. C. toFla. lf+. Plant very smooth and fleshy. Fls. axil., roseate. Jl. + , 

Order LXIII. UMBELLIFERJS. Umrelworts. 
Herbs with hollow, striate stems, sheathing petioles, and flowers in uni 



134 Ordek 63.— UMBELLIFER^E. 

bels. Calyx adherent to the ovary. Petals 5, usually inflected at the point 
Stamens 5. Ovaries 2-carpelled, surmounted by the fleshy disk which bears 
the petals and stamens. Styles 2, distinct, or united at their thickened 
bases. Fruit a cremocarp (§151), consisting of 2 coherent achenia called 
mericarps, which separate along the middle space, which is called the 
commissure. 

Carpoptiore, the slender, simple, or forked axis attached to and supporting tho mort 
carps at top, enclosed hetween them at the commissure. 

Bibs, 5 ridges traversing each mericarp lengthwise, and often 4 intermediate or second- 
ary ones, some, all, or none of them winged. 

Vittce, little tubular receptacles of colored volatile oil imbedded in the substance of 
the pericarp, just beneath the intervals of the ribs, and also sometimes in the face of 
the commissure. 

Embryo in the base of abundant, horny albumen. 

Figs. 42, 177, 235, 238, 303, 334-5, 360, 442-3. 

A large "\nd well-defined Order. As the flowers in all are nearly alike, the genera Arc 
b<»t distinguished by characters taken from the fruit — the number and form of the ribs, 
the presence or absence of vittae, the form of the albumen at the commissure, &c. These 
parts, therefore, minute as they are, will require the special attention of the student. 

| Flowers in simple umbels, sometimes spicate. Leaves simple... (a) 
S Flowers in capitate umbels, i. c, sessile, forming dense heads... (b) 
§ Flowers in regularly-compound umbels, not sessile in heads... (2) 

2 Fruit flattened on the back, singly-winged on the margin only...(<!) 
2 Fruit flattened on the back, doubly-winged on the margin only...(d) 
2 Fruit flattened on the sides, or terete and not flattened either way. . .(3) 

3 Fruit slender, teretish, 2 — 3 times longer than wide. Flowers white. . .(«) 
3 Fruit nearly as broad as long. — m Flowers yellow. . .(/) 
— m Flowers white. . .(4) 
4 Ribs of the fruit either muricate, or crenulate-winged...(.7.) 
4 Ribs smooth, entire, winged or sharply prominent. . .(h) 
4 Ribs obtuse or obsolete. — n Calyx teeth obsolete or 0. . .(Jc) 
— n Calyx teeth prominent. . .0) 

a Fruit flat, orbicular. Leaves round or roundish HYDROCOTTLB. i 

a Fruit globular. Leaves linear, fleshy phyllodia Crantzia. 2 

b Flowers partly sterile. Fruit densely muricate, few Sanicula. 3 

b Flowers all fertile. Fruit scaly, many in the head Ehyngium. 4 

c Flowers of two sorts, the marignal with enlarged corollas, radiant HERiCLEUM. fi 

e Flowers all alike. — o Fruit with a thick, corky margin. Vittae 00 Polyt^nia. 6 

— o Fruit with a thin margin. Vittae single PetjCedanitji. 7 

d Seed adherent to the pericarp. Intervals with single vittae Angelica. 8 

d Seed loose in the pericarp. Intervals with numerous vittae ArchangeliCA. 9 

e Beak slender, longer than the fruit, all without vittae. South Scandix. 10 

j Beak short or none.— p Fruit clavate, upwardly hispid : Osmorhiza. 11 

—p Fruit smooth, linear-oblong. Styles very short Ch.srophyi.LUM.12 

—p Fruit smooth, elliptical. Styles very slender Cryptotjsnia. 13 

/ Involucels of 5 ovate, entire bracts. Leaves simple, entire Bupleurum. 14 

f Involucels of 3 subulate bracts. — r Fruit laterally compressed Carum. 15 

— r Fruit subterete transversely Thaspium. 16 

f Involucra none. — s Fruit laterally compressed. Vittae 00 Pimpinella. 17 

— 5 Fruit transversely subterete. Vittae single FffiNicrjLUM. 18 

g Calyx teeth prominent. Ribs of the fruit muricate Daucus. 19 

g Calyx teeth obsolete. Ribe of the fruit crenulate-undulate Conium. 20 

h Marginal wings twice broader than the dorsal Selinum. 21 

ft Marginal and dorsal ribs alike sharp,— u with 00 vittae Ligusticum 22 

—u with single vittae JSthusa. 23 

k Fruit a double globe. Petals not inflected. Low, early-flowering Erigenia 34 

h Fruit OTate-oblong. Petals emarginate-inflected. Involucra Cabum. U 



Order 63.— UMBELLLFER^. 135 

h Fruit round-ovate. — v Petals concave, not emarginate. Vittae single Af dm. 26 

— v Petals inflected, emarginate. Vittae 00 Pimflnella. 17 

t Ribs of the carpels obsolete. Fruit ovate, covered with large vittae Eulophus. 26 

I Ribs of each carpol 9. Fruit globular. Outer flowers radiant Coriandrum. 30 

I Ribs of each carpel 5. — x Fruit round, didymous Cicuta. 27 

— x Fruit oval. Leaves pinnate Sum. 28 

— x Fruit ovate. Leaves capillaceous Discopleura. 29 

1. HYDROCOTYLE, L. Pennywort. Calyx limb obsolete. Pet. 
spreading, the point not inflected. Fr. laterally flattened, the commissure 
narrow. Carpels 5-ribbed, without vittae. ^ Low, smooth, creeping. Umb. 
simple. Invol. few-leaved. Fls. small, white. June — Aug. Figs. 334-5. 

* Leaves reniform or cordate, the base lobes not united Nos. 1—3 

* Leaves peltate, orbicular, the base lobes united Nos. 4, E 

1 H. Americana L. St. filiform ; lvs. round-reniform. slightly lobed. crenate : limb. 

sessile, 3-5-flwd. ; fr. orbicular, u Damp shades. 2 — 6'. Plant very smooth aud shining. 

2 H. ranuncnloides L. /. Lvs. round-reniform. deeply 3-5-cleft, lobes crenate ; 

ped. 1—2', branched ; umbels 5-9-nwd., capitate, u Waters. Pa., and S. Lvs. ve'ny, 4-8'. 

3 H. repanda Pers. Lvs. broad-ovate, cordate, rounded, margin repand-uentatc ; 

ped. 2 — 3', simple ; umb. capitate, 3 or 4-flwd. ; invol. 2-bracted. U Muddy shores, S. 

4 H. nmbellata L. Lvs. crenate, with a notch at base, long-stalked (4—60 ; scapee 

4 — 6', bearing a simple (rarely proliferous) umb. of 20-30 fls. u Ponds, bogs. Ms. to La. 

5 H. interr upta Muhl. Lvs. crenate ; umb. proliferous, 5-flwd. u Wet. Ma. to Ga. 

2. CRANTZIA, Nutt. Calyx margin obsolete. Pet. obtuse. Fr. sub- 

globous. Carpels unequal, 5-ribbed, with a vitta in each interval. £? Sma-U, 

creeping, with linear or filiform, entire lvs. Umbels simple, involucrate. 

C. lineata Nutt. Lvs. cuneate-linear, sessile, obtuse at apex, and with transverse 
veins, shorter than the peduncles. U Muddy banks, coastward. Umb. 4-S-uowered. 

3. SANICULA, Tourn. Sastcle. Fls. ? § $. Cal. segm. acute, 
leafy. Pet. obovate, erect, with a long, inflected point. Fr. subglobous 
armed with hooked prickles. Carpels without ribs. Vittae numerous 
if Umbel nearly simple. Rays few, with many-flowered, capitate umbel 
lets. Involucre of few, often cleft leaflets, involucel of several entire. 

1 S. ?I aril an die a L. Lvs. 5-7-parted, digitate, mostly radical ; segm. thick, oblong, 

incisely serrate ; sterile fls. many, pedicellate, fertile ones sessile ; cal. segm. entire ; 
styles slender, conspicuous, recurved. Woods : common. 2— 3f. May — July. 

2 S. Canadensis L. Lower lvs. 5-parted, upper 3-parted ; segm. cuneate-obovate, 

mucronate-serrate ; sterile fls. few, much shorter than the fertile ; sty. shorter than 
the prickles. Woods, thickets : com. l-3f. Lvs. thin, 1-3'. Umb. few-flwd. Jn.-Aug. 
/ 

4. ERYNGIUM, Tourn. Fls. sessile, collected in dense heads. Cal 

lobes somewhat leafy. Pet. inflexed. Sty. filiform. Fr. scaly or tubercu 
late, obovate, terete, without vittae or ribs, if (2) Fls. blue or white, brac- 
teate ; lower bracts involucrate, the others smaller and chaffy. Summer. 

* Scales and chaff of the heads entire, often spinescent Nos. 1— S 

* Scales and chaff of the heads tricuspidate.— a Flowers white Nos. 4, £ 

—a Flowers blue Nos. 6, 7 

1 E. yuccaefoliuni Mx. Erect ; lvs. broadly linear, parallel-veined, ciliate with re- 
mote, soft spines; invol. bracts entire, spinescent, shorter than the ovoid-glob, beads. 
V Prairies and pine-barrens, W. and S. 2— 5f. Fls. white, inconspicaous. Jl., Aug 



136 Order 63.— UMBELLIFER^. 

2 K. Baldwinii Spr. Sts. prostrate, filfform ; rt. Its. wedge-oblong, st. lvs. 3-partcdL, 

segm. lance-lin., cut-toothed ; invol. scales and chaff alike ; hds. oblong. Fla. If/. Blue. 

3 E. prostratuni Baldw. Sts. prostrate, filiform, rooting ; lvs. of two forms at the 

same node, small, some ovate, some 3-parted with lance-linear segm. ; invol. scales 

linear, longer than the small oblong heads ; fis. blue. U Swamps, Ga. Fla. 6-12'. Jn.-f 

/3. foliosum. Bracts of the invol. leafy, twice longer than the heads. Fla. La. 

4 E. aromaticnui Baldw. Sts. assurgent ; vs. short (10, pinnate, with cuspidate 

segm., the 3 terminal largest; hds. globous (6— 8") ; invol. scales 5. Dry. Fla. §—W. 

5 E. iflettaiieri. Erect, tall ; lvs. linear-terete, consisting chiefly of the fistulous, 

jointed midvein, barely winged and toothed ; bracts 8 — 10, leafy. Wet. Fla. 4— 6f. 

6 E. Virginian iini Lam. Erect; lvs. lance-oblong to linear, flat, the lower long- 

stalked, upper uncinate-serrate ; bracts longer than the roundish head, ic Swamps. 
2— 4f. Eds. in umbel-like cymes, numerous, 5— §", Varies with lvs. all linear. Jl. Aug. 

7 E. virgatuni Lam. Erect; lvs. oval or oblong, thin, petiolate, dentate, the uppei 

sessile ; bracts 6—8, longer than the depressed, cymous heads, it Wet, S. 2 — it. 

5. HERACLEUM, L. Cow Parsnip. Calyx 5-toothed. Pet. often 
radiant in the exterior flowers, and apparently deeply 2-cleft. Fruit com- 
pressed, flat, with a broad, flat margin, and 3 obtuse, dorsal ribs to each 
carpel ; intervals with single vittae. Seeds flat. U Stout, with large um- 
bels. Involucre deciduous. Involucels many-leaved. 

H. lanatnm L. Villous ; lvs. ternate, petiolate, tomentous beneath ; lfts. petioled, 
round-cordate, lobed ; fr. orbicular. Can. to N. Car. and W. 4f. Lvs. very large. June. 

6. FOLYTiENIA, DC. Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit oval, glabrous, com- 
pressed on the back, with a thickened, corky margin. Commissure with 4 
to 6 vittae. Seeds plauo-convex. % A smooth herb, with bipinnately- 
divided leaves. Involucre 0. Involucel of setaceous bracts. 

P. TV uttallii DC— Prairies, W. 2— 3f. Smoothish. Lower leaves long-stalked. Um 
bels 2'. Fruit 3". May. 

7. PEUCEDANUM, L. Fruit ovate, oval, or roundish, compressed 
on the back, the margin acute or broadly winged, carpels plane or convex, 
intervals with single vittae. Seeds plano-convex, if (g) Smooth, rarely 
pubescent. Lvs. pinnately or ternately divided or decompound. Umbels 
compound, with or without involucra. Fls. yellow or white. Fig. 238. 

§ Eupeucedanum. Cal. 5-toothed. Lvs. pinnatipect. Fr. narrowly winged. Yellow... 1,2 
§ Archemora. Cal. 5-toothed. Lfts. 1—11, narrow. Fr. narrowly winged. Fls. white. 3-5 

§ Pastinaca. Calyx teeth 0. Lfts. oval. Fruit broadly winged. Flowers yellow No. fl 

1 P. foenicnlacenm N. and other species with radical, pinnatisect leaves grow in 

Kansas, and W. (Rev. J. H. Carruth.) 
% P. graveolens. Dill. Lvs. cauline, tripinnate; seg. capillary; umb. on long stalks; fr. 

oval, flat, brown, aromatic, pungent, medicinal. ® Spain. 2f. (Anethum, C-B.) 
$ P. rigiduni Cowbane. St. rigid, striate ; lvs. pinnate; lfts. 3— 11, lance-ovate, sub 

entire ; umb. 2 or 3, spreading, with slender rays ; fr. with large purp. vittae. U Swamps, 

N.Y.,W. andS. 2— 5f. August. 
/3. ambig-ua^ has the leaflets linear and entire. 

4 P. ternatum. Stem slender, smooth; lvs. on long petioles, ternate; segm. very 

long, linear, entire, 3-veined; invol. 0-3-leaved; involucel 4-6-leaved. Swamps, in 
pine-barrens, S. 2— 3f. Sept.— Nov. (Neurophyllum longifolium, C-B.) 

5 P. teretifolium. Tall, slender, smooth ; lvs. reduced to fistular, jointed phyllodia, 

terete, tapering, 6— 1^ long; fr. 3" ; invol. 5-6-leaved. U Wet, S. (Tierjmannia, C-B.) 



Order 63.— UMBELLIFER^E. 137 

6 P. «ati rum. Root fusiform ; stem furrowed : lvs. ph.nate, downy beneath. ; llts. 
oblong, incisely toothed, the terminal 3-lobed : umbels large ; involucra nearly 0. 
© Fields, gardens. 3 — 4f. July— Sept. % Wild and Common Parsnip. 

8. ANGELICA, L. Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit dorsally compressed, 
doubly winged. Carpels 5-ribbed, the 3 dorsal ribs filiform, the 2 marginal 
winged, intervals with single vittse. Carpophore 2-parted. Seed semi- 
terete, if Leaves bi- or tri-ternate, sessile. Umbels terminal. Invol. or 
few-leaved. Involucels many-leaved. 

A. Curtisii Buckley. Lvs. biternate or with 3 quinate divisions ; lfts. thin, ovate oi 
lance-ovate, acuminate, incisely toothed ; fr. broadly winged. Mts. Pa., & S. Aug. 

9. ARCHANGELICA, Hoffm. Angelica. Calyx teeth short. Fr. 
dorsally compressed, with 3 carinate, thick ribs upon each carpel, and 2 
marginal ones dilated into membranous wings. Seed loose in the ripe car- 
pel, covered with vittse. U Petioles usually large, inflated and 3-parted. 
Umbels perfect. Involucels many-leaved. Fls. greenish white. Fig. 177. 

* Involucels less than half the length of the pedicels. Fruit 3" long, winged No. 1 

* Involucels about as long as the pedicels. — « Fruit scarcely winged No. 2 

—a Fruit broadly winged Nos. 3, 4 

1 A. atropurpiirea Hoffm. St. dark purple, furrowed ; petioles 3-parted, the divi- 

sions quinate ; lfts. incisely toothed, terminal 1ft. rhomboidal, sessile, the others de 
current ; involucels setaceous. Meadows, E. and W. 4 — 6f. Stout, aromatic. June. 

2 A. peregrina N. St. striate ; If. divisions ternate, segm. incisely serrate ; involu- 

cel of many bracts, as long as the pedicels ; fruit ribs corky, thick. Sea-coast, Mass. 
to Labrador. 2— 3f. July. (A. Gmelini DC.) 

3 A. liirsuta T. & G. Stem striate, the summit with the umbels tomentous-hirsute : 

lvs. bipinnately divided, the divisions quinate ; segm. oblong, acutish, the upper pair 
connate, but not decurrent at base. Dry woods, N. Y. to Car. 2 — 5f. July. 

4 A. dentata Chapm. Slender, smooth ; lvs. 1-2-ternate ; segm. lance-ovate, incised ; 

umbels few-rayed ; involucel 5-6-leaved, as long as the pedicels. Ga. Fla. 2 — 3f. J1.+ 

10. SCANDIX, L. Ventjs's Comb. Cal. limb obsolete. Fr. laterally 

compressed or nearly terete, attenuated into a beak which is longer than 

the seed. Carpels with 5 obtuse, equal ribs. Vittae 0, or scarcely any. (5) or 

(2) Lvs. finely dissected. Invol. 0. Involucel 5-7-leaved. Flowers white. 

S. apiculata Willd. Petioles and peduncles slender ; .vs. finely dissected into subu- 
late segments ; umbels 3-rayed ; fruit with beak and forked style 9". Ga. If. § Eur. 

11. OSMORHIZA, Raf. Sweet Cicely. Calyx margin obsolete. Sty. 
conical at base. Fr. linear, very long, clavate, attenuate at base. Carpels 
with 5 equal, acute, bristly ribs. Yittse Commissure with a deep, 
bristly channel. U Leaves biternately divided, with the umbels opposite. 
Involucels 4-7-leaved. Flowers white. May, June. Figs. 42, 442-3. 

1 O. lougistylis DC. Sty. filiform, nearly as long as the ovary ; fr. clavate ; rt. spicy 

and sweet-flavored ; st. and lvs. smoothish. Rich woods, Can. to Va. 1 — 3f. Fruit V. 

2 O. brevistylis DC. Sty. conical, scarcely as long as the breadth of the ovary ; fir. 

somewhat tapering at the summit ; root nauseous ; plant hairy. Woods. 1 — 3f. 

12. CHiEROPHYLLUM, L. Chervil. Calyx limb obsolete. Fruit 
laterally compre&sed, linear or oblong, contracted above but scarcely 



138 Okdeb 63.— UMBELLIFEILE. 

beaked. Carpels with 5 obtuse, equal ribs, intervals with single vittft 
Commissure deeply sulcate. (I) © Leaves 2-3-pinnately divided. Segm 
incisely cleft or toothed. Invol. 0, or few-leaved. Involucel many- 
leaved. Flowers mostly white. Umb. mostly sessile. 

1 C. procumbens Lam. Slender, spreading, smoothish; If. segm. trifid and pin 

natifid, lobes oblong, obtuse ; umb. few-rayed, sessile or pedunculate ; fr. acute, rib* 
narrower than the intervals. Damp woods, 111. to Penn., and S. 1— 2f. Apri^ May 

2 C. Tainturieri Hook. Ascending or erect, some hairy ; If. segm. crowded, aga^» 

pinnatifid or bipinnatifid, ultimate segm. acute ; fr. short-beaked, ribs broader that 
the intervals. Ga. to Fla. and La. 10— 20'. Much branched. Fruit 4". March, Apr 

3 C. sativum. Garden C. Lf. segm. ovate, cut or cleft ; fr. smooth, shining. Eur. 18'. 

13. CRYPTOTiENIA, DC. Honewort. Margin of the calyx obso- 
lete. Fruit elliptical, with slender styles. Carpels with 5 obtuse ribs. Car- 
pophore free, 2-parted. Vittse very narrow, twice as many as the ribs. U 
Leaves 3-partcd, lobed and doubly-serrate. Umbels compound, with very 
unequal rays. Invol. 0. Involucels few-leaved. Flowers white. 

€. Canadensis DC— Common in moist woods. Plant smooth, 2— 3f, with large lfts. 
(3' by 20. Umb. panicled, slender, involucels minute. Fr. 2" long, styles 1". Jn.-Sept. 

14. BUPLEURUM, Tourn. Thorough-wax. Calyx teeth 0. Fruit 

laterally compressed. Carpels 5-ribbed, lateral ones marginal. Seed terete- 

ly convex, flattish on the face. — Herbaceous or shrubby. Lvs. (or phyllo- 

dia) entire. Involucra various. Flowers yellow. 

B. rotund i folium L. Lvs. (phyllodia) roundish-ovate, entire, perfoliate; invol. 0, 
involucels of 5, ovate, mucronatc bracts. (T) Fields, N. Y. to Va. Rare. § Europe. 

15. CARUM, L. Caraway. Alexanders. Cal. teeth minute or 0. 
Disk broad-conic. Fr. ovate or oblong, laterally compressed. Carpels 5- 
angled, with 5 — 10 prominent, filiform, equal ribs, the two lateral border- 
ing the commissure. Intervals with a single, rarely 2, vittse. Seeds sub- 
terete. — Leaves ternate to decompound. Involucra various. 

§ Zizia. Lvs. simple, or 1-2-ternate, ovate. Cal. teeth minute. Pet. yellow... Nos.l, 2 
§ Carum. Lvs. pinnately or ternately dissected. Cal. teeth 0. Pet. white. ..Nos. 3, 4 

1 C aiireum. Golden Alexanders. Lvs. 1-2-ternate ; lfts. thin, lance-oblong, sharp- 

ly serrate ; umb. rays V; invol. ; involucels 3-lvd. ; fr. oval, the ribs acute or winged. 
%. Meadows and banks. 1— 2f. Smooth throughout. Fls. deep yel. Jn. (Thaspium, N.) 

2 C. cordatum. Root lvs. simple, cordate, crenate, on long stalks ; st. lvs. becoming 

3-parted, ternate, or quinate, serrate: fr. roundish-oval, with acute or winged rit>s ^ 
fls. yellow, varying to browi :feh. Rocky shades. 2 — 3f. May, June. (Thaspium, N.) 

3 C. Petroselinum B. & H. Parsley. Leaf segm. numerous, wedge-ovate to lance-ob- 

long, acute, incised ; invol. lvs. few or ; involucels subulate, u Greece. 2 — 3f. Jn. 

4 C. Carvi. Caraway. Lf. segm. numerous, linear to filiform ; invol. 1-lvd. or ; invo- 

lucels 0. U Europe. 2 — 3f. Lvs. large. Fls. white. Fr. oblong, aromatic. June. 

16. THASPIUM, Nutt. Golden Alexanders. Calyx margin 5- 
toothed. Fruit ovoid, transversely subterete. Carpels semiterete, with 5 
prominent or winged ribs, the lateral margined. Intervals with single 
vitt*. U Umbels without an invol. Involucels 3-lvd., lateral. Fls. yellow 



Order 63.— UMBELLIFERJE 139 

1 T. barbinode N. St. pubescent at the codes; lvs^ triternate and biternate ; lfts. 

wedge-ovate, cut-serrate : fr. large (3"), elliptical, 6-winged. River banks. St 2 — 8f, 
angular and grooved. Rays 2', each 20-flowered. Flowers deep yellow. June. 

2 T. "Walter! Shutt. Stem rough-puberulent above ; lvs. triternate to ternate ; lfts. 

pinna tifid with linear -oblong segments ; fruit oblong, narrowly 8-10-winged. Barons, 
Ky. to E. Tenn. and "W . Car. (Zizia pinnatifida Buckley.) 

17. PIMPINELLA, L. Anise. Zizia. Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruil 
ovate, oval, or roundish, laterally compressed and contracted at the com- 
missure, ribs very slender, with many vittae. Styles slender. Seeds teretely 
5-angled. U Leaves decompound. Involucra 0, or scarcely any. 

1 P. integerrima (B. & H.) Smooth, glaucous ; lvs. bi- or tri-ternate, with elliptic' 

oblong, entire, acute lfts. (10 ; umb. (yellow) with 13 very slender (2 — 30 rays ; fr. oval, 
• with 3 vittae in each interval. Rocky woods. l-2f. May — July. (Zizia, DC.) 

2 P. Anisum. Anise. Smooth, shining ; root lv? crifid, cauline multifid, with narrow- 

ly-linear segments ; umbels large, many-rayed Egypt. Richly aromatic. 

18. FCENICULUM, Adans. Fennel. Fruit elliptic-oblong, sub- 
terete. Carpels each with 5 carinate ribs, intervals with single vittae 
Involucra 0. Leaves biternately dissected. Flowers yellow. 

P. vtjlgare. Leaf segm. linear-subulate, elongated, or filiform ; umb. of 15 — 30 unequal 
rays. © Europe. 3 — 5f. The turgid seeds are warmly aromatic. (Anethum, C-B.) 

19. DAUCUS, Tourn. Carrot. Calyx limb 5-toothed. Pet. the 2 
outer often largest and deeply 2-cleft. Fr. oblong. Carpels with 5 pri- 
mary, bristly ribs, and 4 secondary, the latter more prominent, winged, 
and divided each into a single row of prickles, and having single vittae 
beneath. (§) Invol. pinnatifid. Involucels of entire or 3-cleft bracts. Fls. 
white, the central one abortive. 

1 D. Carota L. Stem hispid ; lvs. tripinnatifid, the segm. linear, cuspidate-pointed ; 

umbels dense, concave ; invol. pinnate. Fields, waysides : common. 3f. § Eur. — In 
cultivation the root becomes conical, fleshy, red to yellow, and nutritious. Jl.— Sept. 

2 D. pusillus Mx. Slender, retrorsely hispid; lvs. bipinnatifid, divisions deeply 

lobed with linear-oblong, merely acute segments ; invol. bipinnatifid. Dry soils, S. 
Car. to Fla., and W. 1— 3f. June. 

20. CONIUM, L. Poison Hemlock. Calyx margin obsolete. Fruit 

ovate, laterally compressed. Carpels with 5 acute, equal, undulate-crenu- 

late ribs, lateral ones marginal. Vittae 0. Seeds with a deep, narrow groove 

on the face. (2) Poisonous. Leaves decompound. Involucra and involu- 

c< Is 3-5-leaved, the latter unilateral. Flowers white. 

C macalatnm L. St. spotted; lvs. tripinnate; lfts. lanceolate, pinnatifid; involv. 
eel short ; fruit smooth. Waste grounds, waysides. If. Much branched. An ill- 
scented narcotic. July. § Europe. 

21. SELINUM, L. Calyx teeth obsolete. Fr. ovoid to oblong, terete. 
Carpels slightly compressed on the back, semiterete, with 5 winged ribs, 
the lateral wings broadest, intervals with 1 (rarely 2) vittae. U Glabrous, 
tall, branched. Lvs. pinnately decompound. Un b. rays oo. Invol. bracts 
— few. Involucels oo-bracted. Fig. 303. 



140 Order 63.— UMBELLIFER^E. 

8. Canadense B. & H. Petioles large, sheath-like, inflated ; If. segm. linear-oblong, 
very acute, or acuminate ; umb. 12-rayed, long-stalked ; bracts lin. -filiform ; fls. white, 
conspicuous. Wet woods, Me. to Va. and Wis., rare. 3-5f. Aug., Sept. (Coniosclinum.1 

22. LIGUSTICUM, L. Lovage. Calyx teeth minute. Fruit as in 
Selinurn, except that the intervals are filled with numerous vittaB. U Gla- 
brous. Lvs. ternately divided. Involucra few- oo-bracted. Fls. white. 

1 Xj. Scoticnm L. Sea L. Lvs. 2-1-ternate ; lfts. rhombic-ovate, cut-dentate, some 

oblique ; invol. bracts OO-iinear ; fr. oblong. Sea-coast, northward. 2f. Fruit 5". July. 

2 li. actaefolium Ms. Angelico. Lvs. triternate, with ovate, dent-serrate leaflets ; 

umbels panicled or triply compound ; involucra about 3-bracted ; fruit short. Woods, 
Ms. to Tenn. 3— 6f. May— July. 

23. iETHUSA, L. Fool's Parsley. Calyx margin obsolete. Frui* 
globous-ovate. Carpels with 5 acutely-carinated ribs, lateral ones mar- 
ginal, broader. Intervals acutely angled, with single vittae, commissure 
with 2. (D Poisonous herbs. Leaves ternately or pinnately decompound. 
Involucra 0. Involucels one-sided, 3-leaved, clerlexed. Flowers white. 

/E. Cynapium L.— Waste grounds, N. Eng. to Penn. : rare. 2f. Stem green. Leaf 
segm. numerous, wedge-shaped, uniform. Plant ill-scented, dark green. Jl. § Eur. 

24. ERIGENIA, Nutt. Daughter-of-Spring. Calyx limb obsolete. 
Pet. not inflexed, entire. Fr. contracted at the commissure. Carpels 3- 
ribbed, ovate-reniform. 11 Rt. tuberous. Radical leaf triternately decom- 
pound. Involucrate lvs. solitary, biternately compound. Involucels of 
3 — 6 entire, linear-spatulate bracts. Figs. 235, 369. 

E. bull>©sa Nutt. A small, earlj r -flowering herb, 4 — 6'. Shady banks, Penn.,W. N.Y. 
and W. Tuber roundish, deep in the ground. Pet. white, anth. brown-purple (hence 
called Pepper-and-Salt). March, April. 

25. APIUM, L. Celery, &c. Calyx teeth obsolete. Pet. not emar- 
ginate. Fr. ovate or globular, laterally compressed, often diuymous. Car- 
pels 5-angled, ribs equal, obtuse. Vittse single in each interval. Carpophore 
undivided. Seed terete. ® H Smooth. Leaves pinnately decompound. 
Involucra various. (Flowers white.) 

§ Helosciadium:. Lvs. simply pinnate. Involucels GO-bracted. Fr. roundish.. Nos. 1—3 
§ Euapium. Lvs. pinnately decompound. Involucels 0. Involucre 1-leaved.. .Nos. 4 — 6 

1 A. lineare. Stem angular, tall ; lfts. 9—11 (3 above), linear-oblong or linear, taper- 

ing to a very acute point, serrate ; umb. pedunculate ; invol. GO-bracted ; fr. globular 
with very prominent ribs, u Wet. 2 — 4f. July, Aug. 'Sium, C-B.) 

2 A . Carsbnii (Durand). Erect, branched ; lfts. 3 — 7, lin. to ovate, serrate to gashed 

fr. broadly ovate, the ribs filiform, with broad intervals. Wet. Conn, to Pena. Jn., Ji 

3 A., ttodlflbrum. Stems procumbent ; lvs. pinnate ; lfts. lance-oblong, equally sei 

rate ; umb. opposite the lvs., subsessile ; invol. 0-2-lvd. (T) Wet. S. Car. l--2f. Apr. § 
i A. leptophyllum. Erect or diffuse; If. segm. linear to filiform ; umb. opp. the 

lvs., sessile ; fr. very small (£"), globular, with thick ribs, (x) Ga. to La. Jn. (Helosc.) 
5 A. divaricatum. Small and slender; If. segm. filiform or capillary, obtuse ; umb. 

very small, pedunculate, 3-5-rayed ; fr. rough with minute scales. ® Dry sands, S. 

2— 8'. March, April. (Leptocaulis, N.) 
b A. graveolens. Celery. Lvs. on long petioles, segm. broad-cuneate, incised, uppei 

lvs. 3-parted and cat-iobed ; invol. ; fr. roundish. © Eur. Well known as a salad. 



Order 63.— UMBELLIFEILE. 141 

26. EULOPHUS, N. Calyx limb 5-toothed, deciduous. Fr. contracted 

laterally, somewhat double. Carpels surrounded with large vittao, ribfe 

obsolete. Seed channelled on the inner face. U Smooth, branched. Lvs. 

ternately decompound. Invol. nearly 0. Involucel setaceous. Fls. white. 

E. Americana N. Lvs. mostly radical ; segm. lance-lin., V long, acute, upper ivs. in 
3 long, entire seg. ; umb. long-stalked, 3-10-rayed. Prairies, O. to Dl. and Tenn. 3- -41 

27. OIOUTA, L. Water Hemlock. Calyx margin of 5 broad seg 
Bients. Fr. subglobous, didymous. Carpels with 5 flattish, equal ribs, 2 
of them marginal, intervals filled with single vittse. Seeds terete. £Z % 
Poisonous. Leaves compound. Stems hollow. Umbels perfect. Invol. 
few-leaved or 0. Involucels many-leaved. Flowers white. 

1 C. maenlata L. St. streaked with purple ; lower lvs. triternate and quinate, up- 

per biternate ; segments lanceolate, mucronately serrate, the veins running to the 
notches. Wet meadows. 3-6f. Smooth, glaucous. Leaflets 1— 3'. Fruit 1J", 10- 
ribbed. Umbels 3'. July, August. 

2 C. bulbffera L. Lvs. biternate ; lfts. linear, with remote, divergent teeth ; lvs. of 

the branches 3-cleft or simple, subopposite, bearing bulblets in their axils. Swamps . 
Can. to Penn. and W. 3 — 4f. Leaflets 2 — 4' by 1 — 4". Umbels few. August. 

28. SIUM, L. Water Parsnip. Calyx teeth acute. Pet. obcordate, 
with an inflexed point. Fr. nearly oval, laterally compressed. Carpels 
with 5 obtusish ribs, and several vittse in each interval. Carpophore undi- 
vided. U Leaves pinnate, dentate. Umbels perfect, with many-leaved 
involucra. Flowers white. — Stout herbs. 

S. latifolium L. St. angular, sulcate; lfts. oblong-lanceolate, acutely and coarsely 
serrate, barely acute ; cal. teeth conspicuous. Swamps, Ind. (Green Co. !) and Can. 
3-^lf. Lfts. 4—6' by 1—2', 2-10-toothed. Umb. with 20—30 long (3-40 rays. JL, Aug 

29. DISCOPLEURA, DC. Bishop-weed. Cal. teeth subulate, per- 
sistent. Fr. ovate, often didymous. Carp. 5-ribbed, the 3 dorsal ribs fili- 
form, subacute, prominent, the 2 lateral united with a thick, accessory 
margin ; intervals with single vittse. Sds. subterete. @ Lvs. capillaceous 
dissected. Umbels compound. Bracts of the invol. cleft. Fls. white. 

1 D. capillacea DC. Erect or procumbent ; umbels 3-10-rayed ; lfts. of the invol. 

3 — 5, mostly 3-cleft ; fr. ovate. Swamps near the coast, Mass. to Ga. 1 — 2f. June-i . 

2 D. costata Hale (1850). Branched, erect ; umbels 7-15-rayed ; bracts of the invol. 

10—12, 2-5-parted ; lf.-segm. filiform, numerous, apparently verticillate ; fr. with ribs 
and vittse strongly contrasted. Swamps, Ogeechee R. and W. 1 — 2f, stout. Oct., Nov 

3 D. Nuttallii DC. Erect, tall ; umbel 15-20-rayed ; invol. few-bracted, bracts en 

tire ; fr. broadly cordate-ovate. Wet prairies, Ky. and S. Slender, 2 — 4f. 

30. CORIANDRUM, L. Coriander. Cal. with 5 conspicuous teeth. 
Outer petals radiant, innex-bifid. Fr. globous. Carp, cohering, with the 
5 depressed, primary ribs, and 4 secondary more prominent ones, seeds 
concave on the face, (l) Smooth. Invol. or 1-leaved. Involucels 3 
leaved, unilateral. 

C, sativum L. Lvs. bipinnate, lower ones with broad-cuneate lfts., upper with Mv 
ear lfts. ; carp, hemispherical. Europe, 2f. Cultivated for its spicy fruit. 



142 Order 65.— CORNACE^E. 

Order LXIV. ARALIACE JE. Araliads. 

Trees, shrubs or herbs closely allied to the Urnbelworts in the leaves, in- 
florescence and flowers, but the styles and cells of the ovary are usually more 
than 2 (3 to 5), cells 1-ovuled. Fruit baccate or dry, 3-5-celled, with 1 al- 
buminous seed in each cell, and the petals not inflected. Fig. 242. 

I Styles and carpels 5. Umbels 00. Flowers perfect. Leaves alternate, pinnate Aralia. 1 

§ Styles and carpels 2 — 3. Umbel 1. Flowers dioecious. Leaves verticillate, palmate Ginseng. 2 

$ Styles 5, united into 1. Umb. 00. Flowers polygamous. Lvs. simple. Climbing Hedera. 3 

1. ARALIA, L. Wild Sarsaparilla. Cal. tube adherent, limb 5- 
toothed. Pet. 5, ovate, spreading. Stam. 5, epigynous. Styles 5, recurved 
above, persistent. Fr. a berry, 5-cellecl, 5-seeded, and 5-angled when dry, 
U 5 Lvs. pinnately compound, alternate. Umbels several or many, white 
or greenish, in summer. 

* Plants low (1 — 2f), with few (3 — 7) umbels corymbously arranged Nos. 1, 2 

* Plants tall (3— 12f), with numerous umbels in racemes Nos. 3, 4 

1 A. nucticaulis L. Nearly stemless, with 1 ternate-pinnate leaf longer than the 

scape, which bears 3 umbels at top ; plant smooth, u Rich, Rocky wds. E. & W. If. 

2 A. hispida L. mid Elder. Stem shrubby and hispid-prickly at base, herbaceous 

above ; lvs. 1-2-pinnate ; lfts. ovate, cut-serrate, often lobed ; umbels about 5, long- 
stalked, forming a terminal corymb, u Dry fields. N. Eng. to Va. 1 — 2f. Fr. blue-blk 

3 A. racemosa L. Pettymorrel. Herbaceous, smooth, branched ; lvs. large, bi-ter 

nate-pinnate, lfts. ovate, serrate ; umb. small, GO, in a panicle of racemes. % Rocky 
woods. 3 — 5f. Root aromatic, an ingredient in small-beer. 

4 A. spinosa L. Angelica-tree. Hercules' 1 Club. Shrub prickly ; lvs. bi- and tri-pin- 

nate, lfts. thick, ovate, cusp-pointed, glaucous beneath. Damp woods, O. to Pla. 8 — 
12— 20f. Trunk usually simple, bearing all the lvs. and panicles at the top. 

2. GINSENG. (Panax, L. in part.) Dioacious-polygamous. Cal. tube 
adherent, limb obsolete. Pet. 5, ovate, obtuse. Stam. 5, epigynous. Sty. 
2 or 3, distinct, erect. Fruit baccate, 2- or 3-secded. $ Styles obsolete. 
U Root tuberous. Stem simple, bearing 3 leaves in a whorl and one um- 
bel. Flowers white. Fig. 242. 

1 G. trifolium. Ground-nut. Root a round tuber ; stem low (3 — 60 ; lvs. palmately 

3-5-roliate, lfts. lance-oblong, serrate, subsessile ; peduncle longer than the petioles ; 
sty. 3 ; berries 3-lobed, greenish-yellow. Low woods : com. May. Root farinaceous. 

2 G. quinquefolium. True Ginseng. Root fusiform, fleshy ; st. taller (If +) ; Ivb 

palmately 5-foliate, 1ft?. ample, obovate, petiolulate, acuminate, serrate ; peduncle 
shorter than the petioles ; sty. 2 ; berries 2-seeded, bright red. Rocky woods, Jn.-Aug. 

3. HEDERA. L. European Ivy. Calyx 5-toothed. Pet. 5, valvate. 

9ta. 5. Sty. united into 1. Fr. ovoid, baccate, 5-seeded. "£ Lvs. coriace- 

Dus, simple. Flowers green. 

If, Heltx. Stems woody, slender, climbing high by radicating fibres ; lvs. dark green, 
with, whitish veins, roundish ovate, 5-angled ; umbels corymbed ; fr. black. Europe. 

Order LXV. CORNACE^. Cornels. 

Trees and shrubs, seldom herbs, without stipules. Leaves opposite or 
rarely alternate, simple, with pinnate veinlets. Calyx adherent to the 



Order 65.— CORNACE^E. 143 

ovary, the limb minute, toothed or lobed. Petals distinct, alternate with 
the calyx teeth, valvate in the bud, often 0. Stamens same number as 
petals, inserted on the margin of the epigynous disk (in the £ flowers.) Ovc/r\ 
1- or 2-celled. Fruit a baccate drupe, crowned with the calyx. Fig. 43C. 

1. OORNUS, L. Dogwood. Flowers perfect. Calyx limb of 4 minute 
segments. Pet. 4, oblong, sessile. Sta. 4. Style somewhat club-shajjed. 
Drupe baccate, with a 2- or 3-celled nut. ^ ^ H Lvs. entire. Flowers in 
cymes, often involucrate. Floral envelopes valvate in aestivation. Bark 
hitter, tonic. Fig. 430. 

§ C} r mes subtended by a 4-leaved, white involucre. Fruit red Nos. 1, 2 

§ Cymes naked. — a Lvs. alternate, clustered at the ends of the branches No. 3 

—a Lvs opposite.— b Twigs and cymes pubescent Nos. 4, 5 

—b Twigs, &c, glabrous. — c Drupes blue. Nos. '6, 1 
—c Drupes wh. . . Nos. 8, <» 

1 C. Canadensis L. Low Cornel. Herbaceous, low ; upper lvs. whorled, veiny, on 

short petioles ; st. simple ; invol. lvs. ovate, if Damp woods. N. 4 — S'. May, June. 

2 C. norida L. Flowering Dogwood. Arboreous; lvs. opposite, ovate, acuminate, 

entire ; fls. small, in a close, cymous umbel or head, surrounded by a very large, 4-lvrt. 
obcordate involucre. Tree in woods, 20— 30f. Invol. showy. May. Bark tonic. 

3 C. alternifdlia L. Lvs. alternate, oval, acute, hoary beneath ; branches alternate, 

warty ; drupes purple, globous. ShruD or tree, 8 — 20f, with a flattened top. June. 

4 C. sericea L. Branches spreading, purplish, branchlets woolly; lvs. ovate or ellip- 

tical, acuminate, silky-pubescent beneath ; cymes depressed, woolly ; cal. teeth lance- 
olate ; drupes light blue. Shrub 5 — 9f. Flowers yellowish white, crowded. June. 

5 C. asperiiolia Mx. Branches erect, brownish, brancnlets rough-downy ; lvs. lance- 

oval, scabrous above, downy beneath; cymes hispid; sep. minute. W. and S. May + . 

6 C. stricta Lam. Branches erect, brown, smooth; lvs. ovate to lanceolate, smooth 

and green both sides, long-acuminate ; cymes loose, smooth ; sepals subulate, half as 
long as the ovary ; anth.and fr. pale blue. Swamps, Va. to Fla. 8 — 12f. April. 

7 C. circinata L. Branches warty ; lvs. round-oval, white-tomentous beneath ; cymes 

spreading, depressed ; drupes light blue. Shrub 5 — lOf, E. and W. Lvs. large. June. 

8 C. paniculata L'Her. Branches erect, grayish, smooth ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, 

acuminate, hoary beneath ; cymes and drupes small, paniculate, white. 6f. May, Jn. 

9 C. stolonifera Mx. Bed Osier. St. often stoloniferous ; branches smooth; shoots 

virgate, reddish-purple ; lvs. broad-ovate, acute, pubescent, hoary beneath ; cymes 
naked, flat ; berries bluish-white. Small tree, E. and W. 8 — lOf. May, June. 

2. NYSSA, L. Tupelo. Gum-tree. Fls. dioecious or polygamous. 
$ Calyx tube very short, limb truncate. Pet. 5, oblong. Sta. mostly 10 
inserted in the bottom of the calyx. Ov. 0. $ Calyx tube oblong, adhe- 
rent to the 1-celled ovary, limb as in $ . Pet. 2 — 5, oblong, often 0. Sly 
large, stigmatic on one side. Drupe oval, 1-seeded. ^> with small green 
Qs. clustered on axillary peduncles, the sterile more numerous. Apr. June. 

1 N. multiflora Wang. Lvs. oblong-obovate, acutish or obtuse at each end, entire ; 
the petiole, midvein, and margin villous ; fertile peduncles 3-(2-5)-flowered ; st}. revo 
lute ; nut short, obo rate, striate, obtuse. Tree 30 — 70f. Drupe blue-black, t 

i N. nniflora Walt. Swamp Tupelo. Lvs. green, oblong-ovate or ovate, long-petio 
late ; fertile fls. solitary, 3-bracted, on slender peduncles ; sty. nearly straight ; sterile 
fls. 5—10 ; drupe oblong, as large as a plum. Tree 50— SOf, in swamps, S. 

3 N. eapitata Walt. Ogeechee Lime. Leaves oval or oblong, short-petiolate, entire, 



144 Order 66,-CAPRIFOLIACE^. 

whitened beneath, obtuse at apex, acute at base ; fertile fls. solitary, on short pedun 
cles, downy, 3-^-bracted, with 5 petals and 10 stamens ; sterile fls. 20—30 in each dens* 
globular head : fruit large, oblong. River banks, S. 20— 30f. 

Cohort 2, GAMOPETAL^E, 

Or Mokopetalous Exoge^s. — Plants having a double peri- 
anth, consisting of both calyx and corolla, the latter composed 
of petals partially or wholly united. (Cohort 3, page 278.) 

Order LXVI. CAPRIFOLIACEtE. Honeysuckles. 

Shrubs, rarely herbs, often twining with opposite leaves ; no stipuleb. 
Flowers clustered and often fragrant, 5-parted and often irregular. Corolla 
monopetalous, tubular or rotate. Stamens inserted on the corolla tube, 
rarely one less than the lobes. Ovary adherent to the calyx. Style 1, stig- 
mas 3 to 5. Fruit a berry, drupe, or capsule. Embryo small, in fleshy 
albumen. Figs. 67, 383, 390, 466, 471, 477. 

I. LONICEREjE. Corolla tubular, with a filiform style... (a) 

a Herbs. — b Corolla 5-lobed, the stamens but 4 Linn-SSA. 1 

— b Corolla 5-lobed, the stamens 5 Triosteum. 2 

a Shrubs. — c Corolla bell-shaped, regular. Berry 4-celled. 2-seeded SymphoriCARPUS. 3 

— r Corolla tubular, lobes unequal. Berry 2-3-celled Lonicera. 4 

— c Corolla funnel-form. Capsule 2-celled, OO-seeded. (Addenda.). .Diervilla. S 

II. SAMBUCEjE. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-lobed. Stigmas sessile... (b) 

b Shrubs with pinnate leaves. Berry 3-seeded Sambucus. 6 

& Shrubs with simple leaves. Drupel-seeded Viburnum. 7 

1. LINN2EA, Gron. Twin-flower. Calyx tube ovate, limb 5-parted, 

deciduous. Bractlets at base 2. Cor. campanulate, limb subequal, 5-lobed. 

Sta. 4, two longer than the others. Berry dry, 3-celled, indehiscent, 1-seed- 

ed (two cells abortive). [^ Lvs. roundish, petiolate. Ped. filiform, erect, 

2-fiowercd. Inhabits the N. temperate zone of both hemispheres. 

Ij. borealis Gron.— Moist rocky shades, N. J. to Oreg. and N. Filiform stems 3 — 6f. 
Ped. 3, bearing at top a pair of nodding, bell-shaped, roseate, fragrant flowers. June. 

2. TRIOSTEUM, L. Feverwort. Calyx tube ovoid, limb 5-parted, 
segm. linear, nearly as long as the corolla. Cor. tubular, gibbous at base, 
limb 5-lobed, subequal. Sta. 5, mcluded. Stig. capitate, lobed. Fr. drupa- 
ceous, crowned with the calyx, 3-celled, containing 3 ribbed, bony seeds. 
if Coarse, hairy, with large, connate leaves and axillary flowers. 

1 T. perfoliatum L. Hirsute: lvs. oval, acuminate; fls. verticillate or clustered 

sessile, brownish-purple. Rocky woods. 2 — 4f. Fruit orange-colored, 6 // . June. 

2 T. angustifolium L. Hispid; lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, scarcely connate; fls. 

mostly solitary, short-stalked, yellowish or straw-colored. L. I., W. &S. 2 — 3f. May. 

3. SYMPHORICARPUS, Dill. Snowberry. CalyX tube globous, 
limb 4-5-toothed. Cor. funnel- or bell-shaped, the limb in 4 — 5 equal lobes 
Sta. 4 or 5. Stig. capitate. Berry globous, 4-celled, 2-seeded (two oppo- 
site cells abortive). £> Leaves oval, entire. Flowers small, roseate. 



order 66.— CAPRIFOLIACE^. 145 

1 S. racemosus Mx. Pis. in terminal, loose, interrupted, often leafy rac. ; cor. cam- 
panulate, densely bearded within ; sty. and sta. included ; berries snow-white. W. Vt. 
to Wis. and Pa., on rocky banks. 2 — 3f. A smooth, handsome shrub. July — Aug. 1 

x £ S. occid.enta.lis R. Br. Wolfberry. Lvs. ovate, obtusish ; spikes dense, axillary 
and terminal, nodding ; cor. densely bearded inside ; sta. and bearded style exserted : 
berries white. Woods, Mich. Wis. and N. 2 — 4f July. 

3 S. vulgaris Mx. Lvs. roundish-oval ; spikes axillary, subsessile, capitate, and 
crowded ; cor. lobes nearly glabrous ; sta. and bearded style included ; berries dark 
red River banks, Penn. to Iowa, and S. 2 — 3f. Flowers greenish-red. July. 

4. LONICERA, L. Honeysuckle. Woodbine. Calyx 5-tootked, 
lube subglobous. Cor. funnel- or bell-form, limb 5-cleft, often labiate. Sta. 
5, exserted. Ov. 2-3-celled. Berry few-seeded. Stig. capitate. *> }j Lvs. 
entire, often connate. Fls. fragrant and beautiful. May-Jl. Figs. 67, 390. 

§ Xtlosteon. Shrubs erect. Leaves never connate. Flowers in pairs., .(a) 

a Corolla gibbous at base, lobes somewhat irregular Nos. 1 — 3 

a Corolla not gibbous, lobes spreading, equal, roseate No. 4 

§ Caprifolium. Shrubs climbing. Flowers sessile, mostly whorled.. .(b) 

b Leaves all distinct. Corolla ringent. Cultivated exotics Nos. 5, 6 

b Leaves (the upper pair) connate-perfoliate. . .(c) 

c Corolla subequal, both tube and limb scarlet No. 7 

c Corolla limb ringent, — d tube equal (not gibbous) at base Nos. 8 — 10 

— d tube gibbous at the base Nos. 11, 12 

1 L. ciliata Muhl. Fly Honeysuckle. Lvs. ovate, snbcordate, ciliate ; cor. limb with 

short and subequal lobes, tube saccate at base ; sty. exserted ; berries distinct, red. 
Woods, Me. to O. and N. 3 — 4f. Flowers straw-yellow, on short ped. May. 

2 L, oblongifolia Hook. Lvs. oblong or oval, velvety beneath; cor. limb deeply 

bilabiate ; ped. long, filiform, erect ; berries connate or united into one, globous, pur- 
ple. Swamps, N.Y., W. and N. 2— 3f. Purple-yellow, t 

3 I<. cceriilea L. Lvs. oval-oblong, ciliate, obtuse, villous both sides, at length smooth- 

ish ; ped. short, reflexed in fruit ; bracts longer than the ovaries ; cor. lobes short, 
ttubequal ; berries connate, deep blue. Rocky woods, Ms. N. Y. and N. 2 — 3f. 

4 L. Tartarica. Tartarian Honeysuckle. Much branched ; lvs. ovate, cordate, polish 

ed ; cor. segm. oblong, obtuse, purple-white. Russia. 4 — lOf. 

5 L. Japonica. Chinese Honeysuckle. Sts. soft-pubescent ; lvs. ovate and oblong ; ped 

axillary, 2-bracted and 2-flowered ; flowers orange, &c. China. 15f. 

6 Li. Periclymenum Tourn. Woodbine. Lvs. deciduous, elliptical, acute, on short peti 

oles ; fls. in dense, terminal heads, red, yellow. Europe. 15f. 
|3. quercifolium. Leaves sinuate-lobed. 

7 Li. sempervirens Ait. Trumpet Honeysuckle. Lvs. oblong, evergreen; flowers in 

nearly naked spikes of distant whorls ; cor trumpet-shaped nearlv regular, ventri 
cons above. Moist groves, N. Y., W. and S. 15f. May— Sept. + 

8 L. flava Sims. Yellow Honeysuckle. Lvs. ovate, glaucous both sides ; spikes termi 

nal, of about 2 close whorls ; cor. smooth, slender, bright yellow ; stam exserted. 
N. Y., W. and S. Shrub scarcely twining. Corolla 15". t 

9 L. grata Ait. Evergreen Honeysuckle. Lvs. evergreen, obovatc, smooth, glaucous 

beneath ; fls. in sessile, terminal, and axillary whorls ; cor. ringent, long, slender, red- 
dish without, yellowish within. Damp woods, M. and W. States. 12f. 

10 Li. Caprifolium. Italian Honeysuckle. Lvs. deciduous; fls. in a single, terminal 
verticil ; lips of corolla revolute, red, yellow, white. Europe. 

1 1 Li. parviflora Lam. Lvs. smooth, shining above, glaucous beneath, oblong, all 
sessile or connate, the upper pair perfoliate ; fls. in heads of 1 or more approximate 
whorls ; cor. glabrous, short, yellow-red : fil. bearded. Rocky woods. 8— lOf. 

3. DougrId8ii. Lvs. large, pubes. beneath, lower petiolate ; fls. pubes. O., and W 

10 



146 Uri>ER 66.— CAPRIFOLIACE.K. 

12 L. Iiirsuta Eaton. Lvs. hairy above, soft-vinous beneath, veiny, broad-oval, sr> 
ruptly acuminate ; lis. in verticillate spikes, greenish-yellow ; fil. learded. Woods. 
N. Eng. to Mich, and N. 15— 20f. 
/ 

5. DIERVILLA, Tourn. Bush Honeysuckle. Calyx tube oblong, 

limb of 5 linear segm. Cor. twice as long, funnel-shaped, limb 5-cleft and 
nearly regular. Sta, 5. Capsular fr. 2-celled, 2-valved, crowned with the 
cal., many-seeded. 5 Lvs. acuminate, serrate, deciduous. Ped. axillary. Jn. 

1 D. trifida Mcench. Lvs. ovate, on distinct petioles ; ped. 1-3-flwd. ; pod attenuate 
at top beneath the calyx limb. Thickets, Can. to Car. 2f, bushy. Pis. greenish-yellow. 

% D. sessiliiolia Buckley. Lvs. lance- oblong, sessile or subamplexicaul ; peduncles 
3-5-flwd., crowded in the axils above ; caps, short-beaked. High Mts. N. Car. 2 — 4f. 

6. SAMBUOUS, L. Elder. Calyx small, 5-parted. Cor. 5-cleft, segm. 
obtuse. Sta. 5. Stig. obtuse, small, sessile. Berry globous, pulpy, 3-seeded. 
£> U Lvs. odd-pinnate or bipinnate. Fls. in cymes, white. Figs. 466, 477. 

1 S. Canadensis L. Woody, with large pith ; lfts. 7—11, oblong-oval, acuminate, 

smooth ; cymes fastigiate ; berries dark-purple. Hedgerows, thickets : common. 8— 
12f. Cymes broad, white. May— July. 

2 S. pubens Mx. Woody ; lfts. lance-oval, acuminate, 5—7, downy beneath ; cymes 

paniculate ; berries scarlet. Copses. Can. to Car. 5— lOf. June. — Berries rarely 
white. Cat skill Mountains. 

7. VIBURNUM, L. Calyx small, 5-toothed, persistent. Cor. rotate, 
limb 5-lobed, seg. obtuse. Stam. 5. Stig. 1 — 3, sessile. Fr. a drupe, 1- 
celled, 1-seeded, — a stony nut covered with soft pulp. +> ^ Lvs. simple, 
petioles often minutely stipulate. Fls. white, in compound flat cymes, 
which are often radiant. Fig. 383. 

§ Cymes radiant, — the outer flowers sterile and showy. Leaves stipuled Nos. 1, 2 

§ Cymes not radiant, — the flowers all alike jerfect..(a) 

a Leaves 3-lobed, palmately 3-5- veined, with setaceous stipules Nos. 3, 4 

a Leaves not lobed, — b coarsely toothed, straight-veined. Cyme stalked . . .Nos. 5 — 7 

— b finely and sharply serrate. Cymes 6essile. June Nos. 8, 9 

—b entire, or nearly so. — c Species native Nos. 10, 11 

— c Species exotic Nos. 12, 13 

1 V. lantanotdes L. Hobble-bush. Leaves round-cordate, abruptly acuminate, un- 

equally serrate ; petioles and veins rusty-downy ; cyme sessile ; fruit ovate. Rocky 
woods, N. 5f. Shoots often reclined and rooting. Handsome. May. 

2 V. Opulus L. High Cranberry. Smooth ; lvs. 3-lobed, 3-veined, broader than long, 

rounded at base, lobes acuminate, crenate dentate ; petioles glandular ; cymes pedun 
culate. Borders of woods, N. 8— 12f. Fruit bright red, very acid. June. 
|8. eoseum. Snow-ball. Fls. all neutral, in globous cymes, t 

3 V. acerifolium L. Dockmackie. Leaves subcordate, 3-veined, lobes acuminate, 

acutely dentate, downy beneath ; stam. exserted ; fr. purple. Woods. 4 — 6f. June. 

4 V. panciflorum Pylaie. Lvs. roundish, 5-veined at base, with 3 short lobes, ser- 

rate ; cymes few-flowered ; stamens included ; fr. red. Mts. N. : rare. 2 — 3f. 

5 V. dentatum L. Arroiv-wood. Smooth ; lvs. round-ovate, acutely-toothed, often 

with downy tufts in the axils of the stout veins beneath ; petioles slender ; fr. blue ; 
nut concavo-convex. Damp woods, Can. to Ga. 8 — 12f. Branches virgate. June. 

6 V. pubescens Ph. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, broadly dentate, hairy most beneath ; 

petioles short, downy ; fr. black, nut plano-convex, grooved. Rocks, Can. to Car. 2 — 3f 

7 V. mollc Mx. Poison Hato. Downy throughout, with forked or stellate hairs ; lvs 

broad oval, acute, cronate dentate ; fr. blue, nut grooved. Woods. Ky. toFla. lOf. May 



Order 67.— RUBIACE^E. 147 

8 V.Leutago L. 6'weet Viburnum. Lvs. ovate and oval, long-acuminate, acutely and 

finely uncinate-serrate ; petiole with undulate margins ; fr. glaucous-black, oval, eat 
able. Rocky woods, Can. to Ga. and Ky. 10— 20f. A small, handsome tree. June. 

9 T. prnnifolium L. Black Raw. Sloe. Lvs. shining, oval or ovate, obtuse, sharply 

uncinate-serrulate ; petioles slightly margined ; cymes sessile ; fr. blackish, oval 
sweet. Woods, N. Y. to Ga. and HI. 10— 20f. A small tree. Lvs. 2— 3'. 
/3. ferrug-inenm. Possum Haw. Lvs. lance-oval, rusty beneath ; fr. tasteless. S 

10 V. nudum L. Smooth; lvs. oval-oblong, or lance-oval, subrevolute at edge, en- 
tire or subcrenulate, not shining, veiny and dotted beneath ; petioles not winged ; 
cymes on short stalks. Thickets. 10 — 20f. Lvs. 3 — 4/. Drupes blue, eatable. Apr.-Jn 

|3. ansrusti folium. Lvs. lance-oblong, acute at both ends, subentire. S. 
y. cassinoides. Lvs. ovate or oval, denticulate, obtuse, acute, &c. N. 
5. ovale. Lvs. small (15 /,r ), oval, obtuse, very entire. South. 

1 1 V. obovatum Walt. Lvs. small (6 — 12 // ), obovate, obtuse, entire or nearly so 
subsessile, dotted ; cymes small, many, sessile. River banks, S. 12f. Fruit black. Ap. 

12 V. Tinus. Laurestine. Lvs. lance-ovate, entire, thick, shining. Eur. 5f. 

13 V. odokatissimum. Lvs. elliptic-oblong, repand-dentate, thick. China. 

Order LXVII. RUBIACE^E. Madderworts. 

IHants with opposite or verticillate, entire leaves. Stipules between the 
petioles sometimes leaflike or 0. Calyx tube adherent to the ovary ; limb 4- 
to 5-cleft. Corolla regular, inserted upon the calyx tube, and of the same 
number of divisions. Stamens inserted upon the tube of the corolla, equal 
m number and alternate with its segments. Ovaries 2-(rarely more)-celled. 
Style single or partly divided. Fruit various. 

5 STELLaT/E. Herbs with the leaves in whorls of 4 — 8 and no stipules, .(a) 

a Flowers 4-parted. Fruit twin, separating into 2 nutlets Galium. 1 

a Flowers 5-parted. Fruit twin, separable, baccate, smooth Rubia. 2 

CINCHONEiE. Leaves opposite or in whorls of 3, with stipules. — b Herbs, .(c) 

— b Shrubs or trees . . (d) 

r Flowers in pairs, with a double ovary. Berry double Mitchella. S 

e Flowers separate. Carpels 2, — e each 1-seeded, separating in fruit. .(/) 
— e each 00 -seeded, forming a capsule.. (g) 

f Fls. in clusters. — h Both carpels open after separating Borreria. S. Fla. 

— It One carpel open, the other indehiscent Sfermacoce. 4 

/ Flowers subsol it ary. Both carpels indehiscent, — & dry Diodia. 5 

— Jc baccate Ernodea littoralis. S. Fla. 

g Corolla funnel-form. Seeds 16 + , cup-shaped Houstonia. 6 

g Corolla wheel-shaped. Seeds 80 + , angular Oldentandia. 7 

& Flowers capitate, ir round, dense heads. Leaves often ternate..© 
'I Flowers not capitate. — m Carpels 2 — 10, each 1-seeded. In S. Florida.. (n) 
— m Carpels 2— 5, each GO -seeded. Florida.. (o) 
a Carpels 2 — 4, fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Fruit fleshy, .(p) 
n Carpels 4—10, symmetrical with the corolla lobes.. (q) 

I Flowers 4-parted, white. Fruit compacted but distinct, dry Cephalantb ns 3 

I Flowers 5-parted, red. Drupes united into a compact berry Morinda Roioc. S Fla. 

p Leaves opposite. Racemes axillary. Carpels flattened Chiococca raoemosa. 

p Leaves opposite. Corymbs terminal. Carpels angular PsTCOTRlA. 

p Leaves in 3's, linear, rigid. Racemes axillary. Shrub Strumpfia mariiima. 

q Spikes axillary, forked. Anthers on the throat of corolla Guettarda. 

^ Panicles axillary. Filaments inserted on the base of corolla ERiTHALis/rwfiwwa 

o Fruit baccate, 5-celled. Corolla tubular. Stigma entire Hamelia paten* 

o Fruit baccate, 2-celled. Cor. funnel-form, white. +.. Cape Jessamine.. Gardenia, p. 445 

o F-uit capsular. — s Flowers in radiant cymes. A slender tree Pinckneya. 9 

— s Flowers in cymes, not radiant, red. Shrub, t- ..Bouvardia. 10 
— « Flowers solitary, axillary. Sbruh 6— lOf Exostkmma S. F1r 



148 Order 67.— RUBIACE^E. 



\ 



1. GALIUM, L. Cleavers. Bedstraw. Calyx limb minutely 4 
toothed. Cor. rotate, 4-cleft. Sta. 4, short. Sty. 2. Carpels 2, united 
separating into 2 1-seeded, indehiscent nutlets. — Herbs with slender, 4- 
angled stems. Verticels of 4, 6, or 8 leaves, rarely of 5. 

a Flowers yellow. Leaves in whorls of about 8. Fruit smooth No. 1 

a Flowers dull-purple. Leaves (large) in whorls of 4. Fi-uit hispid or not. .Nos. 2 — 4 

a Flowers white. — b Leaves in 4's only. Fruit dry. Panicle terminal No. 5 

— b Leaves in 4's only. Fruit smooth, purple berries Nos. 6, 7 

—b Leaves in 4's — 6's.— c Fruit hispid with hooked hairs No. 8 

— c Fruit smooth or nearly so, dry. .Nos. 9 — 11 
—b Leaves in 8's, long and narrow. Fruit hispid No. 12 

1 G. verum L. Yellow Bedstraw. Erect ; lvs. in S's, grooved, entire, rough, linear ; 

fls. densely paniculate. % Dry soils, Mass. 1 — 2f. Branches short. June. § Eur. 

2 G. pilosuni Ait. Hirsute ; lvs. in 4's, oval, punctate with pellucid dots ; ped. several 

times 2- or 3-forked ; fls. pedicellate, densely hispid. % Dry thickets. 1— 2f. June. 

3 G. circaezans Ms. mid Liquorice. Smoothish ; lvs. oval or ovate-lanceolate, ob- 

tuse, 3-veined, ciliate on the margins and veins ; ped. divaricate, few-flowered ; fr. 
fuhsessile, nodding, hispid, ii Woods : common. 8 — 12'. July. 

l3. lanceoltttum. Very smooth ; leaves lanceolate, 2' long ; fruit sessile. 

y. monthnum. Dwarf; leaves obovate. White Mountains. (Oakes.) 

4 G. la tifol I u in Mx. St. erect, smooth ; lvs. lanceolate, 3-veined, very acute ; pea. 

axillary (leafy) and terminal, about twice 3-forked ; purple flowers and smooth fruit 
on filiform pedicels, u Woody hills, Pa. S. and W. 2f. July. 

5 G. boreale L. Erect, smooth ; lvs. linear-lanceolate, rather acute, 3-veined, smooth ; 

fls. in a terminal pyramidal panicle. if Shaded rocks, N. If. July. 

6 G. liispidnlum Mx. Diffuse, minutely hispid ; lvs. oval, thickish, mostly acute ; 

ped. axillary, 1-3-flwd. ; fr. large, bluish-purple. % Saudy. S. 2f. May — Oct. 

7 G. uniflorum Mx. Glabrous, aespitous, slender ; lvs. linear, acute ; ped. axillary, 

solitary, mostly 1-flwd. bracted ; fr. purple, u Damp woods, S. If. May. 

8 G. triflornm Mx. Stems weak, rough on the angles ; lvs. in S's and 6's, lance-el- 

liptic, cusp-pointed, 1-veined; ped. mostly 3-flowered. 71 Moist woods. 1 — 3f. July. 

9 G. asprellnm Mx. Bough Cleavers. St. diffuse, very branching, rough backward, 

lvs. in 6's, 5's, or 4's, lanceolate, acuminate, or cuspidate, margin and midvein re- 
trorsely aculeate ; ped. short, in 2's or 3's. 71 Thickets, N. 2— 5f. July. 

I G. trindum L. Dyer's Cleavers. Goose-grass. St. decumbent, very branching, 

roughish with retrorse prickles ; lvs. in 6's and 4's, linear-oblong or oblanceolate, ob- 
tuse, rough-edged ; flowers mostly 3-parted. ti Swamps. 6'. July. — Variable. 

/3. tinctbrium. Ped. 3-6-flowered ; parts of the flower in 4 1 s. The root dyes red. 

y. lati folium, Lvs. in 4's, oblanceolate ; ped. 3-flowered ; fls. 4-parted. 

I I G. concinnum T. & G. St. decumbent, diffuse, scabrous ; lvs. in 6's, linear, 
glabrous, 1-veined, scabrous upward on the margins ; ped. filiform, twice or thric* 
3 forked, panicled. V Dry woods, Pa. Va. HI. If. June. 

12 G. Aparine L. St. weak, procumbent, retrorsely prickly ; lvs. in 8's, 7's, or 6's. 
linear-oblanceolate, mucronate ; ped. axillary, 1-2-flwd. (T) Wet thickets, N. 3-5f. in. 

2 RUBIA, Tourn. Madder. Like Galium, but its flowers are most.y 

5-merous, and its fruit always smooth and berry-like. 

R. tinctokum L. Stem weak, rough backward; lvs. in (Vs, lanceolate, aculeate; fls. 
brownish-yellow, paniculate above, with 3-forked peduncles. Europe. 3— 5f. 

i 
3. MITCHELLA, L. Partridge Berry. Flowers 2 on each double 

ovary. Cal. 4-parted. Cor. funnel-shaped, hairy within. Stam. 4, short. 



Order 67.— RUUIACEiE. 149 

inserted on the corolla. Stig. 4. Berry composed of the 2 united ovaries, 
each 4-seeded. Lo Smooth. Leaves opposite. 

III. rcpens L.— Woods : com. Sts. creeping, 6-18 7 . Lvs. roundish-ovate, petiolate, ever- 
green. Cc r. reddish-white, fragrant. Berry red, seeds (nutlets) bony. Very pretty. Jn. 

4. SPERMACOOE, L. Cal. 2-4-parted. Cor. tubular, limb 4-lobed. 
Stam. 4. Stig. 2-cleft. Fr. dry, 2-celled, crowned with the calyx, separat- 
ing into 1 open and 1 indehiscent carpel. Sds. 2. — Low herbs. Stip. bristly. 
Flowers small, in dense, axillary, sessile whorls, or clusters, white. 

1 S. glabra Mx. Glabrous ; lvs. lanceolate ; cal. 4-toothed ; cor. funnel-form, short, 

throat hairy ; anth. included in the tube ; stig. subsessile. % Eiver banks, W. 1 — 2f. 

2 S. Chapmanii T. & G. Nearly glabrous ; lvs. oblong-lanceolate ; cor. funnel-form, 

thrice longer than the calyx ; stam. and sty. exserted. Fla. Ga. 10'. 

3 S. involucrata Ph. HispidTy hairy ; lvs. ovate-lanceolate ; heads terminal, invo- 

lucrate ; stam. exserted. Carolina (Fraser). If. Leaves oblique. 

5. DIODIA, L. Carpels 2, rarely 3, separating, each 1-seeded and inde- 
hiscent. Fls. otherwise as in Spermacoce. — Herbs. Stip. fringed with 
bristles. Fls. few or solitary, axillary, sessile, small, white ; the tube often 
slender. Summer. 

1 D. Virginica L. Procumbent; lvs. lanceolate, sessile ; corolla tube slender, with a 

broad, spreading limb ; sta. exserted. % Damp places. 1— 2f. Varies with the lvs. 
ovate-lanceolate ; also with the leaves more or less hairy. 

2 I>. teres Walt. Erect or ascending, nearly terete ; lvs. lance-linear, rigid, sessile ; 

bristles long ; cor. reddish-white, with a wide tube and short limb ; sta. scarcely ex- 
serted. ® Sandy fields, N. J. to 111., and S. 5—18'. 

6. HOUSTONIA, L. Bluets. Cal. 4-toothed or cleft, persistent. Cor. 
tubular, the 4 lobes spreading. Fil. 4, inserted on the corolla. Style 1. 
Anth. and stig. dimorphous, that is, in some plants the former exserted 
and the latter included — in others the style exserted and anthers included. 
Caps. 2-lobed, the upper half free, cells few- (8-20)-seeded. — Herbs. Stip. 
connate with the petiole, entire. Fls. solitary or in cymes, white, bluish, &c. 

§ Corolla salver-form, glabrous. Peduncles 1 -flowered— a terminal Nos. 1, 2 

— a axillary Nos. 3, 4 

§ Corolla funnel-form. Peduncles O0-flowered, cymous.— b Lvs. lance-ovate No. 5 

— b Lvs. lance-linear.. Nos. 6,T 

1 H. ccerulea L. Dwarf Pink. Innocence. Caespitous ; radical lvs. ovate-spatulate, 

petiolate ; sts. erect, numerous, dichotomous ; ped. filiform, 1-2-flowered. © Moist 
soils. 3 — 5'. Flowers 5", pale blue, with a yellow centre. May, June. Pretty. 
0. minor. Branches divaricate ; flowers smaller (3 — 4" wide). South. 

2 II. serpyllifolia Mx. Caespitous ; sts. filiform, procumbent ; lvs. roundish-ovate, 

petiolate, ciliolate ; ped. terminal, very long, n Mts. of Car., Tenn. 6—12'. May—Jl. 
8 H. minima Beck. Glabrous ; lvs. linear-spatulate ; ped. at first nearly radical, at 
length axillary, often not longer than the leaves ; seeds concave, smooth. © Prairies, 
IU. to La. 1— 3'. Flowers rose-color, 3 — 4". March— May. 

4 H. rotundifolia Mx. Procumbent, creeping, leafy ; lvs. roundish-oval, abrupt at 

base, petiolate ; ped. mostly longer than the leaves ; caps, emarginate, few-seeded. 
i( Sandy, damp places, S In patches. 2— 5'. Flowers white. Mar. — Dec. 

5 H. purpurea L. Erect ; lvs. 3-5-veined, closely sessile ; cymes 3-7-flowered, often 

clustered; calyx segm. lance-linear, longer than the pod. U Penn., S. and W. If 
White-purple May— July. Very pretty. 



150 Orber 68.— VALERIANACEJ3. 

6 H. longifolia Gaert. Radical leaves oval-elliptic, canline linear or lance-linear, 1 

veined ; lis. in small, paniculate cymes : sepals shorter than the pod. 
£. tenuifolia. Much branched ; leaves very narrow ; ped. filiform. 
y. cilioltita. Leaves oblong-linear, obtuse, often ciliate ; branches erect. N. and 
W.,— all the forms, on river banks and prairies. If. June, July. 

7 H. angustilolia Mx. Slender, tall, strictly erect ; lvs. narrowly linear, 1-velned ; 

fls. very numerous, short- pedicelled, in compact, terminal cymules ; cal. lobes subu- 
late ; caps, obovoid or top-shaped. u Prairies, HI. to La. 1— 2f. June— July. 

7. OLDENLANDIA, L. Calyx 4- or 5-lobed, persistent. Cor. funnel- 
form, with a short tube, little longer than the calyx, 4-5-lobed. Sta. 4^—5. 
Sty. short or 0. Stig. 2. Caps, wholly adherent. Seeds very numerous 
and minute (40—60 in each cell).— Herbs erect or prostrate. Stipules with 
2—4 subulate points each side. Flowers small, axillary, white. 

I O. glomerata Mx. Creeping Greenhead. Stems assurgent ; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, 
pubescent, narrowed at the base ; fls. glomerate in the axils and terminal ; cor. shorter 
than the leafy calyx teeth. Swamps, N. Y. to La. 1—12'. June— Sept. 

'2, O. Boseii. Erect, much branched ; lvs. lance-linear, acute ; fls. subsolitary, axillary, 
sessile, n Banks of rivers, S. 6— W. Corolla purplish. July, Aug. 

3 O. ll.t lol. Weak, diffuse, succulent ; lvs. oval-oblong, acute ; lis. subsolitary, white, 
pentamerous. u River banks, Fla. to La. 8— MX. 

8. CEPHALANTHUS, L. Button Bush. Calyx limb 4-toothed. 

Cor. tubular, slender, 4-cleft. Sta. 4. Sty. much exserted. — Shrubs with 

opposite lvs. and short stip. Fls. in globous heads, without an involucre. 

C„ occid.enta.lis L. Lvs. opposite and in 3's, oval, acuminate, entire, smooth; head*-' 
pedunculate. Margins of streams. 6f. Heads nearly V diam. July. 

9. PINCKNEYA, Mx. Calyx 5-parted, one of the segm. in the outei 
flowers changed to a large, rose-colored bract. Cor. tubular, lobes 5, spread- 
ing. Sta, 5, exserted. Stig. 2-lobed. Caps. 2-valved, oo-seeded. 5 Lvs. 
large, ovate. Cymes corymbo us, terminal, splendidly radiant. Cor. purplish. 

P. pubescent* Mx.— Swamps, S. : common. 15 — 25f. Pods size of a hazel-nut. May, 
June.— In cultivation it is a shrub, flowering when 8 — 12f high. 

10. BOUVARDIA, H. K. Calyx toothleted between its 4 lobes. Coi. 
tubular. Anth. 4, included. Caps. 2-partible, co-seeded. Sds. margined. 
b Glabrous. Leaves lanceolate, coriaceous. (See p. 445.) 

1 B. triphylla. Lvs. in whorls of 3's ; cymes corymbed ; fls.. scarlet. Mexico. 2f. 

2 B. versicolor. Lvs. opp. ; cymes racemed ; cor. clavate, curved, red and purp. S.Am. 

Order LXVIII. VALEMANACE^E. Valerians. 

Herbs with opposite leaves and no stipules. Calyx adherent, the limb 
either membranous or resembling a pappus. Corolla tubular or funnel- 
form, 4-5-lobed, sometimes spurred at base. Stamens distinct, inserted into 
the corolla tube alternate with, and generally fewer than its lobes. Ovary 
inferior, with one perfect cell and two abortive ones. Seeds solitary, pen- 
dulous, in a dry, indehiscent pericarp. 

I. VALERIANA, L. Valerian. Calyx limb at first very small, in 



Order 69.— DIPSACE.E. 151 

volute, at length evolving a plumous pappus. Cor. funnel-form, regular, 

5-cleft. Sta. 3. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded. U Leaves opposite, mostly pin- 

nately divided. Flowers in close cymes. June, July. 

§ Stems climbing and twining. Leaves temately divided, long-stalked No. 1 

§ Stem erect. — a Leaves and leaflets broad, somewhat ovate. Eoot fibrous . . .Nos. 2, 3 

— a Leaves and leaflets narrow, nearly linear. Root fusiform No. 4 

t Garden exotics, native of Europe Nos. 5— S 

1 V. scandens L. Glabrous ; lfts. ovate, thin, entire, pointed ; cymes diffusely pani- 

cled, axillary and terminal ; corolla very short. E. Fla. 4 — 6f, slender. 

2 V. panciflora Ms. Et. lvs. ovate, cordate, crenate-serrate ; cauline of 3 — 7 ovate, 

toothed lfts. ; cor. tube long (7—8") and slender, rose-white. O. to Va. and W. 1 — 2f. 

3 V. sylvatica Richd. Rt. lvs. ovate or oblong, never cordate, entire ; cauline of 5— 

11 lance-ovate, entire lfts. ; cor. short (3- -4/0, roseate. Swamps, Vt. and W. 

4 V. edulls N. Smooth, thickish ; root xvs. linear-spatulate, entire; cauline of 3 — 7 

lance-linear, acute segm., the margins ciliate ; cor. white, short (2 — 3"), in a dense 
panicle. Low grounds, O. Wis. and W. The thick root is edible. 1 — 3f. 

5 V. dioica. Root lvs. undivided ; cauline pinnatifid ; fls. panicled, $ ? , blush. If. 

6 V. Phtj. Root lvs. undivided ; cauline pinnate ; fls. corymbed, s , white. 3f. 

7 V. officinalis. Lvs. all pinnate and toothed ; fls. corymbed, blush-colored. 3f. 

8 V. Pvrenaica. Lvs. cordate, toothed, upper pinnate ; fls. corymbed, pink-red. 1 — 2f. 

2. VALERIANELLA, Mcench. DC. Calyx limb obsolete. Cor. tube 
short, not spurred, limb 5-lobed, regular. Sta. 3. Stig. 3-cleft or entire. 
Fr. 3-celled, 1-seeded, 2 cells empty, (T) Stems forked above. Lvs. oppo- 
site, oblong or linear, entire or toothed, sessile. Fls. in dense, terminal 
cymelets. The specific characters are afforded mainly by the fruit, (Fedia, 
Gaert. T. & G.) 

* Flowers pale blue. Fruit orbicular, fertile cell larger than the empty No. 1 

* Flowers white.— a Fruit ovoid, fertile cell larger than the 2 empty Nos. 2, 3 

—a Fruit subglobous, empty cells larger than the fertile. . ..Nos. 4, 5 

1 V. olltoria Moench. Lamb Lettuce. Fr. finally broader than long ; fertile cell with 

a corky back, seed laterally compressed. Fields, N. Y. to Va. : rare. S — 12'. June. 

2 V. Fagopyrum. Fruit smooth, ovoid-triangular, the empty cells at the obtuse 

angle, and no groove between ; fls. large (H")- W. N-Y. to "Wis. If. June. 

3 V. radiata Dufr. Fruit pubescent, ovoid, somewhat 4-angled, 1-toothed at apex ; 

empty cells with a groove between ; fls. small (\ ,r ). N. Y. (Hoi.ce) to Mich., andS. 

4 "V. umbilicata. Fr. inflated, apex 1-toothed. the anterior face deeply nmbilicato 

and perforated into the empty cells, which are much larger. Ohio (Sullivant). 

5 V. patellaria. Fruit orbicular, flattened, the empty cells widely divergent, at 

length forming a winged margin to the fertile cell. N. Y. to O. (Howe, Sullivant.) 

Order LXIX. DIPSACE^. Teaselworts. 

Herbs with whorled or opposite leaves and no stipules. Flowers in denst 
heads, surrounded by an involucre as in Composite. Calyx adherent, pap- 
pus-like, surrounded by a special scarious involucel. Corolla tubular, Sta- 
mens 4, alternate with the lobes of corolla, and distinct. Ovary inferior, 
1-celled, 1-ovuled. Style 1, simple. Fruit dry, indehiscent, with a single 
suspended seed. Fig. 441. 

1. DIPSACUS. L. Teasel. Fls. in heads. Involucre manv-leaved 



152 Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 

Involucel 4-sided, closely investing the calyx and fruit. Cor. 4-cleft, lobes 
erect. Fruit 1-seeded, crowned with the calyx. (2) Stout, prickly. Leaves 
connate at base. Hds. oblong, the middle zone of florets first expanding. 

1 D. sylvestris Mill. Wild T. Lvs. sinuate or jagged ; bracts slender, erect, pun- 

gent, longer than the heads ; chaff pungent, with a straight point. Waysides and 
hedges, Mass. to Cal. ! 5f. Flowers bluish. July. § Europe. 

2 I>. FUiiONUM. Fullers' T. Leaves serrate or entire ; bracts of the involucre spread- 

ing ; chaff rigid, erect, with sharp, hooked points. Europe. 4f. July. 

2. SOABIOSA, L. Scajbish. Fls. in heads. Involucre many-leaved. 
Involucel nearly cylindrical, with 8 little excavations. Calyx limb con- 
sisting of 5 setae, sometimes partially abortive. U Mostly European. 

S. ATRoraRPUREA. Mourning Bride. Leaves pinnatifid and incised ; heads radiant . 
receptacle cylindric. India ? 3f. Purple. Beautiful. 
6 candedissima. Flowers pure white. — There are many other varieties. 

Order LXX. COMPOSITE. Asterworts. 

Planu herbaceous or shrubby, with compound flowers (of the aid bota- 
nists), i. e., the flowers in dense heads (capitula) surrounded by an involucre 
of many bracts (scales), with 5 united anthers, and the fruit an achenium 
(cypsela). Leaves alternate or opposite, exstipulate, simple, yet often much 
divided. Floicers (florets) 00, crowded, sessile, on the receptacle with or 
without pales (chaff). Calyx adherent, the limb wanting or divided into 
bristles, hairs, &c. (pappus). Corolla tubular, of 5 lobes with a marginal 
vein, often ligulate or bilabiate. Stamens 5, alternate with the lobes of the 
corolla, anthers cohering into a tube. Ovary 1 -celled, with 1 erect ovule 
Style single, with 2 stigmas at summit. Fruit a cj^psela (§ 151), dry, inde 
hiscent, 1-seeded, often crowned with a pappus. (See § 104, 348, 3G2.) 

Figs. 68, 72-7, 103, 146, 160, 178, 261, 319, 341-6, 387-8, 433-4, 446-8, 492. 

An immense and perfectly natural assemblage, of about 1000 genera and 
9000 species. In the United States very few are shrubby. 

The flowers are perfect or variously diclinous. If the head has all its 
flowers of one kind, whether 2 , or $ , or ? , it is homogamous ; if of dif- 
ferent kinds, it is heterogamous. — The following are De Candolle's Subor- 
ders and Tribes, with a convenient artificial analysis appended. 

I. TUBUlilFLiORiE.— Corolla of the perfect flowers tubular, 5-lobed, (A.) 

Tribe 1, VERNONIACEiE. Branches of the style long, slender, terete, and hispid all 

over Heads discoid. Flowers all alike, perfect Nos. 1 — 3 

Tribe 2, EUPATORIACE^E. Branches of the style clavate, obtuse, flattened, minutely 

pubescent. Heads discoid. Flowers all alike, perfect Nos. 4 — 15 

Tribe 3, ASTEROIDEjE. Branches of the style flat, linear, downy above and opposite 

the distinct, stigmatic lines, appendaged at top. Heads discoid or radiate Nos. 16 — 34 

Tribe 4, SENECIONID^E. Branches of the style linear, fringed at the top, truncate or 

extended into a conical, hispid appendage Nos. 35 — 89 

Tribe 5, CYNAREiE. Style thickened or node-like at top. Branches not appendaged, 

the stigmatic lines not prominent, reaching the apex Nos. 90 — 98 

[I. LIG CJljIFIiOIt^E.— Corollas all lig-ulate (radiant), flowers all perfect, (B«) 

Tribe 6, CICHORACEtE. Branches of the style long, obtuse, pubescent all over ; stig- 
matic lines commencine below their middle Juice milky Nie. 99 — 115 



Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 153 

III. LiABIATIFljORiE.— Corolla of the perfect lloicers bilabiate. (C.) 
Tribe 7, MULISIACE^E. Style nearly as in Oynareae, the branches obtuse, very convex 

outside, minutely downy at the top No. llfi 

A. Suborder TUBULIFLOILE. 

| Heads discoid, that is, without rays. . .(1) 

{ Heads radiate, i. e., the outer flowers ligulate. . .(8) 

1 Keceptacle naked, i. e., with no pales or bristles among the flowers. .(2) 
1 Receptacle chaffy, bearing pales among the flowers.. .(6) 
1 Receptacle bearing bristles, or deeply alveolate (honeycombed). . .(7) 
2 Pappus a circle of 5 — 20 chaffy scales. ..(a) 
2 Pappus none, or a short, toothed margin. . .(b) 
2 Pappus composed of many capillary bristles... (3) 
3 Leaves opposite. (Heads homogamous). . .(d) 
3 Leaves alternate. . .(4) 

4 Heads homogamous, — flowers all perfect. . .(c) 
4 Heads heterogamous, — flowers not all perfect... (5) 
5 Scales herbaceous, often deciduous. . .(e) 
5 Scales scarious, persistent, often colored... (/) 

8 Leaves alternate. . .(g) 
6 Loaves opposite. . .(h) 

7 Pappus none, or consisting of scales. . .(?') 

7 Pappus composed of many bristles. ..(f) 
8 Receptacle naked (not chaffy), or (in No. 67) deeply honeycomb-colled. . .(8) 
3 Receptacle chaffy, with pales among the flowers. ..(13) 

9 Pappus of 5 — 12 scales, which are 1-awned or (in No. 62) cleft-bristly. .. Til 
9 Pappus none, or of a few short awns. ..(I) 

9 Pappus of many capillary bristles. . .(10) 
10 Rays cyanic, in a single row. . .(m) 
10 Rays cyanic, in several rows...(n) 
10 Rays yellow, in about one row. . .(11) 

11 Pappus double, or of very unequal bristles ... (p) 
11 Pappus simple, the bristles all similar ... (12) 

12 Involucre scales imbricated, the outer shorter. ..(p) 
12 Involucre scales equal, not imbricated... (r) 
13 Disk and ray flowers both fertile, the latter pistillate. . .(14) 
13 Disk flowers sterile, ray flowers fertile... («) 
13 Disk flowers fertile, ray flowers sterile... (15) 
14 Rays yellow . . . (s) 
14 Rays cyanic... (t) 

15 Achenia obcompressed, often beaked.. .(») 

15 Achenia compressed laterally, or not at all...(x) 

* Corolla lobes one-sided. Head large, many-flowered Stokesia. * 

a Corolla lobes one-sided. Heads 4-5-flowered, aggregated Elephantopus 3 

a Corolla lobes equal. — Leaves opposite. Pappus awned Ageratum. 4 

—Leaves whorled. Pappus obtuse Sclerolepis. 5 

—Leaves alternate. — Pappus scales 8 — 10 Palafoxia. 65 

—Pappus scales 12 — 20 Hymenc-pappus 66 

b Leaves opposite. Flowers dioecious, obscure Ambrosia. 47 

6 Leaves alternate.— Flowers yellow. Disk conical Matricaria. 72 

—Flowers yellow. Disk convex Tanacetum. 74 

— Flowers whitish.— Erect, leafless above Adenocadxoh. 15 

— Fls. 8 ... .Artemisia. 76 Pis. B . . . .Humea. (82 a) Ufl 

— Low and depressed Soliva. 77 

e Scales of the involucre in one row. — Flowers cyanic Cacalia 86 

— Flowers yellow.— Receptacle flat Senecio. 87 

— Receptacle convex Rugelia. 89 

o Seeks imbricated.— Flowers yellow (No. 82, or) Bigelotii. 27 

—Flowers whitish Eufatorium, 10, and Kuhnia. S 

—Flowers purple. — Pappus simple. Involucre not radiate... Liatris. 7 

— Pappus simple. Involucre dry, radiate. ..Rjiodantiie, 33 
—Pappus double Vernonia. 1 



L54 Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 



d Achenia 10-striate. Flowers purple Brickellia. 9 

d Achenia 5-angled. — Receptacle cori cal. Flowers blue Conoclinium. 12 

— Receptacle flat.— Scales 4 or 5 , Mikania. 11 

—Scales 8—20 Eupatorium. 1(1 

e Shrubs. Flower dioecious, the $ and $ in different heads.... Baccharis. $4 

e Horbs. — Stem winged. Heads spicate Pterocaulon. 33 

— Stem wingless. — Heads, corymbous, purplish Pluchea. 33 

—Heads paniculate. — Pappus reddish Conyza. 31 

—Pappus white Erechtites. 86 

f Receptacle chafly except in the centre Filago. 80 

/ Receptacle naked. — Heads dioecious Antennaria. 79 

—Heads heterogamous. — Involucre erect Gnaphalium 78 

—Involucre radiato Helichrysum. 83 

g Scales dry, fadeless. Pappus 4 teeth. Stem winged Ammobium. 81 

g Scales dry, fadeless. Pappus of scale-like awns Xeranthemum. 84 

g Scales herbaceous.— Flowers heterocephalous. Fruit a burr .. .Xanthium. 48 

— Flowers all perfect.— Pappus of 5 or 6 scales Marshallia. 60 

— Pappus of many bristles Carphephorus. 6 

h Flowers yellow. Pappus 2 inversely hispid awns Bidens. 59 

A Flowers yellow. Pappus 2 erectly hispid awns Coreopsis. 58 

h Flowers whitish, — heterocephalous. Anthers yellowish Ambrosia. 47 

— monoecious. Anthers yellow Iva. 46 

—all perfect. Anthers black Melanthera. 49 

t Outer scales of the in vol. leafy. Pappus none Carthamus. 94 

t Outer scales pectinate or ciliate-fringed, or entire Centaurea. 93 

; Pappus plumous. Achenia obovate Cynara. 90 

I Pappus plumous. Achenia oblong Cirsium. 97 

i Pappus scabrous, — triple, each row by 10's Cnicus. 95 

—simple.— Scales spinescent , Onopordon. 96 

—Scales hooked Lappa. 98 

k Leaves opposite. Pappus scales deeply cleft into bristles Dysodia. 62 

k Leaves alternate. — Receptacle with deep horny cells Baldwinia. 68 

— Receptacle with shallow fringed cells Gaillardia. 63 

— Receptacle areolate. — Rays all yellow Hellenium. 67 

—Rays spotted at base t Gazania. 64 

I Leav»s opposite. Involucre double, outer 8 united Dahlia. 23 

I Leaves opposite. Involucre single. Scales united Tagetes. 91 

I Leaves alternate. — Pappus of a few short awns or bristles Boltonia. 24 

— Pappus a membranous margin Matricaria. 73 

—Pappus 0.— Rays fertile, disk sterile — Calendula. 91 

— Flowers all fertile. — Involucre scales equal Bellis. 22 

— Invol. broad, flat Leucanthemum. 72 

— Invol. hemispherical Chrysanthemum. 75 

m Rays 4 or 5 Involucre oblong, imbricated. Cypsela very silky. . Sericocarpus. 17 

Tt Rays 5 — 75 Involucre loosely or closely imbricated. Pap. simple, copious.. .Aster. 18 

171 Rays 8— 12 Involucre imbricated. Pappus double, the outer very short Diplopappus 19 

m Rays 40—200. Involucre scarcely imbricated, scales nearly equal Erigeron. 20 

n Flowers dioecious, purplish. Leaves all radical Nardosmia. 14 

n Flowers all fertile.— Native. Scales subequal, flat. Fruit smoothish Erigeron. 20 

— Exotic. Scales subequal, keeled. Fruit hairy Agathea. 16 

— Exotic. Scales imbricated. luppus double Calliste^ nus. 21 

Pappus double in the disk flowers, none in the rays Heterotheca. 29 

o Pappus double in both disk and ray flowers Chrysopsis. 30 

p Heads large, about 20-rayed. Pappus in one row .Inula. 32 

p Heads very small, 1-15-rayed. — Pappus 1 row, shorter than achenia Brachych.s:ta .5 

—Pappus 1 row, tawny, longer than achenia Isopappus. 28 

— Pappus irregularly 2-rowed, white Solidago. 26 

r Head solitary, on a scape with alternate bracts Tussilago. W 

r neads corymbed, &c. — Leaves alternate Senecio. 8 

—Leaves opposite Arnica. 8t 

8 Shrubby. Pappus 4-toothed, obscure Borrichia. 36 

9 Hsrh^ceous.— ^Jpales (the 4 outer) united into a cup Tetragonothkca. 53 



Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 155 

—Scales distinct. — Cypselas 4-angled. Pappus Heliopsis 51 

— Cypsela? flattened. Pappus : Spilanthes. 60 

— Cypselas flat, with a 2-awned pappus Verbesina. 61 

t Leaves alternate. Pappus none. Achenia terete Anthemis. 70 

< Leaves alternate. Pappus none. Achenia obcompressed Achillea. 71 

i Leaves opposite.— Pappus nine Eclipta. 37 

— Pappus of fringed scales Galinsoga. 38 

— Pappus of the disk a single awn, of the ray Zinnia. 50 

u Leaves opposite. Rays yellow. Pappus none Poltmnia. 59 

v. Leaves opposite. Rays yellow. Pappus a 2- or 3-toothed crown. Gen. 41, & Chrysogonum Ml 

u Leaves alternate. — Rays whitish, very short, 5 only Parthenjum. 45 

— Rays yellow, disk dark-purple. Leaves entire Madia. 43 

— Rays yellow, disk brown. Leaves cut Sphenogyne. 44 

—Rays and disk yellow.— Fruit winged Silfhujm. 41 

—Fruit wingless Berlandiera. 42 

v Cypsela with erectly hispid awns, or awnless, never rostrate Coreopsis. 58 

v Cypsela with retrorsely hispid awns, often attenuated above Bidens. 59 

x Rays white, spreading. Pappus none Anthemits. . 70 

x Bays purple, pendent. Pales sharp, elongated Echinacea. 53 

as Bays yellow. — Pappus none. Cypsela quadrangular Rudbeckia. 54 

— Pappus none. Cypsela compressed Lepachis. 55 

—Pappus of 2 awns. — Fruit wingless Helianthus. 56 

—Fruit broad-winged Actinomeris. 57 

B. Suborder LIGULIFLOR^E. 

58 Pappus none, or consisting of little scales. . .(a) 

g§ Pappus double (of scales and bristles), or simple and plumous. . .(b) 

§§ Pappus composed of capillary bristles, not plumous. ..(*) 

* Achenia terete or angular, not flattened. ..(c) 

* Achenia evidently flattened. . .(d) 

a Flowers yellow. Pappus none. Heads paniculate Lampsana. 99 

a Flowers yellow. Pappus none. Heads solitary or umbellate Apogon. 100 

a Flowers blue. — Pappus of many little scales. Receptacle naked Cichorium. 101 

— Pappus of 5 scales. Receptacle chaffy C atananche. 107 

b Flowers purple. Feathery pappus on a long filiform beak Tragopogon. 105 

b Flowers yellow. Feathery pappus on a short beak or sessile Leontodon. 104 

b Flowers yellow. — Pappus of many bristles with the scales Cynthia. 103 

—Pappus of 5 bristles and 5 scales Krigia. 102 

c Flowers whitish or purplish, mostly nodding. Stem leafy Nabalus. 108 

c Flowers rose-purple, erect. (Stem almost leafless) Lygodesmia. 109 

c Flowers yellow. — Achenia long-beaked. Pappus white Taraxacum. 112 

—Achenia long-beaked. Pappus reddish Pyrropappus. Ill 

— Achenia not beaked. — Pappus dull-white or tawny Hieracium. 106 

—Pappus bright white Troximon. 110 

d Achenia contracted into a slender beak. Flowers mostly yellow Lactuca. 113 

d Achenia scarcely beaked. — Flowers mostly blue Mulgedium. 114 

— Flowers yellow. Pappus silky Sonchus. 116 

C. Suborder LABIATIFLORJE. 

{§§ Head radiate, solitary, nodding in bud. Pappus capillary Chaptalia. ,.17 

1 VERNONIA, Schreb. Iron Weed. Fls. all tubular, perfect. In- 

vol. of ovate, imbricated scales, the inner longest. Recept. naked. Pap. 

double, the exterior chaffy, the interior capillary, if 5 Leaves alternate. 

Fls. purple (in our species). Cymes coiymbed. Figs. 446-8. 

§ Scales of the involucre all obtuse and closely appressed. Stem tall, grooved. ..No. 1 

§ Scales of the invol. (usually all)— a with slender, flexuous points Nos. 2, S 

—a with acute or mucronate points. South. . .Nos. 4-6 



156 Order 70.— COMPOSITES. 

1 V. fasciculata Mx. Lvs. narrowly lanceolate, serrulate ; cyme fastigiate ; invo 

ovoid-bell-shaped, hall' a? long as the showy, dark-pnrple fls. Com. W. 3— lflf. Jl. Aut? 

2 V. Noveboracense Willd. Lvs. many, lanceolate, serrulate, rough ; cyme fas 

tigiate : invol. scales filiform at the ends, or the upper cuspidate. Com. 3— 6f. Am» 

3 V. scaberrima N. Lvs. all sessile, lanceolate and lance-linear, margins revolute, 

subentire ; hds. 20-30-flowered ; scales lanceolate, ciliate, protracted into long, flexu 
ous points. Pine-barrens, S. 2 — 3f. June— August. 

4 V. angustifolia Mx. Lvs. linear and lance-linear, margins revolute; hds. 10 1& 

flowered; lower scales some filiform-pointed. Barrens, S. 2f. September. 

5 V. ovalllolia T. & G. Lvs. many, the lower oval or oblong; invol. bell-form. '<j0 

flowered ; scales acute or mucronate, short. Dry woods, Fla. 2— 3f. June, July. 

6 V. oligopliylla Mx. Lvs. mostly radical, oblong-obovate, the 2 or 3 cauline bract 

like, lanceolate ; scales spreading, acuminate. S. 2f. June, July. 

2. STOKE SIA, L'Her. Fls. all tubular, the marginal larger, ray-like, 
irregular; scales of the invol. imbricated, in several rows, the outer spinu- 
lous and leaf-like. Recept. naked. Cypsela 4-angled. Pap. of 4 or 5 awn- 
like, rigid, deciduous scales. H Erect, with a downy stem, alternate lvs., 
and large terminal heads of showy blue flowers. 

S. cyaina L'Her.— Wet woods, S. Car. and W. : very rare. 2f. Lvs. glabrous, entfre. 
Bracts spinulous at base, gradually becoming scales, t 

3. ELEFHANTOPUS, L. Elephant' s-foot. Heads 3-5-flowered, 
glomerate into a compound head with leafy bracts. Fls. all £ and equal. 
Invol. scales about 8, in 2 series. Cor. deeply cleft on one side. Fr. rib- 
bed. Pap. chaffy-setaceous, if Erect, with large, alternate, subsessile lvs. 
Cor. purple or white. July — September. 

1 E. Caroliniamis Willd. St. much branched, leafy, hairy; lvs. somewhat hairy, 

ovate or oval-oblong, obtuse, crenate-serrate. Dry soils, Pa. S. and W. 2f. 

2 E. tomentosns L. St. hirsute, nearly leafless, simple or dichotomous above ; root 

lvs. hirsute-tomentous, oblong-obovate. Woods, S. 1— 2f. Flowers whitish. 

4. AGERATUM, L. Heads oo-flowered, $ , discoid. Scales lineal, 
imbricated, pointed. Recept. naked. Corollas all tubular. Cyp. 5-angled, 
narrowed at base. Pap. 5 or 10, chaffy, awned scales. (1X2) Mostly tropi- 
cal, with opposite, petioled lvs. and corymbed heads. Fig. 75. 

A.. conyzo«.des L. Branching ; lvs. ovate, tooth-crenate, acute or cordate at base, 
somewhat rugous ; pap. scales 5, as long as the corolla, but much shorter than the 
conspicuous styles. Wet places, near Savannah. 1 — l|f. Blue or white. Apr.— Jn. 
/3. Mexicana. Lvs. all, or nearly all, cordate. Fls. light blue, perpetual, t 

6. SCLEROLEPIS, Cass. Head oo-flowered, ? , discoid, Scales 
equal, linear, in 2 series. Recept. naked. Cor. 5-toothed. Styles much 
exserted. Cyp. 5-angled, crowned with a cup-shaped pappus of 5 obtuse, 
horny scales. £? Glabrous, simple, with 1 — 3 terminal hds. Lvs. verticil- 
late. Flowers purple. 

S. verUicillaia Cass, n In shallow water, N. J. to Fla. Erect, 1— 2f, from a decum- 
bent base. Lvs. lin., entire, 1', in whorls of 5's and6's. Hds. mostly solitary. Jl.— Sep 

6. CARFHEPHORUS, Cass. Heads (about 20-fiowered), involucre 
flowers, and fruit as in Liatris. Recept. chaffy. Pales narrow, 3-veined 



Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 157 

rigid, shorter than the flowers. % Sts. simple, leafy, corymbous at top, 
with middle-sized heads of purple flowers in Autumn. (Liatris, Mx. Ell.) 

* Scales of the involucre acute, downy-tomentous. Leaves acute Nos. 1, 2 

* Scales of the involucre rounded-obtuse, nearly glabrous. Leaves obtuse . . Nos. 3, 4 

1 C. pseudo-liatris Cass. Lvs. linear-subulate, rigid, closely appressed to and cov- 

ering the stem ; hds. few, rac. or cor. ; plant downy, erect. W. Fla. to La. 2f. 

2 C. tomentdsus T. & G. Lvs. lanceolate, petiolate, the cauline lance-ovate, sessile, 

small, erect ; plant tomentous, corymb loose. Swamps, S. 2f. 

3 C. bellidifolius T. & G. Low, nearly smooth, tufted; lvs. spatulate below, linear 

above , hds. few, in a loose corymb ; scales herbaceous. Sand hills, N. Car. If. 
1 G. corymhosus T. & G. St. single, stout, erect, hairy; lvs. oblanceolate, the up 
per oblong, sessile ; corymb dense ; scales scarious-edged. Swamps, S. 3f. 

7. LIATRIS, L. Fls. all $ , tubular. Invol. oblong, imbricate. Rc- 
cept. naked. Pap. of oo capillary bristles. Cyp. tapering to the slender 
base, 10-striate. Styles much exserted. if With simple, erect stems, al- 
ternate, entire lvs., and handsome rose-purple flowers in spicate, racemed, 
or paniculate heads. August — November. 

§ Heads in a corymb or thyrse-like panicle. Root fibrous, no tuber Nos. 1-3 

§ Heads in a spike or a simple raceme. Root a roundish tuber, .(a) 

a Scales of the involucre colored and petaloid at their lengthened ends No. 4 

a Scales not petaloid, green or slightly tinged at the end. .(b) 

b Pappus evidently plumous. Corollas (13 to 60) hairy within Nos. 5, 

b Pappus evidently plumous. Cor. (3 to 5) smooth within. South Nos. 7, S 

b Pappus only barbellate (smooth to the naked eye) . . (c) 

c Heads 20-40-flowered, roundish, with rounded scales No. 9 

c Heads 7-15-flowered.— d Scales all similar, obtuse Nos. 10, 11 

— d Scales all, or the inner only, acute.. ..Nos. 12, 13 

c Heads 3-7-flowered,— e in a regular spike, raceme (or panicle) . . .Nos. 14-16 

— e in one-sided spikes or racemes .No. 17 

1 Ii. odoratissinia Willd. Vanilla Plant. Deer's Tongue. Smooth ; lvs. obovato- 

spatulate, obtuse, thick, the cauline oblong ; heads 7-8-fiowered, in a loose, compound 
corymb. Pine-barrens, Va. to Fla. 1 — 3f. Used to perfume tobacco. 

2 L, paniculata Willd. Viscid-tomentous ; lvs. lance-spatulate, the cauline small, 

pointed ; hds. 5-flwd., in an oblong, dense panicle, white-purple. Damp. S. 2 — 3f. 

3 Ii. fruticosa N. Shrubby, smooth; lvs. obovate, fleshy, veinless, the lowest op- 

posite ; hds. corymbed, 5-flowered ; scales lanceolate, acute, dotted. E. Fla. Lvs. 1'. 

4 Ii. elegans Willd. Hairy above ; lvs. oblanceolate, cauline linear; rac. dense, If; 

hds. 4-5-flowered, scales longer and more showy than the flowers. Woods, S. 4f. 

5 Ii. squarrisa Willd. Blazing Star. St. 2 — 3f; lvs. linear, the lower narrowed at 

base ; rac. leafy ; hds. few, 15-40-flowered, 9 — 12" long, scales squarrous-spreading, 
the outer leafy, inner sharp-pointed. Dry soils, Penn. to Fla and W. 

M Ii. cylindracea Mx. St. low (6 — 18'), slender; lvs. linear, rigid; hds few, cylin- 
drical, 15-20-flowered ; scales short, rounded, appressed. Dry. N. Y. and W. 

J Ii. Boykinii T. & G. Lvs. linear, dotted; hds 3 or 4-flowered in a close, virgate 
spike ; scales pointed and spreading at the tips. Near Columbus, Ga. 1— 2f. 

8 L. tenuifolia L. Lvs. narrowly linear or filiform ; hds. 5-flwd., crowded in a .ong 

raceme ; scales oblong, obtuse-mucronulate. Woods, S. 2 — 4f. Fine. 

9 Ii. scariosa L. Gay Feather. Scabrous-pubescent ; lvs. lanceolate, the lower on 

long petioles, upper linear ; hds. remotely racemed ; invol. hemispherical, with obo- 
vate, very obtuse scales. Dry soils. 4— 5f Beautiful. 

10 I«. spicata Willd. Lvs. lance-linear, the lower narrowed at base; hds. sessile, in 
along spike ; scales oblong, obtuse, narrow-margined. N. J., W. and S. 3— 5f. 



158 Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 

11 Ij. lira mini folia Willd. Leaves linear, 1-veined ; hcls. mostly pedicelme, rac 
rarely paniculate below : invol. acute at base, scales obovate-spatulatc, obtuse, ap- 
pressed ; cyp. hairy. Sandy soils, N. J. and S. Variable. 

12 Jj. pilosa Willd. Downy and hairy, stout ; lvs. linear and lance-linear ; hcls. loosely 
racemed, scales linear-oblong, obtuse, the inner linear. N. Car. Rare. 

13 L. heteropliylla R.Br. Glabrous; lvs. lanceolate, the upper greatly diminished , 
hds. spiked, scales lance-acuminate, spreading. N. Car. to Ga. Rare. 

14 Ij. gracilis Ph. Pubescent; lvs. linear, 1-vcined, the lower lanceolate ; heads oi 
slender stalks, in a long virgate rac. ; scales oblong, obtuse. Dry. Ga. PI. 2 — 3f. 

15 Li. pyclinostacliia Mx. Hirsute; lvs. rigid, lanceolate, the upper narrow-llii 
ear; spike dense, thick, of numerous cyUndric heads ; scales apprcssed, with acute, 
scarious, colored and spreading tips. Prairies. HI. to Tex. 3 — 5f, Spike LO— 2(K. 

16 Li. Cliapmanii T. & G. Tomentous ; lvs. linear, obtusish, the upper very short ; 
hds. cylindric. 3-flowered, densely spiked ; scales acum. ; fr. hairy. Fla. 1 — 2f. 

17 Li. pauciflora Ph. St. pubescent, recurved; lvs. linear, short, the lowest lance- 
linear ; rac. recurved, with the hds. all turned to the upper side ; hds. 4-5-flowered . 
scales lance-oblong, acute. Dry sand-hills, S. 1— 3f. (L. secunda Ell.) 

8. KUHNIA, L. Heads 10-25-flowered, $ . Scales lanceolate, loosely 
imbricated. Recept. naked. Cor. slender, 5-toothed. Pap. in a single series, 
plumous. Fr. cylindrical, striate, pubescent, if With alternate, resinous- 
dotted lvs., and corymbed heads of pale yellow florets. September. 

K. eupatorioides L. St. somewhat viscid-pubescent ; lvs. lance-ovate to lance-lin., 
resinous-dotted, petiolate, toothed or entire. Dry soils, N. J., W, and S. 

9. BRICKELLIA, Ell. Heads many-flowered, 5 . Scales imbricated, 
lanceolate or linear, striate. Receptacle naked, flat. Cor. tube slightly ex- 
panded above, 5-toothed. Branches of the style clavate. Fr. 10-striate, 
contracted above. Pap. setaceous, in one series. U With opposite, 3- 
veined leaves and large heads of purple florets in corymbs. 

B. cordifolia Ell. Pubescent ; lvs. triangular, truncate or cordate, crenate, petiolate ; 
hds. 30-40-flowered, scales obtuse ; pap. purple. Ga. Fla. 2— 4f. August. 

10. EUPATORIUM, Tourn. Boneset. Fls. all tubular, £ . Invol. im- 
bricate, oblong. Style much exserted, deeply cleft. Anth. included. Re- 
cept. naked, flat. Pap. capillary, simple, scabrous. Cyp. 5-angled. 2| 
Generally with opposite, simple lvs. and corymbous hds. Fls. of the cy- 
anic series — that is, white, blue, red, &c, never yellow. July — September. 

§ Leaves mostly alternate, pinnately dissected. Heads paniculate, very CD Nos. 1, 2 

§ Leaves mostly opposite or verticillate, — c pinnately dissected. Hds. corymbed. . .No. 3 

— c undivided. Heads corymbed. .(*) 

* Scales imbricated in several rows, the outer gradually shorter. . . (a) 

a Flowers bluish. Leaves opposite. Scales strongly striate No. 4 

a Flowers purplish. Lvs. whorled. Scales streaked and flesh-colored. .Nos. 5— 1 
a Flowers white, 5 only in each head. Lvs. subsessile. (exc. No. 18). .(b) 

b Leaves acute at base. Scales with acute white points Nos. 8 — 10 

b Leaves acute at base. Scales obtuse, short, dewny Nos. 11—14 

b Leaves obtuse, roundish or truncate at the base Nos. 15—18 

a Flowers white, 7 — 15 in each head. Leaves various Nos. 19—22 

* Scales all of equal length, in about 1 row. Leaves petiolate Nos. 23 — 25 

1 E« foeiiiculaceuni Willd. Very branching; lvs. all alternate, compoundly pin- 
nate, in linear-filiform segments, the upper setaceous, simple ; heads 3-5-flowered 
Fields, Pa. (rare) to Fla. 3— 1( f. Flowers yellowish-white, 1—2" long:. 



Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 159 

3 E. coronopifolium Willd. Much branched, pubescent ; leaves mostly alternate 
(the lower opp.), twice pinnatifid, with lance-linear lobes and segm., the upper linear, 
simple ; hds. 5-flowered, scales 10. Dry soils, S. 3 — of. Flowers white, %". 

3 E. pinnatifidum Ell. Pubescent: lvs. laciniate-pinnatifid, segm. linear, toothed 

or entire, the lower whorled in 4's, middle opp., upper alteru. ; corymb fasti giate ; 
lids, small, GO, 5-9-flowered ; scales oblong, mucronate. Pine w r oods, S. 3 — 4f. 

4 E. ivaefoliuui L. Lvs. opposite, lanceolate, tapering to each end, 3-veined ; heads 

pedicellate, 15-20-flowered ; scales 20, imbricated, erect, obtuse, with 3—5 distinct 
striae. Woods, Miss, and Fla. 3— of. Blue. 
E. purpureum L. Stem solid, purple at the joints ; lvs. feather-veined, in whorl* 
of 3's — 5's, thin, ovate to lanceolate, coarsely serrate. Dry. 3— 6f. 

6 E. nstulosum Barratt. Trumpet-weed. Stem hollow, striate, glabrous, glaucous- 

purple ; lvs. lance-oblong, in 5'o, 6's, finely serrate ; corymb globous, with whorled 
rays. Thickets. 6— lOf. Lvs. 8'. Corymbs If. (E. purpureum. /3. T. & G.) 

7 E. maculatum L. Stem solid, marked with purple glands and lines ; leaves 3- 

veined, ovate, in .S's — 5's. Low grounds : common. 3 — 5f. (E. purpureum. 0. DarlJ 

5 E. scabridum Ell. ? (Chapm.) St. stout, tomentous ; lvs. lance-ovate, acute, ser., 

3-veined from base ; scales lance-obl., cuspidate, edged, shorter than fls. Car Fla. 2f. 

9 E. album L. Rough-downy; lvs. lance-oblong, acutish ; lids, oblong, 5-iiuwered; 

scales white-scarious at the point, longer than the fls. Sands, N. J. and S. 2f. 

10 E. leucolepis T. & G. Nearly smooth ; lvs. lance-linear, obtuse ; heads 5-flwd. ; 
scales white-scarious at the tip, as long as the fls. Sands, L. I. and S. 2— 3f. 

HE. liyssopifoliuin L. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, 1-3-veined. punctate, lower onep 
subserrate, upper ones entire ; scales oval. Dry. Mass., W. and S. 2f. Hds. '?>". 

12 E. parviflorum Ell. Lvs. lanceolate, sessile, acutely serrate above, 3-veined: 
heads 2", crowded ; outer scales very short, inner linear. Damp. Va. to Fla. 2 — 3f. 

13 E. altissimum L. Tall, downy; lvs. lanceolate, few-toothed above, coiispicu 
ously 3-veined ; scales 8—12, elliptical, 2\" ; As. 5". Dry. Pa. to Car., and W. 3— 7f. 

14 E. cuneifolium Willd. Downy; lvs. small, glaucous, obovate-oblong, 3-veined. 
apex obtuse and subserrate ; scales oval, 2 // ; fls. 4". Rich shades, S. Car. to Fla. 21 

15 E. teucrifolium Willd. Rough-downy; leaves sessile, ovate, veiny, the lowi.r 
doubly serr. ; scales elliptical, faintly striate, rather acute. Damp. Mass. to La. 2 — 3f. 

1 6 E. sessilii'olium L. Smooth ; leaves half-clasping, lance-ovate, serrate ; inner 
scales oblong-obovate, obtuse. Rocky woods, Mass. to Ind., and S. 2 — 4f. Lvs. 3 — 5' 

1 7 E. rotundifollum Willd. Hoarhound. Downy ; lvs. roundish ovate, subcor- 
date, 3-veined, sessile, coarsely toothed ; inner scales acuminate, as long as the fls. Dry 
fields, N. J. and S. A compact, bushy plant. 3f. 

18 E. mikanioides Chapm. St. creeping at base, ascending ; lvs. deltoid, truncate 
at base, petioles subconnate ; scales lanceolate, acute. Isl. St. Vincent, Fla. 1 — 2f. 

19 E. pubescens Muhl. Hairy; lvs. distinct, sessile, ovate, acute, blunt-toothed ; 
hds. about 8-flwd. ; scales lanceolate, acute, short. Dry. N. H. to N. J., and Ky. 3 — 4f. 

20 E. resinosum Torr. Viscid-resinous; leaves distinct, closely sessile, lin. -lanceo- 
late, long-pointed ; hds. 10-15-flwd. ; scales obtuse, white-downy. Barrens, N. J. 2-3f. 

21 E. perfollatum L. Thoroughwort. Boneset. Hairy; lvs. lanceolate, each pail 
united at base around the stem; heads about 12-flowered, in a large, dense corymb; 
scales lance-oblong, acute. Low grounds : common. 3— 4f. A powerful tonic. 

12 E. fierotinum Mx. Soft-puberulent ; lvs. petiolate, lance-ovate, sharp-serrate, 3- 
veined ; hds. 12-15-flwd. ; scales 9 — 11, similar, very downy, obtuse. Md., S. and W. 5f. 

23 E. ageratoides L. Smooth; lvs. long-petiolate, ovate, acuminate, sharp-serr., 
3-veined ; hds. 10-20-flwd., in a compound corymb ; scales oblong, obtuse. Woods. 3f. 

24 E aroinaticuin L. Rough-downy ; lvs. petiolate, lance-ovate, acute, 3-veined, 
blunt-serr. ; hds. 10-15-flwd., in small corymbs ; scales lance-linear. Low woods. 21 

25 E. incarnatum Walt. Diffusely branched ; leaves long-petioled, deltoid-ovato. 
pointed, coarsely crenate-dentate ; hds. on slender ped., 15-20-flwd. ; scales lin.-subn 
late. 3-striate ; lobes of the corolla pale purple. Damp soils, N. Car. to Fla. 3f. 



160 Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 

11. MIKANIA, Willd. Climbing Boneset. Fls. all tubular, $. Id 
volucre 4-leaved, 4-flowered. Receptacle and flowers as in Eupatorium 
2f Climbing and twining. Leaves opposite. 

OT. scandens Willd. Smooth ; lvs. cordate, repand-toothed, acuminate, the lobes di- 
varicate ; hds. in pedunculate, axillary corymbs. Thickets, Ms. to Ga. Not common. 
Clusters on the short, lateral branches, of white or pink-colored flowers. Aug. Sept. 

12. CONOOLINIUM, DC. Heads many-flowered. Receptacle coni- 
cal. Character otherwise as in Eupatorium. if. }j Leaves opposite, petio- 
late, serrate. Flowers sky-blue, in crowded corymbs. 

C coelestinum DC. Much branched ; lvs. deltoid-ovate, truncate or subcordate, ere 
nate-serrate, petiolate ; scales linear, y. Copses, Pa., S. and W. 1 — 2f. Aug. Sept. 

13. TUSSILAGO, Tourn. Colt's-foot. Head radiate, many -flowered 

Flowers of the ray ? , those of the disk $ . Invol. simple. Recep. naked. 

Pappus capillary, if. Lvs. radical. Fls. yellow, with very narrow rays. 

T.Fa.rfara L. — Cold, clayey banks, N. and M. Scape 5', appearing with its single head 
of yellow flowers in March and April, before the large angular leaves. 
/ 

14. NARDOSMIA, Cass. Heads radiate, Go-flowered, somewhat ? $ . 

Fls. of the ray ? , of the disk 5 , but abortive in the sterile plant. Invol. 

simple. Recep. flat, naked. Pappus capillary. U Leaves radical. Fls. 

cyanic. The ray flowers of the sterile heads are in a single row ; of the 

fertile in several rows, but very narrow. 

IV. pa I in ."i tit Hook. Scape with a thryse or corymb ; lvs. roundish-cordate, 5-7-lobed, 
woolly beneath, coarsely dentate. Swamps, N. Eng. and W. Rare. May. 

15. ADENOCAULON, Hook. Fls. few, all tubular, of the margin ? , 

of the disk $ . Scales equal, in one series. Recep. naked. Cyp. clavate, 

exserted, bearing stalked glands above. Pap. 0. if. Nearly acaulescent, with 

alternate leaves, and small, paniculate heads, also gland-bearing. 

A. bicolor Hook. Lvs. deltoid, cordate, angular-toothed, decurrent on the petioles, 
white-downy beneath. Shores of Lake Superior, and W. (Common in Oregon.) 2f. 

16. AGATHiEA, Cass. Heads as in Erigeron, but the scales are 1- 

veined, keeled or channelled, and the cypselse rough-haired. ®}) S. Afr 

Leaves opposite. Disk flowers yellow, rays blue. (Cineraria, L.) 

A. amelloibes. Lvs. ovate or oval, petiolate, entire, scabrous. Not hardy. A beau 
tiful shrub, often cultivated in the greenhouse. 1 — 2f. Heads solitary. 

17. SERICOCARPUS, Nees White-tipped Aster. Ray fls. 4—6, 

J : disk fls. 6 — 10, § . Invol. oblong, imbricated. Scales appressed, white 
ivith green, spreading tips. Recep. alveolate. Cyp. obconic, very silky. 
Pap. simple. U With alternate lvs. and close corymbs. Rays white. 

1 S. solidagineus Nees. Smooth; lvs. linear-oblanceolate, obtuse, entire, sessile; 

heads subsessile ; scales obtuse ; pap. white. Woods : com. 2f. Rays long. Jl. Aug. 

2 S. conyzoid.es Nees. Some pubescent; lvs. lance-oval, acute, serrate, the lower 

narrowed into a petiole ; rays short; pappus rusty. Woods, Ms. to Fla. l-2f. Jl. Aug. 

3 S. tortifolius Nees. Grayish pubescent ; lvs. short, oblong-obovate, sess., twisted 

to a vertical position, both sides alike ; pappus white. Woods, Va. to Fla. 2f. Sept 



order 70.— COMPOSITE. 161 

18. ASTER, L. Invol. oblong, imbricate. Scales loose, often with 
green tips, the outer spreading. Disk fls. tubular, £ , ray fls. $ , in one row, 
ligulate, 3-toothed at apex, finally revolute. Recep. flat, alveolate. Pap. 
simple, capillary. Cypsela compressed. % Very abundant in the U. S M 
flowering in late summer and autumn. Lvs. alternate, diminishing grad- 
ually upward. Disk-flowers yellow, changing to purple ; ray-flowers blue, 
purple, or white, never yellow. Figs. 146, 388. (See also p. 446.) 

A Scales of f.he invcuicre tipped with green or wholly green. . .(§ 1, 2, J>) 

B Scales destitute of green tips, white or scarious. Lvs. never cordate. . .(§ 4-p) 

§ 1. Bic-xia. Heads corymbous, large. Rays 6—15, white. Lvs. cordate Nos, 1, 2 

§ 2. Ca^liasteum. Heads corymbous or few, large. Rays 12 — 30, violet- 
blue. Pap. bristles unequally thickened. Lvs. rigid, not cordate (a) 

a Lvs. ovate to lanceolate, serrate more or less. Fr. smoothish Nos. 3 — 5 

a Leaves lance-linear to linear,— & entire, merely acute Nos, 6, 7 

— b bristly-fringed, pungent Nos. 8, 9 

§ i. Asteria. Hds. panicled or racemed, rarely few. Pap. equal, soft...(c) 

c Leaves petiolate, the lower cordate,— d evidently serrate Nos. 10, 11 

— d entire or obscurely serrate. . .Nos. 12—15 

c Leaves all sessile, entire, silky-eanescent both sides. Pap. tawny Nos. 16, 17 

c Lvs. not silky, — d clasping with a cordate or auriculate base. . .(/) 

— d clasping with a broad base not cord, or auric. . .(h) 
— d sessile with a narrow base, not clasping. . .(m) 

f Lva. very small (V— 3"), entire. Scales with spreading tips Nos. 18, 19 

/ Leaves ordinary (V — 60- — e Scales with abrupt, appressed tips Nos. 20, 21 

— e Scales loosely spreading. Lvs. entire Nos. 22 — 25 

— e Scales very loose. Lvs. long, serrate Nos. 26, 27 

tl Scales of the involucre closely imbricated (obtuse, No. 20), acute Nos. 28 — 31 

h Scales loose, or spreading, or recurved. — k Pappus bright-colored. . .Nos. 32-34 

—k Pappus tawny-brown Nos. 35, 36 

m Scales squarrous-spreading at the tips.— o Hds. large (6 // -10, purple. .Nos. 37, 38 

—o Hds. small (2-4"), whitish. .Nos. 45-47 

m Scales loosely divergent, straight. Heads medium size, rays pale No. 49 

m Scales erect, straight, in 1 ro»v. Heads 2 — 3, or solitary, rays white No. 48 

m Scales closely imbricated. — n Hds. medium (3-6 /r ), purp. or pale. . .Nos. 43, 44, 3] 

— n Heads small (2— 3"), white or pale Nos. 39—41 

§ 4. Scaiuosi.— p Lvs. lanceolate, broadly or narrowly. Scales obtusish Nos. 49—51 

— p Lvs. subulate or lin. Scales very acute.— s Hds. large, few. .Nos. 52, 53 

— 5. Hds. small, many. . .54 — 5C 

1 A. corymbosus Ait. Nearly smooth ; lvs. thin, ovate-acuminate, serrate, the peti- 

oles wingless ; rays 6 — 9. Dry woods, N., M. 1 — 2f. Heads oblong, 4". Lvs. large. 

2 A. macrophyllus Willd. Rough-pubescent ; leaves thickish, ovate, serrate witb 

close teeth, petioles some winged ; rays 8-15. Woods, N. l-2f. Lvs. very large. Hds. 6". 

3 A. mirabilis T. & G. Lvs. ovate, serrate, the lowest petiolate, the ramial round 

ish ; invol. hemispherical, scales obtuse ; rays about 20. S. Car. Very rare. 
I A. radula Ait. Lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, sharp-serrate, rough and rugous , 
invol. squarrous with the spreading scale-tips ; rays 20. N. 1 — 3f. 

5 A. spectabilis Ait. Lvs. lance-oblong, sessile, entire, the lower subserrate ; invol 

hemispherical, scales linear-spatulate, ciliate. Sands, Mass. to Fla. 1 — 2f. 

6 A. surculosus Mx. Root a creeping, knotted rhizome ; lvs. lance-linear and linear 

heads 1—5 ; scales linear-oblong, ciliate, inner obtuse. Wet. N. J. to Car. If. 
p. g-rdcilis. Heads 8 — 12, smaller ; rays 12 ; scales but slightly spreading. 
J A. paludosus L. Slender, glabrous ; lvs. long, linear ; hds. 1—6 ; scales lance-linear 
rays 30, loix»?er than the (6") invol. Swamps, S. 2— 3f. Heads very large 

11 



162 Order 70.— COMPOSITE 

8 A. splnnlosns Chapm. Bristly-hairy, rigid; lvs. narrowly linear, pungent, bristJo 

fringed ; heads few, spicate ; scales spine-pointed ; rays 13, blue. Fla. If. 

9 A. eryngifolius T. & G. Hairy, rigid ; lvs. lance-linear, pungent, fringed with 

spiny teeth ; heads very large, 1 — 4, loosely racemed ; scales green, rigid, lanceolate, 
long-pointed ; rays many, white. Fla. 1— 2f. (Prinopsis Chapmanii, C-B.) 

10 A. cordifolius L. Stem paniculate ; leaves sharply serrate, acuminate ; pt^oles 
winged ; scales appressed. with short green tips. Woods and glades, N. and "W. : coin 
1 — 3f. Heads numerous, rather small, blue varying to white, in a large panicle. 

11 A. sagittifolius Willd. Branches racemed; lvs. lance-obl., some arrow-shaped 
petioles winged; scales loose, lin. -subulate. Low woods, N. and W. 2-4f. Wh.-bluc 

12 A. iind.nla.tns L. Kacemous-paniculate. rough, grayish ; lvs. ovate-oblong, undu- 
late-crenate, the base, or the winged petioles, cordate-clasping, the upper acute, en- 
tire, sessile ; scales appressed. Dry woods. 2f. Blue. (A. diversifolius Mx.) 

/3. atpirulus. Lowest petioles slender, not clasping ; lvs. scarcely cordate. Com. 

13 A. azureus Lindl. Slender, rigid, rough; lvs. below on slender petioles, cordate- 
lanceolate, the others successively lanceolate, linear, and subulate, acute at each end ; 
rac. paniculate, heads obconic ; scales acute, appressed. Woods, prairies, W. 2f. 

14 A. Shortii Hook. Smoothish, subsimple ; lvs. lance-ovate, deeply cordate, peti- 
olate, long-pointed, entire, the upper sessile ; rac. paniculate ; scales green-tipped, 
shorter than the disk, Rocky banks, O. to Wis. and Ark. 3f. 

15 A. anomalus Eng. Lvs. as in No. 13; scales with linear, spreading, leafy tips; 
hds. large; rays spreading, 15— IS", bright blue. Rocks, 111. Mo. (Mr. J. Wolf.) 2— 4f. 

10 A. sericeus Vent. Bushy ; lvs. silvery-silky both sides, lance-oblong, sessile ; hcls. 
large, terminal on the short, leafy branches ; scales spreading at tip ; fr. glabrous ; 
rays 15 — 25, violet blue. Banks, Mich. (H. Mapes) to Iowa, and S. 1 — 2f. 

17 A. coucolor L. Subsimple; lvs. grayish-silky, lance-oblong, the upper cusp- 
pointed ; heads in a terminal, virgate raceme ; scales lanceolate, appressed ; fruit 
silky ; rays purple. Pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. 2 — 3f. Aspect of Liatrig. 

1 8 A . sqnarrosus Walt. Slender, with simple, 1-fiowered branches ; leaves very 
small, triangular, heart-clasping, reflexed-squarrous ; scales with spreading green 
tips ; fr. pubescent. Dry soils, S. 3 — 3f. Rays 20. blue. 

19 A. adnatus N. Slender, rough ; lvs. oblong to lanceolate, erect, adhering to the 
stem by the midvein, the summit only free. Sands, Fla. to La. 2-3f. 

20 A. turbinnellus Lindl. Smooth, subcorymbed ; lvs. lance., tapering both ways ; 
hds. club-top-shaped (6") ; sc. tips short, blunt. 111. Mo. to La. Blue. Pap. brown. 

21 A. larvls L. Very smooth; branchlets 1-flwd. ; lvs. oblong, entire, shining, lowest 
lanceolate, subserrate, upper auriculate ; scales with a broad, acute, appressed tip ; 
heads large, rich blue, showy. Low woods. 2— 3f. 

/3. livvig-dtus. Not glaucous ; leaves linear-lanceolate ; scales linear. 

y. cyaneus. Plant glaucous ; leaves thickened, very entire. Beautiful Asters. 

22 A patens L. Pubescent ; rac. paniculate ; lvs. ovate-oblong, cordate-clasping, 
ciliate at edge ; heads large, terminal on the leafy branchlets ; scales lax, green-tipped ; 
rays 20, violet-blue. Wet soils, Mass. to Ga. 2— 3f. 

)3. phlog-ifbliun. Leaves lance-ovate, auriculate-clasping, very acute. 

23 A. amethystinns N. Hoary -puberulent ; rac. paniculate; lvs. lin. -oblong, acute, 
some auricled at the clasping base ; heads broad-bell-shaped (3") ; scales erect, with 
only the green tips spreading. Damp, Mass. to 111. (J. Wolf.) 2 — 3f. 

24 A . JVovae- Anglian L. Corymbous-paniculate, pubescent ; lvs. lanceolate and 
lance-linear, auriculate-clasping; scales equal, lax, glandular-viscid, green their whole 
length; rays 70 + , deep purple. Damp. 4 — 6f. — Varies with the rays rose-purple, or 
rarely, white. Fine in cultivation. 

25 A. Carolinlanns Walt. Rough-downy ; branches divaricate ; lvs. lance-ovate, 
entire, clasping with small auriculate lobes ; heads very large, scattered ; scales with 
spreading green tips ; rays rose-purple. Damp, S. 6— 13f. 

26 A. nunicens L. Hispid, panicled: lvs. lance-oblong, auriculate-clasping, ap- 



Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 16b 

pressed-serrate ; scales 2-rowed, long, revolute ; heads large, showy, with 30 — 60 nar- 
row, pale-purple rays Swamps, Can. to Car., and W. 4 — 6f. Stem often red. 

0. vimineus. Tall, 6lender, smoothish ; heads few, very large ; leaves narrow. 

y. g-laber. Low (2f ), suhsimple, smoothish ; leaves narrow, erect, entire ; scale? 
loose, not recurved ; rays large, about 20, white ? 111. (J. Wolf.) 

S. firmtis. Low (2— 3f ), scabrous, stout ; leaves thick, subentire ; heads many. 

g. cmndidus — the common form, with white rays. N. Y. (Hankenson.) 

27 A. prena.ntlioid.es Muhl. Hairy or downy, corymbous-paniculate ; lvs. lance- 
oval, pointed, serrate, the long petiole winged and auriculate-clasping : scales spatu- 
late, the green tips spreading. Wet banks, N. Y. to Va., and W. 2 — 3f. 

28 A. concinnus Willd. Pubescent, subsimple ; lvs. lanceolate and lance-linear, 
remotely serrate, narrowed to the clasping base, the upper entire ; scales appressed- 
imbricate ; heads medium, rays blue. Woods, &c. 2— 3f. 

29 A. gracillentus T. & G. Very smooth, slender, simply panicled: leaves long- 
linear, the lower toothed, upper clasping, erect ; scales short; rays blue. S. Eare. 

30 A. mutabilis Ait. ? Stem smooth, paniculate-branched from base, dense-flwd. ; 
leaves linear-lanceolate, serrulate, clasping, thickish, upper lance-oblong, entire ; 
heads medium ; scales lanceolate, loose, much shorter than the disk ; rays pale ? Wet. 
01. (J. Wolf.) 2— 3f.— Varies with leaves serrate, heads loose, &c. 

31 A. carneus Nees. Smoothish ; branches leafy, ascending, racemed with 1-headed 
branchlets ; lvs. uniform, linear-lanceolate, pointed, only the upper clasping ; scales 
acute, shorter than the disk. Moist, E. and W. Heads larger than in No. 30, purple 
to rose, showy. Stem often red, 2— 3f high. 

32 A. virgatus Ell. Smooth, virgate branches racemed; leaves linear-lanceolate, 
ciliate-serrulate, half-clasping, graded above into numerous subulate bracts and 
spreading, pointed scales ; fruit glabrous. Ga. to La. 3 — 4f. 

33 A. Novi-Belgii L. St. smoothish, branches pubescent; lvs. subclasping, lance- 
obl. to linear, pointed, the lower subserrate ; heads large, racemed or subcorymbed ; 
scales subequal, loose, equalling the disk. N. Y. to HI. 2-4f. Blue. (A. aestivus Ait.) 

/3. ItetiAorus. Branches slender, corymbed at end ; lvs. very narrow. W. Showy. 

34 A. longifolius Lam. Stem glabrous, paniculate-spreading; lvs. lance-linear to 
linear, long, pointed, subclasping, nearly or quite entire, upper subulate ; heads large ; 
scales linear-subulate, the outer spreading. E. and W. 2 — 6f. Blue. 

/3. precdlltis. Tall, strict, with thyrsoid panicles, medium heads : lvs. serrulate. 

35 A. Elliott li T. & G. Stout, smooth, corymbous-branched ; lvs. ample, lanceolate, 
subclasping, subserrate ; ped. naked ; scales attenuate. Swamps, S. 2 — 4f. Purple. 

36 A. oblongifolius N. Hairy, bushy ; branches spreading ; leaves obl.-lanceolate, 
acute, entire, clasping, graded above into subulate bracts and subequal spreading 
scales. Va. (Harper's Ferry) to Iowa and Mo. Rays purple. 1 — 2f. 

37 A. grandiflorus L. Rough, bristly-hairy ; branches some corymbed, 1-fiowered; 
lvs. small, linear-oblong, obtuse ; hds. very large, blue-purple ; scales obtuse. S. 2f. 

JS A. Curtisii T. & G. Smooth, racemous; lvs. thin, sessile, lanceolate, acuminate, 
subentire ; scales with green spreading tips ; heads large, showy. Mts. N. Car. 

.19 A. dumosns L. Rac. paniculate ; lvs. linear to oblong, sessile, lowest subserrate ; 
invol. obtuse at base, closely imbricated ; scales obtuse ; heads small, rays 30 + , pnr- 
plish-white. Dry woods, &c. : common. 1 — 2f. Lvs. very numerous, 3'— 3". 
0. coridifoliiiS) is a starved, attenuate form, very slender every way. 

10 A. Tradescanti L. Smoothish, slender, much branched ; lvs. lance-linear, long, 
remotely serrulate, teeth sharp, upper leaves entire, all sessile ; heads many, subse- 
cund ; scales close ; rays small, pale. Fields, copses. 2— 4f. Leaves ^ — 5". 
p. frdg-ilis. Leaves nearly linear, minutely serrulate ; heads scattered. 

41 A. miser L. Hairy or downy, very leafy ; branches spreading, racemous ; lvs. ab 
lanceolate, tapering both ways, sessile, sharply serrate in the middle, the ramial 
smaller, entire ; scales acute, close ; rays whitish, short. Old fields. t/--30 / . — Varie* 
greatly. Lvs. &— V, broat or narrow. Hds. dense or scattered. Ray*. 15 + , 2— 3". 



164 Order 70.— COMPOSITES. 

42 A. simplex Willd. Loosely corymbons-paniculate, smoothish : lvs. .anceoiate 
acuminate, the lower serrate ; heads scattered ; scales loosely imbricated, linear-subu 
late. Low grounds : common. 3— 6f. Heads twice larger than No. 41, blue to white. 

/3. tliierg-ens. Diffusely branched, loosely racemous ; branches hairy in lines. 

43 A. tenulfolius L. Paniculate-branching, with 1-flowered branchlets ; Ivs. linear- 
lanceolate to lance-linear, slender-pointed, sessile, remotely serrulate, upper entire; 
6cales linear-subulate, equalling the disk. Moist fields. 2— 6f. 

/3. bellittiflbrus. Leaves scabrous, slightly clasping ; scales loosely imbricated. 
y. distic/ius. Leaves and strict ascending branches in 2 rows ! 111. (Mr. J. Wolf.) 

44 A. subasper Lindl. ? Pubescent above; racemous-branched, branches Bhort, 
dense-fiwd. ; lvs. lance-acuminate, appressed-serrate, rough, attenuate to a petiole, up 
per reduced, entire, sessile; ?nvol. closely imbricated ; rays purp. Dry. 111. 2f. (Wolf./ 

45 A. ericoides L. Smoothish ; branches virgate, branchlets secund, 1-headed ; lvs 
lance-lin. to subulate ; hds. small ; sc. as long as disk, with subulate-mucronate spread 
ing tips. Rocky fields. l-3f. Lvs. 4 / -4 // , attenuate-mucronate. Rays white or purplish 

46 A. racemosus Ell. Rough-downy; branches slender, erect ; hds. very small (2") 
spicate-racemous, crowded above ; lvs. linear, sessile, rigid, 3 / — -3". Coast, S. Car. 2f. 

47 At multiflorus L. Grayish-downy, diffusely branched ; lvs. linear, entire, sess., 
obtuse-mucronate ; hds. small ; sc. with obtusish spreading tips. Dry fields. If. Very 
bushy, with crowded racemes. Rays about 12, pale, 2—3'" long. 

18 A. granainifolius Ph. Slender, with filiform erect branches, 6- -12' • lvs. linear, 
crowded below ; ped. slender, leafless, 1-flwd. ; sc. subulate-linear ; rays abo t .t20, white 
or rose. Rocks, Vt. N. H. : rare. (Willoughby Lake, Vt., Bradford, Vt., WhiV» Mts.) 

49 A. acnminatns Mx. St. simple, flexuous, angular, branching into a corymbous 
panicle above ; lvs. broad-lanceolate, narrowed and entire at the base, serrate and acn 
minate ; scales lax, linear. Wooded hills, N. If. Rays 12 + , long, white. 

50 A. nemoralis Ait. Branches corymbed or ; ped. 1-flwd., nearly naked, filiform • 
lvs. narrowly lanceolate, acute at each end, veinless, subentire ; sc. very acute, loose, 
shorter than the disk ; rays long, about 20. Wet woods. If. White-purple. 

51 A. ptarmicoid.es T. & G. St. corymbous-fastigiate above; lvs. lin. -lanceolate 
acute, rough-margined, entire, lower ones dentate, attenuated into a short petiole , 
rays short, snow-white. Rocky shores, Vt. to Mo. Rare. Heads rather large. 

52 A. flexuosus N. Smooth, slender, flexuous ; branches leafy, 1-flwd. ; lvs. fleshy, 
long-lance-linear to subulate ; hds. large ; rays short, many, purple. Marshes. If. 

53 A. Chapmanii T. & G. Smooth, slender, strict; branches filiform, 1-flwd. ; lvs. 
linear-subulate ; rays longer than invol., 20—30, purp. ; cyps. glabrous. Swamps, Fla. 

54 A. linifolius L. Sea Aster. (I) Smooth, much branched, paniculate; lvs. lance- 
linear to subulate ; scales in 3 rows ; rays minute, scarcely exserted. Marshes. If. 

55 A. subulatus Mx. (3) Smooth, slender, much branched, corymbed; lvs. linear- 
subulate ; rays many, narrow, in 1 row, longer than the disk, blue. Wet. S. 1 — 3f. 

/3. exilist Taller (2 — 4f ), less branched ; heads few, rays pale purple. Ga. 

19. DIPLOPAPPUS, Cass. Double-bristled Aster. Ray-flowers 
about 12, ? . Disk-flowers 00, $ . Invol. imbricate. Scales narrow, des- 
titute of green tips. Recep. flat, subalveolate. Pap. double, the exterior 
very short (about £" long), interior copious, capillary. Fruit compressed. 
H Lvs. entire, alternate. Heads corymbous or few, rays cyanic, disk yellow. 

| Rays violet. Achenia silky. Bristles of the inner pappus alike. Sept. Oct No. 1 

§ Rays whitish. Some of the longer bristles clavellate.— Ach. smoothish. Aug. . Nos. 2, 3 

— Ach. villous. Sept. Oct. . .No. 4 

1 B. linariifolius Hook. St. clustered, leafy ; branches 1-flwd., fastigiate ; lvs. lin., 

entire, 1- veined, obtuse, rigid, rough. Dry places. If. Heads rather large, showy. 

2 D. umbellatus Hook. Smooth, simple, strict, with 00 heads in a level corymb ; 



Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 166 

lvs. long (4-60* lanceolate, acuminate ; sc. obtuse ; fr. pubes. in lines. Low grounds 
2 — 4f. Stems purplish. Rays about 12, 3 — 4" long. Handsome. 
/3. amt/srdalinus. St. roughish above ; lvs. ovate-lanceolate ; sc. rather loose. 2-3f 

8 D. cornifolius Less. Rough above, some hairy in lines ; hds. few, corym.-panicu 
late ; lvs. elliptical, thin, long-pointed both ways, entire ; scales shorter than the disk 
obtuse ; cypsela glabrous. Woods, Can. to Car. 1 — 21*. Rays about 10, white. 

4 D. ohovatus (Ell.) Cinereous-pubescent: heads corymbed; lvs. obovate-oblong 
acute ; sc. lin. -subulate, rusty yellow ; fr. villous ; rays white Damp shades, S. 2 — 81 

20. ERIGERON, L. Fleabane. White-weed. Heads subbemi 
spberical. Ray-flowers 2 (40 — 200), narrow, linear. FIs. of tbe disk £ , oc 
Recep. flat or convex, naked. Invol. scales nearly in one row and equal 
Pap. generally simple. Herbs with alternate lvs., rays cyanic, disk yellow 

§ Rays minute, shorter than the cylindrical involucre, white. Pappus simple 1, 2, 10 

§ Rays long, showy, 30 — 40. Pappus simple. Lvs. all radical. Hds. corymbous. .No. 3 

§ Rays long, showy, 50 — 200. — a Pappus simple. Leaves clasping. Corymbous. . .Nos. 4 — 6 

—a Pappus double. Leaves sessile. Corymbous Nos. 7—9 

1 E. Canadense L. Erect ; invol. oblong ; rays 40 — 50, crowded, minute ; pap. sim- 
ple ; stem hairy, paniculate ; leaves lanceolate. (I) A common weed. 6' — 6f. Jl. — Oct. 

2, E. divaricatum Mx. Decumbent and diffusely branched, hirsute ; lvs. linear anr 
subulate ; hds. very small, loosely corymbous. © Dry soil, W. and S-W. 6'— 2f. Purp 

3 E. nudicaule Mx. Glabrous ; lvs. obovate or spatulate, radical, rosulate, entire 

hds. few ; rays narrow, white, u Pine-barrens, S. Scape bracted, slender. 18'. Jn. Jl. 

4 E. bellidiloliuni Muhl. Robins'' Plantain. Hirsute ; radical lvs. obovate, obtuse, 

subserrate ; stem lvs. remote, mostly entire, clasping ; hds. 3 — 7 ; rays 50 — 60, purple, 
linear-spatulate. u Dry soils : common. 1 — 2f. May, June. Handsome. 

5 E. Philadelphicnm L. Pubescent or hirsute; lvs. thin, lower spatulate, cre- 

nate-dentate, upper clasping, sometimes cordate-auriculate ; heads few, on long, slen- 
der ped. ; rays 150-200, filiform, reddish, if Damp : com. 2f. St. lvs. various. Jn.-Aug. 

6 E. quercifolium Lam. Pubescent ; root lvs. oblong-obovate, lyrate-pinnatifid, or 

deeply sinuate-toothed, the cauline sharply serrate, clasping ; heads OO, small, with 
innumerable filiform flesh-colored rays. U Low grounds. S. May. 

7 E. a nn mini Pers. Common Fleabane. White-weed. Hirsute, branching ; leaves 

coarsely serrate, ovate to lanceolate, the lower on winged stalks ; rays very numerous, 
narrow, white. (5) ® Fields : common. 2 — 4f. June — Aug. 

8 E. strigosum L. Rough, with short, appressed hairs, or nearly smooth ; lvs. lan- 

ceolate, tapering to each end, entire, or with a few large teeth in the middle, lower ones 
3-veined and petiolate ; pan. corymbous, white. © Grass lands : com. 2f. Jn. — Oct. 

9 E. glabellum Nutt. Lvs. smooth, entire, spatulate, long-tapering at base, uppei 

lanceolate and lance-linear, sessile, acuminate ; heads 4 — 6, pubescent ; rays very nu- 
merous, pale blue. Wis. to Dak. 12'— 1&. July, Aug. 

10 Ei acre L. Erect, If; lvs. entire, oblong to lanceolate ; heads few or many, hemi 
spherical, with bluish-purple rays as long as the pappus. Lake Superior (Porter). 

21. CALLISTEFHUS, Cass. China Aster. Ray flowers 5 , oo, disk- 
flowers $ . Involucre bemispberical. Recep. subconvex. Pappus double, 
eacb in ^ series, outer series sliort, chaffy-setaceous, with the setae united 
into a crown ; inner series of long, filiform, scabrous, deciduous bristles. 

C. Chinensis. Stem hispid; branches divergent, 1-flwd. ; leaves ovate, coarsely dentate, 
petiolate, cauline ones sessile, cuneate at base. China ? Cultivation has produced 
innumerable varieties, double and semi-double, of every coloi . Auar.. fl«pt, (J) 

22 BELLIS. L. Garden Daisy. Rays oo, 2 . Disk 9 . Involvjcel 



166 Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 

hemispherical, of equal scales. Recep. subalveolate, conical. Pap. none 
(D U Heads solitary. 

1 B. integrifolia Mx. Annual, diffusely branched ; lvs. entire, spatulate-obovate to 

lance-obl. ; sc. with scarious margins ; rays violet-pnrp. Ky. to Tex. 6-12'. Mar.-May. 

2 B. perennis. Perennial, acaulescent ; root creeping; scape naked, single-flwd. ; lvs. 

obovate, crenate. Europe. 3—4'. Fls. white, double, quilled, &c. June— Aug. 

23. DAHLIA, L. Rays $ . Disk $ . In vol. double, the outer series 
of many distinct scales, the inner of 8 scales united at base. Recep. chaffy. 
Pappus none. U Splendid Mexican herbs. Leaves opposite, pinnate. 

f). variabilis. Lfts. ovate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, 3 — 7 in number ; stems stout, 
widely branched ; heads solitary, very large ; root tuberous. Colors exceedingly 
variable and splendid. Heads about 3' diameter ; but a variety (the bouquet Dahlia) 
hah the heads from 1J to 2' broad. 

24. BOLTONIA, L'Her. Ray-flowers $ , in a single series, those of the 
disk tubular, § . Scales in 2 series, appressed, with membranous margins. 
Uecep. convex, punctate. Cyp. flat, 2- or 3-winged. Pap. of minute setae, 
1 (to 4) of them usually lengthened into awns. U Glabrous, loosely branch- 
ing. Leaves sessile. Rays white. Aug. — Oct. 

I B. aster o ides L'Her. Lvs. lanceolate, all entire ; heads corymbed; fruit broadly- 
oval with a few minute setse, — no awns. Swamps, Pa. to Ga. 1— 3f. Rays 13—20. 

'I B. glastifolia L'Her. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, the lowest serrate ; heads in a loose 
paniculate corymb ; fruit obovate, with 2 long awns. Prairies, W. & S. 3— 7f. Rays 30. 

i B. decurrens. Lvs. lance-oblong, the broad base decurrent on the green, winged 
stem ; heads corymbed, globular in fruit ; fruit obovate, with 2 awns and several mi- 
nute bristles ; rays purple. Bottoms. 111. (J. Wolf.) (B. glastifolia. 0. ? T. & G.) 

t B. diffusa Ell. Lvs. lance-linear to subulate, entire ; hds. small, in a diffuse panicle ; 
fruit obovate, with 2 short (half its own length) awns. Prairies, W. & S. 3— 6f. 

25. BRACHYCH2ETA, T. & G. False Goldenrod. Pap. a single 

r ow of scale-like bristles, shorter than the obconic cypsela. Otherwise as in 

Solidago. The golden yellow heads arranged in little clusters, forming 1 or 

aiore unilateral racemes. 

B. cordata T. & G.— Woods, E. Ky. (at Cumberland Gap) to Ga. along the mountains. 
2-4f. Lvs. ovate, cordate, the lower petiolate, serrate. Hds. small (3" long). Aug. -Oct. 

26. SOLIDAGO, L. Goldenrod. Fls. of the ray about 5, 5 , remote ; 

of the disk £ . Invol. oblong, imbricate, with appressed scales. Recep. 

punctate, narrow. Pap. simple, capillary, scabrous. W Very abundant in 

the U. S. Stem erect, branching near the top. Lvs. alternate. Hds. small, 

with 1 — 15 (very rarely 0) small rays. Fls. yellow (one species whitish), 

expanding in the autumnal months. Fig. 319. (Addenda.) 

§ Shrubs 1 — 3f. Leaves punctate, veinless, entire. Rays 1 — 3. Chrtsoma No. 1 

§ Herbs. Scales of involucre with spreading herbaceous tips. Chrtsastbum . . Nts. 2 — 4 
| Herbs. Scales imbricated, erect, scarious, seldom herbaceous. . .(a) 

a Inflorescence chiefly axillary, in clusters or short racemes. . .(6) 

a Inflorescence terminal, virgate or paniculate . _ (d) 

a Inflorescence terminal, in a fastigiate corymb. . . (s) 

6 Rays white or cream- white. Clusters approximate above. No. B 



Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 167 

* Rays golden yellow. — c Cypsela glabrous. Scales acute Nos. 6, 7 

— c Cypsela pubescent. Scales obtuse Nos. 8 — 10 

d Clusters or racemes erect, not secund. Leaves featber- veined. . .(e) 
d Clusters or racemes recurved and secund (one-sided) . . . (g) 

e Heads large, witb loose scales. Alpine plants Nos. 11—13 

e Heads not large.—/ Plants glabrous. Rays 4 — 7 Nos. 14— 16 

— / Plants soft-downy. Rays 9—12 Nos. 17, 18 

g Leaves evidently featber-veined, mostly serrate. . .(m) 

j Leaves evidently 3-veined. Herbs inland, not maritime. . . (h) 

g Leaves 3- or 1 -veined, fleshy. Very smooth, salt-marsh herbs Nos. 19, 28 

g Leaves not veiny, thick, subentire. Herbs some downy, inland.. .Nos. 21—23 

h Leaves entire or very nearly so Nos. 24 — 20 

h Leaves serrate.— Tc Stem smooth and glabrous Nos. 27 — 29 

— k Stem roughish-pubescent Nos. 30, 31 

m Heads discoid, rays none. Southern Nos. 32. 33 

m Heads radiate. — n St. hairy or downy. Lvs. rough or smooth. . 24, 34^37 

— n St. glab. Lvs. glab. or not. — o Rays 1 -5 Nos. 38 — 40 

— o Rays 6—12.. (p) 

p Racemes distant, loosely if at all panicled Nos. 41, 42 

p Racemes close, forming a compact panicle Nos. 4J — 45 

i Hds. large, rays fewer than the disk fls. — x St. and lane. lvs. smooth. . Nos. 46-49 

— x Plant hairy. Lvs. oblong.. Nos. 50, 51 
s Hds. small, rays more numerous than the disk flowers. Euthamta. .Nos. 52, 53 

1 S panciflosculosa Mx. Bushy, glabrous, glaucous and some viscid ; lvs. lance 

linear, entire, sessile: rac. erect, panicled; fls. 5— 7, rays 1 — 3, large. Coast, S. 

2 S. discoidea (Ell.) Downy-canescent ; hds. about 12-flwd., with no rays ; rac. erect, 

ip a long, narrow panicle; lvs. ovate to lanceolate, serrate. Ga. Fla., andW. 3f. 

3 S. squarrosa Muhl. Pubescent ; hds. very large, QO-flwd., rays 9 — 12 ; panicle long, 

spike-like ; lvs. smooth, broad-oval to elliptic, serrate. Hills, Can. to Ga. 2 — 5f. 

4 S. petiolaris Ait. Pubescent, striate; hds. 20-25-flwd., rays 6 — 10; rac. long, com 

pound ; lvs. rough, small, oval to elliptic, the upper subpetiolate ; scales subulate, the 
outer herbaceous, loose, spreading. Uplands, S. and W. 1 — 3f. (S. squarrulosa, C-B.) 

5 S. bicolor L. Hairy, simple; leaves elliptical, the lower serrate ; heads glomerate. 

virgate-panicled above ; scales obtuse ; rays about 8, whitish. Hills. 2f. 
/3. hiraiita. Rays yellow, as well as the disk flowers. Penn. (S. hirsuta N.) 

6 S. Buckley! T. & G. Villous-pubescent ; leaves oblong, serrate, acute at each end ; 

clusters shorter than the leaves ; fls. 15 — 20, rays 4 — 6 ; scales glabrous, rather acute ; 
fruit compressed, glabrous. Interior of Alabama. 2 — 3f. Leaves 3'. October. 

7 S. monticola (T. & G.) Stem terete, slender, puberulent above ; lvs. oblong-lance- 

olate, pointed, subserrate ; rac. approx. ; fls. 12 — 15 ; fr. glabrous. Mts. N. Car. (Curtis). 

8 S. latifolia Muhl. Stem flexuous, angular, downy above ; lvs. broad-ovate or oval, 

acuminate both ways, deeply serrate ; racemes axillary and terminal, dense or loose ; 
cypsela silky-pubescent ; flowers 9 — 12, rays 3 — 4. Woody vales. 2f. 
j8. pubenst Pubescent, becoming woolly above. Mts. N. Car. (M. A. Curtis). 

9 S. ambigua Ait. Smooth or smoothish ; st. tall, angled ; lvs. long-lanceolate, acu- 

minate, finely serrate, the upper reduced and shorter than the racemes ; heads large ; 
scales obtuse, oblong ; fruit hairy. Mts. N. Car. 3f. Leaves 4— 5'. 
(3. Curtisii (T. &G.) Rac. shorter than the lvs. ; sc. lin. -oblong ; fr. silky. N. Car 

10 S. cassia L. Stem slender, recurved at top, terete, smooth, glaucous ; lvs. lin. -lan- 
ceolate, pointed, the lower serrate ; fls. 6 — 10, rays 3 — 5, oval ; racemes axillary, usually 
short ; fruit puberulent. Hilly woods. 2 — 4f. Very elegant, wreath-like. 

IIS. tliyrsoidea Meyer. St. stout, simple, angular; lvs. ovate, acute, sharply and 
unequally toothed, the lower on long petioles ; hds. large, in a narrow, downy raceme 
or panicle, rays 8-10 ; cyp. glabrous. Mt. woods, Me. to N-Y. l-4f. Coarse and showy 



168 Order 70.— composite. 

12 S. virgawrea L. /?. alpina (Bw.) St. dwarf, furrowed, simple ; lvs. oval, sub- 
serrate or entire, narrowed to a petiole, upper lanceolate ; hds. few (1 — 9), large, rays 
10 — 12; sc. acute, very thin. Tops of high mts. Me. to N. Y., shores of L. Sup. 3 — 6'. 

y. glomevata. Taller ; lvs. ovate-oblong, serrate ; hds. very large. Mts. N. Car. 

13 S. hamilis Ph. Glabrous, simple ; lvs. oblanceolate, crenate-serrate, acute, the lower 
obtuse, petiolate ; rac. paniculate ; hds. middle-size, about 12-flwd. ; sc. obtuse. Mt. 
streams, N. H. and N. 6 — 12' — 2f. — Varies with the branches pubescent above. 

14 S. virgata Mx. Tall, virgate, with a simple raceme at top; lvs. thickish, entire, ob- 
lanceolate, the lower subserrate, petiolate: hds. about 15-flwd., rays 6 — T; fr. pubescent 
Damp pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. 3 — 5f. Eac. 6' — If. long, of small clusters. 

15 S. stricta Ait Strict, simple; lvs. lanceolate, lower serrate, very long-petiolate, 
upper entire, panicle slender ; heads 10-12-fiowered ; scales obtuse ; rays 5 or 6. Wet 
woods, N. 2f. 

16 S. speciosa N. Stout, simple ; lvs. lanceolate, entire, thick, lower very broad, sub- 
serrate, petiolate; panicle thyreoid; ped. pubescent; rays, 6 — 8, large. Thickets: not 
common. 3 — 6f. Very handsome. — Varies with the panicle slender or virgate. 

17 S. verna Curtis. Hoary-pubescent; stem few-lvd., loosely paniculate; lvs. ovate to 
lance-ovate, the lower finely serrate; rays, 10 — 12. Barrens, S. Fls. in May, June. 

18 S. puberula N. Puberulent as if dusty, strict, simple; lvs. oblanceolate to lanceolate, 
the lower subserrate; pan. dense, compound; sc. linear-subulate; fls. 20 — 25, rays about 
10, elongated. In woods. Stem purplish, 2 — 3f. Heads rather large. 

19 S. sempervirens L. Lvs. thick, lanceolate, entire, obscurely 3-veined; hds. panicu. 
late, 25-30-flwd., rays 8 — 10 ; ped. scabrous-pubescent. Marshes. 3 — 6f. Handsome. 

20 S. angustlfolia Ell. Lvs. thick, entire, erect, 1-veined, the lower lanceolate ; pan. 
dense, virgate; hds. 15-20-Aowered, rays 7; ped. glabrous. Swamps, S. 2 — 4f. 

21 S. pilosa Walt. Hirsute, tall, stout; lvs. lance-oblong to lance-ovate, remotely 
serrulate, rough ; rays minute, 2 — 10, disk-As. 5—6. Damp barrens, N. J. and S. 4-7f. 

22 S. odora Ait. St. terete, smoothish, slender ; lvs. lin. -lanceolate, abrupt at base, 
acute, pellucid-punctate ; rays 2 — 4, disk-As. 3 — 4. Dry hills and woods. 2— 3f. The 
plant is yellowish-green, fragrant, and yields by distillation a fragrant oil. 

|8. retrdrsa. Lvs. linear to subulate, acute, often twisted ; rays 1—3. Ga. 

23 S. tortifolia Ell. St. rough-pubescent ; lvs. many, linear, small, subentire, not 
punctate, often twisted at base ; sc. obtuse ; rays 3-5, disk-As. 3-5. Dry Aelds, S. 2-3f. 

24 S. nemoralis Ait. Dusty-6ubtomentous ; lvs. obscurely 3-veined, roughish, acute, 
attenuate at base ; hds. small ; As. 10—15, rays 5 — 6, conspicuous. Dry Aelds, roadsides. 
l-2f. — Varies with stem much branched, or with stem and panicle simple and slender, 

25 S. rupestris Raf. Smooth, slender ; lvs. linear-lanceolate, plainly 3-veined ; hds. 
small, in a simple panicle ; As. 15, rays very short. Rocky banks, Ind. Ky. 2 — 3f. 

26 S. Iieavenw6rth.il T. & G. St. minutely downy, very leafy; lvs. smooth, lin.- 
lanceolate, entire above ; panicle open ; heads rather large ; ray and disk flowers each 
10-12. Damp soils, South. 2—3 feet high. 

27 S. Missouriensis N. Low, simple ; lvs. lance-lin., tapering both ways, shining, 
the lowest oblanceolate, with slender serratmes ; rac. small, dense ; pedicels glabrous 
hds. small, 12-15-Awd. ; sc. with greenish tips ; rays about 8. Dry prairies, 111. Mo. l-2f 

28 S. serotina Willd. St. terete, striate, tall; lvs. slightly serrate, lin. -lanceolate, veins 
beneath pubescent ; ped. pubescent ; hds. email, 15-20-A wd. Low grounds. 3-6f. 

29 S. gigantea Ait. St. striate, tall ; lvs. lanceolate, with sharp, spreading serratures ; 
strongly 3-veined ; pan. downy-hirsute ; hds. 15-20-Awd. 4-7f. Generally much branched. 

30 S. Canadensis L. St. downy ; lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, rough ; hds. very numer- 
ous and small ; As. 12 — 17, rays short and obscure, about 7. Copses, hedges : com. 2- 5f. 

/3. procera, St. and lvs. beneath villous ; hds. and rays larger. Low grounds. 4— 7f. 

31 S. Short!! T. & G. St. minutely rough-downy; lvs. lance-oblong, acute, smooth 
pan. contracted, elongated ; sc. with greenish tips ; As. 10-15, rays 5-7. O. Ky. 2f. 

32 S. gracillima T. & G. Smooth, slender; lvs. lance-spatulate, obtuse, to linear, 
entire ; panicle narrow, hds. 9-12-Aowered, scales obtuse ; rays 0. Barrens, Fla. 2f. 



Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 169 

33 S. brachypliylla Chapru. Pubescent; leaves spatulate to round-oval, serrula'-e; 
rac. spreading ; scales obtuse, rigid ; disk-As. 3 — 5, rays 0. Dry soils, Ga. Fla. 3f. 

34 S. altissima L. Hairy, tall ; lvs. lanceolate, very veiny, rough and wrinkled, tie 
lower serrate ; scales acute ; rays 6—8. Fields : common. 3 — 5f. Variable. 

35 S. Drummondii T. & G. Minuteiy velvety ; lvs. ovate or broad-oval, acute both 
ways, sharply serrate, veiny ; scales oblong-obtuse ; rays 4-5. 111. opp. St. Louis. l-2f. 

36 S. RadnlaN. Rough-downy, simple; lvs. oblong-spatulate, tapering to base, ser- 
rate above, very rough and rigid ; hds. small, rays 5, disk-fls. 3-6. HI. to La. 1 — 2f. 

37 S. ampiexieaiilis T. & G. Rough-pubescent, subsimple ; lvs. broad-cordate to 
ovate, serrate ; petioles wing-clasping ; rays 1 — 3. Dry woods, W. Fla. to La. 2— -if. 

38 S. ulmifolia Willd. Stem glabrous, with hairy branches ; lvs. thin, elliptic-ovate, 
acuminate, serrate, tapering to base, smooth above, villous beneath ; raceme recurved- 
spreading ; hds. small, scales acute, rays 3 — 4, disk-fls. 3 — 4. Thickets, N. and W. 3f. 

39 S. Boottii Hkr. Stem glabrous, with hairy branches ; lvs. ovate to lance-ovate, 
pointed at both ends, serrate ; pan. long, loose ; hds. middie-size, scales oblong, ob- 
tuse ; rays 2 — 5, disk-flowers 8 — 12. Sandy soils, S. 2 — 3f.— Varies with stem downy. 

40 S. linoides Sol. Smooth throughout, slender, simple; lvs. lanceolate, finely ser- 
rate ; scales oblong-linear, obtuse ; hds. small, rays 1 — 4, disk 4 — 5. Bogs, near Bos- 
ton to N. J. 12—20'. Racemes of the panicle short, secund, at length Spreading. 

41 S. ITIulilenbergli T. & G. St. furrowed; lvs. smooth both sides, strongly ser- 
rate, ovate to lanceolate, pointed both ways ; rac. axillary, remote, spreading ; hds. 
15-20-flowered, scales linear, obtuse. Damp woods, N. H. to Pa. 2 — 3f. 

42 S. patula Muhl. St. angular-striate ; lvs. elliptic, acute, serrate, very rough above, 
the lower oblong-spatulate ; panicle loose ; scales obtuse, flowers 12-15. N. and W. 3f 

43 S. elliptica Ait, Glabrous, leafy ; lvs. elliptical, acute both ways, subserrate ; pan. 
pyramidal ; rays very short, 5 — 8, disk-fls. 6—7 ; scales obtuse. Marshes, R. I. to Ga. . 

0. JBlliottii. Panicle more widely spreading. South. (S. Elliottii T. & G.) 

44 S. arguta Ait. Strict; lvs. smooth, unequally serrate with divergent teeth, ob 
long-ovate to elliptical ; pan. coiymbous ; rays about 10, disk-fls. 9 — 10 ; cyp. smooth 
Woods, meadows : common. 3f. Plant smooth and shining. 

j3. juncea. Leaves lanceolate, upper entire ; rays twice longer than involucre. 

45 S. neglecta T. & G. St. striate ; leaves lanceolate to linear, the lower divergent- 
serrate, long-stalked ; panicle oblong or pyramidal ; rays 6 — 10, disk-flowers 7—12 ; 
cypsela smooth. Swamps, Me. to Penn., and W. 3 — 4f. Root leaves 6 — 12'. 

46 S. Ohiensis Riddell. Entirely smooth; lvs. entire, lanceolate, flat, obtuse, to ob- 
long-lanceolate, abruptly-acute, the lower on long stalks ; hds. numerous, large, 15-20- 
flowered, rays about 6. Meadows and prairies, West N-Y. to Ind. and Wis. 2 — 3f. 

47 S. Riddellii Frank. Stout, nearly smooth; root lvs. very long, lance-linear, long- 
pointed, on long petioles, the cauline clasping, carinate, acute ; heads 20-24-flowered, 
densely clustered in the level corymb. Wet prairies, O. to Mo., and N. 15— 3CK. 

48 S. corymfoosa Ell. Glabrous, with the corymbous branches hirsute ; lvs. sessile, 
lance-obl., thick, rigid, smooth ; hds. large, rays 10, disk-fls. 20 ; fr. smooth. Ga. 4 — 6f. 

49 Si idlouglitonii T. & G. Low, smooth ; lvs. lin. -lanceolate, acutish, flat, entire, 
tapering to base or petiole ; hds. few, large, 20-30-flwd., rays 9 or 10. N. Y. Mich. 1 — 2f. 

50 S. rigida L. Stout, rough-hairy; lvs. rigid, ovate to oblong, serrate, upper inmate; 
hds. very large (4-5"), scales obtuse, rays 7-10, disk-fls. 25 + . Dry. Ct., S. and W. 3-5f. 

51 S. spitliamsfea Curt. Low, villous ; lvs. lance-oval to oblong, thin, sharply serrate ; 
hds. middle-size ; scales lanceolate, acute ; rays 6 — 8, disk-fls. 15 — 20. High mts. N. Car. 

52 S. lanceolata Ait. St. angular, hairy, much branched ; lvs. lin. -lanceolate, entire, 
3-veined ; rays minute, about 17. disk-fls. 10. Meadows, copses : com. 2-4f. Fragrant. 

53 S. teimifolia Ph. St. angular, smooth, much branched ; lvs. narrowly linear, 1- 
veined, the axils leafy; corymb open, loose ; rays about 10. Dry fields, coast.ward. 

27. BIGELOVIA, DC. Fls. 3—4, all tubular, 5 . Rays 0. In vol. cy- 
lindrical, as long as the flowers. Scales rigid, linear, closely imbricated 



170 Ordek 70.— COMPOSITE. 

Recep. poiDted by a scale-like cusp. Fr. obcouic, hirsute. Pap. bristles in 
one row. if Glabrous, slender. Leaves alternate, entire Heads fastigi- 
ately corynibous, with yellow flowers and colored scales. 

B. virgata DC— Swamps, N. J. to Fla. arid La. 1— 2f. With viigate branches from 
base. Lvs. narrowly lin., 1-veined, the cauline lin.-spatulate. Sc. glutinous. Aug.-Oct. 

28. ISOPAPPUS, T. & G. Ray-fls. 5—12, 9 ; disk-fls. 10—20, 5 . Scales 
of the invol. lance-subulate, closely imbricated. Recep. alveolate. Fr. te- 
rete, silky-villous. Pap. a single row of equal capillary bristles, @ Rough- 
hairy, branching, with alternate leaves and loose panicles. Aug. — Oct. 

1. divaricatus T. & G. Scabrous, hispid ; lvs. lin.-lanceolate, taper-pointed each way ; 
ped. slender, naked ; rays 6-S, disk-fls. 10-13 ; pappus tawny. Dry. Ga. Fla. to Tex. 

29. HETEROTHECA, Cass. Hds. oo-flowerecl. Rays in one series, 

$ ; disk-fls. 5 . Scales imbricated, appressed. Recep. alveolate, fringed 

Fr. minutely canescent, of the ray without pappus (naked), of the disk with 

a double pap., the outer very short, scale-like, the inner of capillary bristles. 

if Hairy, corymbously branched, with alternate leaves and yellow flowers. 

H. stabra DC. St. flexuous, striate ; lvs. scabrous, oblong-ovate, dentate ; pet. wing 
clasping ; hds. large, rays 15-20 ; pap. tawny red, the outer white. S. 2-3f. Sept. Oct. 

30. CHRYSOPSIS, Nutt. Hds. oo-flowered. Ray-fls. ?; disk-fls. $. 
[nvol. imbricate. Recep. subalveolate, flat. Pap. of the ray and disk simi- 
lar, double, the exterior short, interior copious, capillary, brownish. Cyp. 
hairy, compressed, it © Hairy, with alternate and entire leaves and yel- 
low flowers. Heads corymbous. 

§ Leaves linear and lance-linear, grass-like, veined. Cypsela linear Nos. 1 — 4 

% Leaves oblong. Cypsela clavellate. — a Corymbs simple, umbel-like Nos. 5 — 7 

—a Corymbs compound or paniculate. .Nos. 8-10 

1 C. graminifolia N. Canescent with long, silky hairs ; stem leafy to the top ; lvs. 

linear, the upper reduced ; hds. many, large, loosely corymbed. Del. to Fla. 2f. Sept. 

2 C oligantha Chapm. Canescent with silky hairs ; st. almost leafless above ; hds 

quite large, few, on slender peduncles ; lvs. lance-lin. Damp sands, Fla. 2f. Apr. May. 

3 C pinifolia Ell. Glabrous ; lvs. narrowly linear to setaceous, rigid, erect; hds. soli- 

tary, few ; cyp. villous ; pap. reddish-brown, the outer whitish. Hills, Ga. l-2f. Sept. 

4 C. falcata Ell. Villous ; lvs. somewhat falcate, spreading, narrow ; hds. small, in 

axillary corymbs ; rays 3-toothed. Dry sands, Ms. to N. J. St. 8', stout, leafy. Sep. Oct. 

5 C. Mariana N. Silky-arachnoid, simple ; lvs. oblong-lanceolate, smooth when old, 

the lower spatulate, rather obtuse, upper reduced, acute ; hds. about 7, large, 15-20- 
rayed ; ped. and acute scales glandular. % Barrens, N. J. to Fla. 2f. Sept. 

6 C. gossypina N. Cottony-tomentous, simple ; lvs. uniform, ovate-oblong, ootuse, 

the lower tapering to base ; hds. few, large ; ped. short, glandular. © Md. to Fla. m 
barrens. 1 — 2f. Lower leaves rarely sinuate-toothed. (C. dentata Ell.) Sept. 

7 C. villosa N. Villous-pubescent, leafy to top; lvs. acute, low ?r oblong-spatulate, 

upper oblong-linear, bristly-ciliate ; hds. large, umbel expanded. 111. to Ala. 8f. 

8 C. trichopli^lla N. Silky-villous, branching, leafy; lvs. oblong to lance-linear, 

the lower obtuse ; corymb large ; ped. and scales smoothish. © Barrens, S. 2-3f. Sept, 

9 C. scabrella T. & G. Dusty-scabrous, stout, branched ; lvs. oblong-lanceolate, the 

lower narrowed to base, upper acute ; corymb large ; ped. glandular. Fla. 2f. Oct. 

10 C decumbens Chapm. Silky-villous, decumbent ; lvs. lance-oblong, obtuse, with 
leafy axils, lower spat. -oblong ; hds. very large, panicnate. glandular. Fla. 3-4f. Nov 



Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 171 

**.. CONYZA, L. Gnatbane. Fls. all tubular, those of the margin $ 

of the centre $ or 5 . Scales in several rows. Recep. flat or convex. Cyp 

compressed. Pap. I row of (red) capil. bristles. — Herbs chiefly trop. Fls. yel 

C. ambigua DC. Cinereous-pubescent; lower lvs. sinuate-lobed, acute, middle re 
pand-deutate, upper linear, entire ; hds. paniclect. Ga. S. Car. Ap.-Jl. § (C. sinuata Ell.) 

32. INULA, L. Elecampane. Hds. many-flowered. Invol. imbricate. 

Ray-fls. numerous, $ ; disk-fls. $ . Recep. naked. Pap. simple, scabrous. 

Anthers with 2 bristles at base. U Coarse European herbs, with alternate 

leaves and very large yellow heads. 

I. Helenium L. Lvs. amplexicaul, ovate, rugous, downy beneath ; hds. solitary, ter- 
minal ; sc. ovate. Pastures and roadsides, N. Eng. to 111. 4-6f. Root lvs. l-3f. Jl. Aug. § 

33. PLUCHEA, DC. Marsh Fleabane. Hds. do-flowered ; fls. of 
the margin ? , of the centre £ , but sterile. Invol. imbricated. Recep. flat, 
naked. Sty. undivided. Pap. capillary, simple. — Strong-scented herbs, with 
alternate leaves and corymbs of purple fls., and copious, reddish pappus. 

1 P. bifrons DC. Pubescent, leafy ; lvs. oval-oblong, acute, finely serrate, cordate- 

amplexicaul, veiny ; heads in compound, corymbous clusters, u Damp, S. 2f. 

2 I*, campborata DC. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, somewhat pubescent, acute, sessile or 

short-petioled, serrate ; fls. in crowded corymbs ; sc. viscid-downy, pointed. ® Salt 
marshes, Mass. to Fla. 1 — 3f. Stout, some fleshy, with upright branches. Aug. Sept. 

3 P. purpurascens DC. Glandular-tomentous ; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, serrate, on 

slender petioles ; hds. on slender ped. ; sc. downy, acute. (T) Swamps. l-2f. Fla. Sept. 

4 P. foetida DC. Nearly glabrous, very leafy; lvs. broadly lanceolate, acute or acu- 

minate at each end, petiolate, obtusely subserrate ; heads numerous, in paniculate 
corymbs ; scales smoothish, acute, u Open hills, W. & S. 1 — 2f. Aug. — Oct. 

34. BACCHARIS, L. Groundsel Tree. Hds. discoid, $ ? . Invol. 
imbricate, cylindric, or ovate, with subcoriaceous, ovate scales. $ Sta. 
exserted. Recep. naked. Pap. capillary. }j With alternate leaves and 
white flowers in Autumn. 

1 fS. lialimii'olia L. Whitish-scurfy ; lvs. obovate, incisely- or repand-dentate above 

the highest lanceolate; panicle compound, leafy ; fascicles pedunculate, terminal, in 
a dense panicle. Sea-coast, Conn, to Fla. 6 — 12f. A handsome shrub. 

2 B. glomeruliflora Pers. Minutely scurfy ; lvs. all obovate, very obtuse, repand- 

few-toothed ; heads in sessile, axillary glomerules. Coast, Va. to La. 3 — 6f. 

3 K. angustifolia Mx. Diffusely branched; lvs. linear, sessile, entire; hds. small. 

15-20-flowered, cylindrical, axillary, loosely paniculate. Marshes, S. 6 — lOf. 

35. PTEROCAULON, Ell. Black-root. Hds. many-flowered, the 
fertile flowers $ , in several rows, the sterile flowers central, mostly $ . Sc. 
imbricated, caducous with the fruit, ? corollas 3-toothed, $ 5-cleft. Cyp 
angular, hispid. Pap. of equal capillary bristles longer than the involucre. 
U Rhizome tuberous. Leaves alternate, decurrent, and the stem wmged 
Heads sessile, crowded in a thick woolly spike. 

P. pychuostachyum Ell. Simple; lvs. lanceolate, smooth above, cream-white 

tomentous beneath, as well as one side of the wings of the stem. Sandy soils, S. 2-3£ 
Spike 2 — 3'. May— Aug. A curious plant. 

36. BORRICHIA, Adans. Sea Ox-kve. Ray-fls. ligulate, $ , fertile 



172 Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 

Scales imbricated, the outer leafy. Recep. flat, cliaffy, the chaff rigid, per 
sistent. Fr. 4-angular, crowned with a 4-toothed pappus. ^ ^ Maritime 
with oppos : te leaves and solitary yellow heads. 

1 B. frutescens DC. Canescent, dcwny ; lvs. oblanceolatc, repand, obtuse-cuspidate 

snbconnate at base ; chafl* of the recep. rigidly cuspidate. Marshes, Va. to Fla. 1— 3f. 

2 B. arborescens DC. Smoothish ; lvs. spatulate, entire ; chafl' obtuse. S. Fla. 8f. 

/ 

37. ECLIPTA, L. Ray -lis. $ , numerous, narrow ; disk £ , mostly 4- 

toothed. Scales 10 — 12, in two rows, leafy, lance-ovate. Recep. flat. Chaff 

bristly. Cypsela somewhat angular or 2-edged. Pap. 0. ® Strigous. Lvs. 

opposite. Heads axillary and terminal, solitary. Flowers white. Fig. 72. 

E. alba (L.) Erect or diffuse, with short, appressed hairs ; lvs. lance-oblong, tapering to 
each end, subscrrate ; ped. longer than the hds. ; scales lanceolate. Damp soils, 111. to 
Md.,andS. l-3f. Rays minute. (E. erectaL. E. procumbens Mx. Cotula alba L., &c.) 

38. GALINSOGA, R. & P. Rays 4 or 5, small, obtuse, $ . Invol. 
scales 4 or 5, ovate, thin. Recep. conical, chaffy. Cyp. angular. Pappus 
of small, fringed scales, or 0. (l) Leaves opposite, 3- veined. Heads small, 
with white rays and yellow disk-flowers. 

G. parvf flora Cav. Lvs. ovate, acute, subserrate ; pap. scales 8—16. A weed in cul- 
tivated grounds, coastward, Mass. to Penn. 1— 3f. Summer. § S. America. 

39. POLYMNIA, L. Leaf-cup. Involucre double, outer of 4 or 5 
large, leafy scales, inner of about 10 leaflets, concave. Ray-flowers pistil 
late, few ; disk sterile. Receptacle chaffy. Pappus none. 1C Coarse anr) 
clammy. Leaves opposite. Flowers yellow. 

1 P. Canadensis L. Viscid-villous ; lvs. petiolate, acuminate, lower pinnatifid, up 

per 3-lobed or entire, rays shorter than the invol. Can. to Car. and 111. 3 — 5f. June 

2 P. uvedalia L. Hairy and rough, stout ; lvs. 3-lobed, acute, decurrent into the pet 

iole, lobes sinuate-angled ; rays 7 — 12, much longer than the involucre. In highland 
woods, N. Y. to HI., and S. 3 — 6f. Lvs. very large (as also in No. 1). Hds. showy. 

40. CHRYSOGONUM, L. Rays about 5, ? , fertile ; disk $ but stei 
lie. Scales in two rows of about 5 each, the outer leafy, the inner chaffy. 
Recep. flat, chaffy. Cyp. of the ray obcompressed, obovate, each embraced 
by a chaff scale, of the disk abortive. Pappus a small, 2-3-toothed crown 
U A little prostrate herb, with opposite leaves and solitary, pedunculate, 
bright yellow vernal flowers. 

D. Virginia num L. — In rich shady soils, Md. to HI., and South. Acaulescent. finally 
caulescent. One of the earliest flowers of Spring. 

41. SILPHIUM, L. Rosin-weed. Ray-fls. numerous, in 2 or 3 rows, 
fertile, outer row ligulate ; disk-fls. sterile. Invol. campanulate. Scales in 
several series, leafy and spreading at summit. Recep. small, flat, chaffy. 
Cyp. broad, flat, obcompressed, crowned with a 2-toothed pappus. 2f Stout, 
coarse, resinous herbs. Heads large. Flowers yellow. Summer (p. 447). 

* Stem nearly leafless, scape-like. Lvs. very large, alternate, mostly radical Nos. 1 — 3 

* Stem leafy. — a Leavas verticillate, in whorls of 3's, rarely 4's Nos. 4, 5 /3. 

— a Leaves opposite, rarely the highest scattered Nos. 5 — 1 

— a Leaves alternate (the lowest opposite or verticillate or alternate) . .No. 8 
— a Leaves connate-perfoliate No. 9 



Ordeb 70.— COMPOSITE. 173 

1 S. lac iniat 11 ni L. Polar Plant. Very rough, with white, hispid hair? : leaves (180 

pinnately parted, petiolate, segments sinuate-lobed or entire ; heads spicate, distant 
scales ovate, appendaged and squarrous at apex. Prairies, W. 5 — lOf. July — Sept. 

2 S. terebintlilnaceum L. Prairie Burdock. St. glabrous ; Its. ovate to oblong, 

cordate, tooth-serrate, obtuse (1 — 2f ) ; hds. panicled ; scales round- oval ; rays about 20 ; 
fr. winged. Prairies, W. and S. 4 — Sf. Exudes much resin. Hds. V broad, rays V long. 
/3. pinnatifidum. Lvs. more or less deeply lobed or pinnatifid. Prairies. 
8 S. compositnm Mx. Glabrous throughout ; slender, glaucous ; lvs. cordate, vari 
ously sinuate-pinnatifid with lobed segments ; hds. corymbed ; fr. roundish-obcordatc ; 
rays about 10. Barrens. S. 3— 6f. July, Aug. Varies with leaves only toothed. Hills. 

4 S. trifoliatum L. St. glabrous, terete or 6-angled ; lvs. lanceolate, acute, short -peti- 

oled, in 3's or 4's, upper opp. ; cyme loose ; fr. oval, 2-toothed. Dry, O. to Fla. 4 — 6f. 

5 S. integrifolium Mx. Scabrous; st. 4-angled ; lvs. opp., sessile, ovate-lanceolate, 

entire, cordate : corymb close ; fr. broad-winged, 2-toothed. Prairies, W. and S. 2 — 3f. 
£. ternatum. Stem 6-angled ; lvs. verticillate in 3's. With the common form. 

6 S. scaberrimum Ell. Rough-hispid ; lvs. rigid, oval, some pointed, serrate, petio- 

late, scales ciliate-serruiate ; fr. roundish, broad-winged, deeply notched at apex. W 
Ga. to La. 3-4f. Corymbed. Pays 20, spreading 2'. Fruit 6". Aug. Sept. 

7 S. laevigatum Ell. Glabrous ; lvs. lance-oblong, acute, serrate, petiolate ; scales 

ciliate ; fruit, large, oval, narrowly winged, emarginate. W. Ga. Ala. 2 — 3f. Heads 
small, loosely corymbed. Rays spreading, iy. Fruit 4". Aug. Sept. 

8 S. Asteriscus L. Hispid or hairy ; lvs. lanceolate, crenate-serrate, petiolate ; scale* 

leafy ; fruit broad-obovate, 2-toothed. Dry soils, Va. to Fla. 2 — 4f. June — Aug. 
0. pumilum. Downy, low ; leaves elliptical ; heads small; fruit truncate. 

9 S. perfoliatum L. Gup-plant. Stem square ; leaves large, thin, ovate, forming a 

cup with their connate bases ; heads on long peduncles ; fruit broad-obovate, winged, 
notched. By streams, W. and S. 4 — 7f. Heads large. July, Aug. 

42. BERLANDIERA, DC. Ray-As. 2 , fertile, in one series ; disk $ 
but sterile. Scales in three series, leafy, subequal. Recep. chaffy. Pales 
obtuse. C} r p. all marginal, in one row, obcompressed, wingless, obovate, 
adherent to the inner scales. Pap. minute. U Velvety-canescent, with alter 
uate, cordate, petiolate leaves and yellow rays. 

1 B. tomentosa T. & G. Caulescent, simple, white-tomentous ; lvs. oblong, obtuse, 
crenate ; heads in small, dense corymbs. Barrens, S. 1 — 2f. April — Aug. 

% B. subacaulis N. Acaulescent, at length some caulescent, roughish canescent ; 
lvs. sinuate-pinnatifid ; scapes tall, bearing a single head. Ga. Fla. May, June. 

43. MADIA, Molina. Invol. scales as many as the rays, complicate 

and embracing the compressed cypselae. Recep. chaffy at its border. Rays 

5 — 15, $ ; disk-As. § , but often sterile. Pap. 0. ® Hairy and glandular. 

HI. klegans. Lvs. lance-linear, sessile ; heads corymbed ; rays lincar-cuneate, 3-toothcO 
at apex, yellow, with a purple base. From California, very showy. (Madaria, DC.) 

44. SPHENOGYNE, Br. Invol. imbricate. Sc. with broad scarious 

tips. Recep. chaffy, pales embracing the flowers. Rays neutre ; disk-As. 

§ . Cyp. hairy. Pap. of obtuse, contorted, chaff-scales. — S. Afr. Lvs. alternate. 

S. 3FECIOSA. Leaves pinnatifid, with oblong cut segments ; rays linear-oblong, spread 
ing 2', yellow, disk dark purple. ® If. Blooms profusely from July to Oct. 

45. PARTHENIUM, L. Rays 5, very short, fertile ; disk-As. 00, tu- 
bular, sterile. Invol. hemispherical. Sc. in two series, outer ovate, inner 



174 Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 

orbicular. Recep. conical, chaffy. Cyp. 5, compressed, cohering wi*h 2 con« 
tiguous pales. American herbs with alternate leaves. (Flowers white.) 

1 P. in teg ri folium L. Pubescent, rigidly erect ; lvs. lance-ovate, coarsely dentate- 

crenate, coriaceous ; hds. many, corymbed. % Dry. Md., W. and S. 3— 5f. Jl. — Sept. 

2 P. Hysterophorus L. Puberulent, decumbent ; lvs. bipinnatifid, the upper lin- 

ear ; heads numerous, very small, in a diffuse panicle. River banks, Fla. to La. 

46. IVA, L. Marsh Elder. Highwater Shrub. Hds. discoid, mo- 
noecious. Invol. of 3 — 9 scales, distinct or partly united. Marginal fls 
I —5, fertile, the others sterile. Recep. chaffy. Cyp. obconic, obtuse. Pap. 
none. Herbs or shrubs. Lower lvs. opposite. Hds. small, greenish white 

1 I. frutescens L. Shrubby ; lvs. fleshy, lanceolate, coarsely serrate, upper lance 

linear, entire ; hds. axillary ; scales 5, distinct, rounded ; cypselie 5. Borders of sal\ 
marshes, Mass. to Fla. 3 — 8f, bushy. Racemes paniculate, hds. drooping. July— Sept 

2 I. ciliata Willd. Annual, hairy ; lvs. lance-ovate, acuminate, coarsely toothed ; hds. 

spicate ; sc. 3, distinct, roundish, ciliate ; cyp. 3. Wet. HI. to La. 3 — 7f. Aug. — Oct. 

3 I. imbricaria Walt, u Terete, glabrous ; lvs. fleshy, linear-lanceolate, 3-veined, 

sessile ; heads drooping, in leafy racemes ; scales G — 9, obtuse, imbricated in 2 rows, 
with torn edges. Sea-coast, S. 1— 2f. 

47. AMBROSIA, Tourn. Horse- weed. Monoecious. Sterile involucre 

of several scales united into a depressed, hemispherical cup, many-flowered. 

Anth. approximate, but distinct. Fertile involucre 1-leaved, entire or 5- 

toothed, 1 -flowered. Cor. 0. Sty. 2. Sta. 0. — Herbaceous plants with mostly 

opposite leaves and unsightly flowers. July — Sept. Figs. 73, 342. 

§ Sterile heads sessile, densely spicate, chaffy. Leaves alternate .No. 1 

§ Sterile heads pedicellate, racemed, not chaffy .—a Leaves opposite No. 3 

— a Leaves alternate Nos. 3, 4 

1 A. bidentata Mx. Hairy and leafy, with simple branches ; lvs. sessile or clasping, 
oblong, with a single tooth on each side near the base ; fertile hds. axillary; fr. 4-an- 
gled, acutely pointed, the ribs produced into 4 short spines. (T) Prairies, 111. to La. l-3f. 

1 A. trifida L. Rough-hairy; lvs. 3-lobed, serrate, lobes oval-lanceolate, acuminate ; 

fr. with 6 ribs ending below the conical top. ® Along streams, &c. 5— lOf. Aug. 
/3. integri folia. Leaves ovate, acuminate, often some of them 3-lobed. 

3 A. artemisiaefolia L. Hog-weed. Lvs. twice-pinnatifid, smoothish, petioles cili 

ate ; sterile hds. in panicled racemes, fertile axillary, sessile. (T) Gardens, fields. 2-3f 

4 A. psilostacbya DC. Whitish, woolly, branching and leafy; lvs. rigid, the lowei 

opp., bipinnatifid, upper pinnatifid ; rac. spike-like ; fr. hairy, (jl) Prairies, Wis. to Tex. 

48 XANTHIUM, Tourn. Clot-weed. Monoecious. $ Hds. spicate 
abovu Scales distinct, in one row. Anth. approximate, but distinct. Recep. 
chaffy. 2 Invol. clustered below, 2-lvd., clothed with hooked prickles, 1- or 

2 beaked, enclosing 2 fls. Sta. 0. ® Coarse weeds with alternate leaves. 

1 X. Strumarium L. Rough, unarmed, branching ; lvs. cordate, lobed, 3-veined, un- 

equally serrate ; fruit elliptical, armed with stiff, hooked thorns, and ending with 2 
spreading, straight horns. Fields, ways;oes, N., M. 2 — 3f. Aug. Unsightly. 

2 X. spinosum L. Whitish-downy, armed with triple, slender, subaxillary spines ; 

lvs. lance-ovate, 3-lobed, dentate, or entire ; ? invol. oblong Waysides, &c. 2f. Sep! 

49. MELANTHERA, Cass. Fls. all tubular, $ . Scales in 2 subequal 
aeries. Recep. chaffy, the pales partly investing the fls. Cyp. short, truncate 



Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 175 

angular. Pap. a few minute caducous awns or bristles. U Scabrous, with 
square stems, opposite, petioled, 3-veined leaves and long peduncled heads. 
Corolla white. Anthers black, tipped with a white appendage. 

1 M. hastata Mx. Lvs. hastately 3-lobed, acuminate, dentate ; sc. lance-ovate, acn- 

minate, pales rigid, cusp-pointed. Dry soils, S. Car. to Fla., and W. 3 — 6f. Jl. — Sept. 

2 Iff. deltoidea Mx. Lvs. ovate-deltoid; scales ovate ; pales or chafT obtuse. S. Fia 

/ 

50. ZINNIA, L. Ray-fls. ligulate, ? ; disk tubular, 5 . Sc. oval, mar 

gined, imbricate. Recep. chaffy, conical. Pap. of the disk of 1 or 2 erect, 
flat awns. ® American herbs, with opposite, entire leaves and solitarv 
terminal heads. Rays bright-colored, showy. 

1 Z. multiflora L. Lvs. lance-oblong, sess. ; peduncles scarcely longer than the lvs. ; 

raye oval, shorter than the invol. ; ft*. 1-awned ; pales entire. Fields, S. &-2L May,Jn. § 

2 Z. elegans L. Lvs. ovate, cordate, sessile and clasping ; peduncles much longer than 

the leaves ; pales serrated ; fruit 2-awned. Mexico. 2— 4f. Fls. single or double, of 
all colors, often brilliant, blooming in gardens throughout the Summer. 

51. HELIOPSIS, Pers. Ox-eye. Invol. imbricate, with ovate, sub 

equal scales. Raj r s linear, large, ? ; disk § . Recep. chaffy, conical, the 

pales lanceolate. Fruit 4-sided. Pappus 0. U Leaves opposite. Heads 

large. Flowers yellow, like Helianthus. 

H. la^vls Pers. St. smooth ; lvs. ovate-oblong to lanceolate, coarsely serrate, petiolate, 
3-veined. smooth beneath. Hedges and thickets : common. 3 — 51*. June, July. 
0. g-rarHi*, Slender, 2f ; lvs. lance-ovate, scabrous, acute at base. 
y. sea bra. Stem and leaves scabrous, yellowish ; leaves truncate at base. W. 61 

52. TETRAGONOTHECA, Dill. Hds. radiate. Invol. double, the 
outer of 4 leafy bracts united at base, the inner of 8 small scales similar to 
the chaff of the conical receptacle. Ach. smooth, truncate, destitute of 
pappus. U Clothed with viscid hairs, opposite leaves, with 1 or few yel- 
low-flowered, large heads, on long peduncles. 

T. lieliaiithoid.es L.— Sandy soils, Va., and S. 3f, A stout, coarse, unsightly herb 
Leaves ovate, sessile, repand-toothed. Bays spreading nearly 3'. April— June. 

53. ECHINACEA, Moench. Purple Cone-flower. Scales of the 
invol. in 2 or 3 rows. Ray-fls. neutral ; disk-fls. $ . Recep. conic, bristling 
with stiff, spiny pales. Cyp. 4-angled. Pap. a few teeth, if Branches each 
with 1 large head. Leaves alternate. Rays rose-purple, drooping. 

1 E. purpurea Mcench. Very rough ; lower lvs. broad-ovate, 5-veinecl, cauline lance- 

ovate, acuminate, nearly entire ; rays 12 — 15, very long (2 — 3'), bifid. Thickets, W. and 
S. 4f. July-Sept. — Varies in roughness, and with white rays. (See Addenda.) 

2 E. angustifolia DC. St. hispid, slender ; lvs. all entire, hispid-pubescent, 3- vein 

ed, lanceolate to lance-linear ; rays 12 — 15, narrow, 1— 2' long. Prairies and marshes, 
111. Mo., and S. 2 — 3f. Rays sometimes white. May— July. (See Addenda.) 

3 E. atrorubeus N. Smooth or rough ; stem simple, furrowed ; lvs. lance-linear to 

linear, rigid, the lower 3-veined ; rays 8 — 11, shorter than the disk (1') ; scales in 3 
rows ; pappus of 4 teeth. Damp barrens, Ga. Fla., and W. 2f. June — Aug. 

54. RUDBECKIA, L. Invol. scales nearly equal, leafy, in a double 
row, 6 in each. Ray-fls. neutral ; disk 5 • Recep. conic or columnar, with 



176 Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 

unarmed pales or chaff. Cyp. 4-angled. Pap. a lacerate or toothed mar 
gin, or 0. if Leaves alternate. Heads large. Rays yellow. 

§ Rays large, drooping.— a Leaves divided. Disk ovoid or rounded Nos. 1, 9 

—a Leaves undivided. Disk columnar Nos. 3, 4 

§ Rays spreading. Disk dark purple, conical or rounded. . .(b) 

b Leaves deeply lobed or parted, the upper undivided Nos. 5, f, 

b Leaves undivided.— c Pales of the disk whitish downy Nos. 7, £ 

— c Pales dark purple as well as the flowers Nos. 9 — 1 

j II. laeiniata L. Glabrous; lower lea\es pinnate, segments 3-lobed, upper leaves 
ovate ; disk ovoid, yellowish, pales truncate. Swamps. 3— 5f. Rays near 2'. Aug. 

2 R. lieteropliylla T. & G. Downy; lvs. coarsely toothed, 3-5-lobed or parted, the 

lowest often round-cordate, highest ovate ; disk globous ; pales acute. Fla. 4f. Aug. 

3 11. maxima N. Glabrous ; leaves thin, ample, oval to oblong, subentire, the uppei 

clasping ; head solitary, on a long ped. ; rays 2'. Wet barrens, Fla. to La. 7f. Aug. 
•1 R. nitida N. Glabrous and shining; leaves thick, lanceolate, acute, 3-5-veined; 
heads few or solitary; disk brown ; rays 9 — 12, near 2'. Swamps, S. 4f. July. 

5 R. subtomentosa Ph. Tomentous-downy, corymbous ; leaves serrate, the lower 

3-parted or lobed, upper ovate ; disk globular ; pales bearded, obtuse ; rays 10—15, 
orange-yellow, 1/. Prairies, W. and S-W. 3— 5f. July, Aug. 

6 R. triloba L. Hairy, paniculately branched ; lvs. coarsely serrate, 3-lobed to ovate- 

lanceolate, the lowest cut-pinnate or undivided ; hds. rather small, disk conical, dark 
purple ; pales smooth, awned. Fields. M., W. 3 — 4f. Aug. Sept. 

7 R. mollis Ell. Soft-woolly all over ; lvs. oblong, sessile or clasping ; sc. reflexed ; 

disk dark purp.,with canescent pales ; rays 15-20, V. W. Ga. 2-3f. Lvs. small. Aug.-Oct. 

8 R. Heliopsidis T. & G. Slightly downy ; lvs. ovate or oval, 5-veined, petiolate ; 

sc. obtuse, squarrous, rays 10 — 12; pales canescent. W. Ga. and Ala. l-2f. Aug. Sept. 

9 R. liirta L. Very rough-hairy ; ped. leafless ; lvs. ovate-spatulate, 3-veined, petio- 

late, mostly entire, upper ones sessile, lance-ovate ; scales in 3 rows ; rays oval, 12 — 15 ; 
disk rounded, dark brown ; pales bearded. Fields. 2f. Showy. July — Sept. 

10 R. fulgida Ait. Rough-hirsute; branches leafless above; lvs. ovate to lance-ub- 
long, remotely dentate, lower petiolate ; scales oblong, spreading as long as the 12 — 14 
orange rays ; pales glabrous, lin. -oblong, obtuse. Mts. Pa. to O., and S. l-3f. July-Oct. 

1 1 R. speciosa Wend. Hairy and downy ; branches slender, leafless above ; lvs. strong- 
ly dentate, acuminate, ovate to lanceolate, 5-3-veined, lower long-petiolate ; sc. much 
shorter than the 18 rays ; pales smooth, acute. 111. to Va. 2 — 4f. Aug. — Oct. 

1 2 R. amplexifolia. (T) Branching, glabrous ; lvs. cordate-clasping ; rays spotted at 
base, brilliant. La. (Dracopsis.) 

55. LEPACHYS, Raf. In vol. in one series of linear scales. Ray -lis. 
few, neutral ; disk § . Recep. columnar, chaffy. Chaff obtuse, and bearded 
at apex. Pap. 0. Fertile achenia compressed, 1-2- winged, if Lvs. alter- 
cate, pinnately divided. Hds. with long, drooping, yellow rays. June-Sept. 

1 Li. piunata T. & G. Rough; lvs. all pinnate, divisions 5 — 7, 2-parted or entire; 

rays light yellow, twice longer than the ovoid yellowish disk. W. N-Y., W. and S. 2-4f. 

2 L. columnar!*. Rough, branching ; root lvs. undivided, oblanceolate ; stem lvs. 

pinnatifid ; disk nearly 2' long, longer than the 5 — 8 broad rays, which, in Variety pui- 
cherrima, are crimson, tipped with yellow. Montana. 2f. 

56 HELIANTHUS, L. Sun-flower. Ray-fhs. neutral ; disk $ . Sc. 
of the invol. imbricated in several series. Recep. flat or convex, the chaff 
persistent, embracing the fruit. Pap. of 2 or 4 chaffy awns, mostly decidu- 
ous. Fruit compressed or 4-angled. ® if Rough. Lvs. opposite, the up- 



Order 70.— composite. 177 

per often alternate, r 1 )stly tripli-veined. Rays yellow ; disk yellow or pur- 
pie: in late Summer and Autumn. Figs. 74, 261, 433-4. 

§ Helianthella (T. & G.) Pap. persistent. Lvs. scattered, 1 -veined Nog 24. 25 

5 IIelianthus proper. Pappus deciduous. Lcwer leaves opposite. . .(*) 

* Disk (its corollas and pales) dark purple, mostly convex. . .(a) 

a Herbs annual Leaves chiefly alternate Nos. 1, 9 

a Herbs perennial. Leaves opposite. — e Scales acuminate Nos. 3 — 5 

— e Sc. obtuse or barely acute. .Nos. 9, 7 

* Disk (its corollas and pales) yellow. . .(b) 

b Leaves chiefly alternate and feather-veined Nos. 8- 41 

b Leaves chiefly opposite and 3-veined or tripli-veined. . .(c) 

c Scales erect, closely imbricated.—/ Plants green, rough Nos. 12, 13 

—f Plants whitish, downy.. .Nos. 14, 15 
c Scales loosely spreading. Heads large, 9-15-rayed. . .(d) 

d Scales lance-linear, longer than disk. Leaves thin Nos. 16, 1" 

d Scaler ^nce-ovate, as long as the disk. Leaves thick. . .Nos. IS — 21 
c Scales looseij- spreading. Heads small, 5-8-rayed Nos. 22, 23 

1 H. annnns L. Great Sunflower. Erect, stout ; lvs. all cordate, only the lowest op- 

posite; hds. very large (6 — 120, nodding; fr. glabrous. Gardens and fields. 2 — lOf. § S. 
America. — A variety with the flowers all lignlate is sometimes found in gardens. 

2 H. debllis N. Decumbent, slender; leaves mostly alternate, ovate, serrulate, petio- 

late ; hds. small ; scales with slender points ; fr. pubescent. Shores, E. Fla. to La. l-2f. 

3 H. Radula T. & G. Hirsute, simple, bearing a single head ; lvs. roundish-obovate 

or ovate, obtuse ; scales and pales lanceolate, acuminate, erect ; rays 7 — 10, rarely 0. 
% Barrens, Ga. Fla. Ala. 1 — 3f. Often growing in clusters. Hds. near V. Aug. Sept. 

4 H. heteroph^llus N. Slightly hispid, slender, bearing a single head ; lvs. entire. 

the lower oval, upper linear-lanceolate ; scales acuminate, erect, ciliate ; pales acute : 
rays 12 — 18. U S. 1 — 2f. Heads 6" diam., rays spreading Z\'. Aug. Sept. 

5 H. angustifoliiis L. Erect, slender, scabrous or hispid ; lvs. lance-linear, taper- 

ing to a long point, 1-veined, rigid ; heads few ; scales lance-linear, the long point 
spreading ; pales linear, 3-toothed. Dry soils. N. J., Ky. and S. 2 — 3f. Aug. — Oct. 

6 H. r igidtis Desf. Rigid, subsimple ; lvs. lanceolate, pointed, rough both sides ; hds. 

few ; scales ovate, acute, short; rays 12 — 20. Prairies, Wis. Mo. to La. 2 — 3f. 

7 H. atrorubens L. Ped. few, long, leafless ; st. hirsute below ; lvs. ovate or oval. 

obtusish, on winged petioles ; sc. oblong, obtuse, 3-veined. Dry soils. S. 2 — If. 

8 H. giganteus L. Rough or hairy ; lvs. lanceolate, serrate, pointed, on ciliate, wing 

ed petioles ; scales lance-linear, ciliate ; rays 12 — 20 ; pappus of 2 short, fringed scales 
Can. to Car. and Ky. 4 — lOf. — Varies with the leaves mostly opposite. 

9 H. tomentosus Mx. Stout, pubescent, branched ; lvs. ovate to long-lanceolate, 

acuminate, subentire, the lower petiolate ; scales long-pointed, villous, spreading • 
pales hairy and 3-toothed at top. Dry hills, 111. to Ga. 4 — 8f. Rays 15". 
1 H. grosse-serratus Martens. St. smooth and glaucous ; lvs. lanceolate or lance 
ovate, long-acuminate, sharply serrate, downy beneath, on winged stalks ; scalet 
loose, subulate, as long as the disk ; rays 15—20. W. and S. 4 — 6f. 
I H. tuberosus L. Jerusalem Artichoke. Root bearing oblong tubers ; lvs. cordate 
ovate to ovate, acuminate ; petioles ciliate. Fields, hedges. 4f. § Brazil. 

12 H. laetiflorus Pers. St. branched above ; lvs. thick, lance-oval, pointed, serrate, 
on short stalks ; scales ovate-lanceolate ; rays 12—20, 2'. Woods, W. and S-W. 3 — 4f. 

13 H. occidentalis Riddcll. Slender, simple, nearly naked above ; lvs. oval, sub- 
serrate, on long hairy petioles ; hds. 1 — 5, small ; scales lance-oval. Sandy. W. 3f. 

14 II. mollis Lam. Canescent-tomentous, subsimple; lvs. ovate, sessile, cordate- 
clasping, acum'nate; sc. lanceolate ; pales entire, acute ; rays 15 — 25. O.toMo. 2 — 4f. 

15 H. clnereus, /3. Sullivdntii (T. & G.) Cinereous-pubescent; stem virgate, 
branched above ; lvs. ovate-oblong, narrowed to the sessile base, the lower to a winged 
petiole ; pales pointed, with 2 lateral teeth ; rays about 20 Ohio. 2 — 3f. 

12 



L78 Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 

16 H. decapetalus L. Lvs. all opposite, thin, ovate, acuminate, toothed, on wiugeu 
stalks, scabrous above, smoothish beneath.— Varies with the invol. scales enlarged 
and learlike, or only lance-linear. Can. to Penn. 3— 4f. 

17 H. traclieliifolius Willd. Branch lvs. alternate, thin. apprest>ed-serrate, acnmi 
nate, all ovate to lance-linear ; pales 3-toothed : rays 12—15. Thickets, W. 3 — 8f. 

18 H. doronicoides Lam. Branching; lvs. ovate to lance-ovate, acuminate, ser 
rate; scales lance-linear; rays 12—15, lj-', very showy. W. and S. 4— 7f. 

p. plena-flora. Flowers all ligulate. Gardens. Very handsome. 

19 H. strumosus L. Smooth below ; lvs. all similar, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 
serrulate; heads few, about 10-rayed; scales ciliate, squarrous. Swamps. 3 — 5f. 

20 H. Iiirsutus Raf. St. simple or forked, hirsute; lvs. petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, 
subserrate, hirsute beneath ; scales lance-ovate, hairy ; rays 11— 15. Dry, W. and S. 6f. 

0. pubcftcrntt. Leaves tomentous beneath, subsessile. (H. pubescens Hook.) 

21 H. divaricatus L. St. smooth, simple, or forked ; lvs. rough, lance-ovate, long- 
pointed from an abrupt sessile base ; heads few, corymbous. Woods, &c. 4 — 5f. 

/3. ? 8caberrimns. Stem subsimple : leaves thick, exceedingly rough and rigid, 
opposite or ternately verticillate, rounded at base W. 

22 H. microceplialus T. & G. St. smooth or hispid, branched ; lvs. lanceolate, 
acuminate, narrowed to a short petiole, rough above, whitish-downy beneath ; scales 
lanceolate ; rays 5— S. spreading V. Dry, W. and S. 3— 5»f. (H. Schweinitzii T. & G. 

23 H. longilolius Ph. Smooth throughout, branching ; lvs. lance-oblong to lance- 
linear, acute, the lowest petiolate, serrulate ; heads few ; scales ovate-lanceolate • 
rays G-10, spreading 1^—2'. Damp. S. 3— 5f. (H. laevigatas T. <fc G.) 

24 H. grandiflorus. Rough-downy ; simple, leafy ; lvs. 1 — 2', lance-linear, sessile , 
scales lanceolate, loose ; rays 15 — 20, near 2' ; pappus 2 fringed scales. E. Fla. 3f. 

25 H. tenuifolius. Rough-hairy, simple ; lvs. narrow-linear ; scales lance-subulate, 
loose ; rays 10—13 (15") ; pappus 2—4 awns. W. Fla. 1— 2f. Leaves 2—3'. July. 

57. ACTINOMERIS, Nutt. Heads many-flwd. ; ray-fls. 4—14, rarely 
0. Invol. scales foliaceous, subequal, in 1 — 3 series. Recep. conical or con- 
vex, chaffy. Ach. compressed, flat, obovate, mostly winged and 2-awned. 
U Plants tall, with 3-veined, serrate leaves. Heads corymbous. Rays 
when present yellow. Autumn. 

§ Actimeris. Pappus of 2 awns. Stems tall, corymbous. . .(a) 

§ Ach^eta. Pappus wanting. Cypsela winged. Stems low, simple. Jn. Jl No. i 

a Rays wanting. Disk corollas white. Stem narrowly winged No. 2 

a Rays 4 — 14, flowers all yellow. Scales in 2 or 3 series Nos. 3 — 5 

1 A. pauciflora N. Lvs. opp. or alternate, lanceolate to elliptical, rigid, obtuse; hds 

1 — 3, discoid, yellow ; fr. narrowly winged, the disk cupshaped. Barrens, Fla. 1 — 2f. 

2 A. alba T. & G. Lvs. narrow-lanceolate, acute both ways, serrulate; scales lance- 

linear, few, in one series ; fruit broadly winged. S. Car. to Fla. and La. 7f. 

3 A. lieliantlioides N. Stem winged ; lvs. alternate, ovate-lanceolate, d jcuncnt, 

acuminate, serrate, rough, hairy; rays V long, 6 — 14, unequal, scales erect; frait 
narrowly winged. Copses, prairies, Ohio to Ga., and W. 2 — 4f. June, July. 

1 A. squarrosa N. Stem winged, tall (0 — lOf ) ; lvs. alternate, some opposite, lance- 
oblong, long (6 — 140, pointed both ways, decurrent ; heads small ; scales spreading oi 
deflexed ; rays 4 — 8, regular, short. Alluvion, N. Y., W. and S. Homely. 

6 A. liudicaulis N. Stem wingless, branched and leafless above ; lvs. oblong, un- 
equally serrate, closely sessile ; rays 7—12, broadly winged. Ga. Fla. Ala. 2 — 3f. 

58. COREOPSIS, L. Tick-seed. Rays about 8, rarely 0. Involucie 
double, each fi-12-leaved. Recep. chaffy. Cyp. obcompressed, emarginate, 
each commonly with a 2-toothed, upwardly-hispid pappus, sometimes 



Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 179 

none, f ieaves mostly opposite. Rays usually yellow ; disk-flowers yellow 

or dark purple. 

$ Corollas of the disk dark purple., .(a) 

a Ray-flowers yellow with a purple base. Achenia incurved Nos. 1—4: 

a Ray -flowers wholly yellow. Achenia not incurved, 2-awned. Summer Nos. 4- <j 

§ Corollas of the disk yellow. Rays rose-colored. Leaves simple Nos 7, 8 

§ Corollas of the disk and ray all yellow (disk brownish in No. 9). . .(b) 

b Leaves sessile, divided often so as to appear verticillate Nos. j— .9 

b Leaves petiolate, never serrate, — c pinnate with lance-linear segments. .Nos. 13, 14 

— c simple, or rarely auricled below Nos. 15, 16 

6 Leaves petiolate, serrated, — d simple. Achenia awns obsolete Nos. 17, IS 

— d compound. — e Rays about 8 Nos. 19 — 21 

— e Rays wanting Nos. 22, 23 

I C. Drummondii. (D Pubescent ; lvs. pinnately (l-5)-divided ; segm. oval or oblong, 

entire ; sc. lance-acuminate ; rays unequally 5-toothed. Tex. l-2f. Rays ample, showy. 

/3. atrosang-uinea. A garden variety, with the rays wholly dark purple. July-Oct 

% C. ttnctoria. (D Glabrous ; lvs. alternate, some pinnate ; lobes lin. -oblong and linear ; 

scales very short, acute ; rays 3-lobed at apex. Nebraska. l-3f. Beautiful. Summer 

3 C. Atkinsoniana. if Lf. lobes linear-spatulate to linear ; sc. oblong, obtuse ; rays 3- 

lobed ; fr. distinctly winged. Columbia River, Oreg. Hds. handsome, like C. tinctoria. 

4 C gladiata Walt. St. terete; lvs. alternate, thick, some ternately divided, lance 

oblong to lance-linear ; outer scales lance-ovate ; fr. fringed, awns 2, slender ; rays 3 
toothed at the dilated apex. Moist barrens, S. 2 — 3f. Heads several, corymbed. 

5 C. angustifoJia Ait. St. square ; lvs. opposite (mostly), undivided, spatulate to lin- 

ear, obtuse ; outer sc. ovate, obtuse ; fr. wing-fringed, awns 2, short ; rays 3-lobed. S. 

6 C. iEmleri Ell. St. angular above ; lvs. opp., lance-ovate to lanceolate ; outer scales 

oblong, obtuse ; fruit margined, ciliate, the 2 awns very short. Ga. (Elliott) and Fla. 

7 C. nudata Nutt. Very slender; lvs. few, terete, rush-like, alternate, the lower very 

long ; hds. few ; rays wedge-obovate, crenate-lobed at apex. if Swamps, Ga. Fla. 2f. 

8 C. rosea N. Branching; lvs. opp., 1-veined, linear ; ped. short; outer sc. very short; 

rays oblong, obscurely tridentate. if Wet grounds, Ms. to Ga. 8-16'. Delicate. Jl. Aug. 

9 C. senif'olia Mx. Minutely downy or glabrous ; lvs. opposite, ternate, sessile, ap- 

pearing in whorls of 6; lfts. ovate-lanceolate, varying to linear-lanceolate or even to 

linear ; scales downy, obtuse ; rays entire, if Dry, Va. Ky. to Ga. 1 — 2f. July, Aug. 

IOC. delphf niiolia Lam. Lvs. opp., sessile, divided into lfts. which are each again 

2-5-parted ; seg. linear, entire, acute ; disk-fls. brown at the tips. If Va. to Fla. 2f. Aug. 

II C. verticillata L. Branched ; lvs. 3-divided, closely sessile, the divisions 1-2-pin 
nately-parted ; seg. filiform-lin. ; rays 1-3-toothed. if Moist, Md. to Ga. l-3f. Jn.-Aug. 

12 C. palmata N. St. angled, striate, leafy to top ; lvs. sessile, deeply 3-cleft, rigid • 
lobes linear, acutish, entire or again cleft ; fr. linear-elliptic, if Prairies, W. 1-2. July, 

13 C. tripteris L. St. simple tall, corymbous ; lvs. opp., stalked, thick, 3-5-divided ; 
seg. lin. -lanceolate, entire, acute ; hds. small ; rays obtuse, if Dry, W. andS. 4-Sf. J\ 

14 C. grandiflora N. St. low ; hds. solitary, large, on long naked stalks ; 3vs. larce 
olate, mostly divided into lance-lin. seg.; rays 4-5-cleft. if Mo. to Tex. Much like No.15 

I 5 C. lancoolata L. Ascending ; lower lvs. oblanceolate, upper lanceolate, all entire ; 
heads solitary, on long naked peduncles; rays 4-5-toothed. if Damp soils, West and 
So_th. Head she wy. Rays about 8, spreading 2' or more. June — Aug. t 

16 C. auricula ta L. Lower lvs. round-ovate, petiolate, some of them with 2 small 
lateral segm. (auriculate) at base, the upper oblong, subsessile ; hds. few, on long ped., 
outer scales oblong-linear. Dry soils, 111. to Va., and S. 1 — 3f. May — Aug. 

17 C. latifolia Mx. Very glabrous, tall; lvs. thin, opp., ovate to oblong, acuminate 
unequally toothed ; hds. small, rays 5 or 6, entire, large ; sc. lin., spreading. Mts. S. Aug 

18 C. arguta Ph. Stem strict; lvs. simple, ovate to lanceolate, petiolate, acuminate, 
sharply serrate ; scales oblong ; rays 9—12, 3-toothed ; awns obsolete. Hills, S. 3— 5f 



180 Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 

19 C. aurea A_t. Lower lvs. pinnately divided, upper ternately, or simple ; lfts. orau 
to lance-linear, serrate ; rays 6—9, obtuse ; fruit toothed. Ditches, S. 2-4f. Aug.-Oct. 

20 C. aristosa Mx. Sparingly pubescent ; lvs. pinnately 5-9-parted, segm. lance-lin. 
incised; hds. small, rays large; outer scales 10 — 12, linear; awns slender, spreading 
as long as the fruit. © Low woods, W. 2 — 3f. Rays expanding 18". Aug. — Oct.— 
Varies with the outer involucre leafy ; and with the awns short, &c. 

21 C. trichosperma Mx. Stem glabrous, square, dichotomous ; lvs. pinnately 5 -7 
parted, segm. lanceolate, cut ; rays entire, large ; cyp. narrowly cuneate, with 2 short 
stout awns. (J) Wet grounds, Mass. to 111. (J. Wolf), and Car. l-2f. Fls. showy. Jl. Aug. 

22 C. discoidiea T. & G. Glabrous, much branched ; leaves ternate, long-petiolate ; 
lfts. lance-ovate, dentate ; hds. small (2— 3'0 ; fr. linear-cuneate, the 2 stout awns (up- 
wardly hispid) half as long and equalling the corolla. @ Wet, W. and S. l-3f. Jl.-Sept. 

23 C. bidentoides N. Glabrous, paniculate ; lvs. simple, lanceolate, serrate ; heads 
7-1 y ; fr. lin. -oblong, the slender (up-hispid) awns longer than cor. (T) Pa. Del. : rare. 

59. BIDENS. L. Burr-Marigold. Invol. double. Scales somewhat 
similar, or the outer foliaceous. Rays 4 — 8 (sometimes none), neutral ; 
Jisk-flowers perfect. Recep. chaffy, flat. Pap. of 2 — 4 awns, rough back- 
wards. Cypsela obcompressed, obscurely quadrangular. Leaves opposite, 
incised. Flowers yellow. July — October. (See Addenda.) 

§ Cypsela linear-subulate, tapering to the top, 3-4-angled, 2-6-awned Nos. 1—3 

§ Cypsela oblanceolate, broader at the top, flat, 2-^i-awned Nos. 4 — 7 

1 B. leucantlia Willd. Lvs. in 3—5 serrate lobes : hds. with 5 white rays. S. Fla. If. 

2 B. bipinnata L. Spanish Needles. Lvs. bipinnate, lfts. lanceolate, pinnatifid ; rays 

very short, obovate, 3, 4, or ; sc. all equal in length. (I) Waste grounds, Ct. to 111. 2-4f. 

3 B. Beckii Torr. St. subsimple ; submersed lvs. capillaceous-multifid, emersed lvs. 

lanceolate, eonnate, acutely serrate or cut ; rays longer than the involucre. % Slow 
waters, Vt. (rare), W. and N. Stem 2 — 3f. Heads solitary, terminal. 

4 B. frondosa L. Beggar-ticks. Rays ; outer sc. leafy, 6 times longer than the fls. ; 

lower leaves pinnate, ternate, upper lanceolate, serrate ; awns 2. (T) Fields : com. 2f. 

5 B. counata Willd. Hays ; outer sc. leafy, longer than the head ; lvs. lanceolate, 

serrate, snbeonnate at base, lower some trifld ; awns 3. (I) Swamps, E. and W. 1— 3f. 

6 B. cernua L. Rays — 4—8, small ; hds. cernuous ; outer scales as long as the disk ; 

leaves all lanceolate, subconnate, dentate, (x) Swamps, ditches, E. and W. 1— 2f. 

7 B. clirysantliemoides L. Lvs. oblong, attenuate at each end, connate at base, 

regularly serrate ; rays thrice longer than the involucre. (J) Ditches : common. 6'-2f. 

60. SPILANTHUS, L. Invol. shorter than the disk, double, appressed. 
Recep. conical, chaffy, the pales embracing the flowers. Cyp. of the disk 
compressed, with 1 — 3 bristly awns or awnless, of the ray (when present) 
3-angled. Herbs with acrid taste, opposite leaves, and solitary, yellow heads, 
Chiefly tropical. Aug. — Oct. (Acmella, Rich.) 

1 S. repens Mx. Diffuse, rooting at the lower joints ; lvs. lanceolate, subserrate, acute 

at each end, petiolate ; rays about 12 ; fr. awnless, not ciliate. u Wet, S. Car. to Fla. 

2 S. Nuttallii T. & G. Ascending, diffuse ; lvs. ovate to oblong, coarsely serrate ab- 

ruptly petiolate ; fruit ciliate on the margins ; rays 10-12. Bogs, E. Fla. l-2f. 

61. VERBESINA, L. Crown-beard. Rays $, few or none; disk 
$ . Sc. in 2 or more series, imbricated, erect. Chaff concave or embracing 
the flowers. Achenia compressed, 2-awned. U 5 Leaves often decurrent 
serrate or lobed. Heads solitary or corymbous. 

1 V. Siegisbeckii Mx. Stem 4-winged ; lvs. opposite, ovate, serrate, acuminate, 8 



Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 181 

veined, tapering to the winged petiole; hds. corymbous, yellow; rays 1-5; fr. vim> 
less. U Dry, W. and S. 5f. Aug. Sept. 

2 V. Virginica L. Stem narrowly winged; lvs. alternate, lance-ovate, subserrate, 

feather-veined, tapering to the sessile base ; rays 3—4, white ; fruit narrowly winged. 
U Dry woods, Pa. to La. 4f. August. 

3 V. sinuata Ell. St. wingless, striate-angled ; lvs. alternate, ovate, acuminate, con- 

tracted to a iong slender base and petiole, irregularly repand-toothed or lobed ; rays 
3—5, white ; fr. broadly winged. 2f Sandy fields, S. 2-4f, with ample lvs. Sept. — Nov. 
\ 

62. DYSODIA, Cav. False Dog-fennel. Rays 2 , disk $ . Invol. 

* single series of partially united scales, usually calyculate. Cyp. elongated, 

4 angled, compressed. Pap. scales chaffy, in 1 series, fimbriately and pal- 

mately cleft into bristles, (i) With large, pellucid glands. Lvs. mostly opp., 

pinnately parted or toothed. Hds. paniculate or corymbous. Fls. yellow. 

D. clirysantliemoid.es Lagasca. Smooth, much branched ; lvs. pinnately-parted, 
lobes linear, toothed ; hds. with few very short rays. Prairies and waysides, W., mi- 
grating E. If. An ill-scented plant. Aug. Sept. 

63. GAILLARDIA, Foug. Rays neutral. Scales in 2 or 3 series, acute, 
leafy, spreading, outer largest. Recep. convex, fimbrillate (naked in No. 1) 
Rays cuneiform, 3-cleft. Cyp. villous with long hairs from its base. Pap- 
pus of 6 — 10 long awns, which are membranous at base. — Leaves alternate, 
entire, often dotted. Heads on long, naked peduncles. May — Aug. 

1 €r. lanceolata Mx. Lvs. lanceolate to linear ; sc. as long as the dark purple disk ; 

rays 8 — 10, small, yellow ; recep. naked. © Barrens, S. Car. to Fla. and Tex. l-2f. 

2 C picta. Lvs. lanceolate ; sc. hairy, longer than disk ; rays 10-12, violet-purple with 

yellow teeth ; recep. fimbrillate with slender awns. (T) % Dak. to Tex. 2f. Handsome. 

64. GAZANIA, Gaert. Rays neutral, disk-As. § . Sc. in several rows, 

united at base. Cyp. wingless, densely hairy. Pap. chaffy. Recep. alveolate. 

— From S. Africa. Hds: solitary, showy, on naked stalks. Rays tricolored 

G. speciosa. Trailing, half-shrubby ; leaves oblong, entire or pinnatifid, smooth above, 
white-tomentous beneath ; rays (10 orange-yellow, each with an eye of white and 
chocolate at its base. Singularly beautilui. 

65. PALAFOXIA, Lagasca. Rays ? or 0. Sc. 8—15, scarious at tip, 

shorter than the disk. Recep. flat, naked. Cyp. 4-angled, slender at base. 

Pap. of 6 — 12 membranous, denticulate, pointed scales. U }j With scattered, 

narrow, entire lvs. and cyanic fls. in a corymb. (Polypteris, N.) Jl.-Sept. 

P. integrifolla T. & G. Rough ; lvs. lance-linear, 1-ve: oed ; rays none ; pap. of 8—10 
pointed scales with fringed edges. Barrens, Ga. and Fla. 3— 5f. Heads purplish. 

66. HYMENOPAPPUS, L'Her. Fls. all 5 , tubular. Sc. 6—12, in 2 

series, oval, obtuse, colored. Recep. small, naked. Anth. exserted. Cyp. 

broad at the summit, attenuate to the base. Pap. of many, short, obtuse, 

membranous scales in 1 series. (§) U Hoaiy- villous. Stem grooved and 

angled. Leaves alternate, pinnately divided. 

H* scabiosceus L'Her. Leaf segm. linear-oblong ; corymb simple ; sc. obovatc, white, 
greenish at base, longer than the disk ; fr. pubescent. W. and S. 1— 2f. Apr.— June 

67. HELENIUM, L. Rays ? or neutral, 3-5-cleft at the expanded 



182 Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 

summit. Disk-fls. 9 . Invol. small, scales linear to filiform, reflexed. Recep. 
naked, convex to oblong. Cyp. angled, clavate or turbinate. Pap. of 5 — 19 
silvery, thin scales. — Herbs with alternate, often decurrent leaves, punctate 
resinous. Heads corymbous or solitary, showy, yellow. 

§ Helleniastkum. Rays pistillate. Pappus awned. Heads corymbed . . . (a) 

a Disk globular, its corollas 5-toothed. Pappus awned Noe 1—4 

a Disk oblong, its corollas 4-toothed. Pappus scales obtuse No. 1 

§ Leftopoda. Rays mostly neutral and fruitless. . .(b) 

I Heads corymbed, on short peduncles. Pappus awned. Disk globous No. 5 

b Head solitary, on a long ped. Disk convex. — c Cypsela glabrous Noa. 6, 7 

— c Cypsela hairy Nos 8 — 10 

1 H. antumnale L. St. strongly winged ; lvs. lanceolate, serrate, decurrent, heads 

loosely corymbed. 71 Damp. 2-3f. Hds. large, with drooping rays. Sept. Very bitter. 

2 H. parviflorum N. St. scarcely winged ; lvs. lanceolate, subeutire, slightly decur- 

rent : sc. filiform, shorter than the globular disk ; hds. small, few. Ga. (Nuttall.) Scarce. 

3 H. ten ui folium N. St. and numerous fastigiate branches wingless; lvs. crowded, 

linear or filiform, fascicled ; sc. subulate. © Fields, Ga. to La. l-2f. Rays spread 10 // . 

4 H. qnadridentatum Lab. Much branched, strongly winged ; lvs. oblong, some 

lobed or toothed ; disk oblong, longer than the rays. Swamps, S-W. l-3f. June-Aug. 

5 H. liracliypoda. St. strongly winged, branches few, corymbous, 1-headed ; hds 

small (4"), rays 8-12, short (S-A'O ; disk brown-purp., globular. Damp, 111. to Ga. l-2f. 

6 H.Leptopoda. Smooth ; st. simple, clustered, naked above; lvs. lanceolate to ob 

long-linear, some decurrent; rays 20 — 30, spreading If; disk convex. Moist soils, 
S. Car. to Fla. 2f. March, April. 

7 H. incisnm. Smooth; lvs. lanceolate, sessile, not decurrent, sinuate-pinnatifid or 

incised ; rays about 40. in 2 or 3 rows ; fruit glabrous. Low barrens, Ga., and W. 2f 

8 H. puberulum. Downy; sts. much clustered; lvs. lance-linear, sessile, not do 

current : rays 20-80. broad, spreading lf-2'; fr. hairy. Wet pine-barrens, S. 2f. Ap.,May. 

9 H. brcvifolium. Pubescent above, single, often some branched ; lvs. lance-obl. to 

linear, obtuse, the radical spatulate, cauline subdecurrent. Wet. S. 2f. May, June 

10 H. fimbriatnni. Smooth; often branched ; leaves lance-linear, suben tire, acute, 
decurrent ; pap. scales deeply cleft into a fringe of bristles. Barrens, Fla. l-2f. Apr. + 

68. BALDWINIA, N. Invol. scales closely imbricated in 2 — 4 rows. 
Recep. convex, deeply honeycombed, with horny walls. Rays 8 — 20, neu- 
tral, in 1 row, 3-toothed. Disk £ . Cypsela silky-villous, immersed in the 
cells. Pappus of 9 — 12 oblong scales, if Simple or corymbed. Leaves 
alternate, linear, punctate. Heads yellow. July — Sept. 

B. uniflora N. St. simple, puberulent, with 1 large head ; rays about 20 ; lvs. below 
linear-spatulate ; pap. scales 9. Swamps, Va. and S. 1— 2f. Rays spreading 2'. 
4. B. multiflora N. Glabrous, corymbously branched ; rays about 10; lvs. crowded, 
narrow linsa- ; fruit truncate and ray-marked at summit, crowned with 12 obovato 
scales. Sand hills, Ga. Fla. 1— 3f. Rays If. (Actinospermum, T. & G.) 

69. MARSH ALLIA, Schreb. False Scabish. Invol. scales lanct 
linear, subequal, erect, in 1 or 2 rows. Recep. convex, with linear, rigid 
pales. Fls. all tubular, 5 . Cor. lobes slender, spreading. Cyp. 5-angled. 
Pappus of 5 or 6 membranous, awned scales, if Simple or branched, 
with alternate, entire, 3-veined leaves, and solitary, long-stalked heads of 
purplish flowers, resembling a Scabish. Ornamental. 

1 M. latifolia Ph. St. simple, leafy ; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acumir ate, sessile ; scales 



Order TO.— COMPOSITE. 183 

rigid, acute ; pales narrowly linear ; pappus triangular-acuminate. Dry soils, Va. to 
Ala. If. Stem purple, smooth. Corollas 6 — 7", slender. May, June. 

2 M. lanceoliita Ph. Stem simple, leafy below; leaves oblanceolate to lanceolate 

mostly obtuse and petiolate : scales obtuse. Uplands, S. 1 — 2f. April — June. 

3 M. angustifolia Ph. Mostly branching, leafy; lvs. narrow-lanceolate to linear 

all acute ; scales acute. Swamps, S. If. Very handsome. July, Aug. 

70. ANTHEMIS, L. Chamomile, &c. Invol. hemispherical, with 
nubequal, small imbricated scales. Rays numerous, generally £ . Recep. 
chaffy (at least at summit), convex or conical. Disk-flowers 5 . Cypsela 
ribbed, smooth, linear or clavate. Pappus a slight border, or 0. — Herbs 
with 1-3-pinnatifid leaves, usually strong-scented. (Rays white.) 

§ Cham^emet.itjt. Pajs pistillate. Cyp. teretish. Lvs. mostly alternate Nos. 1, 2 

§ Martjta. Rays neutral. Cypsela? clubshaped or obovoid. Lvs. alternate No. 3 

1 A. arvensis L. Corn C. St. erect, bushy, whitish-downy ; lvs. bipinnatifid, segm. 

lance-lin. ; branches naked above. 1-headed ; pales cuspidate, longer than the flowers. 
(T) Fields : not common. Resembles Mayweed, but inodorous. 8 — 15'. § Eur. July. 

2 A. nobills L. Garden C. St. prostrate, branched from base, woolly ; lvs. hairy, de- 

compound-pinnatifid, seg. lin. -subulate ; pales some shorter than the fls. u Gardens, 
rarely in fields. Aromatic. § Eur. — Var. with fls. double (florets all radiate). Jl.-Sept 

3 A. Cotula L. Mayweed. Nearly smooth, erect, bushy ; lvs. bipinnatifid, seg. lineai 

subulate ; pales bristly, shorter than the flowers. (J) Waysides: com. If. Hds. term - 
nal, corymbed. disk yellow, rays white, showy. Ill-scented. Jn.-Sept. (Maruta, DC.) 

71. ACHILLiEA, L. Millfoil. Yarrow. Invol. ovoid, of unequal, 
imbricated scales. Rays 5 — 10, short, 5 . Recep. flat, chaffy. Cyp. without 
a pappus. U Leaves much divided, alternate. Heads small, corymbous. 

1 A. Millefolium L. Lvs. bipinnatifid, with linear, dentate, mucronate segments ; 

stem furrowed, corymbed at top; sc. oblong, rays 4 — 5, short. Fields, waste grounds, 
everywhere. 1 — 2f. June— Sept. — A variety with rose-purple flowers, is very pretty. 

2 A. ptarmlca L. Sneezeiuort. Leaves linear, acuminate, sharply serrate, smooth , 

hds. loosely corymbed; rays 8 — 12, longer than invol. (double in cult.) Rare. 15'. § 

72. LEUCANTHEMUM, Tourn. Whiteweed. Invol. broad, de- 
pressed, imbricated. Rays 5 , numerous. Recep. flat, naked. Cyp. striate, 
without pappus. U Lvs. alternate. Hds. solitary, disk yellow, rays white. 

1 li. vulgare Lam. St. simple or branched ; cauline lvs. clasping, few, lance-oblong, 

obtuse, cut-pinnatifid at base ; scales browa at the edge. Too common in our field. 

and pastures. 2f. Rays spreading H'. July— Sept. § Europe. [N. Y. (Gerard.) 

(3. tubuliforme (Tenney). Ray-fls. tubular, very slender, 5-3-lobed. Po'keepsie, 

2 \j. Parthenium Godron. Feverfew. Branched ; lvs. petiolate, 2-3-pinnate, segm. 

ovate, cut ; hds. corymbed. Gardens, rarely in fields. 2f. Often double (Matricaria, C-B ) 

73. MATRICARIA, Tourn. Mother- Carey. Invol. scales imbrica- 
ted, with scarious margins. Recep. conical or convex, naked. Rays 5 or 0. 
Pap. a membranous border on the cyp., or 0. — Herbs with alternate leaves. 

1 TTI. dlscoidea DC. Hds. discoid, few, terminal ; lvs. sessile, 2-3-pinnately-partcd, 
lobes small, linear-oblong, acute ; sc. oval, obtuse, white-edged, much shorter than the 
conical disk. El. and W. Common in Cal. 3-8'. Disk 3" broad and high. Jl.— Sept. 

i Iff. Tanacetum. English Mint. Downy; leaves oval, serrate, lower petiolate ; heads 
small, corymbed, discoid. Europe. 1— 2f. Aromatic. ^Jl. Aug. (M. Balsamitae C-B.) 

74. TANACETUM, L. Tansy. Invol. hemispherical, imbricate the 



184 Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 

scales all minute. Recep. convex, naked. Pap. a slight membranous bor- 
der. Cyp. with a large, epigynous disk. — Lvs. alternate, much dissected 
Flowers yellow, discoid. 

1 T. vulgare L. Lvs. pinnatifid, segm. oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid and cut-serrate ; 

hds. fastigiate-corymbous, ray-fls. terete, tubular, 3-toothed. u Waysides 2-3f. Aug. 

2 T. Hnronense Nutt. Lvs. bipimiatifid, lobes oblong, often again pinnatifid; head* 

large, corymbed ; ray-fls. flattened, unequally 3-5-cleft. v Sandy shores, W. 2— 3f. 

75. CHRYSANTHEMUM, L. Invol. bell-shaped, sc. imbricated, sea 
rlous at the edges. Recep. flat or convex, naked in the disk. Rays ? , disk- 
fls. 5 , 5- toothed. Cyp. angular or compressed. Pap. or tooth-like. — Plants 
ornamental, from E. Asia, with alternate, lobed lvs. and large rays. Fig. 387. 

§ Pyrethrum. Cypselse wingless, angular, all alike. Plants perennial . . . .Nos. 1—3 
§ Chrysanthemum. Cjt). of the ray 3-angled, of the disk compressed. ® Nos. 4, 5 

1 O. Sinense. Shrubby; lvs. sinuate-pinnatifid, thick, glaucous; rays much longer than 

the obtuse scales. Beautiful flowers of all colors, late in Autumn. 2— 3f. 

2 C Indictjm. Shrubby; leaves incisely-pinnatifid, thin, flaccid; rays little longer than 

the obtuse scales, spreading about 1'. Heads much smaller than in No. 1. 

3 €. roseum. Perennial, glabrous ; lvs. 2-3-pinnatisect ; hds. solitary, termimil ; scales 

brown-edged ; rays rose-colored or white, often double, ic Heads V broad. 

4 C. coronarium. Annual : lvs. clasping, bipinnatifid, lobes dilated at summit; flowers 

large, terminal, yellow ; pappus none. S. Europe. 3f. Varieties double, &c. Aug. 

5 C. carinatum. Tricolored C. Annual; lvs. thick, bipinnatifid ; scales carinate ; ray* 

white, yellow at base, disk purple. Barbary. 1— 2f. Flowers all Summer. 

76. ARTEMISIA, L. Wormwood, &c. Invol. ovoid, imbricate, with 
dry, connivent scales. Recep. without pales. Disk-fls. numerous, £ , tubu- 
lar ; ray-fls. few, often without stamens and with a subulate corolla or none. 
Ctypsela with a small disk. Pappus 0. — Bitter herbs. Leaves alternate. 
Heads yellow or purplish, discoid. Aug., Sept. 

§ Absinthium. Recep. villous or hairy. Fls. all fertile, heterogamous Nos. 1, 

§ Abrotanum. Recep. naked. Fls. all fertile. — a Lvs. or segm. lanceolate. .Nos. 3, 4 

—a Lvs. or segm. linear Nos. 5 — 7 

§ Dracunculus. Recep. naked. Disk-fls. sterile.— 6 Lvs. trifid or entire... Nos. 8, 9 

—b Lvs. pinnatisect....Nos. 10 — 12 

1 A. Absinthium L. Common W. Leaves mnltifid, clothed with short silky down 

both sides ; seg. lanceolate ; hds. hemispherical, drooping. Waysides, N. l-2f. § Eur. 

2 A. frigida Willd. Lvs. silky canescent, the cauline pinnatifid ; seg. linear, 3-5-cleft ; 

hds. small, glob., drooping; inner sc. woolly. Rocky hills, Minn. Dak., and W. 6-12'. 

3 A. Lndoriciana N Canescent-tomentous ; leaves lanceolate, the lower serrate or 

pinnatifid, upper entire ; heads ovoid, in a slender, leafy panicle, if Shores, Mich, 
and W. 2 — 5f. Heads small and crowded. 
I \. vulgaris L Mugwort. Lvs. canescent-tomentous beneath, pinnatifid with Ian 
ctolate segments, upper entire ; heads erect, ovoid, subsessile, in a branched panicle. 
Waysides, N. and W. 3f. § Europe. 

5 A. Abr6tanum. Southernwood. Hoary; leaves bipinnatisect ; heads hemispherical, 

nodding, downy. From S. Europe. 3f. [ding. Eur. Si. 

6 A. Pontica. Roman W. Lvs. hoary beneath, 2-3-pinnatisect ; heads globular, nod 

7 A. biennis Willd. Erect, glabrous, simple ; lvs. 1-2-pinnatifid, lobes sharply serratt 

or cut, those above subentire ; hds. globular, erect, spicate, in a virgate, leafy panicle 
(2) Common westward, migrating E. to Po'keepsie (Gerard), and to Pa. l-3f. Aug ♦ 



Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 185 

8 A. Dracttncultts. Tarragon. Glabrous ; lvs. lin. -lanceolate, lower trifid ; heads glo- 

bous. From Siberia. 3f. A garden salad. Give a rich fragrance to vinegar. 

9 A. dracunculoid.es Ph. Canescent when young, branched ; lvs. lin. -filiform, tho 

radical often trifid ; hds. small, globular ; inner scales roundish, outer oblong. % N-W. 

10 A. borealis Pal. Tufted, silky-villous, simple; lower lvs. petiolate, lance-linear, 
entire at base, ternately, pinnately, or bipinnately parted at apex with lin. lobes ; hds. 
hemispherical ; scales colored. % Shores of Lake Superior, N. and W. 6-12'. 

11 A. Canadensis Mx. Sea W. Glabrous (mostly) ; lvs. 1-2-pinnatisect with lineai 
Beg. ; hds. roundish, sessile, in a pan. of glomerules. u Lake shores, N. 2-4f. Hds. 1". 

12 A. caudata Mx. Glabrous, simple, densely paniculate; lvs. 3-2-1-pinnatisect with 
alternate, filiform segm. ; heads globous, pedicellate, erect. © Coast, N. H. to Ga. 4f. 

77. SOLIVA, R. & P. Invol. of 5 — 15 scales in 1 row. Recep. flat, 
n\ted. Fertile fls. in several rows, apetalous; $ fls. few, interior, with a 
3 -5-toothed corolla. Cyp. obcornpressed, tipped with the persistent style 
and no pappus.— Little matted herbs with pinnatifid lvs. and sessile heads. 
S. nasturtiifolia DC. Lf. lobes 5—9, oblong, obtuse; sc. 10 — 15; fr. obconic, rugous, 

crowned with a dense tuft of wool instead of a pappus. Sandy shores, S. 1—3'. 

78. GNAFHALIUM, L. Cudweed. Everlasting. Heads discok., 
heterogamous. Invol. imbricate with scarious, colored scales. Marginal 
fls. ? , subulate, mostly in several rows ; central fls. $ . Recep. flat, naked. 
Pappus a single row of scabrous, hair-like bristles. — Herbs generally 
clothed with whitish wool. Leaves alternate, entire. 

* Heads in terminal corymbous clusters. August Nos. 1—3 

* Heads in axillary, somewhat spicate clusters Nos. 4, 5 

1 G. dec urrens Ives. Lvs. decurrent, linear-lanceolate, very acute, naked above, white 

and woolly beneath ; fls. in dense, roundish, terminal clusters. % Hilly pastures, N. 
Eng. to Penn. and Mich. 2f. Lvs. green above. Fls. yellow, scales white. 

2 G. pelyceplialum Mx. Woolly; lvs. sessile, linear-lanceolate, acute, scabrous 

above ; hds. capitate, corymbous ; sc. ovate-lanceolate, acute. (I) Dry. l-2f. Fragrant. 

3 G. uliginosum L. Cudweed. St. diffusely branched, woolly ; lvs. sessile, linear- 

lanceolate ; hds. small (1" wide), in terminal, crowded, leafy clusters ; scales obtuse, 
yellowish or brownish ; fruit smooth. ® Moist hollows, N. M. W. 4— 6'. 

4 G. purpiireuni L. Erect; lvs. linear- or obovate-spatulate, canescent beneath, green 

above ; hds. sessile, crowded ; sc. acuminate, purplish. ® Dry fields. 8 — 12'. June. 

5 G. supinum Villars. Caespitous, woolly ; lvs. linear; hds. few, oblong, in a spicate 

raceme or solitary ; scales acute, brown. White Mountains. 2 — 4'. Rare. 

6 G. fcetidtjm, from S. Africa, has yellow neads, entire, clasping leaves. 2f. Hardy. 

79. ANTENNARIA, Br. Everlasting. Heads ? $ . Invol. of im- 
bricate, colored scales. $ Cor. filiform. Recep. subconvex, alveolate. 
Pap. a single row of bristles, if Tomentous. Lvs. alternate, entire. Hds 
corymbous, with white or brownish, never yellow scales. 

1 A. margaritacea Br. Woolly-white, erect, corymbed above ; lvs. lin. -lanceolate, 

3-veined ; scales elliptic, obtuse, pearl-white, fadeless. Fields. 1— 2f. July. 

2 A. plantaginifolia Br. Mouse-ear E. Simple, with running stolons ; leaves ova) 

to spatulate, the cauline small, bract-like ; hds. in a close terminal cluster, purplish, 
all $ in some plants, all $ in others, in early Spring. Borders of woods. 5 — 8 ; . 

80. FILAGO, Toum. Cotton Rose. Heads heterogamous. Recep 
columnar, naked at top, chaffy below, with pales resembling the scaler 



186 Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 

each with a $ fl. in its axil. Cyp. terete, the central with a hairy pappus 
—Herbs canescent downy. July, Aug. §. 

F. Germanica L. Lvs. erect, crowded, linear-lanceolate ; hds. in capitate clusters, 
which are successively proliferous ; scales cuspid., straw-color. ® Fields, E. 6 — 10 7 . 

81. AMMOBIUM, Br. Invol. imbricated, sc. with broad, scarious, 

spreading tips. Recep. broad-conic, chaffy. Fls. all tubular, $ . Cyp. 4- 

augled, 4-toothed. U Australia. Stems winged with the decurrent leaves. 

\ . axatum. (D In gardens. 1— 2f. Villous-canescent. Eoot lvs. oblong-petioled. In- 
volucre white, flowers yellow. Summer. 

82. RHODANTHE, Lindl. Involucre top-shaped, imbricate, sc. dry, 

ovate, acute, the inner radiate-spreading. Recep. naked. Fls. all tubular, 

5-toothed, 5 . Cyp. woolly. Pap. of plumous bristles. ® Australia. 

R. Manglesii. Lvs. oblong, clasping, entire ; hds. large, fadeless, rose-colored, varie- 
gated. A splendid "Everlasting," with many beautiful varieties. Hds. 1 — 2'diani. 

83. HELICHRYSUM, Cass. Immortal Flower. Invol. imbricate, 
with scarious, colored scales. Recep. flat, naked of pales. Pap. a row of 
bristles, often cohering. — Herbs or shrubs, chiefly 8. African. Lvs. alter- 
nate. A vast genus of 200 species. 

1 H. bracteatum. Branching, pubernlent ; lvs. lanceolate to linear, repand, acuminate , 

hds. terminal, bracted at base ; outer scales brownish, the inner radiant, ylw. to wh. 

2 H. macranthum. Subsimple, scabrous ; lvs. spatulate to lance-oblong, obtuse, en 

tire ; hd. 1 or few, large, white outside, roseate within ; inner scales radiant. (5) — U 
0. compositum. Hds. composite (or double), purple, carmine, yellow, white. 
y. atrosanguineum. Hds. composite, with deep crimson scales and pappus. 18' 

84. XERANTHEMUM, Toirrn. Hds. discoid, heterogamous. Invol 
hemispherical, imbricated, dry, with radiant, colored scales. Recep. with 
3-toothed, dry pales. Pap. chaffy-bristly. (D S. Eur. Lvs. entire. Hds. 
white or rose-colored. 

X. radiatum. Eternal Floiver. Erect, branched. Lvs. linear-oblong ; hds. 1—2' diam. 

85. ERECHTITES, Raf. Ftre-weed. Fls. all tubular, those of the 
margin $ , of the disk $ - Invol. cylindrical, simple, slightly calyculate. 
Recep. naked. Pap. of numerous, fine, capillary bristles. @ Lvs. simple, 
alternate. Fls. corymbous, whitish. A rank weed. 

E. hieracifolius Raf. St. virgate, paniculate ; lvs. oblong, acute, clasping, unequal!) 
and deeply cut-toothed ; invol. smooth; fr. hairy. Burnt grounds, &c. 3f. Aug. + . 

86. O AC ALIA, L. Tassel-flower. Fls. all tubular, $ . Involucre 

cylindric, oblong, in one series, often calyculate with small scales at the 

base. Recep. not chaffy. Pap. capillary, scabrous. ©If. Smooth. Lvs. 

alternate. Heads of flowers corymbed, mostly cyanic. 

§ Scales of the invol. cohering, about 12. Flowers 60—80. scarlet No. 8 

| Scales of the jnvol. distinct, — a about 12. Flowers 20—30, white No. 1 

—a 5 only. Fls. 5. — b Lvs. cordate or lobed Nos. 8 — 4 

—b Lvs. never cordate Nos. 5—1 



Order 70.— COMPOSITES. 187 

1 C. suaveolens L. Glabrone ; st. striate-angular ; lvs. on winged petioles, hastate- 

sagittate, dentate, green on both sides ; fls. white, 2f Ct., W. andS. : rare. 4 — 5f. Aug. 

2 C. reniformis Muhl. St. sulcate-angled ; lvs. palmately-veined, nearly smooth, 

green, petiolate, lower reniform, upper flabelliform. if Woods, 111. to Car. 3 — 6f. Jl. 

3 C. atriplicifolia L. St. terete ; lvs. petiolate, smooth, glaucous beneath, palmate- 

veined, angu^arly-lobed and dentate, the lower subcordate. N. Y., S. and W. 3-5f. Jl. 

4 C diversifolia T. & G. Not glaucous ; st. striate-angled ; lower lvs. cordate-ovate, 

obtuse, repand-dentate, upper 3-5-lobed, subhastate. if Swamps, Fla. 2 — 3f. May + . 
b C tuberosa N. St. angular-sulcate ; lvs. oval or ovate, strongly 5-7-veined, not 

glaucous, petiolate, lower petioles very long, if Swamps, W. and S. 2— 5f. May — Jl. 
ft <J. ovata Ell. St. terete; lvs. glaucous beneath, 3-5-veined, ovate and oval, entire oi 

undulate-margined, contracted at base into petioles, if Swamps, S. 3 — 4f. July + . 

7 C. lanceolata N. St. terete ; lvs. 8-veined, glaucous beneath, lanceolate to lance- 

linear, the lower tapering to petioles, upper sessile ; corymb simple, if Ga. Fla. 5f. 

8 C coccinea. Tassel-flower. Root leaves ovate-spatulate, cauline clasping-auriculate ; 

invol. much shorter than the scarlet fls., finally refiexed. E. Ind. 1 — 2f. June — Sept. 

87. SENECIO, L. Groundsel. Invol. of many equal scales, or in 
vested with a few shorter ones at base. Fls. all tubular, 5 , or usually radi- 
ate and rays 2 . Recep. not chaffy. Pap. simple, capillary and copious. 
— A vast genus of herbs and shrubs. Lvs. alternate. Fls. mostly yellow, 
exceeding the invol. Fig. 160. 

§ Rays none. Root annual. (A perennial climber, No. 11.) No. 1 

§ Rays yellow. — a Radical leaves undivided. Achenia glabrous Nos. 2, c 

— a Radical leaves undivided. Achenia pubescent Nos. 4, E 

— a Radical leaves divided, as well as the cauline Nos. 6, 7 

§ Rays purple, &c. Species of Cineraria, L. &c. in the greenhouse Nos. 8 — 10 

1 S. vulgaris L. St. paniculate, erect, angular ; lvs. sinuate-pinnatifid, dentate, am 

plexicaul. (D A weed in gardens, &c. If. 18'. Flowers all Summer. 
1 S. aureus L. Radical lvs. ovate, cordate, crenate-serrate, petiolate, cauline ones 
lyrate-pinnatifid, dentate, terminal segments lanceolate ; ped. subumbellate, thick ; 
rays 8—12 ; fr. glabrous, if Woods, meadows. 1— 2f. Rays spread 1'. May— Aug. 

(8. JBalsdmitoe, Pubescent; lvs. few, small, the radical lance-oblong. Rocks, 

y. g-rdcilts. Root lvs. roundish, on long petioles, cauline linear-oblong, dentate. 

8. obovatus. Root leaves obovate to oblong-spatulate ; peduncles long. 

S. lanceolatus, Lvs. lanceolate, the cauliue pinnatifid at base. Vt. Rare. 

C,. disvoitleus (Porter). Rays none ; lvs. obov.-spatulate, cauline pinnatifid. Penn 

3 S. obovatus Ell. Tomentous, becoming glabrous ; root lvs. obovate or roundish. 

crenate, with an attenuated, sessile base ; cauline few, small, cut-pinnate ; corymli 
small, rays 10—12, spreading V . 2f Va. to Fla. If. Stem nearly leafless. May. 

4 S. tomentosus Mx. Cottony-tomentous ; st. lvs. obovate to oblanceolate, obtus»i 

long-petioled, crenate, upper sessile or none ; rays 12 — 15, spreading 16". if Va. & S. 

5 S. anonymus Wood. Cottony-tomentous; root lvs. oblong, obtuse, crenatety 

toothed or lobed, cauline pinnatifid, the lobes dentate ; hds. small, rays 6—9, spread- 
ing 6". if Thickets, Ala. (Montgomery). 2f. Corymbs compound. May, June. 

6 S, Canadensis L. Lvs. glabrous, bipinnatifid; seg. lobed, obtuse, the few uppei 

pinnatifid ; corymbs compound ; rays 9— ,2. if Canada (Kalm), Mts. N. Car. 

7 S, lobatus Pers. Butterweed. Glabrous ; leaves all pinnatifid, the lower lyrately, 

lobes crenate ; invol. subcalyculate ; rays 10—12. ® Wet. S. : com. 2— 3f. Mar. Apr. 

8 S. ELEOANS-. Ihirple Jacobcea. Lvs. pinnatifid, hairy, viscid; scales scarious at tip, 

calyculate with an outer row of short green ones. ® S. Afr. Purp., varying to white. 
S. lanata. Lvs. roundish, angular, cordate, woolly beneath ; rays vivid purple in 
side, wh. outside; disk white or blue, if Canaries. 3f. Shrubby.— Many varieties., 



1S8 Ohder 70.— COMPOSITE. 

10 S. cruentus. Lvs. angular, cordate, cut-toothed, purple beneath, the petioles wing 
ed, ear-shaped at the base ; heads in a broad corymb, crimson, purple, blue, white 
2f Canaries. . A common handsome greenhouse plant. 

11 S. scandens. German Ivy. Climbing and twining; leaves smooth, roundish-cordate, 
5-7 angled or lobed ; corymbs axillary, of small rayless yellow heads. Zf S. Africa 
Blooms freely in California, rarely in our greenhouses. 

/ 

88. ARNICA, L. Involucre of equal, lanceolate scales, 1- or 2-rowed. 

Ray fls. 9 , disk $ . Receptacle flat, with scattered hairs. Pap. single, 
rigid, and serrulate, if Stem simple. Leaves opposite. Flowers yellow. 

1 A. mollis Hook. Pubescent; stem leafy; lvs. becoming nearly glabrous, dentate. 

lance-oblong, radical ones petiolate; hds. few ; fr. hairy. Mts. &c. N. H., N. Y. July 

2 A. nudica fills Ell. Hairy; st. nearly naked ; lvs. all sessile, ovate, subentire, the 

cauline bract-like ; heads large, rays 12, spreading 2' ; fruit glabrous. Wet sandh 
Va. to Fla. If. April, May. 

89. RUGELIA, Shutt. Invol. as in Arnica. Fls. all tubular, g . Re 

cep. convex, naked. Cyp terete, striate. Pap. of rough bristles. U Lvs 

alternate. Heads large. 

R. nudicaulis Shutt. St. simple, erect; branches 1-flwd. ; root lvs. ample, ovate. 
narrowed to long winged petioles ; stem lvs. small, snbsessile. Mts., Tenn. If. 

90. CYNARA, L. Heads discoid, homogamous. Invol. dilated, im 
bricate, scales fleshy, emarginate, pointed. Receptacle fibrillate. Pap. plu- 
moas. C} r psela3 not beaked. U Spiny. Leaves not decurrent. 

1 C. Sc6ltmtjs. Garden Artichoke. Leaves subspinous, pinnate, and undivided ; invol. 

scales ovate. Gardens. The heads are used as asparagus. Coarse plants. 
1 C. caedunculus. Cardoon. Leaves spiny, all pinnatifid ; invol. scales ovate. S. Eur 

The petioles, blanched by culture, are used as celery. 

91. TAGETES, L. Marigold. Heads heterogamous. Invol. simple, 
tubular, of 5 — 10 united scales. Ray-fls. 5, persistent. Receptacle naked. 
Pap. of 5 erect awns. ® Tropical America. Leaves pinnately divided. 

1 T. patula. French Marigold. Stem erect, with widely-spreading, l-headed branches , 

If. segm. linear-lanceolate; ped. long; invol. terete. Yel. and dark purp. Handsome. 

2 T. eeecta. African Marigold. Stem stout, erect ; If. segm. lanceolate; ped. 1-flwd., 

thickened at top ; involucre angular. Yellow and orange. 

3 T. Florida. Erect, corymbously branched ; lvs. lanceolate, opposite, ari3tate-serrate ; 

rays mostly 3, large, yellow. Mexico. 18'. 

92. CALENDULA, L. Pot Marigold. Heads radiate. Invol. of 

many equal leaves, in about 2 series. Rays 5 , disk $ . Receptacle naked. 

Cyp. of the disk membranaceous. Pap. 0. ® Oriental. Lvs. alternate. 

V, officinalis. Viscid-pubescent; stem branched; lvs. oblong, acute, mucronate, ses- 
sile ; hds. terminal, solitary ; large, brilliant, orange, lemon, double, &c. June — Sep. 

93. CENTAUREA, L. Knap-weed. Bachelor's-button. Hds. 
discoid. Invol. imbricate. Fls. all tubular, the marginal often enlarged, 
ray-like, neutral. Pappus filiform, scale-form, or 0. ©71 Lvs. alternate. 

* Scales of the involucre with a fringed or pectinate appendage Nos. 1, 2 

* Scales not appendaged, — a merely ciliate or spinescent Nos. 3, 4 

—a nor ciliate nor spinescent (Amberboa) Nos. 5, C< 



Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 189 

1 C. Americana N. Erect, sparingly branched ; leaves sessile, glabrous, repand 

toothed, ovate-oblong to lanceolate ; hds. few, very large, with the marginal fls. rcucfi 
enlarged, pale-purple. (T) Ark. La. and § in HI. 2 — 4f. Appendages straw-yeJow. 

2 C. nigra L. Erect, branched, pubescent ; Irs. angular-lyrate to lanceolate, dentate ; 

ec. ovate ; marg. fls. not enlarged, all purp. u Fields. Append, dark brown. §Enx. 

3 C. Cyanns L. Bachelor's-button. Erect, branched, downy; lvs. linear; sc. ciliate- 

serrate : outer fls. much enlarged. ©Fields, gardens. Purple, blue, white. 

4 C. Calcitrapa L. Star Thistle. Hairy, diffusely branched ; lvs. pinnately lobed 

lobes lin. ; scales tipped with spreading spines. © Pa. to N. Car. Purple. § Eur. 

5 C. 3IOSCHATA. Lvs. lyrate, dentate ; invol. subglobous, smooth ; sc. ovate ; ray-fis. 

scarcely enlarged ; pap. 0. ® Persia. Purple, varying to white. July — October. 
d C. suaveolens. Yellow Sweet Sultan. Lvs. oblong, toothed, the upper pinnatifid al 
base ; ray fls. much enlarged, yellow ; pap. chaff-like. ® Levant. 1 — 2f. July — Sept. 

94. OARTHAMUS, L. Saffron. Hds. discoid. Invol. imbricated, 

outer bracts foliaceous. Fls. all tubular and £ , filaments smooth. Pap. .0. 

Receptacle with setaceous pales. Cypselae 4-angled. — Oriental herbs. 

C. tinctorius. St. smooth ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, sessile, spinous-denticulate, half 
clasping. ® Egypt. Heads large, with long, slender, orange-colored flowers. July. 

95. ONIOUS, Vaill. Blessed Thistle. Heads discoid. Invol. ven- 

tricous, imbricate with doubly spinous scales. Ray-fls. sterile. Receptacle 

very hairy. Pappus in 3 series, the outer 10- toothed, the 2 inner each 10- 

bristled. — Oriental herbs. 

C. benedictus L. Lvs. somewhat decurrent ; dentate and spiny ; invol. doubly spi 
nous, woolly, bracteate. Fields, &c. : rare. 2f. Heads large, yellow. § 

96. ONOPORDON, Vaill. Cotton Thistle. Heads discoid, homog- 

amous. Involucre ventricous, imbricate with spreading, spinous scales. 

Recep. deeply alveolate. Pappus copious, capillary, scabrous. Cypselae 4- 

angled. — Large, branching herbs, with decurrent leaves. 

O. acantliium L. Plant cottony-white ; involucre scales spreading, subulate ; leave* 
ovate-oblong, sinuate, spinous, (f) Waste grounds : rare. 3f. Fls. purp. Jl., Aug. 

97. CIRSIUM, Tourn. Thistle. Hds. discoid, homogamous. Invol 
subglobous, of many rows of spinous-pointed, imbricated scales. Recep. 
bristly. Style scarcely divided. Pap. copious, plumous. Cyp. compressed, 
smooth. — Herbs with alternate lvs., generally armed with spinous prickles. 
Flowers in Summer. Figs. 178, 345. 

* Leaves decurrent on the stem more or less, floccous-woolly beneath Nos . \ 

* Leaves not decurrent,— a white-tomentous both sides. Plants low, stout.. .Nos. 3 4 

— a white tomentous beneath only. Plants slender.. Nos. 5- 1 

—a green oth sides. — b Hds. leafy -bracted at base. . .Nos. 8, 9 

— b Hds. naked, few, large (10- Nos. 10, 11 

— b Hds. naked, many, small No. 12 

1 CJ» lanceolatum Scop. Common Thistle. Lvs. decurrent, pinnatifid, hispid, the 

segments divaricate and spinous ; hds. several, ovoid, villous ; scales lanceolate, tip- 
ped with a spine, spreading. (§) N. and M. : common. 3 — if. Heads purple. 

2 C Lecontii T. & G. Slender, subsimple, with few hds. ; lvs. lin. -lanceolate, more 

or less decurrent, hoary beneath, teeth few, spinous ; scales not spinous, cuspidate 
heads large (!' diameter), purple. Swamps, Ga. Fla. to La. 2f. 



190 Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 

3 C Pitclieri T. & G White-tomentous ; lvs. pinnatifid, segm. linear, spinous, margin* 

revolute ; scales spine-pointed ; flowers ochroleucous. u Lake shores, W. June, July. 

4 C. undu.la.tum Spr. White-tomentous ; lvs. lance-oblong, simmte-pinnatifid, wavy, 

prickly ; scales scarcely prickly ; flowers purple. © Mich., and N. 1 — 2f. 

5 C. discolor Spr. Slender, much branched; lvs. pinnatifid, segm. 2-lobed, divari- 

cate, spinous ; scales ovate, tipped with a spreading spine. © N. 3— 5f. July + . 

(J C. altissimum Spr Tall, branching, villous, leafy to the top; lvs. lance-oblong, 
often sinuate-dentate, or pinnatifid, spinescent ; scales lance-ovate, the outer with a 
spreading spine. Fields, M. and W. 3 — 8f. Purple. August. 

T fj. Yirginianum Mx. Slender, subsimple, naked above; lvs. lanceolate, margin h 
revolute, spinescent, lobed or dentate, white-downy beneath ; heads small (6 ;/ ) ; scale? 
bristle-tipped. Woods, W. and S. 3— 4f. Purple. April— Sept. 

S C. horridulum Ms. Cottony when young ; leaves cut-pinnatifid, spinous ; heads 
large, invested by a whorl of very spiny bracts ; scales sharp-pointed. © Uplands, 
N. Eng. to Fla. Flowers purple or cream-color. 1 — 3f. April — August. 

<* C pumilum Spr. Hairy; lvs. few above, green, clasping, lance-oblong, pinnatifiu, 
segm. lobed, spinous ; heads few. very large, subtended by 1—5 bracts ; invol. round- 
ovate, spinous. © Pastures, waysides, N. Eng. to Pa., and W. : com. 1— 2f, stout. 
Flowers purple, fragrant. July, August. 

f *) C. muticum Mx. Lvs. pinnatifid ; heads on naked peduncles, bractless ; invoJ 
unarmed, with webbed and glutinous scales. ©Damp. 3 — 7f. Has. 1'. Aug., Sept. 
0. g-labrum. Nearly glabrous ; lvs. lance-lin., lobed ; scales with minute spines. S. 

I I C. repandum Mx. Lvs. crowded to top, at length jrreen both sides, clasping, lin.- 

oblong, wavy, spinous-ciliate ; hds. 1 or 2; inner scales subulate. Barrens, S. 1— 2f 
11C. arvense Scop. Canada Thistle. Lvs. sinuate-pinnatifid, wavy, lance-oblong ■ 

hds. panicled, small (5"), numerous ; scales with minute prickles. % Waysides, fields. 

N. and W. A pernicious weed, hard to extirpate. 3f. Very prickly, except its heads. 
J I C. PuxcHERRiMuai with yellow flowers, 3f high, is rarely planted in borders. 

II C. Ianthium. A greenhouse shrub, covered with pale blue flowers. From Mexico. 

98. LAPPA, Tourn. Burdock. Heads discoid, homogamous. Invol 

globous, the scales imbricated and hooked at the extremity. Recep. bristty 

Pap. bristly, scabrous, caducous, (g) European herbs. Lvs. alternate, large 

cordate, petiolate. Hds. panicled, pink-purple, very adhesive by the hooks 

L. officinalis Allioni. — A coarse weed, in waste and cultivated grounds, E. and W. 3f 
(L. major Gaert.)— Varies with small hds. and lvs. somewhat pinnatifid. (L. minor DC. ) 

99. LAMPSANA, Tourn. Ndpplewort. Hds. radiant, 8-12-flwd. 
Invol. cylindrical, angular. Scales 8, erect, in one row, with 2 or 3 
minute bractlets at base. Recep. naked. Cyp. glabrous. Pap. 0. — Slender, 
oriental herbs, with small, yellow heads, in paniculate corymbs. 

Ei. communis L. Stem leafy ; lvs. ovate, petiolate, dentate ; ped. cylindrical ; invol. 
angular in fruit. ® Waysides, Quebec, Boston, and W. Rare. 

100. APOGON, Ell. Heads radiant. Invol. scales ovate, acuminate, 
about 8, in two rows. Recep. naked. Ach. glabrous, oval, longitudinally 
12-striate. Pappus 0. @ Herbs glabrous and glaucous, branched from 
the base. Leaves alternate, lanceolate. Heads small, yellow. 

A« hiimilis Ell.— Woods, S. Car. to Fla. and La. 3— 12'. Slender, smooth ; lvs. vary- 
ing to linear, entire or lyrately lobed. Heads 3" broad. March— June. 

101. CICHORIUM, Tourn. Chicory. Invol. double, the outer of 5 



Order 70.— COMPOS1 rM. 191 

leafy scales, the inner of about 8 linear ones. Receptacle chaffy. Pappus 
scaly. Cypselae not rostrate, obscurely 5-sided. — Oriental herbs with 
bright blue flowers, about 20 in a head. 

1 C Intybus L. Root lvs. runcinate, cauline bract-like ; heads axillary, subsessile 

mostly in pairs. %. Dooryards, waysides, E. 2 — 3f. Rays large, showy, 5-toothed 
The root, or its extract, is often mixed with coffee. July — Sept. § Europe. 

2 C. Endivia. Endive. Root leaves sinuate-dentate or pinnatifid, cauline auric-ed ai 

base ; heads axillary, 3 — 5 together. ® India. Cultivated as a salad. 

102. KRIGIA, Schreb. Dwarf Dandelion. Involucre rnany-leaved, 
nearly simple, equal. Recep. naked. Cypselae turbinate, striate, 5-angled. 
Pappus double, consisting of 5 broad, membranous scales, alternating with 
as many slender, scabrous bristles, (l) Araulescent, small. Leaves lyrately 
lobed. Scapes simple. Heads solitary, with 20 — 30 yellow flowers. 

1 K.. Virg'iniea Willd. Early lvs. round-spatulate, subentire, the later toothed and 

pinnatifid ; scapes 1—5 or more, 1'— 10' high. Rocks and sands. Hds. 5—6''. May + . 

2 K.. Carolinlana N. Early lvs. lin.-oblanceolate, few-toothed, later lvs. lyrate-pin 

natiM, or angular-lobed ; scapes 1—5 or more, 2'— 12'. Sands. S. Feb. — May. 

103. CYNTHIA, Don. In vol. nearly simple, of equal, narrow scales. 
Recep. flat, alveolate. Pap. double, the outer minute, scaly, inner copious, 
capillary. Cyp. short, if Lvs. alternate or all radical. Fls. 15 — 20, yellow. 

1 C. VIrginica Don. St. few-leaved, subumbellate ; lvs. lance-obl., repaud-dentate. 

rarely lobed, petiolate. N. Y. to 111., and S. Very smooth. 1— 2f. Hds. %''. June. 

2 C. Dandelion DC. Acaulescent; scapes leafless, simple, 1-liwd. ; lvs. spatulate-obl 

to lance-lin., entire or toothed, rarely pinnatifid. Md. to Ga. and Tex. 6— IS'. Mar.-Jn 

104. LEONTODON, L. Autumn Dandelion. Invol. imbricate, the 
outer sc. very short. Recep. naked. Pap. plumous, persistent on the some- 
what rostrate cypsela. — Acaulescent herbs with yellow fls., many in a head. 

L. antumnalis L. Scape branching; ped. scaly-bracted ; lvs. lanceolate, dentate- 
pinnatifid, smoothish. Waysides, meadows, &c. E. N. Eng. 6'— 20'. Hds. several, neai 
1' in diameter. July — Oct. § Europe. 

105. TRAGOPOGON, L. Vegetable Oyster. Invol. simple, of 
many leaves. Recep. naked. Pap. plumous. Cyp. longitudinally striate, 
contracted into a long, filiform beak. (2) European, with long, grass-like lvs 

T. porrifolins L. Invol. much longer than the corolla ; lvs. lance-linear ; ped. thick 
ened upward; pappus tawny. Waysides, &c. N. Y. (Hankenson). 3f. June. § $ 

105. HIERACIUM, Tourn. Hawkweed. Invol. more or less imbri 
cated, ovoid, many-flwd. Sc. very unequal. Cyp. not rostrate. Pap. a single 
row of copious, tawny, fragile bristles. U Lvs. alternate, entire or toothed. 

* Heads 40-50-fiwd. Invol. more or less imbricated. Cyp. blunt at tcp Nos. 1, 9 

* Heads 12-30-flwd. Involucre simple. — a Achenia contracted at the top Nos. 3, 4 

— a Achenia not contracted upward. .Nos. 5, 6 

1 H. Canadense Mx. St. erect, subvillous, leafy, corymbed ; lvs. sessile, ovate-obl, 
to lanceolate, acute, with few acute teeth ; invol. strongly imbricated ; fruit brown. 
Rocky woods, N. Eng. to Wis., and N. l-2f. Stout. Hds. near V broad. Aug., Sept 



192 Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 

% H. seabrum Mx. Leafy, rough-hirsute, glandular above ; lvs. obovate to elliptic 
subentire ; invol. scarcely imbricated ; fr. red. Hilly woods. 1— 3f. Hds. 9". Aug 

3 H. longipilum Torr. Clothed with long, erect, shaggy hairs\ lvs. lance-oblong 
entire ; hds. glandular, 20-30-flwd. in a small naked panicle. W. 1— 2f. July, Aug. 

i H. Groitovii L. Hairy, paniculate, glandular at top ; lvs. obovate to lance-oblong, 
slightly toothed, the cauline sessile, often few ; fr. 20—30, narrowed above.— "Varies 
with stems leafy or subnaked ; pan. close or diffuse. Dry hills: com. 1— 3f. Au>* + . 

5 H. venosnm L. Scape or stem leafless, or with one leaf, paniculate, smooth ; « 

obovate, entire, nearly glabrous, with purple veins ; scales smooth ; fls. 20 ; fr. linear. 
Woods, E. and W. 1— 2f. Hds. on slender ped., broader (9'0 than in No. 4. Jl., Aug 

6 H. panieulatum L. Slender, leafy, diffusely paniculate : lvs. lanceolate, glabrous ; 

pea. very slender ; fls. 10—20 ; fr. short-cylindric, black. Woods : com. 2— 3f. Aug. 

107. CATANANCHE, L. Invol. imbricated, scarious. Recep. pale- 
aceous. Pap. paleaceous, 5-leaved. Pales awned. (I) Oriental herbs, with 
alternate, lanceolate leaves. 

C. ccekulea L. Lvs. villous, somewhat bipinnatifid at base ; invol. lower scales ovate, 
mucronate. S.Europe. 2 — 3f. Heads on long peduncles. Blue. July + . 

108. NABALUS, Cass. Drop Flower. Invol. cylindric, of many 
linear scales in one row, calyculate with a few short, appressed scales a 
base. Recep. naked. Pap. copious, capillary, brownish, 2-rowed, persist- 
ent. Cyp. not beaked, smooth, striate, if Erect, with a tuberous, bitter 
root. Heads o-18-flowered, not yellow, although often straw-colored. 

§ neads pendulous, glabrous. Leaves variously lobedor shaped. ..(a) 

a Dwarf species (6 — 10' high) native of high mountains Nos. 1, 2 

a Tall (2— 5f high).— c Heads 5-6-flowered No. 3 

— c Heads 8-12-flowered. — d Pappus tawny No. 4 

— d Pappus straw-colored Nos. 5, 6 

§ Heads nodding or erect, hairy. Leaves mostly undivided. . . (b) 

b Heads about 12-flowered. Pappus straw-color Nos. 7, 8 

b Heads about 25-flowercd. Pappus tawny or dusky No. 9 

1 N. Boottii DC. St. simple, dwarf; lvs. hastate-cordate to lanceolate, mostly entire 

heads racemed ; flowers 10 — 18, inner scales 10 — 15. High mountains, N. July + . 

2 N. nanus DC. Smooth, simple; lvs. deltoid-hastate and variously lobed, upper Ian 

coolate, all petiolate ; hds. clustered-paniculate ; sc. 8, fls. 10 — 12. White Mts. Aug. 

3 N. altiissimus Hook. Smooth, strict, paniculate, tall, leafy; lvs. petiolate, pal- 

mately 3-5-cleft, or lobed, varying to hastate, cordate, or even ovate, dentate ; hds. 6" 
long, yellowish, forming a slender, leafy panicle ; sc. 5. Woods, N. 3— 5f. August. 

4 N. a] bus Hook. Lioris-foot. White Lettuce. Smooth, glaucous, corymb. -paniculate ; 

lvs. hastate-lobed to ovate, petiolate, the lobes or leaves obtuse ; heads 6— 7", with 8 
scales, 9— 12 fls., and brown pappus. Moist woods. 2 — 4f. Purplish in spots. Aug. 
/3. Serpent dria. Snake-root. Lvs. deeply 3-lobed, the middle lobe 3-parted. 

6 N. Fraseri DC. Earth-gall. Smoothish, corymb. -paniculate ; lvs. hastate or del- 
toid, rarely 5-7-lobed, on winged stalks, upper lanceolate. — Varies with the leaves all 
lanceolate and merely toothed. Hard soils, Conn, to Fla. 2 — 4f. August. 

N. virgatus DC. Glaucous, simple, strict ; lvs. sinuate-pinnatifid, narrow, the upper 
toothed or entire ; panicle or raceme virgate. Sands, N. J. to Fla. 2 — 4f. Sept., Oct. 

* N. raeemosus Hook. Smooth (exc. the invol.), simple, slender ; lvs. lance-oval to 
lance-ovate, denticulate ; hds. suberect, spicate-paniculate. Swamps, N. J. to Iowa, 
and N. 2 — 4f. Flowers pale red. — Varies with the lower leaves cut-pinnatifid. Sept. 

£ W. aspcr T. & G. Rough-downy, simple, strict; leaves oval-oblong to lance- oblong, 
dentate; hds. erect, fascicled in a epicate panicle ; fls. yellowish. W. 2 — 4f. Sept 



Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 193 

B N. erepidineus DC. Smoothish, tall, stout, corymb. -paniculate • lvs. broadly tri- 
aug.-ovate to lanceolate, toothed, petiolate ; hds. nodding, of 12 sc. and 25 — 35 ochro- 
leucousfls. Fields, thickets, W. States. 5 — 8f. Larger than any of the foregoing. Sept. 

109. LYGODESMIA, Don. In vol. fls., &c, as in Nabalus. Pappus 
whitish. Corollas rose-colored. U With linear-subulate leaves and erecl 
heads on long, naked peduncles. 

1 L. aphylla DC. St. scape-like, erect, slender, forked above ; lvs. nearly all radical, 

short, linear-filiform ; heads 5-flowered. Pine woods, Ga. Fla. 2f. May. 

2 L.. jikncea N. St. much branched ; lvs. lance-linear ; fls. 5. Min. (Matthews), and W. 

110. TROXIMON, Nutt. Hds. many-flowered. Invol. campanulate, 
scales loosely imbricate, in 2 — 3 rows. Cyp. oblong-linear, compressed, 
glabrous, not rostrate. Pap. setaceous, copious, white. 1C Lvs. all radical. 
Scape bearing a single, large, showy head, with yellow flowers. 

T. cuspidatum Ph. Rt. fusiform ; lvs. linear-lanceolate, woolly at the edge ; scales 
lanceolate, cuspidate-pointed. Prairies, HI. Wis., and West. April — June. 

111. PYRRHOPAPPUS, DC. False Dandelion. Invol. double, 

the outer row numerous, loose and spreading. Receptacle naked. Cyp. 5- 

grooved, at length long-beaked, bearing a copious, soft, capillary, reddish 

pap. (i) U Hds. solitary on long ped., large, with numerous deep yel. fls. 

P. Carolinianus DC. St. simple or branched, scape-like : lvs. mostly radical, lance- 
olate, acute, sinuate-toothed, lobed, or pinnatifid. Fields, Md. to Fla. May— July. 

112. TARAXACUM, Desf. Dandelion. Invol. double, the outer of 
small scales, much shorter than the inner appressed row. Recep. naked. 
Cyp. produced into a long beak crowned with the copious, white, capillary 
pappus. — Acaulescent herbs, with runcinate leaves. Figs. 68, 346, 492. 

T. Dens-leonis Less. Outer scales of the involucre reflexed ; lvs. runcinate, smooth, 
dentate ; scape short in fl., long in fr. — a globe of pappus, y. Fields : common. § Eur. 

113. LACTUCA, Tourn. Lettuce. Invol. few- flowered, scales im- 
bricated in 2 or more unequal rows. Cyp. obcompressed (flattened same 
way as the scales), glabrous, abruptly narrowed to a long, filiform beak. 
Pappus copious, soft, capillary, white. — Herbs with leafv stems and panic- 
ulate heads of variable colors. Fig. 77. 

1 L. Canadensis L. /3. elong-ata. Trumpet Milkweed. St. tall, hollow ; lvs. pale 

beneath, clasping, runc.-pinnatifid, upper lance., entire ; heads racemous-paniculate, 
with few scales and 12+ fls. ©Rich soils, thickets. 3 — 6f. Yel. to purplish. Jl.,Aug. 

0. gang-uinea. Stem, If. veins, and fls. purple ; lvs. some hairy, glaucous beneath. 

y. g-raminifblia. Lvs. long, linear, the lower few-lobed, upper entire. South. 

5. integ-ri folia, Lvs. lanceolate, all entire, lower some sagittate at base. 

2 \j. sativa. Garden Lettuce. Stem corymbous ; lvs. roundish, the upper cordate ; fls. 

white, (l) Said to be § in some places, when its lvs. become dentate-lobed and prickly. 

114. MULGEDIUM, Cass. Wild Lettuce. -Involucre somewhat 
double, outer scales short and imbricated. Recep. naked, faveolate. Pap, 
capillary, crowning the short-beaked, compressed cypsela. — Leaves mostly 
spinulous. Hds. paniculate, small, oo-flwd. Jl. — Sept. Figs. 76, 448-50. 



194 Order 71.— LOBELIACE^E. 

* Pappus bright white. Corollas blue Nob. 1, 2 

* Pappus tawny. Corollas cream-colored, learning purplish No. 3 

i HI. Floridaiium DC. Smooth ; lvs. runcinately pinnate-parted, segm. few, sin- 
uate-dentate or angular ; pan. loose, hds. 9". © Thickets, N. Y., W. and S. 3 — 6f. 

/3. acuminatum, Lvs. lance-ovate, acuminate, toothed, or the lower subruncinate. 

2 OT.pulch.eHum N. Smooth and glaucous, strict; lvs. lance-oblong to lin., entire, 

or the lowest runcinate ; pan. corymbed ; fls. bright blue. L. Huron to Oreg. 2 — 7f. 

3 OT. leucophaeum DC. Tall, leafy; lvs. lyrate-runcinate, coarsely-toothed; ped. 

scaly-bracted; pan. long, compound ; fr. scarcely beaked. © Moist thickets. 5— lOf. 

115. SONCHUS, L. Sow Thistle. In vol. many-flowered, imbricate, 
of numerous unequal scales, at length tumid at base. Recep. naked. Pap. 
of white-silky hairs, in many series. Cypselse compressed, not rostrate. — 
Leaves mostly spinulous. Heads with many yellow flowers. Europe. 

§ Flowers bright yellow, in showy heads. Achenia angular. Perennial No. 1 

§ Flowers pale yellow, in large heads. Achenia flat. Annual. Aug., Sept.. Nos. 2, 8 

1 S. arvensis L. Smooth, erect, hispid above ; leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, spinu- 

lous-dentate, clasping with short auricles at base ; hds. subumbellate. Fields, way- 
sides, N. Eng., N. Y. 2f. §. 

2 S. asper Vill. Leaves cordate, amplexicaul, oblong-lanceolate, undulate, spinulous 

dentate ; ped. subumbellate ; fruit oval-obovate, 3-ribbed on each side. 1 — 2f. § 

3 S. olcraceus L. Lvs. sagittate-amplexicaul, runcin.-pinnatifid, subspinulous, den 

tate ; ped. downy ; involucre at length smooth ; fruit many-striate. Eubbish. 2 — 3f. § 

116. HUMEA elegans. Tall, 4f, branching above into an ample 

capillary panicle ; lvs. lance-ovate, clasping; heads numerous, small, drooping, with dry, 
loose scales, and 3 or 4 carmine-red florets, with no pales or pappus. N. Hoi. July— Oct. 

117. CHAPTALIA, Vent. In vol. campanulate. Scales in few series, 
.inear, acute. Recep. naked. Ray-fls. $ , ligulate, disk-fls. £ , but sterile, 
oilabiate, lips equal, outer 3-, inner 2-parted. Cypselse glabrous. Pappus 
capillary. U Acaulescent. Lvs. all radical. Head cyanic. Mar., Apr. 

C. tonientosa Vent. White-tomentous ; lvs. oblong-ovate to lance-oval ; hd. nodding 
in bud, erect in fl., on the scape. Moist barrens, S. 6— 12'. Rays 20, rose-colored. 

Order LXXL LOBELIACE7E. Lobeliads. 

Hei*bs or shrubs with a milky juice, alternate, exstipulate leaves and scat- 
tered flowers. Calyx 5-lobed or entire. Corolla monopetalous, irregular, 
split down to the base on one side. Stamens 5, free from the corolla, united 
Into a tube at least by their anthers. Ovary adherent to the calyx tube. 
Style 1. Stigma surrounded by a fringe. Fruit a capsule 2-3-(rarely 1-) 
celled. Seeds numerous, albuminous. 

1. LOBELIA, L. Cor. tubular, irregular, cleft nearly to the base on 
the upper side, upper lip of 2 separate lobes, lower 3-lobed. Anth. united 
above into a curved tube. Stig. 2-lobed. Caps, opening at the summit. 
Seeds minute. Q if Flowers axillary and solitary, or in terminal, brae ted 
racemes. July — Sept. 

^ Corollas scarlet or bright crimson, large ... * Exotic, Nos. 15, 16 * Native, No. J 

* Coronas blue, or blue and white. . . .t Exotic, Nos. 17, 18. ...t Native. . (a) 



Oeder 71.— LOBELIACE^E. 195 

a Calyx lobes auricled at base, denticulate, shorter than corolla tube Nos. 2 — 4 

a Calyx lobes auricled at base, entire, linear, long as corolla tube Nos. 5, 6 

a Calyx lobes not auricled, entire, — b very slender and long Nos. 7— 9 

— b much shorter than corolla. . .(c) 

c Leaves cauline, entire, few. Racemes loose, few-flowered Nos. 10 — 13 

c Leaves radical, entire. Eacemes strict, few-flowered Nos. 13, 14 

1 L. cardinally L. Cardinal Flower. Tall, simple, glabrous ; lvs. oblong-lanceo- 

late, slightly toothed, acute at each end, sessile ; fls. in a terminal, bracted, secund 
raceme ; stam. longer than the corolla, u Swamps. 2 — 4f. Splendid. 

j3. integ-irrima. Leaves all very entire ; stem naked above. Northern N. Y. 

y. Candida, Flowers white, the segments narrower. Mass. 

2 Ii. syphilitica L. Great Lobelia. Stem erect, angular; leaves oblong-lanceolate 

acute or acuminate, unequally serrate, some hairy ; raceme leafy ; calyx hispidly cili 
ate, with the sinuses reflexed. u By streams. 1 — 3f. Flowers 1'. 
/3. alba. Flowers pure white. N. Y. (E. L. Hankenson ; G. M. "Wilbur). 

3 li. glandulosa Walt. Subsimple, leafless above ; lvs. lance-lin., acutish, and.witt 

the lanceolate, auricled sepals some glandular-toothed ; fls. few, remote, large (9") ; 
cal. hispid or smoothish, short, u Damp barrens, Va., and S. 1\ — 2f. Sept.— Oct. 

4 Jj. brevifolia N. Erect, simple, hispid; lvs. 1', crowded, oblong-lin., denticulate; 

sep. ovate, fringe-toothed, half as long as cor. Damp, Fla. to La. 18'. (L. Ludov. C-B.) 

5 L. leptostacbys A. DC. Glabrous, erect, simple, virgate ; lvs. lance-oblong ; fls. 

small (4"), spike not secund ; auricles awl-shaped, long. 7$. Prairies, W. and S. 1 — 2f. 

6 L. puberula Mx. Downy or smoothish, erect, simple ; lvs. elliptic-ovate, denticu- 

late ; fls. large (7 — 8"), in a long, secund spike ; auricles ear-shaped. N. J., W. and S. 2f. 

7 L. amoena Mx. Erect, simple, smooth ; lvs. lanceolate, pointed both ways ; fls. large 

(8-9"), secund, numerous, in a long rac. ; bracts very small, ii Swamps, Va., and S. 2f. 

8 Li. spicata Lam. Erect, simple, puberulent ; lvs. oblong, mostly obtuse ; fls. small 

(3-4"), crowded in a slender rac. ; pedicels and bracts as long as the fl. Dry soils. l-2f. 

9 L. inflata L. Indian Tobacco. Erect, branching, hairy; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, ser- 

rate ; fls. short (4"), with leafy bracts ; caps, inflated, large. (T) Fields. If. Narcotic. 

10 L. Boykinii T. & G. Slender, smooth; branches erect; lvs. awl-shaped, erect; 
fls. small (4"), on filiform ped. in long, loose racemes. Wet sands, Ga. Fla. 2f. Lvs. 6". 

11 L. Nuttallii DC. Erect, very slender, smooth ; lvs. few, linear, remote ; fls. few, 
small (3") ; ped. as long as cor. ; cal. tube almost none. © Swamps, L. I., and S. 1-1 ff. 

12 Li. Kalmii L. Simple or branched; rt. lvs. spatulate, st. lvs. lance-lin. tolin., all 
obtuse ; rac. loose, leafy ; ped. about equalling the showy blue-wh. fls., minutely bract- 
ed, or naked (in same specimen) ; cor. 5", lobes obovate. Rocky swamps, E. &W. 6-18 7 . 

13 L. paludosa N. Lvs. lin. -spat, thickish, obtuse, petiolate; scape simple, nearly 
naked ; rac. loose, ped. about as long as the cal. © Bogs, Del., and S. 2-3f. Lvs. 5-10 / . 

1-1 Li. Dortmanna, L. Lvs. submerged, tufted, linear, entire, hollow with 2 longi- 
tudinal cells, short, obtuse ; scape simple, nearly naked ; fls. in a terminal raceme, re- 
mote, pedicellate, nodding, u In ponds, N. States. 2 — 3f. Only the fls. emerging. 

15 Li. fuxgens. Downy, erect, simple ; lvs. narrow-lane, revolute at edge, ii Mex. 3£ 

16 Li. splendens. Smooth, erect ; lvs. narrow-lane, flat ; fls. large, in long xac. afex. 3f. 

1 7 Li. Eryntjs. Slender, diffuse ; lvs. toothed, ellip. to lin. ; fls. scattered, bluish. S. Aft. 

18 Ti, ccelestina, a garden variety, with larger blue flowers, yellow in the centre. 

2. DOWNINGIA, Torr. Sep. 5, linear. Cor. 2-lipped, tube not split, 
upper lip 2-parted, erect, lower lip 3-lobed. Stam. tube incurved. Cap$. 
sihque-form, 1-celled, oo-seeded, opening by 3 linear valves, (l) Low, with 
axillary, solitary flowers. (Clintonia, Doug.) 

1 D. elegans. Stem few-branched, angular ; lvs. ovate, acute ; ovary curved, 3-angled, 

longer than the lvs. ; corolla blue with a white palate. Oregon ! 6 — 12'. July, Aug. 

2 L>» pttlcheula. Stem much branched ; lvs. obtuse ; fls. 8", middle lohe longest. C«L ' 



196 Order 72.— CAMPANULACE^ 



Order LXXII. CAMPANULACE^E. Bellworts. 

Serbs with a milky juice, alternate leaves, and without stipules. Floweri 
mostly blue, showy. Calyx superior, generally 5-cleft, persistent. Corollc 
regular, campanulate, generally 5-cleft, withering, valvate in estivation 
Stamens 5, free from the corolla. Anthers distinct, 2-celled. Pollen spheri- 
cal. Ovary adherent to the calyx, 2 or more celled. Capsule crowned 
with the remains of the calyx, loculicidal. Seeds many. Figs. 62, 63. 

J Calyx tube short. Pod roundish, opening at the sides. Cor. bell or wheel form Campanula. 1 

Calyx tube elongated. Pod prismatic, opening at the sides. Corolla whee form Speculakia. 2 

§ Calyx tube short. Pod ovoid, opening at the top. Corolla bowl-form Platycodon. ? 

/ 

1. CAMPANULA, Tourn. Calyx mostly 5-cleft. Cor. campanulate, 
or subrotate, 5-lobed, closed at base by the broad, valve-like bases of the 
5 stamens. Stig. 3-5-cleft. Caps. 3-5-celled, opening by lateral pores. 
Mostly if. Flowers in racemes or spikes, or few and axillary. 

§ Native or naturalized.— a Flowers rotate, deeply 5-lobed No. 1 

— a Flowers campanulate, few, or scattered Nos. 2 — 4 

— a Flowers funnel-form, crowded above No. 5 

§ Exotic— J Sepals appendaged at base. Stig. 3 or 5. Corolla bell-shaped.. Nos. 6, 7 

— b Sepals not appendaged. Stig. 3. — c Corolla bowl-shaped Nos. 8, 9 

— c Corolla bell-shaped ...Nos. 10, 11 

— c Cor. rotate-spreading Nos. 12, 13 

1 C Americana L. Tall, erect; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, uncinately serrate, 
contracted to a winged petiole, veins often ciliate ; fls. axillary, sessile ; style exsert- 
ed, decurved. % Dry copses : common. 2 — 4f. Fls. 1' broad, spreading, flat. Aug. t 

I C rotundifolia L. Hare-bell. St. weak, slender; radical lvs. ovate or reniform- 

cordate, cauline linear, entire ; flowers few, nodding, bell-shaped and blue. % Damp 
rocks, N. States. If. Very delicate. June, July. Rt. lvs. seldom found with the fls. 

3 C aparlnoid.es Ph. Stem weak, slender, branching above, triangular, the angles 

inversely aculeate ; lvs. lance-linear, subentire ; fls. terminal, 4" long, white. In wet 
meadows. 1 — ljf, leaning on the grass like a Galium. June — Aug. 

4 C. dlvaricata Mx. Glabrous, erect, with slender, divaricate, paniculate branches , 

lvs. narrow-lanceolate, pointed at each end, sharply dentate ; fls. campanulate, pendn 
lous on the slender branchlets. Rocky woods, Va., W. and S. 2f. July. 

5 C. glomerata L. St. angular, simple, smooth ; lvs. lance-oblong, cordate, the lowei 

petiolate ; fls. crowded above, cor. funnel-form, violet-blue. Fields, Mass. 2f. § t Eu. 
/3. aggregata. Flowers pale blue, in a dense head, and other var. are cultivated. 

6 C Medium. Canterbury-bells. Erect, hispid; lvs. lanceolate; fls. If; stig. 5. @En. 3f. 

7 C. speciosa. Erect; lvs. lance-linear; fls. racemed, nodding ; stig. 3. % Eur. 2f. 

8 C pykamidams. Smooth, branched ; lvs. lance-ovate ; fls. broad, racemed. U Eu. 6f 

9 O. persicifolia. Smooth; lvs. lance-linear, thick ; fls. broad, axillary. % Eur. Sf. 
IOC Trachelittm. St. angular, hairy; lvs. ovate, cord, dentate ; ped. 1-3-flwd. % El. it 

II C. raptjnctjloides. Rough ; lvs. ovate, pointed ; rac. spicate ; fls. nodding. ii Eu. 2f. 
12C. Loreyi. St. erect, ang. ; lvs. obov. to lance-ovate ; cal. hairy ; cor. 2' broad, (p Eu. 
1 3 C. Garganica. St. diffuse ; lvs. cord.-reniform to ovate ; fls. small, star-shaped. U "Su. 

2. SPECULARIA, Heist. Calyx 5-lobed, tube elongated. Cor. rotate, 
5-lobed. Fil. hairy, shorter than the anthers. Sty. included, hairy. Stig 
3. Caps, prismatic, 3-celled, opening laterally in the upper part. (D F1& 
axillary and terminal, sessile, erect. 



Order 73.— ERICACEAE. 197 

1 S. perfoliata Lam. St. mostly simple, erect ; lvs. reniform-ovate, cordate-clasping, 

cremate ; fls. sessile, aggregate, axillary. Fields, copses. If. Fls. deep blue. Jn.,Jl. 

2 S, Ijudovlciana Torr. St. branched, branches slender; lvs. ovate, acute, subentire, 

sess. or slightly clasping ; ovaries slender, fls. smaller (5" broad). S. Car. to La. 1 — 2f. 

3 S. Speculum. Venus' Looking-glass. Stem diffusely branching ; lvs. oblong, crenate; 

fls. solitary, with shallow lobes, blue varying to white, all Summer. S. Eur. Hardy. 

3. PLATYOODON, A. DC. Cor. large, bowl-shaped. Stig. 5, thick, 
spreading. Caps, ovoid, opening at the top by 5 acute valves, if Siberia. 
Smooth and glaucous. 
P* grandiflortjm. Lvs. lance-ovate, serrate ; fls. 3 / , blue var. to wh., few, terminal. 18'. 

Order LXXIII. ERICACEAE. Heathworts. 

Plants shrubby or sufiruticous, sometimes herbaceous, with Leaves sim- 
ple, alternate or opposite, mostly evergreen, without stipules. Corolla regu- 
lar or somewhat irregular, 4-5-cleft, the petals rarely distinct. Stamens an 
many or twice as many as the petals, free, hypogynous. Anthers 2-celled, 
generally open by pores, often appendaged. Pollen (except in Monotro- 
peae) compounded of 4 united grains. Embryo straight, lying in the axis of, 
or in the end of fleshy albumen. Figs. 64, 89, 90, 99, 114, 248, 255, 311, 438 

S Ovary adherent, in fruit a berry crowned by the calyx teeth. Shrubs. . .(Suborder I.) 
Ovary free. — x Shrubs, trees. Capsule or berry with the cells 00 -seeded. . .(Suborder II.) 
— x Shrubs. Fruit a capsule with the cells one-seeded. . .(Suborder III.) 
— x Herbs half-woody, low. — y Leaves evergreen. Stamens distinct. . .(Suborder IV. > 
— y Leaves evergreen. Filaments united... (Suborder V.) 
— y Leaves none. Plants without verdure. . . (Suborder VI.) 

t VAOCINEjE. — a Fls. 5-parted. Berries 10-seeded. Shrubs often resinous-dotted. ..Gatlussacia. 1 

— a Flowers 5-parted. Berries 00- seeded. Shrubs dotless Vaccinium. 2 

— o Flowers 4-parted. — b Petals narrow, reflexed. Berries red Oxtcoccus. 3 

— b Petals short, spreading. Berries white" Chiogenes. 4 

II. ERICINEjE. — c Flowers 4-parted. Sepals colored, larger than the corolla Calluna. 5 

— « Flowers 4-parted. Sepals small... (Gen. 11, or) Erica. C 

— «e Flowers 5-parted. — d Petals distinct, or very nearly polypetalons. . .(m) 
— d Petals united, — monopetalous. . .(e) 
« Corolla funnel- or bell-form, with spreading lobes... (A;) 
e Corolla urceolate (ovoid, cylindric or globular), lobes small. . .(/) 

e Corolla saucer-form, holding the anthers in 10 pits Kalmia. 7 

e Corolla salver-form, very fragrant. Trailing shrublet Epig^BA. 8 

/ Frnit fleshy, the matured ovary 5-seeded Arctostaphylos. 9 

/ Fruit fleshy, the matured calyx 00 -seeded Gaultheria. 10 

f Fr. dry, capsular,— g septicidal. Lvs. linear, heath-like Menziesia. 11 

—g loculicidal. — h Lvs. linear, moss-like. .Cassiope. 12 

—h Lvs. ample. Shrubs.. .Andromeda. 13 

— h Lvs. ample. Trees Oxydendrt/m. 14 

7c Stamens 5, included. Plant and leaves very small Loiselet/RIA. 15 

k Stamens 5 (rarely more), long-exserted. Cor. funnel-form.. Azalea. 16 

h Stamens 10 (rarely fewer), exserted. Cor. bell-form Rhododendron. 17 

m Corolla very irregular, open before the leaves appear Rhodora. 18 

m Cor. regular, — n 7-petalled. Stamens 14 Beparia. 19 

— « 6-petalled. — o Capsule 5-celled Ledum. 20 

— o Caps. 3-celled.— -p Fls. umbelled..LEi0PHYLLUM. 21 

— p Fls. racemed...CLETHRA. 22 

III CYRILLEjE. — r Flowers 4-parted, with 8 stamens and a 2-celled capsule Elliottia. 23 

— r Flowers 5-parted, — z with 5 stamens and a 2-celled capsule Cyrilla. 24 

—» with 10 stamens. Caps. 3-celled, 2- winged. .Mylocabiux. 2S 



198 Order 73.— ERICACEAE. 

£V. PYROLKA!.- t Flowers racemed, many. Herts nearly acaulescent jtyrola. 26 

— « Flowers umbelled, few. Stems ascending. Style very short Chimaphila. 27 

— s Flowers solitary (one only). — t Capsule 5-celled Moneses. 28 

— t Capsule 3-celled Shortia. 29 

V. ? GALACINE^E. Anthers 5, one-celled. Capsule 3-celled. Scape spicate Galax. 30 

VL MONOTROPEjE.— u Corolla polypetalous. Plant white, reddish or tawny Monotropa. 31 

— u Corolla monopetalous, — v campanulate, in a short spike Schweinitzia. 32 

— v ovoid, in a loose raceme Pterospora. 33 

1. GAYLUSSACIA, H. B. K. Huckleberry. Calyx adherent, 5- 
toothed. Cor. urceolate or campanulate, 5-cleft or toothed. Sta. 10. Anth. 
awnless, the cells produced upward into tubular beaks opening at the apex. 
Berry drupe-like, globular, 10-celled, 10-seeded. £> 5 Leaves alternate. 
Flowers in lateral, bracted racemes, white or reddish, small. Fruit black 
or dark blue, sweet. May, June. 

§ Leaves evergreen, very smooth, with no resinous dots, crenulatc No. 1 

§ Leaves deciduous, sprinkled with resinous dots heneath, entire Nos. 2 — 4 

1 G. bracliycera (Michx). Box H. Lvs. oval to ovate, thick and firm ; rac. dense, 

ped. very short ; cor. short-ovoid ; berries light blue. Rocky hills, Pa. to Va. : rare. If. 

2 G. dnmosa T. & G. Minutely hairy and glandular ; lvs. obovate-oblong, mv^ronate ; 

bracts persistent ; cor. short-bell-form ; ber. black, large, insipid. Me. to Fla. 1 — 2f. 

t$ G. resinosa T. & G. Black II. Branches ashy ; lvs. oval to lance-obl. ; rac. 1-sided, 
deciduous bracts, ped. short as the fls. ; cor. 5-angled, contracted at mouth ; sty. exsert- 
ed; fr. black, round, sweet and eatable, ripe in Aug. Thickets, Can. to Va., and W. 2f. 

4 G. frondosa T. & G. Blue Dangles. High Blueberry. Lvs. oblong-obovate, pale- 
glaucous beneath ; rac. loose, bracts deciduous, shorter than the ped. ; cor. egg-bell- 
form ; berries large, blue, sweet and eatable, in Aug. Thickets, N. Eng. to La. 3— 6f. 

2. VACCINIUM, L. Blueberry. Calyx adherent, 5-toothed. Cor. 
urceolate, campanulate or cylindric, limb 4- or 5-cleft, reflexed. Sta. 8 or 
10, included. Anth. with 2 awns on the back, or awnless, the 2 cells pro- 
longed into a tube opening at apex. Berry 4 or 5 (or partly 8-10)-celled, 
cells oo-seeded. 5 t) Leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or racemous, 
white or reddish, small. Fruit generally eatable. Fig. 90. 

§ Anthers 2-awned back of the 2 horns. Leaves deciduous., .(a) 

a Filaments smooth. Fruit 4-5-celled. blue. Shrubs If or less Nos. 1, 2 

a uilaments hairy. Fruit partly 10-celled. Taller (2— 20f high) Nos. 3, 4 

§ Anthers 2-horned, without the awns. Filaments 10, hairy. . .(b) 

b Leaves evergreen. Flowers 4-parted. Fruit 4-celled No. 5 

b Leaves evergreen. Flowers 5-parted. Fruit partly 10-celled Nos. 6, 7 

b Lvs. deciduous. Fr. partly 10-celled. Fls. in short, close racemes., .(c) 

c Corolla bell-shaped. Leaves hairy both sides, entire No 8 

c Corolla cylindrical. Leaves smooth or nearly so Nos. 9 — 11 

c Corolla ovoid, evidently contracted at the mouth Nos. 11 — 13 

1 V. uliginosum L. Bilberry. Procumbent; lvs. obovate, obtuse, dull, glaucous 

lf-neath ; fls. solitary, axillary ; cor. ovoid-globous, 4-cleft ; stam. 8. White Mts. Jn., Jl. 

2 V. ca^spitdsum Mx. Bilberry. Dwarf, caespitous ; lvs. obovate, attenuate at the 

base, thin, serrate, reticulate with veins, shining ; flowers subsolitary ; corolla oblong, 
5-toothed ; stamens 10. White Mountains. 2—3'. July. 

3 V. staininenm L. Deerberry. Lvs. oval-lanceolate, acute, dull, glaucous beneath; 

pedicels solitary, axillary, nodding ; cor. bell-spreading, seg. acute, oblong ; anth. tO. 
with the long tubes exserted. Dry woods. 2— 3f. Fruit greenish- white. May, June, 

4 V. arboreum Mx. Lvs. obovate, acute at base, mucronate, veiny, shining above 



Order 73.— ERICACEAE. 199 

pale green and subpnbescent beneath ; pedicels secnnd, in leafy racemes ; cor. cylin 
dric-bell-shaped, rose-white ; antn. 10, included. "Woods, S. 8-20f. Fr. black. May, Jn. 

5 V. Vitis-Idsea L. Decumbent, much branched, smooth, evergreen ; lvs. 4-7", oval, 

obtuse, thick, margin revolute, pale beneath ; fls. solitary or in short clusters, 4-parted ; 
corolla campanulate. Hills and mts., N. Eng. : rare. June, July. 

6 V. Myrsinites Mx. Erect, much branched ; lvs. small, elliptical, acute at each end, 

glabrous, serrulate ; fls. in small lateral clusters of 2 — 5 ; cor. ovoid, urceolate ; style 
slightly exserted. Woods, S. If. Whole plant often purplish. March, April. 

7 V. myrtifolium Mx. St. simple, decumbent at base, from long, creeping roots ; 

lvs. 1 — 2', cuneate-obovate or oval, pale beneath ; fls. in dense, sessile, lateral clus- 
ters of 6 — 12; cor. oblong-cylindric ; fr. round, black. Woods, S. If. Mar., April. 
S V. Canadense Rich. Branches reddish-green, pubescent, leafy ; lvs. elliptic-lan- 
ceolate, acute at each end; rac. fasciculate, sessile, subterminal ; cor. campanulate ; 
cal. lobes acute. Rocky thickets, N. Eng., and W. 8 — 12'. Berries blue, sweet. May. 
9 V. Pennsylvanicnm Lam. Common Low ffluebeny. Branches green, with 2 
pubescent lines ; lvs. 1', crowded, elliptic-oblong, acute at each end, bristly-serrulate, 
shining; fle. in short, bracteate, dense rac. Hard soils, Can. to Pa. Ber. blue, sweet. 
/3. nig-rum, Dai'k green ; berries black and shining, without bloom, 
y. alpinum. Dwarf, decumbent ; lvs. small (3 — 4"), narrow-oblanceolate. Mts. 
(0 V. vacillans Soland. Low, bushy; lvs. oval to ovate, acute or mncronate, pale 
green, dull, glaucous beneath, minutely serrulate ; rac. dense-flowered, preceding the 
full-grown lvs. Hilly woods, N. Eng. to Tenn. 1 — 2|f. Fr. blue-black, sweet. May, Jn. 
* 1 V. corymbosum L. Common High Blueberry. Tall ; flowering branches nearly 
leafless ; leaves oval to lanceolate, acute or acuminate at each end, entire, pubescent 
when young, often glaucous beneath ; rac. short, sessile ; cor. cylindrical to ovoid. 
Low woods. 5 — lOf. March — June. — Varies exceedingly. 
|3. virg'htum, Branchlets leafless, covered with rose-colored rac. Sts.virgate. 5f. S. 
y. amaenum, Lvs. oblong; fls. cylindric, large, roseate ; sty. included; fr. blk. 8f. 
5. fits cat um. Lvs. serrulate ; ped. elongated ; sty. exserted ; fls. striped with red. 3f. 
S, g-Iabrum. Plant glabrous throughout, the leaves entire. Rare. 
I '■£ V. galezans Mx. Flowering branches leafy ; lvs. sessile, cuneate-lanceolate, sub 
serrate, veiny, glabrous when old ; flowers in small, sessile fascicles ; corolla small, 
yellowish ; style exserted ; fruit small, black. Swamps, S. If. April +. 
13 V. liirsutum Buckley. Whole plant, with fls. and fr., densely hirsute; lvs. ovate, 
entire ; corolla oblong, nearly closed at mouth ; berry round. Mts. of N. Car. If. 

3. OXTCOCCUS, Pers. Cranberry. Calyx adherent, 4-cleft. Cor. 
4-parted, with long, narrow, reflexed segments. Sta. 8. Anth. tubular, 2- 
parted, opening by oblique pores. Berries globous, 4-celled, many-seeded. 
^> [^ Delicate, with alternate lvs., red and purple berries on slender ped. 

* Stem erect, with membranous, deciduous leaves. Berries sweetish No. 1 

* Stem prostrate, slender. Leaves evergreen, small. Berries acid Nob. 2, 3 

1 O. erytlirocarpus Ell. Lvs. oval, acuminate, thin, ciliate-serrulate ; fls. axillary, 

solitary, the long segments at length reflexed. Mts. of Va. and Car. l--2f. June. 

2 O. palustrls Pers. Sts. filiform, purple ; lvs. ovate, entire, revolute on the margin ; 

pedicels terminal, 1-flowered ; corolla pink, segments ovate. Alpine bogs, N. 

3 O. macrocarpus Pers. St. filiform ; lvs. oblong, obtuse at each end, edges revo- 

lute, glaucous beneath ; pedicels axillary, elongated, 1-flowered ; corolla segm. linear- 
lanceolate. Sphagnons swamps, Va., and N. Fruit large, valuable. June. 

4, OHIOGENES, Salisb. Calyx 4-cleft, persistent. Cor. broadly cam- 
panulate, limb deeply 4-cleft. Stam. 8. Anth. cells distinct, awnless on 
the back, bicuspidate at apex, opening longitudinally. Ov. adherent. Fr. 



200 Order 73.— ERICACEAE. 

white, 4-cellcd, many-seeded. Lo Delicate. Lvs. very small, alternate, with 
tlie flavor of the Checkerherry. Cor. small, wh., axillary, solitary. Fig. 248. 

C. hispidula T. & G.— In old woods, N. Eng., N. and W. Stems creeping, slender, 

1— 3f. Leaves oval, 4 — 6". Berries very small. May, June. 

5. OALLUNA, Salish. Heather. Cal. of 4 scarions, colored sepals. 
Cor. campanulate, 4-parted, shorter than the calyx. Stam. 8. Anth. 2- 
crested on the back, cells opening laterally. Stig. 4-lohed. Caps. 4-celled, 
8-seeded, 4-valved. 5 ^vs. opposite, minute, crowded. Fls. axillary, or 
crowded in 1-sided racemes, scarious, roseate, with 4 — 6 scarious bracts. 
€. vulgaris Salisb.— Low grounds, Tewksbury ! Mass., Me., and N. 2f. Lvs. \". 

6. ERICA, L. Heath. Cal. 4-parted. Cor. tubular, bell-, cup-, urn-, 
globe-, egg-, or salver-form, the limb in 4 short lobes. Stam. 8. Sty. fili- 
form. Caps. 4-celled, opening by 4 loculicidal valves. Sds. 2 — go in each 
cell. £> Veiy delicate, chiefly S. African, branching and brittle. Leaves 
whorled, rarely alternate, linear or acerous. Flowers nodding, cyanic. 

1 E. cinerea L. Scotch Heath. Stems clustered; branchlets and linear lvs. (1") in 

3's, crowded : fls. racemous-cluetered on tbe upper branchlets ; cal. colored, with few oi 
no bractlets, \" ; cor. purple, oval, 2" ; anth. included, awned beneath. Sandy " moors," 
Nantucket Is. ! Found by Mrs. E. E. Atwater, June, 1868. Apparently indigenous. 

2 E. carnea. Very slender, 6 — 10'; leaves in 3's or 4's, 2— 3" long, obtuse ; flowers axil- 

lary ; corolla 2", and calyx 1", flesh-color ; anthers dark-purple, exserted. A_pa. 
April.— Of the 400 known species, only this is yet common in cultivation. 

7. KALMIA, L. American Laurel. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. with 10 
prominences beneath and 10 corresponding cavities within, including the 
10 anthers. Border 5-lobed. Fil. elastic. Caps. 5-celled, many-seeded 
}j £) Beautiful, N. American. Leaves entire, evergreen, coriaceous. Flow- 
ers in racemous corymbs, white and red, in May — July. 

* Flowers in terminal corymbs. Leaves thick, mostly acute Nos. 1, 9 

* Flowers in lateral corymbs. Leaves obtuse Nos. 3, 4 

* Flowers solitary, axillary. Sepals nearly as long as the corolla No. 5 

1 K. latifolia L. Calico Bush. Spoon-wood. Lvs. alternate and ternate, oval lance- 

olate, acute at each end, smooth and green on both sides ; corymbs terminal, vi6cidly 
pubescent. Woods, Me. to O., Ky., andFla. 5-20f. Profusely and splendidly flowering. 

2 K.. glauca Ait. Swamp Laurel. Branches ancipitous ; lvs. opposite, subsessile, 

lanceolate, polished, glaucous beneath, revolute at the margin ; corymbs terminal, the 
peduncles and bracts smooth. Bogs, Pa., and N. 2-3f. Lvs. 1'. Corymbs 8-10-flowered. 
/3. rosmarinifolia. Leaves linear, more revolute, green beneath. 

3 K.. aiigustifolia L. Sheep-poison. Lvs. ternate and opposite, elliptical-lanceolate, 

petiolate, obtuse at each end, smooth ; corymbs lateral ; bracts linear-lanceolate. Hills 
and copses, Can. to Ky. and Car. 2— 4f. Flowers deep purple, few in each cluster. 

4 K. cnneata Mx. Lvs. scattered, sessile, cuneate-oblong, obtuse, mucronate, glan 

dular-pubescent beneath ; flowers white, in sessile clusters. Swamps, Car. : rare. 3f. 

5 K. hirsuta Walt. Slender, branched, hairy ; leaves scattered or opposite, ovate to 

linear-oblong, as long as the pedicels (4—6"). Barrens, S. : common. If. Fls. !"• 

8. EPIG-^IA, L. Trailing Arbutus. Mat-flower. Cal. large, 5- 
parted, with 3 bracts at base. Cor. salver-form, tube villous within, limb 



Order 73.— ERICACEAE. 201 

5-parted, spreading. Stam. 10. Anth. dehiscent by 2 longitudinal open- 
ings. Caps. 5-celled, 5-valved. Lo Trailing, with cordate, ovate, entL"e, 
alternate leaves, and axillary clusters. 

E. repens L. — Kocky woods, N. Eng. to Pa., Ky., and N. Stems half-shrubby, hairy, 
10 — 15 7 long. Lvs. evergreen, 2'. Fls. rose-colored, delightfully fragrant. Apr. May. 

9. AROTO STAPH YLOS, Adans. Bear-berry. Cal. 5-parted, per- 
sistent. Cor. ovoid, diaphanous at the base, limb with 5 small recurved 
segments. Anth. 10, with 2 long, reflexed awns, and opening by pores. 
Drupe or berry o-10-celled, the cells 1-seeded. jry Trailing. Leaves alter- 
nate. Racemes terminal. 

1 A. Uva-ursi Spr. Lvs. entire, thick, evergreen, shining above, obovate ; flowers 

drooping ; drape red, as large as a currant, the nut 5-seeded. Rocky hills, N. May. 

2 A. alp j n a Spr. Lvs. thin, serrate, deciduous, obovate, acute, strongly netted ; ped. 

hardly longer than the bractlets ; drupes black. High mts., Me., N. H., and N. • 

10. GAULTHERIA, Kalm. Checkerberry. Wentergreen. Cal. 
5-cleft, with 2 bracts at the base. Cor. ovoid- tubular, limb with 5 small, 
revolute lobes. Fil. 10, hirsute. Caps. 5-celled, invested by the calyx, 
which becomes a berry. £> Leaves alternate. Pedicels bibracteolate. 

G. procumbens L. St. procumbent, with the branches erect or ascending ; lvs. obo- 
vate, mucronate, denticulate, crowded at the top ; fls. few, drooping, terminal. Woods 
and pastures, Can. to Penn. and Ky. 3'. Red berries and leaves spicy. June — Sept. 

11. MENZIESIA, Smith. Cal. deeply 4- or 5-cleft. Cor. urceolate or 

campanulate, 4- or 5-lobed. Sta. 8 or 10, anth. opening by terminal pores. 

Caps. 4- or 5-celled, opening septicidally. Seeds oo. Low, shrubby plants, 

of various habits. Flowers in terminal clusters. 

§ Phtllodoce, Salisb. Lvs. evergreen, heath-like. Fls. 5-parted, bell-form No. 1 

§ Menziesia proper. Leaves deciduous. Flowers 4-parted, urceolate No. 2 

1 HI. taxifolia Robbins. Mountain Heath. St. prostrate at.base ; lvs. linear, obtuse; 

pedicels erect, slender, terminal, aggregate, 1-flowered. Alpine bogs, N. H., Me., and 
N. 6 — 12'. Leaves 6— T'. Flowers purple, the ped. 18". June. 

2 HH. ferrugiiiea Smith, 0. g-lobulhrix Sims. Shrub low, straggling, pubescent ; 

leaves lance-oval, ciliate ; flowers small, nodding, on slender pedicels, greenish-pur- 
ple Mts., Peun. to Car. 3 — 4f. June. 

12. OASSIOPE, Don. Moss-plant. Sep. bractless, imbricated, ovate. 

Cor. globular-campanulate, 4- or 5-lobed. Anth. 8 or 10, pendulous, cells 

opening by a terminal pore, with a long reflexed awn behind. Caps. 4- or 

5-celled, valves 2-parted. Placentae pendulous, oo-seeded. £> Small, 

alpine, moss-like or heath-like shrubs. Flowers solitary, pedicellate. 

Vim liypaoides Don. Stem filiform, tufted ; leaves evergreen, subulate, smooth, 
crowded ; flowers 5-parted, purple, nodding. High mts., N. H., N. Y., Me. 2 — 3'. Jn. 

13. ANDROMEDA, L. Cal. 5-parted, persistent, not becoming fleshy 
in fruit. Cor. urceolate, the mouth more or less contracted, 5-toothed. 
Anth 10, cells 2, opening by a terminal p >re. Caps. 5-celled, 5-valved, 
often re-enforced with 5 external valvelets. Seeds oo. ^ J> with entire, 
Dr serrulate, alternate leaves. Figs. 64, 438. 



202 Order 73.— ERICACEAE. 

§ Sepals valvate in the early bud. Fls. in clusters. Caps, globular. . .(c) 
§ Sepals imbricate in the bud. Capsule depressed. . .(a) 

a Fls. solitary, axillary. Pericarp double. Anth. awnless. (Cassandra). .Nos. 1, 2 
a Flowers in axillary racemes. Pericarp simple, with 5 entire valves ... (6) 

b Anth. awnless. Bractlets at the base of the pedicels. (Leucothoe). .Nos. 3- 5 

b Anth. 2-awned. Bractlets at the base of the calyx. (Eubotrys) Nos. 6, 1 

e Flowers in a terminal nodding umbel, Cor. globular. (Euandromeda) No. 8 

c Flowers in racemes, panicled or axillary., .(d) 

d Capsule with 5 narrow valvelets applied to the sutures. . .(e) 

d Capsule naked. Corolla ovoid. Anthers 2-awned. (Portunia). . Nos. 9, 1C 

e Corolla obloug. Filaments or anthers 2-awned. (Pieris) Nos. 11—13 

e Corolla globular. Filaments and anth. awnless. (Lyonia). . .Nos. 14 — 18 

1 A. ealyculata L. Leather-leaf. Lvs. oblong, obtuse, flat, acute at base, rusty 

beneath ; fls. white, each with a leaf, in leafy racemes ; cal. 2-bractleted at base, sep 
acute ; inner pericarp 10-valved, thin. Bogs, Can. to Car. and Wis. 3f. April +. 

2 A. angustifolia Ph. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, the margins revolute ; calyx 

segments acuminate, 2-bracteolate. Otherwise as No. 1. Swamps, S. Car., Ga. 

3 A. axillaris Lam. Leaves oblong, acute, denticulate, petiolate ; rac. dense, short , 

sepals roundish, obtuse. Banks, low country, Va. to Fla. 2 — 4f. Evergreen. Mar. 

4 A . Catesba^i Walt. Lvs. lance-ovate, conspicuously pointed, petiolate, finely ser 

rulate ; rac. dense, nodding, nearly as long as the leaves ; sep. ovate, acute. Banks, 
up-country, Penn. to Ga. 2 — 5f. Racemes 2 — 3', white. Evergreen. May. 

5 A. acuminata L. Pipe-wood. Leaves very smooth, rigid, lance-ovate, gradually 

pointed, entire ; rac. loose, short ; branches hollow. Swamps, S. 3 — lOf. April. 

6 A. racemosa L. Lvs. lance-oval, slightly pointed, serrulate, deciduous ; rac. strict, 

ascending, terminal, naked, long and 1-sided; sep. ovate, acuminate ; anth. cells each 
2-awned at apex ; seeds wingless. Wet woods. 2 — 6f. Eac. 2— 3', white. Jn.,July. 

7 A. recurva Buckley. Lvs. deciduous, lance-ovate, acuminate; anth. cells each 1 

awned ; pod 5-lobed ; sds. winged, flat ; branches recurved-spreading. Mts.,Va., N. Car. 

H A. polifolia L. Wild Rosemary. Erect, smooth, glaucous ; lvs. oblong-linear, with 

margins revolute, white beneath (2 — 3') ; umb. 5-9-flwd., roseate. Bogs, N. If. Jn. 

9 A. florib Linda Lyon (Ph.) Lvs. thick, evergreen, lance-oblong, acute or pointed, 

bristly-serrulate ; rac. paniculate, crowded ; bractlets minute ; cor. white ; anth. awns 
2, reflexed, white. Mts., Va. to Ga. 2— lOf. Flowers numerous and handsome. Apr 

10 A. pbillyra^folia Hook. Lvs. thick, shining, evergreen, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, 
serrulate above ; rac. subterminal, loose ; sep. lanceolate ; cor. oval ; anth. each with 
2 long reflexed black awns. Woods, Quincy, Fla. 1 — 3f. (A. Croomii, C-B.) 

11 A. nitida Bartram. Fetter-bush. Lvs. thick, evergreen, shining, elliptical, acu- 
minate at each end, margins veined and revolute ; umbels axillary, nodding, roseate ; 
branches sharply angled. Low pine-barrens, S. 3 — 6f. March, April. Elegant. 

/3? rhombifblia. Leaves broad-oval ; sepals J as long as the ovoid corolla. Fla 

12 A. Ulariana L. Stagger-bush. Lvs. thin, deciduous, oval, entire, acutish ; flow- 
ering branches leafless ; fls. large (4 — 5"), white or reddish, in lateral crowded fascicles ; 
sepals linear, £ as long as the cylindric corolla. Sands, N. J. to Fla. 3f. June, July. 

13 A. speciosa Mx. Lvs. oval, obtuse, serrate, veiny, deciduous; flowering sterae 
mostly leafless, branched ; sepals £ as long as the large bell-shaped white corolla. 
Sw amps, S. June. — Varies with the leaves broad, crenate, whitish beneath. 

i4 A. ligustrina Muhl. Pubescent ; lvs. deciduous, lance-obovate to obovate, short- 
acuminate, serrulate ; rac. panicled on the leafless flowering branches. Wet soils, Ct. 
to Fla. 6f. June.— Var. with small lvs. scattered among the small (1") downy fls. S. 

15 A. ferriiginea Walt. Lvs. thick, rigid, evergreen, obovate to oblanceolate, rusty 
beneath, revolute-edged ; umb. axillary ; fls. small (1") ; valvelets nearly as broad ae 
the valves. Pine-barrens, S. 3— 20f. Shrub or small tree. Apr., May. (A. rigida Ph.) 

1C A. montana Buckley. Lvs. evergreen, lance-ovate, ciliate-serrulate ; fls. in large 
panicles ; pedicels pubescent, with 3 linear bractlets. Mts., N. Car. 4— 6f. 



Order 73.— ERICACEAE. 20iJ 

14. OXYDENDRUM, DC. Sorrel-tree. Sep. bractless, valvate n 
the early bud. Cor. urceolate, ovoid, 5-toothed. Anth. 10, linear, erect, 
awnless, cells opening lengthwise. Capsule oblong, truncate, 5 -celled, 5- 
valved. Seeds oo. ^> Lvs. petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, ser- 
rulate. Flowers white, in terminal panicles of slender, spicate racemes. 
O. arborenm DC— Ohio, Penn., and S. along the Alleghany Mts. Trea40-50ft. Jn., Jl. 

15. LOISELEURIA, Desv. Alpine Azalea. Calyx 5-parted, lobes 
equ?i\ Co* subcampanulate, 5-parted, regular. Sta. 5, equal, erect, shorter 
than the corolla, anth. dehiscing laterally. Style straight, included. Caps. 
2- or 3-celled, 2- or 3-valved, co-seeded. £> Delicate, procumbent, tufted, 
with opposite, petiolate, entire leaves. Pedicels terminal, solitary, 1-fiow- 
ered. Corolla rose-color. 

L. procumbent Desv.- Summit of the White Mts., N. H. A tiny shrub, 3—6'. Lvs 
elliptical, 3", margins revolute. Flowers nearly sessile. June, July. 

16. AZALEA, L. Swamp Pink. Cal. small, 5-parted. Cor. funnel- 
form, somewhat irregular, with 5 spreading lobes. Sta. 5. Fil. and style 
long, exserted, declined, anth. opening by pores. Caps. 5-celled, 5-valved, 

00 - seeded. £> Erect. Lvs. alternate, deciduous, oblong or obovate, en- 
tire. Flowers in umbelled clusters, terminal, large and showy. Fig. 114. 

§ Calyx lobes all (or rarely one excepted) very short or minute Nos. 1, 2 

§ Calyx lobes all oblong and of conspicuous length. — a Native Nos. 3, 4 

—a Exotic Nos. 5, 6 

1 A. viscosa L. Branchlets hispid ; leaves obovate-oblong, the edges, midvein, and 

petiole bristly ; fls. appearing after the lvs., very viscid, the tube much longer than the 
segments ; stamens exserted ; style much longer. Swamps. 4 — lOf. May — July. 

p. nitida. Lvs. smooth, green, shining, oblanceolate. Dry woods, N. 1— 2f. 

y. Iiispida, Lvs. very hispid above, smooth and glaucous beneath. Mts., Pa. 

2 A. nndiflora L. Pinxter-bloom. Young branchlets and lvs. beneath pubescent ; 

clusters naked, appearing with or before the young lvs. ; corolla slightly viscid, tube 
downy, scarcely longer than the segm. Woods: more common S. 3— 7f. Apr. + . — 
Varies with the flowers pink, deep purple, white-variegated, white with a buff centre, 
and buff all over; the latter two fragrant. Also, with 10 — 20 stamens. 
S A. calendulacea Mx. Flaming Pinxter. Young branchlets pubescent ; lvs. at- 
tenuated to the base, corymbs nearly or quite leafless ; tube of the cor. hirsute, not 
viscid, shorter than the ample lobes. Upland woods, O., Pa., and S. 3 — lOf. May, Jn. 
—The splendid flowers vary to yellow-scarlet, flame-color, brick-red, saffron-yellow, &c. 

4 A. arborescens Ph. Branches smooth ; lvs. obovate, glabrous, glaucous beneath, 

margins ciliate ; corymbs leafy with full-grown leaves ; corolla tube not viscid, longei 
than the lobes. Mts., Penn., and S. 10— 20f. May— July. 

5 A. Indica. Strigous, but not glandular; lvs. wedge-lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate; 

fls. terminal, 1 — 3 together. Japan. Fls. scarlet, crimson, white, &c. Splendid. 

6 A. Pontica. Lvs. oblong, acute, margin ciliate; fls. viscid, corymbed, after the 

leaves ; tube equalling the limb, yellow, very fragrant. Asia Minor. 

17. RHODODENDRON, L. Rose Bat. Calyx small, deeply 5-partr 
ed, persistent. Cor. campanulate, often slightly unequal, 5-lobed. Stam. 
10 (rarely fewer), mostly declinate, anthers opening by 2 terminal pores. 
Caps. 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. 5 & With alternate, entire leaves 
Flowers in dense, terminal umbels from large, scaly buds. Figs. 99, 311 



k 204 Order 73.— ERICACEAE. 

* Leaves obtuse at each end. Flowers purple or lilac, not spotted Nos. 1, 4 

* Leaves acute or acuminate, dotted or discolored beneath. Fls. spotted. Nos. 3, 4, 5 

* Leaves acuminate, scarcely paler beneath. Flowers very broad, purple No. fl 

1 K. Lapponicnm Wahl. Laplana Rose Bay. Dwarf; lvs. elliptical very small, 

roughened with concave rusty scales both sides ; fls. small (7"), lobes equal, purple ; 
sta. 5, 7, or 10, exserted. High mts., N. Eng., N. Y. 8—10', very bushy. June, July. 

2 R. CatawMense Mx. Catawba Bose Bay. Lvs. oval, rounded-obtuse at earb 

end, paler beneath, smooth ; cal. lobes oblong, elongated ; cor. broad-campanulale 
lilac-purple, large (14") ; stam. 10. High mts., Va., N. Car. 3— 6f. Lvs. 3—5'. Jn. 1 

3 R. punetatum Andr. Lvs. elliptical, acute or acuminate, glabrous, the lower rim- 

face and dense corymbs covered with resinous dots ; fls. bell-funnel-form, pink- red. 

green-spotted within, the lobes wavy. Uplands, Car., Ga. 4 — 6f. Lvs. 2 — 3'. Jn., Jl. -f 

8. Chapmdnii. Lvs. oval-obovate, obtuse, small (1—20 ; sepals minute. W. Fla. 

4 R. maiimum L. Lvs. obovate-oblong, acute, smooth, coriaceous, rusty beneath, 

revolute on the margin ; cal. lobes oval, obtuse ; cor. white to roseate, spotted with- 
in ; lobes unequal, roundish. Along streams, N. Eng. to Ga. 6— 20f. Splendid, t 

5 R. arboreum. Lvs. lanceolate, silvery-spotted beneath ; cor. lobes crenulate and 

curled, white, buff, red, crimson, &c. ; calyx downy. Himmaleh Mts. 5— 20f. 

6 R. Ponticum. Lvs. lance-oblong, attenuated to each end, smooth, green both sides ; 

corolla bell-rotate ; calyx smooth. Asia Minor. Low bush, flowers broad (2'), purple. 

18. RHODORA, Dunham. Cor. aclnate to the 5-toothed calyx, deeply 

divided into 3 segments, upper one much the broadest, 2-3-lobed at the 

apex, in bud enfolding the 2 lower. Sta. 10, declinate, fll. unequal, anthers 

opening by 2 pores. Caps. 5-celled, 5-valved. Cells many-seeded. +) 

With alternate leaves, and pale-purple flowers. April, May. 

R. Canadensis L. — Woods or swamps, N. Eng. to Penn. 2— 3f. Fls. in terminal 
clusters, 1', appearing before the oblong leaves, which are downy-canescent beneath. 

19. BEJARIA, Mut. Fls. heptamerous. Calyx 7-toothed, campanu- 
late. Corolla of 7 distinct petals. Sta. 14. Caps. 7-celled, 7- valved, many- 
seeded. 5 With alternate, entire lvs., and fls. in dense, racemous panicles. 
B. racciuosa Vent. Branches hispid and glutinous; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, glabrouH ; 

racemes terminal, white. Sandy soils, Ga., Fla. 3 — 4f. June, July. 

20. LEDUM, L. Labrador Tea. Calyx minute, 4-toothed. Cor. 

5-petalled, spreading. Sta. 5 — 10, exserted, anthers openiug by 2 terminal 

pores. Caps. 5-celled, opening at the base. J> Lvs. alternate, entire, fer- 

ruginous-tomentous beneath, coriaceous. Fls. in terminal corymbs, white. 

Ii. latifolium Ait. Lvs. elliptic-oblong, strongly revolute at edge ; sta. 5 — 7, sca.ce.j 
exserted. Mountains, Penn., to Greenland. 2 — 4f. May — July. 

21. LEIOPHYLLUM, Pers. Sand Myrtle. Calyx 5-parted. Pet 
5, ovate-oblong, spreading. Sta. 10, exserted, anthers dehiscing by Lateral 
cleft" Caps. 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. £> Glabrous, with ereel 
branches. Lvs. alternate, entire, oval, coriaceous, revolute-edged. Co- 
rymbs terminal. Flowers white. 

L. buxifolium Ell.— Pine-barrens, N. J. to Car. 8— 12f. Leaves shining. May. 

22. CLETHRA, G-aert. Sweet Pepper-bush. Cal. 5-parted, persist- 
ent. Pet. 5, distinct, obovate. Sta. 10, exserted, anth. inverted in the bud, 
at length erect. Style persistent, stigma 3-cleft. Caps. 3-celled, 3-valved 



. Order 73.— ERICACEAE. 205 

ao - seeded, enclosed by the calyx. +> J) Lvs. alternate, petiolate. Flowers 
white, in downy-canescent racemes. Bracts deciduous. 

1 C. alnlfdlia L. Lvs. cuneiform-obovate, acute, acuminately serrate, green on both 
sides, ftH >otb or slightly pubescent beneath ; racemes terminal, elongated, sample or 
branched ; bracts subulate. Swamps, N. Eng. to Ga. 3 — 8f. Fragrant. July, Aug. 
p. tomentbsa, Lvs. tomentous beneath ; spikes subpanicled ; fls. Z" . S. Apr.-Jn. 
y. gcabra, Lvs. coarsely serrate, rough-downy both sides. Ga. (Bainbridge). Pet. 2". 

Z C acuminata Mx. Arborescent ; lvs. glabrous, glaucous beneath, oval, acuminate 
abruptly acute at base, finely serrate, on slender petioles ; rac. terminal, solitary 
bracts long, caducous. Mts., Va., Ky., to Car. 10 — ISf. Lvs. 4— 6'. July, August. 

23. ELLIOTTIA, Muhl. Calyx small, 4-toothed. Corolla of 4 petals 
slightly cohering at base. Stamens 8, anth. sagittate. Style slender, with a 
capitate, undivided stig. Caps. 3-celled, 3-seeded. £> With virgate-branched, 
alternate, lanceolate, entire leaves, and terminal racemes of white flowers. 
E. raceniosa Muhl. — Dry, rich soils, S. Ga. 4 — 8f. Racemes bractless. June. 

24. CYRILIiA, L. Cal. 5-parted, minute. Pet. 5, distinct, spreading. 
Sta. 5, anth. opening lengthwise. Style short, with 2 stig. Caps. 2-celled, 
2-seeded, indehiscent. Seeds suspended. +> Branches irregularly whorled, 
with entire, elliptic-oblanc. lvs., and the white fls. in slender clustered rac. 
C. racemifiora Walt.— Sandy swamps, S. 12— ISf. Lvs. 2—3'. Rac. 4— Q / . June. 

25. MYLOCARIUM, Willd. Buckwheat Tree. Calyx 5-toothed, 
minute. Pet. 5, obovate, obtuse. Sta. 10, very short, til. thickened below. 
Caps, corky, 2- or 3-winged, 3-celled, with 3 subulate seeds. +> Very 
smooth, with branches irregularly whorled, elliptical leaves, and terminal 
racemes of white, fragrant flowers. 

HI. ligustrinum Willd. — Borders of swamps, Ga. and Fla. 4 — 8f. April, May. 

26. PYROLA, Salisb. Wintergreen. Cal. 5-parted. Pet. 5, equal. 
Sta, 10, anth. large, pendulous, fixed by the apex, 2-horned at base, open- 
ing by 2 pores at top. Style thick, as if sheathed. Stig. 5, appearing as 
rays or tubercles. Caps. 5-celled, opening at the angles, many-seeded, if 
Low, scarcely shrubby, evergreen herbs. Lvs. radical or nearly so, entire. 
Scapes mostly racemous, from a decumbent stem or rhizome. Fig. 99. 

§ Stamens and style straight. Stigmas peltate, 5-rayed. June, July Nos. 1, 2 

§ Stamens ascending. Style declined and curved. Stigma 5-tubercled. ..(a) 

a Leaves dull (not shining). Petals greenish-white Nos. 3, 4 

a Leaves thick and shining. Flowers white or rose-colored Nos. 5, G 

1 P. minor L. Lvs. round-ovate, repand-crenulate, longer than their petioles ; rac. 

spike-like ; corolla globular, including the short style. Woods, N. H., and N. July 

£ P. secunda L. Lvs. broadly ovate, acute, subserrate, longer than the petiole ; rac. 

secund ; cor. oblong ; style exserted. Woods, N. States. 5 — 8'. Lvs. near the base. 

(3. pitmila (Paine). Lvs. nearly orbicular, thin ; scape 3-6-flcwered, 4 — 8'. N. Y, 

3 P. chlorantlia Swartz. Lvs. orbicular, crenulate, shorter ^10 than the petiole 

scape tall (6 — 12'), few-flowered ; segm. of thecal, very short, obtuse ; pet. half-open, 

oval, greenish ; anth. conspicuously tubular. Woods, N. States and Can. June, July. 

A P. elliptica N. Leaves oval or elliptical, thin, longer than their petic es ; scape 

naked, (i-10-flowered ; eep. very short and obtuse ; anth. pores blunt ; fls nodding- 

fragrant. Woods, N. States and Can. 3— &. Petioles white. June, July. 



206 Okder 73.— ERICACEAE. . 

5 P. rotundi folia L. Lvs. round-ovate, shorter than the petiole, thicte ; scape 8 

angled, hracted below, OO-flowered ; sepals ovate, obtuse ; anther pores distinctlj 
tubular. Woods, Can. to Car., and W. 8 — 14'. Flowers large. June, July. 
/3. idig-inosa, Lvs. dull, 1-J', the stalk much longer ; sep. acute ; fls. smaller. 

6 P. asarifolia Mx. Lvs. round-reniform, thick, shining, shorter than the petiole ; 

scape angular ; rac. lax, CD-flowered ; sepals lanceolate, acute ; anther pores blunt. 
Old woods, N. States and Can. 6—1-2'. Flowers purple. June. 

27. CHIMAPHILA, Ph. Pipsissiwa. Cal. 5-parted. Pet. 5, spread- 
ing. Stamens 10, fil. dilated in the middle, anth. cells produced into tubes,, 
opening by a 2-lipped pore at apex. Style very short, thick. Capsule 5- 
celled, opening from the summit. £> Small, glabrous. Leaves cauline, ser- 
rate, thick. Ped. scape-like. Flowers terminal, nodding, roseate. Fig. 255 

1 C, umoellata Nutt. Prince's Pine. Lvs. cuneate-lanceolate, shining, 1-colored, 

serrate, in 4's — 6's ; umbel 4-7-flowered. Dry woods. 8—12'. July. 

2 C. maculosa. Pursh. Lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, rounded at base, remotely sei 

rate, discolored, opposite or in 3's ; ped. 2-3-flowered. Sandy woods. 6—8'. Jn.,Jl. 

28. MONBSES, Salisb. Calyx 5-parted. Cor. 5-parted, rotate. Sta, 
10, regular, 2-spurred at base, opening by 2 tubular pores at apex. Style 
straight. Stig. 5-lobed. Caps. 5-valved, 5-cellecl, co-seeded, if Low, sim- 
ple, smooth. Lvs. at top of the stem, roundish, serrulate, petiolate, veiny 
Peduncle terminal, longer than the stem. 

M. grandiflora Salisb. — Mossy woods, N. Eng., N. Y. : rare (com. in Oreg.) 3'. Scapq 
with a bract in the midst, and a single, terminal nodding white flower, 6" broad. Jn. 

29. SHORTIA, Gray. (This genus was founded upon an imperfect 
specimen in the Herbarium of Michaux, labelled, " High mountains of 
Carolina." (See Addenda.) 

30 ? GALAX, L. Beetle-weed. Cal. of 5 distinct, persistent sepals. 
Cor. of 5 oblong-obovate, distinct petals. Fil. 10, united into a tube with 
as many teeth, those opposite the petals sterile. Anth. 5, 1-celled, open- 
ing across the top. Caps. 3-celled. Seeds go, enclosed in a loose, cellular 
testa. U Roots tufted, creeping, deep red, sending up roundish-cordate, 
long-stalked, glabrous leaves and a scape bearing a dense raceme of white 
flowers. (Shortia and Galax have been lately referred to Diapensiaceae.) 
C. aphylla L.— Damp woods, Md. to Tenn., and S. Lvs. 2—3'. Scape 1— 2f. Jl., Aug. 

31. MONOTROPA, L. Indian Pipe. Pine Sap. Sep. 1—5, bract- 
like. Pet. 4 — 5, connivent in a bell-shaped corolla, gibbous at base. Sta 
8 — 10, anthers opening transversely at apex. Stig. 5-rayed. Caps. 4-T- 
celled, 4-5-valved. Seeds go, minute. — Low, parasitic herbs, destitute oi 
green herbage, furnished with scale-like bracts instead of leaves. 

§ Sepals (or bracts) 1—3. Flowers solitary, scentless. Style very short No. 1 

§ Sepals 4 or 5. Flowers in a secund raceme, fragrant. Style long No. 3 

1 M. uniflora L. Indian Pipe. Bird' s-nest. St. short; scales approximate; fl. 

nodding; fr. erect. Common in woods. 6—8'. Plant whitish. June— Sept. 

2 M. Hypopitys L. Pine Sap. Bird'' s-nest. More or less downy ; pedicels as long 

as the flower; cans, subclobous. Woods- com. 6—10'. Plant tawny. June— Aug 



Order 73.— ERICACEAE. 207 

32. SCHWEINITZIA, Ell. Carolina Beech-drops. Calyx persist- 
ent, of 5 erect, ovate-acuminate sepals. Corolla persistent, campanulate, 
limb 5-lobed. Sta. 10, anthers awnless, opening by pores at apex. Style 
thick, stig. large, 5-angled, caps. 5-celled, 5-valved. Seeds numerous, mi- 
nute. Plant leafless, brownish. Flowers subsessile, capitate, reddish- 
white, with the odor of the violet. 

S. odorata Ell.— Woods, Md. to Car. 3—5'. Habit of Monotropa. February, March. 

33. PTEROSPORA, Nutt. Albany Beech-drops. Calyx 5-parted. 
Cor. urceolate, roundish-ovoid, the limb 5-toothed and reflexed. Sta. 10, 
anthers peltate, 2-celled, 2-awned, opening lengthwise. Caps. 5-celled, 5- 
valved. Seeds very numerous, minute, winged at the apex, li Leafless, 
brownish-red, simple, viscid-woolly. Fls. racemed, white. 

P. Andromedk Nutt.— Near Albany, N. Y. (A. Stores), N. and W. : rare. 12— 3(y. 
Rac. erect, loose, with 40 or more drooping fls. resembling those of Andromeda. Jl. 

Order LXXIV. AQUIFOLIACEvE. Hollyworts. 

Shrubs or trees, with simple, coriaceous, exstipulate leaves. Flowers 
small, axillary, sometimes dioecious. Sepals 4 — 6, imbricate in bud, very 
minute. Corolla regular, 4-6-cleft or parted, hypogynous, imbricate in 
sestivation. Stamens inserted into the very short tube of the corolla and 
alternate with its segments. Anthers adnate. Ovaries free from the calyx, 
2-6-celled, with a solitary, suspended ovule in each cell. Fruit drupa- 
ceous, with 2 — 6 stones or nucules. Albumen large, fleshy. 

§ Habitually tetraraerous. Drupe with 4, bony, sulcate nutlets Ilex. 1 

S Habitually tetraraerous. Drupe with 4, horny, smooth nutlets Nemofanthes i 

§ Habitually hexamerous. Berry with 6 (7, 8) smooth, cartilaginous seeds Prinos. 3 

1. ILEX, L. Holly. Fls. 4- (rarely 5-) parted, mostly perfect, but many 
abortive. Calyx 4-toothed, persistent. Pet. 4, distinct or scarcely united 
at base. Sta. 4. Stig. 4, or united into one. Drupe red, with 4 bony nut- 
lets, ribbed and furrowed on the convex back. ^> J> t> Leaves alternate. 
Flowers small, wbite, lateral, single or clustered. 

* Trees evergreen. Leaves armed with spinous teeth No. 1 

* Shrubs evergreen Leaves unarmed, serrate or entire Nos. 2 — 4 

* Shrubs deciduous. Lvs. thin. — a Pedicels short as the petioles Nos. 5, 6 

—a Ped. (the sterile) longer than petioles No. 7 

1 I. op lea Ait. Lvs. thick, smooth, oval, spinescent at apex, and with remote, rc- 

pand, spinescent teeth ; drupe ovoid, nutlets 5-ribbed on the back. Woods, Mass 
tc Ga and La. 15 — 30f. A beautiful evergreen. June. 

|3. tnteg-ra, Lvs. entire, only a few of them 1-3-toothed. Tree, S. 

2 I. Dahooo Walt. Downy, more or less ; lvs. 2 — 3', oblong to oblanceolate, thick, 

shining above, pale beneath, entire, acute or obtuse ; sterile ped. oo-Aowered, fertile 
few-flowered ; nutlets 3-ribbed. Swamps, Va., and S. 5— 12f. May. 

j8. lig-ustrina has narrow, wedge-lanceolate, acute, subserrate leaves. South. 

3 I. myrtifolia Walt. Nearly smooth ; lvs. very small (5 — 9"), oblong-linear, thick, 

serrulate when young, subsessile ; pedicels 1-9-flowered. Pine-barren ponds, Md. to 
Fla. 12— 20f. Stems straggling, light gray. Very unlike No. 2. May. 



208 Order 76.— STYRACACE^. 

4 I. Cassinc Walt. Cassena Tea. Smooth ; lvs. small (10—18"), elliptical, obtuse 

crenate, thick, shining; ped. about 3-flowered. Coastward, S. : common. 6 — 15f, 
bushy. March, April. Was used as a tea by the Creek Indians. 

5 I* decid.ua Walt. Nearly smooth; lvs. thin, 1 — 2', lance-oval, pointed, blunt-ser- 

fate ; ped. short as the petioles, the $ clustered ; seeds obtusely ribbed. S. 6 — 91. 
j8. vrbhna, Lvs. 2—3', oval, obtuse, tapering to the base. 111., and S. May. 

6 I. Amelancliier Curt. Leaves (variable) ovate, oblong to lanceolate, acute oi 

pointed, serrulate, thin, downy beneath ; ped. short as the petioles, $ clustered, ? 
solitary; drupe red. Hills and mts., N. Y. to S. Car. (Prinos ambiguus Ph.) 

p. monticola. Lvs. large (3 — 50, glabrous, the short ped. and cal. some downy 

7 I. ambigua Chapm. Lvs. oval or elliptical, acute (scarcely pointed), serrulate oi 

nearly entire, smoothish ; $ ped. much longer than the pet., clustered, ? short, soli- 
tary. Wet grounds, S. 4— Sf. March, April. (Prinos ambiguus Mx.) 

2. NEMOPANTHES, Raf. Parts of the flower in 4's or 5's. Calyx 
very small. Petals linear-oblong, shorter than the stamens. Stig. sessile 
Drupe globular, red, with 4, rarely 5, smooth, horny nutlets (seeds). £> 
Lvs. entire, smooth, thin. Fls. white, small, on slender pedicels, S $ § . 
N. Canadensis DC— N. Eng. to Mich. Shrub 4— 6f. Lvs. 2'. Ped. 9— 12'. May,Jn. 

3. PRINOS, L. Winter-berry. Fls. small, habitually 6-parted and 
perfect, but often fruitless. Calyx 6-cleft, Cor. monopetalous, subrotate, 
6-parted. Sta. (in the sterile flowers rarely fewer, in the fertile rarely 
more). Berry 6-seeded, seeds with a smooth, cartilaginous testa. *> ^ 
With alternate lvs., small white fls , and red or black berries. (See Addenda.) 

§ Leaves deciduous, thin. Berries red. (No. 3a. p. 446, andl Nos. 1—3 

§ Leaves evergreen, thick, shining. Berries black Nos. 4, 5 

1 P. verticillatus L. Black Aide?'. Lvs. oblanceolate or elliptical, acuminate, mu- 

cronate-serrate, small ; pedicels shorter than the petioles ; berries scarlet, in close 
bunches as if verticillate, all Winter. Low woods. 8f. Leaves 1 — iy. July. 

2 I*, lanceolatus Ph. Lvs. lanceolate, long-acuminate, sharp-serrate, glab., 1 — 3' ; 

fls. subsessile, the sterile 3-androus ; berries large, red. Swamps, S. (Dr. J. Hale.) 

3 P.larvigatus Ph. Leaves lanceolate, appressed-serrulate, glabrous, shining above, 

short-acuminate ; ped. longer than the pet., in 2 , s or 3's. Swamps, Can. to Va. 7f. Jn. 

4 P. glaber L. Ink Berry. Lvs. coriaceous, cuneate-lanceolate, glabrous, serrate at 

the end ; ped. longer than the pet., 1-3-fiowered. Swamps, Ms. to La. 3 — 4f. Jn,, Jl. 

5 P. coriaceus Ph. Lvs. thick, obovate, serrate at the end, glabrous, shining ; fls. 

all solitary, on very short peduncles, 6-8-parted. Woods, S. 4 — 6f. Lvs. 2'. May. 

Order LXXVL STYRACACE^E. 

Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple leaves, destitute of stipules. Flow- 
e) 9 or racemes solitary, axillary, bracteate. Calyx 5-, rarely 4-lobed Corolla 
o rarely 4- or 6-lobed, imbricated in bud. Stamens definite or oo, unequal 
in length, usually cohering. Anthers innate, 2-celled. Ovaries adherent, 
2-/5-celled, the partitions sometimes hardly reaching the centre. Fruk 
drupaceous, generally with but one fertile cell. Seeds 5 — 1. 

Tribe I. SYMPLOCINEvE. Calyx 5-cleft. Anth. OO, innate, globular. Fls. yellow Symplocos. 1 

Tkibk IT. STYKACE^E. Calyx mostly truncate. Anthers 8—12, linear-oblong, adnate. 

Flowers white, — a 5-parted. Fruit wingless, 1-seeded Styrax. 2 

— a 4-parted. Fruit winged, 2- or 3-seeded HtusiA. S 



Order 77.— EBENACE^E. 209 

1. SYMPLOCOS, Jacq. Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. 5-parted, spreading. Sta 
GO , in 5 clusters, one attached to the base of eacii petal. Fil. slender. Anth 
globular. Ovary 3-celled, half-adherent. Drape dry, with a 3-celled, mostly 
1-seeded nut. 5 b With clusters or racemes of small yellow flowers. 

S. tinctoria I/Her. Lvs. oval or elliptical, acuminate, acute at base, thick ; fls. ses- 
sile, in axillary, dense clusters of 6—12 ; calyx lobes ovate, obtuse. Va., and S. 10— 20f, 
Drupe ovoid, 6". The dried leaves dye yellow. March, April. 

2. STYRAX, Tourn. Cor. deeply 5-parted, much longer than the cam- 
panulate calyx. Sta. 10, joined to the base of the corolla, fil. united into 
a short tube at base. Anth. linear, erect. Ov. adherent at base. Fr. cori- 
aceous, 1-celled, mostly 1-seeded. +> With alternate leaves and axillary 
racemes of white, drooping, showy flowers. March — May. 

1 S. pulverulenta Mx. Pulverulent-downy; lvs. broadly oval, obtuse, glandular- 

seirrulate ; fls. axillary and terminal. Va. to Fla. 2— 3f. Petals 6". 

2 S. Americana Lam. Plant glabrous ; lvs. oblong or elliptical, acute at each end ; 

rac. leafy, few-flowered, cor. often downy. Swamps, Va., and S. 4— Sf. 

3 S. grandifolia Ait. Lvs. ample, broadly obovate, acute or short-acuminate, hoary 

tomentous beneath ; racemes leafless, longer than the leaves. Va. to Fla. 6 — 12f. 

3. HALESIA, Eliis. Snowdrop Tree. Cal. obconic, briefly 4-lobed. 
Cor. inserted into the calyx, campanulate with a narrow base, 4-parted. 
Sta. 8 — 12, connate into a tube below. Sty. filiform. Fr. dry, 2-4-winged. 
Sds. 1 — 3. £> ^) Lvs. alternate, abruptly acuminate, finely denticulate or 
entire. Flowers in advance of the leaves, pendulous, in lateral clusters 
of 3 — 5, white, showy. 

1 H. tetraptera L. Lvs. oblong-ovate ; fls. 6" long ; pet. half-united ; stam. 12 ; fr. 

equally 4-winged. Woods, Va. to Ky., and S. Shrub 10 — 20f. April. 
Q, H. diptera L. Lvs. oblong-ovate ; fls. V long ; pet. slightly united ; stam. 8 ; fruit 

2-winged. Woods, S. Tree 15— 30f, often 50f. Lvs. 6'. Pods near 2'. April, Mav. 

Order LXXVIL EBENACE^E. Ebonads. 

Trees or shrubs without milky juice and with a heavy wood. Leaves al 
ternate, exstipulate, coriaceous, entire. Inflorescence axillary. Flowers by 
abortion dioecious, seldom perfect. Calyx free, 3-6-cleft, divisions nearly 
equal, persistent. Corolla regular, 3-6-cleft, often pubescent, imbricate in 
aestivation. Stamens twice or 4 times as many as the lobes of the corolla. 
Fruit a fleshy, oval, or globous berry. Seeds large, suspended, albuminous. 

DIOSPYROS, Dalesch. Persimmon. Fls. $ ? . Cor. tubular or cam- 
panulate, convolute in bud. 6 Sta. mostly 16. Fil. shorter than the 
anthers. Style 0. 2 Sta. mostly 8, without anthers. Style 2-4-cleft. 
Beiry ovoid or globous, 4-12-, mostly 8-celled, cells 1-seeded. t) ^ A 
large genus, mostly tropical. 

D. Virginiana L. Lvs. elliptic, abruptly acuminate, entire; racemes axfllary, 8-1- 
flowered, pedicels shorter than the flowers ; calyx 4-parted ; stamens 8. Woods, lat 
42°, and S 10 — 30f Berry large as a plum, sweet after frost. 

14 



210 Order 81.— PRIMULACJ^. 



Order LXXVIII. SAPOTACE^E. Soapworts. 

Trees or shrubs, laostly with a milky juice, and simple, entire leaves 
Flowers small, regular, perfect, mostly in axillary clusters. Calyx free, per- 
sistent. Corolla hypogjmous, short, stamens usually as many as its lobes 
and opposite to them, inserted into its tube along with one or more rows 
or appendages. Anthers extrorse. Ovary 4-12-celled, with a single ana- 
tropous ovule in each cell. Seeds large. (Included Theophrastaceae.) 

■ Corolla &-8-eleft. with a pair of appendages at each sinus. S. Fla Mimhsops Sieben DV 

• Corolla 5-cleft, — a with a single appendage at each sinus. S. Fla Sideroxylon pallidum Jq 

— a with a pair of, <fcc. — b Sterile stamens fringed. S. Fla. . .Dipholis salicifolia A. DC. 
— b Sterile stamens entire Bumelia. 1 

\ 

BUMELIA, Swartz. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. 5-cleft, with a pair of ap- 
pendages between the lobes. Sta. 5, opposite the lobes, alternate with 5 
petaloid, sterile stamens. Ov. 5-celled. Sty. filiform. Drupe ellipsoid, 1- 
seeded, exalbuminous. +> ^ Wood hard and firm. Lvs. entire, of a firm 
texture. Fls. aggregated, white oi greenish. Our species are all more or 
less spiny, and with very tough twigs. 

* Leaves hairy beneath Nos. 1,2. ** Leaves glabrous both sides Nos. 3, 4 

1 B. tenax Willd. Silky-ferrnginous ; lvs. wedge-oblong to obovate, obtuse ; clusters 

20-35-fiwd., with slender pedicels; drupe oval, corrugated. Sands, S. 20— 30f. Jn., Jl. 

2 B. lanuginosa Pers. Woolly-ferruginous ; lvs. oval, acutish, thin ; fascicles 6-12 

flwd., with short pedicels ; drupe globular. Damp. S. 111., and S. 8— 12f. June, Jl 

3 B. lycioid.es Gsert. Lvs. wedge-elliptical, rather acute ; clusters densely 20-30-flwd., 

ped. shorter than petioles (2-3"). Damp, Ky., and S. 15-25f. Branches virgate. May. 

4 B. reclinata Vent. Lvs. obovate, obtuse, small (9 — 12") ; clusters 15-20-fiwd. ; ped. 

slender, half as long as the leaf. Eiver banks, S. Car. to Fla. A straggling shrub. Jn.,Jl 

Order LXXXI. PRIMULACE^E. Primworts. 

Herbs low, with the leaves mostly radical or mostly opposite. Flowers 
5- (rarely 4-6-) parted, regular and monopetalous. Stamens 5, inserted on 
the corolla tube and opposite to its lobes. Ovary 1-celled, with a free cen- 
tral placenta. Style 1. Stigma 1. Capsule 1-celled, Go-seeded. Seeds with 
fleshy albumen. Figs. 22, 133, 249. 

§ Ovary half-inferior. Capsule opening by valves. Leaves undivided. (Tribe IV.) 
I Ovary superior. — * Capsule opening by valves. Leaves pectinate. (Tribe L) 
— * Capsule opening by valves. Leaves undivided. (Tribe II.) 
— * Capsule opening by a lid. Leaves undivided. (Tribe III.) 

I. HOTTONIE^E. Corolla salver-form. Plants floating. Leaves verticillate... .Hottonia. 1 

IL PRIMULE.<E. — a Acaulescent. — b Corolla limb spreading, tube cylindrical Primula. 2 

— b Corolla limb spreading, tube ovoid Androsace. 3 

—b Corolla lobes reflexed.— c Stam. exserted. . .Dodecatheon. 4 

— c Stam. included... Cyclamen. 5 

— « Caulescent. — d Corolla wanting. Leaves opposite Glaux. 6 

— d Corolla 7-parted. Leaves in one whorl Trientalis. J 

— d Cor. 5- or 6-parted. Lvs. opp. or whorled. . .Lysimachia. 8 

IH ANAGALLIDEjE. — e Flowers 5-parted, scarlet. Leaves opposite ..Anagallib. 9 

— e Flowers 4-parted, white? Leaves scattered Centunculub. aS 

IV. 8AM0LE M. Flowers 5-parted. Leaves alternate 8 amolus. 1J 



Order 81— PRIMULACEJ5. 2ll 

1. HOTTONIA, L. Water-feather. Calyx 5-parted. Cor. salver 
form, with a short tube, and a flat, 5-lobed limb. Sta. inserted in the tube 
of the corolla, included. Stig. globous. Caps, globous-acuminate. £? If 
Fleshy, with pectinate-pinnatifid, submersed, radical leaves. 

H. inflata Ell. St. immersed, with a whorl of lvs. (1-20 a * or near the surface ; scapes 
clustered, jointed, hollow, 3 — 10', hearing several whorls of small white fls. Pools. 
N. and S April— June. Curious. 

2. PRIMULA, L. Primrose. Auricula. Cal. angular, 5-cleft. Cor. 
salver-shaped or often rather funnel-shaped, with 5 entire or notched or 
bifid lobes. Sta. included, fil. very short. Caps, ovoid, 5-valved, valves 
often bifid, opening at the top, oo-seeded. — Herbs with the leaves all radi- 
cal and flowers in an involucrate umbel, often showy. 

* Native, wild species. Corolla salver-form, the lobes abruptly spreading. . .Nos. 1, 9 

* Exotic— a Corolla salver-form, the lobes abruptly spreading Nos. 3, 4 

— a Corolla funnel-form. — b Leaves rugous, hairy, toothed Nos. 5, 6 

— b Leaves plain, smooth, often entire Nos. 7, 8 

1 P. Mistassinica Mx. Lvs. spatulate, dent-crenate, green both sides ; invol. 1-8- 

flwd., i as long as pedicels ; cor. lobes obcordate, tube much exserted. Lake shores, 
Vt. (Willoughby) N. Y. (Seneca), and N. 3—7'. Fls. 5" broad, white. Jn. Delicate. 

2 P. farinosa L. Bird's-eye P. Lvs. lance-elliptic, obtuse, dentic. at apex, whitish- 

mealy beneath, as well as the 3-20-flwd. invol. ; cor. pale-purple, with a yellow centre, 
its lobes bifid Lake shores, Mich., Me. (A. H. Smith), and N. 6 — 12'. June, July. 

3 P. granmflora. Common P. Lvs. obovate-oblong ; umb. radical ; cor. limb flat, yel- 

low, varying to all shades of orange, and red, to white, single or double. Europe. 

4 P. purpurea. Lvs. lanceolate, obtuse, yellowish-mealy beneath ; scape longer than 

the leaves ; invol. OO-flwd., as long as the pedicels ; lobes entire, dark-purple. Nepal. 

5 P. officinalis. Cowslip P. Lvs. oblong, hairy beneath ; fls. all nodding ; cal. angu 

lar; cor. concave. Endless varieties are raised from the seed. Europe. (P. veris.) 

6 P. elatior. Ox-lip P. Lvs. hairy both sides ; outer fls. nodding; cor. flat. Eur. If. Yel. 

7 P. Auricula. Lvs. obovate, fleshy ; scape GO-flowered, as long as the leaves ; bracts 

short ; calyx powdery. Alps. The varieties are innumerable and beautiful. 

8 P. caltcina. Leaves lanceolate, entire, acute, edged with white ; invol. 3-5-flwd., as 

long as the pedicels ; cal. tube inflated ; corolla lobes emarginate. Austria. Purple. 

3. ANDROSAOE, Tourn. Cal. 5-cleft or toothed. Cor. funnel-form 
or salver-form, the 5 lobes entire, tube constricted at the throat, ovate, 
shorter than the calyx. Fil. and style very short. Caps, globous. Minute 
csespitous herbs, with radical, rosulate leaves. (Scape bearing an umbel.) 

A. ©ccid.enta.lis Ph. Lvs. oblong-spatulate and ovate, entire, glabrous ; scape JO 
flowered ; bracts oval, pedicels slender ; calyx angular, segments longer than the 
small white corolla. (I) Gravelly shores, 111., and W. 1—3'. 

4. DODEOATHEON, L. American Cowslip. Pride of Ohio. 

Cal. 5-parted, reflexed. Cor. tube very short, limb 5-parted, segm. reflexed. 

S'a, 5, inserted into the throat of the corolla. Fil. very short. Anth. large, 

acute, connivent at apex. Style exserted. Caps, oblong-ovoid, 5-valved, 

QO - seeded. 2/ Root fibrous, with radical, oblong leaves, an erect, simple 

scape, and a terminal umbel of nodding white flowers and erect fruit. 

D. Meadia L.— Ohio, Penn. to Cal. ! common in prairies. Whole plan t glabrous, 1— 2f 
scape 9-20-flowercd, usually abonr 1 2 flowered. Singularly elegant. May, June. 



212 Order 81.— PRIMULACE^E. 

5. CYCLAMEN, L. Cal. bell-shaped, 5-parted. Corolla tube ovate 
short, limb 5-parted, reflexed. Anth. 5, included, sessile. Caps. globouS; 
5-valved. — Oriental herbs. Root a large tuber. Leaves all radical, ovate or 
roundish, cordate. Scapes naked, erect, with one nodding flower, but in 
fruit coiling up and hiding the capsule in the ground. 

1 C. Europium. Lvs. crenate ; petals lance-ovate, fragrant, roseate. Europe. 

2 C. Coum. Lvs. entire ; petals round-ovate, inodorous, purple. Asia Minor. 

6. GLAUX, L. Black Saj/twort. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, col 
ored. Corolla none. Sta. 5 Caps, roundish, surrounded by the calyx, 5- 
valved, 5-seeded. U Maritime, branching, glabrous, with opposite leavea 
and small, axillary, solitary flowers. 

G. ma r i ti ma L.— Salt marshes, Can. to N. J. Plant fleshy, branching, leafy, 4 — 6' ; lvs. 
round-ovate, obtuse, entire, darkly glaucous ; calyx reddish- white. July. 

7. TRIENTALIS, L. Chickweed-Wintergreen. Cal. and cor. 7- 
(6-8-) parted, spreading. Sta. 7 (6 — 8). Fruit capsular, somewhat fleshy, 

00 -seeded. U St. low, simple. Lvs. subverticillate. Pedicels 1 -flowered. 

T. Americana Ph. St. erect, simple, leafless at base ; lvs. glomerate at top of the 
stem, few, narrow-lanceolate, serrulate, acuminate ; sepals linear, acuminate. Rocky 
woods : com. 3 — 6'. Pedicels 1 — 4, filiform ; corolla white, starlike, 6". May, June. 

8. LYSIMACHIA, L. Loose-strife. Fls. 5-(rarely 6- or 7-) parted. 
Cor. wheel-shaped, the petals nearly or quite distinct. Sta. 5, on the base 
of the corolla. Fil. often somewhat connate or with intervening, sterile 
ones. Capsules globous, 5-10-valved, opening at the apex. Seeds few or 
many. % With opposite or verticillate entire leaves. (Flowers yellow.) 

§ Petals 5—7, distinct, dotted, with 5 — 7 intervening teeth. (Naumbergia) No. 1 

§ Petals 5, united at base, that is, monopetalous . . . (a) 

a Sterile filaments 0, the perfect stamens monadelphous . . .(c) 

a Sterile filaments 5 «hort teeth alternate with the perfect stamens. . . (d) 

c Flowers whorled, in a long, terminal, bracted raceme Nos. 2, o 

c Flowers not racemed— axillary or paniculate Nos. 4 — 6 

d Leaves acute at base, tapering to the short petiole Nos. 7, 8 

d Leaves rounded or abrupt at base, long-petioled Nos. 9, 10 

1 Ii. tliyrsiflora L. St. simple ; lvs. dotted, linear-elliptical, pointed, sessile ; thyr- 

soid racemes from the middle axils pedunculate, shorter than the leaves ; pet. linear, 
brown-dotted. Meadows, N. Eng. to O., and N. 2f. June. (Naumbergia C-B.) 

2 L. stricta Ait. Lvs. opposite, rarely in 3's, lanceolate to lance-linear, acute, sessile, 

dotted ; axils producing bulblets after flowering; fls. whorled, in a long, open, termi- 
nal raceme, yellow, with purple streaks. Low grounds. 1 — 2f. July. 

0. ansrustifolia (Chapm.) Lvs. very narrow, obtuse ; petals acute. South. 

3 Id. Herbemonti Ell. St. simple: lvs. whorled in 4's or 5's, ovate to lance-ovate, 

pointed, sessile, revolute at edge, dotted ; fls. racemed, dotted. Carolina : rare. 2f. 

4 L. Frlseri Duby. Glandular-downy at top; lvs. opposite, ovate or ovate-cordate, 

pointed, petiolate, dotted; fls. in a terminal panicle; sep. fringed. S. Car. (Fraser). 

5 li. quadrifolia L. Erect, simple ; lvs. in whorls of 4 1 s (rarely 5's or 3's), lanceo- 

late, pointed, sessile, dotted ; ped. slender, solitary in each axil ; pet. oval, obtuse. 
Damp shades, Can. to Car. and Ky. IS'. Corolla yellow, with purple lines. June. 

6 L. nummularia L. Moneyioort. Trailing, weak; lvs. roundish, subcordatc, on 

short petioles, opposite, dotless ; fls. solitary, large, showy Fields and gardens. § 



Order 82.— PL ANT AGIN ACE^. 5J13 

1 \a. longifolia Ph. St. slender, flexuous. 4-angled; lvs. linear, shining, revolnte ai 
edge ; fls. large, in pairs or 4's, terminal on the stem or short branches ; petals broad- 
ovate, erose-dentate ; anthers large. Low prairies. W. and S. "If— 20'. July. 
8. tenuis. Leaves lance-linear, fiat, edges not revolute. Miss, and La. 
8 L. lanceolata Walt. St. angular above; leaves lance-oblong, acute at each end, 
subsessile, veiny, ciliate at base ; ped. solitary, axillary. Meadows. 12 — IS'. July. 
B. heterophylla. Lower lvs. oval or oblong, petiolate ; flowers at the summit. 
I) Li. eiliata L. St. erect, 4-angled; lvs. opposite, ovate to lance-ovate, rounded ai 
base, petioles distinct, ciliate ; flowers nodding, mostly opposite, in the upper axils, 
large (V) ; stamens distinct. Thickets, along streams. 2 — 3f. Often branched. Jl. 
B. tonsa. Pet. entire, destitute of cilise ; lvs. and fls. smaller. Mts., Ky., Tenn 
i Li. radicans Hook. St. square, long, trailing, rooting at the joints ; br. slender ; 
lvs. lance-ovate, acute, on long pet. ; fls. small (4"). Swamps, Va., and S. 2 — 4f. Jl. 
/ 

9. ANAGALLIS, L. Scarlet Pimpernel. Calyx 5-parted. Cor. 

rotate, deeply 5-parted, tube 0. Sta. 5, hairy, anth. introrse. Caps, globu- 
lar, thin, opening all around (pyxis). — Herbs with square stems and oppo- 
site or whorled entire leaves. Pedicels axillary, solitary. Fig. 249. 

A . arvensis L. Procumbent ; lvs. broad-ovate, sessile, shorter (6 — 10'0 than the curved 
ped. ; sepals lance-linear, as long as the roundish crenate-glandular, red petals, (ij 
Fields, waysides. The flowers (sometimes blue, Dr. Buel) close at 2 p. m., or on the 
approach of foul weather ; hence called the Poor Man's Weather-glass. 

10. CENTUNCULUS, L. False Pimpernel. Cal. 4-parted. Cor. 

urceolate-rotate, 4-cleft, shorter than the calyx. Sta. 4, beardless, united 

at base. Capsules globous, circumscissile. Seeds very minute. ® Very 

diminutive, with alternate lvs. Fls. axillary, solitary, subsessile, white? 

C minimus L. St. ascending, branched; leaves subsessile, oval, obtuse, entire, the 
lower opposite ; sep. linear-subulate. Wet, 111., and S. 1—6'. April — July. 

11. SAMOLUS, L. Water Pimpernel. Calyx partly adherent, 5- 
cleft. Corolla salver-form, 5-cleft. Sta. 5, alternating with 5 scales (sterile 
filaments). Caps, dehiscent at top by 5 valves, many-seeded.— Herbs with 
alternate lvs. Flowers corymbous or racemous. May — Aug. Figs. 22, 133. 

1 S. Valeraiidi L. (S. floribundus K.) St. simple or branched ; lvs. obtuse, wedge- 

oval, the lower petiolate ; fls. in a raceme or panicle of racemes, pedicels with a mi 
nute bract near the middle ; petals longer than the sepals. Wet gravels. 6 — 12'. 

2 S. ebracte^tus Kunth. Erect, leafy below ; lvs. obovate-spatulate ; fls. racemed, 

ped. bractless ; cor. white, 3 times longer than the calyx (3"). Marshes. Fla., and W. 

Order LXXXH PLANTAGINACE^E Ribworis 

Herbs rarely shrubby, with radical leaves and the flowers in spikes on 
scapes. Flowers regular, tetramerous. Stamens 4 — 2, alternate with the 
lobes of the corolla, and inserted on its tube. Antliers versatile, filaments 
usually slender and exserted. Fruit a membranous pyxis, with 1, 2, or 
many albuminous seeds. 

PLANTAGO, L. Plantaln. Ribwort. Sep. 4, membranous, per- 
sistent. Cor. limb 4-toothed, spreading, persistent on the fruit. Stamens 
4 (rarely 2), the long, slender filaments exserted, or in some of the fls. ill 



214 Order 83.— PLUMiiAGIXACE^. 

eluded. Ovary 2-(4-) celled. Pyxis membranous, opening below the middle 
by a lid, when the loose dissepiment Mis out with the seeds. — Herbs acau- 
lescent. Fls. small, whitish, in a slender spike raised on a scape. 

§ Flowers uniform ; stamens exserted in all of them. . .(a) 

§ Flowers dimorphous, the anthers included in most of them. . .(b) 

a Seeds 7 — 16. Leaves broadly ovate, 7 -veined. Spike dense No. 1 

a Seeds 4 only. Leaves oblong or cordate, 3-7-veined Nos. 2, 3 

a Seeds 2 only. Leaves lanceolate. Scape tall. May — October Nos. 4, 5 

a Seeds 2 or 4. Leaves linear, fleshy No. C 

b Corolla lobes permanently spreading. Seeds 2, concave Nos. 7, 8 

b Corolla lobes closing, and erect on the fruit. Summer Nos. 9—11 

1 P. major L. Common P. Leaves ovate, some toothed, smoothish, palmately 7- 
veined, ample; spikes 1 — 2f high. %. Door-yards: common. Long white elastic 
fibres are drawn from the veins when the leaf is plucked. 

a P. Kamptseliiitlca Cham. Leaves elliptic- oblong, obtuse, 3-5-veined; spikes 
loose-flowered; bracts acute, shorter than the sepals. Ala. (P. Rugelii C-B.) 

3 I*, cordata Lam. Lvs. ovate, cordate or very abrupt at base, obscurely toothed, 

subpinnately 5-7-veined ; fls. loosely spicate, larger than in No. 1 ; the bracts ovate, 
obtuse. ii Along streams, Can. Wis., and S. As large as P. major. June, July. 

4 P. lanceoluta L. Lvs. lanceolate, pointed at each end; scape angular, longer than 

the leaves ; spike dense, ovate or cylindric, brown. % Meadows. 1 — 2f. 

5 P. sparsiflora Mx. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, pointed each way : scape terete, 

longer than the leaves ; spike long, loose, interrupted. S. and S-W. (5 — IS'. 

6 P. maritiina L. /3. juncoides. Leaves linear, glabrous, fleshy, nearly as long as 

the slender scape ; spike loose, bracts roundish. Coast, N. J., and N. 4— 12 / . 

7 P. ari.sta.ta Mx. Lvs. linear, woolly at base, smoothish above ; scape longer; spike 

dense ; bracts long, rigid, awn-like (5") ; petals round-cordate, spreading, conspicuous ; 
seeds 2, boat-shaped. Prairies, 111. 6—10'. June, July. (P. Patagonica, /3. (Gray.)) 

8 P. gnaplialoid.es L. White-woolly; lvs. oblong to linear; spike dense, exceed 

ing the lvs. ; bracts deltoid, not exceeding the calyx. Wis. to Tex. 3 — 6'. June, Jl. 

9 P. Virginica L. Hoary pubescent ; lvs. elliptical, 3-5-veined; scapes and spike, 1 -' 

elongated, dense-flowered ; cor. closed on the pod, erect ; seeds rarely more than 2 ; 
bracts shorter than the cal. © Dry hills and rocks, Conn., W. and S. 5— 10'. May— Sept 

I O P. lieteropliylla N. Lvs. linear, entire, or some of them with a few slendei 

teeth ; ped. many, as long as the leaves ; spikes loose ; pod conoid, twice longer than 
the calyx, crowned with the closed cor., 10-24-seeded. © Wet, Penn., and S. 4—8'. 

I I P. pusilla. N. Thinly pubescent; lvs. filiform-linear, shorter than the capillary, 
few-flowered scapes ; pod crested, longer than the calyx, 4-seeded. (T) Conn. (Mr. 
Rowles), W. and S. 1—3'. Seeds oblong. May— July. 

Order LXXXIII. PLUMBAGINACE^E. Leadworts. 

Herbs or undershrubs with the leaves alternate or all clustered at the 
root. Flowers regular. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, plaited, persistent. Co- 
rolla hypocra/teriform, of 5 petals united at base, or sometimes almost dis- 
tinct. Stamens 5, hypogynous and opposite the petals, or inserted on their 
claws. Ovary 1-celled, free from the calyx. Styles 5 (seldom 3 or 4). Fruil 
a utricle, or dehiscent by valves, containing 1 anatropous seed. 

I. STATICE^E. Styles distinct, at least above. Utricle not valvate. Leaves radical... (a) 

U PLUMBAGINEiE. Style 1, with 5 stigmas. Pod subvalvate. Leaves cauline... (6). .Plumbago. 3 

a Stigmas Aliform. Styles glabrous. Scape branching Statice. 1 

a Stigmas filiform. Styles plumous. Scape capitate Armeria. 2 



Order 84.— LENTIBULACEJL 215 

1. STATIOE, L. Marsh Rosemary. Calyx funnel-form, limb sea- 
nous, 5-nerved, 5-parted. Pet. scarcely united at base. Fil. 5, adnate to 
the very base of the corolla. Ovary crowned with the o glabrous, filiform 
styles, utricle opening crosswise. U Herbs with the scape branching, tte 
flowers 3-bracted, sessile on the 3-bracted branchlet. 

S. Limouium L. Very smooth. Leaves oblong to oblancelate, acute, tipped with a 
bristle, long-stalked ; scapes terete, corymbous-paniculate ; fls. separate or in pairs, 
on the upper side of the branchlets, blue-purple. Marshes. 6 — 12'. July — October. 

2. ARMERIA, Willd. Thrift. Flowers collected in a dense head. 
Invol. 3- to many-leaved. Cal. tubular-campanulate, 5-angled, with 5 shal- 
low lobes, scarious and plaited. Pet., sta., etc., as in Statice. if Lvs. radi- 
cal, mostly linear. Scape simple, appendaged above with a sheath. 

1 A. vulgaris. Scape terete, smooth; lvs. linear, flat, obtuse ; oute. bracts of the in 

vol. ovate-acute ; fls. rose-colored. Sea-coast, Oreg^ &c. If. June — August. 

2 A. latifolia. Scape solitary, tall ; lvs. broad-oblong, 5-7-veined ; flowers rose-red , 

bracts cusp-pointed, scarious. Portugal. 1— 2f. June — August. 

\ 

3. PLUMBAGO, Tourn. Leadwort. Cal. 5-lobed. Corolla salver- 

form, tube longer than calyx, limb twisted in aestivation. Anth. 5, linear 
Stig. 5, filiform. Utricle membranous, mucronate with the persistent style. 
+) U Flowers cyanic, numerous through the season. 

1 P. Capensis. Shrubby ; lvs. oblong, entire, white-scaly beneath ; fls. in short termi- 

nal spikes, pale blue, the tube V or more in length. S. Africa. 2 — 4f. Hardy S. 

2 I*, ccerulea. Herbaceous ; lvs. acuminate ; fls. in loose spikes, blue. 6". U S. Am. 

3 P. coccinea. Herb tall ; lvs. oblong, large ; spikes long, loose ; fls. scar. 1 — 2'. India 

Order LXXXIV. LENTIBULACE^E. Butterworts. 

Herbs small, growing in water or wet places, with showy, bilabiate fis 
on scapes. Calyx inferior, of 2 or 3 sepals. Corolla irregular, bilabiate 
personate, spurred. Stamens 2, included within the corolla and inserted on 
its upper lip. Anthers 1-celled. Ovary 1-celled, with a free, central pla- 
centa. Style 1. Stigma cleft. Fruit, capsule many-seeded. Seeds minute. 
Embryo straight, with no albumen. Fig. 399. 

§ In wet, rocky places. Leaves broad, entire. Corolla throat open Pingutcula. 1 

§ In water, floating. Leaves dissected. Corolla throat closed Utricularia. 2 

1. PINGUICULA, L. Butterwort. Cal. 5-parted, somewhat bila- 
biate. Cor. bilabiate, ringent, upper lip bifid, lower trifid, spurred at base 
beneath. Sta. 2, very short. Stig. sessile, 2-lobed. Caps, erect. Sds. oo. 
if Lvs. radical, rosulate, entire, greasy to the touch. Scapes 1-flowered, 
nodding. March — May. 

* Corollas blue, purple, or white, lobes very unequal Nos. 1 — 8 

* Corollas yellow, the lobes nearly equal No. 4 

1 P. vulgaris L. Scape and calyx a little downy ; eor. lips very unequal, lobes ob- 

tuse, entire ; spur cylindrical, straightish. N. Y. (rare), and N. 6 — 8'. Cor. 1 long. 

2 P. elatior Mx. Lvs ovate to spatulate ; scapes villous near the base ; cal. gtandu- 



216 order 84.— LENTLBULACE^E. 

lar; corolla lobes obtuse, 2-lobulate ; spur half as long as the tube, bltnt. S. Car. tc 
Fla. Scape very slender, 8—12' high. Lvs. V or less. Fls. 1'. (P. australis N.) 

3 P. piiinila Mx. Lvs. glabrous, roundish-ovate ; corolla tube oblong, lobes emargi- 

nate ; spur acute, nearly as long as tube. Ga., Fla. 2—4'. Fls. 4 — 5" long. 

4 P. liitea Walt. Lvs. elliptic to obovate ; cor. bell-shaped, nearly regular, the lobee 

sinuate-dentate ; spur slender, i as long as corolla. S. 5 — 8'. Fls. 9" broad. 

2. UTRICULARIA, L. Bladderwort. Cal. 2-parted, lips subequai 
Cor. irregularly bilabiate, personate, spurred. Stamens 2. Stig. bilabiate. 
Caps, globular, 1-celled. £? Loosely floating, or fixed in the mud. Lvs. 
radical, multifld or linear and entire, mostly furnished with little inflated 
utricles (whence the name) as buoys. Scape erect. June — Sept. Fig, 399. 

§ Floating. Scape involucrate with a whorl of large inflated petioles No. 1 

§ Floating. Scape naked, branches bearing bulblets and bladders. . .(a) 
§ Stems creeping and rooting in mud, with few or no air-bladders, .(b) 

a Flowers purple. Branches whorled, submersed No. 2 

a Flowers yellow. — c Bladders borne on the capillaceous leaves., .(d) 

— c Bladders and leaves borne on separate branches Nos. 3, 4 

d Spur acute or refuse, about as long as the lips Nos. 5 — 7 

d Spur obtuse, short. — e Fls. of 2 kinds, the lipless down on the stems No. 8 

— e Fls. of 1 kind only, all on the scapes Nos. 9 — 11 

b Spur appressed to and scarcely equalling the lower lip of the corolla Nos. 12, 13 

b Spur remote from the corolla, slender, acute Nos. 14, 15 

1 U. iuflata Walt. Upper lvs. in a whorl of 5 or 6 at the surface of the water ; pet. 

and midvein inflated, lower lvs. capillaceous, dissected, submerged; scape 4-5-fiwd. 
71 In ponds and ditches. Ithizome or stem long. Scape 8'. Fls. 8" broad, yellow, 
upper lip rounded, entire, lower lip 3-lobed. August. 

2 U. purpurea Walt. Leaves all submersed, fibrinous, whorled on the long stem ; 

scape assurgent, 2-3-flowered ; lower lip 3-lobed, bisaccate, longer than the conical 
spur beneath it. (i) Ponds. Scape 3 — 5'. Flowers &' broad, violet-purple. 

3 U. Intermedia Hayne. Lvs. 2- ranked, crowded, 4 — 5 times forked, divisions lin- 

ear-subulate, ciliate-denticulate, rigid, 2—3" long ; bladders all on leafless branches ; 
scape 2-3-flowered ; spur conical, acute ; corolla 6— 8". ® Pools, Pa., and N. 6—8'. 
•t IJ. Robbinsii Wood. Leaves alternate, 3 — 4 times forked, divisions flaccid, linear- 
capillary, entire, 8 — 12" long ; bladders all on leafless branches ; scape tall (8 — 13'), 
4-7-flowered ; spur fusiform ; corolla 4 — 5". ® Mass. (Dr. Robbins.) 

5 XJ. striata Le Conte. Lvs. 3-4-furcate, divisions capillary ; scape 2-6-flowered, 8 — 

12' ; fls. 6", on slender pedicels, lips subequai, 3-lobed, the upper striate with red, 
concave, the lower as long as the obtuse, notched spur. (5) L. I. to Fla. 

6 U. longirostris Ell. Lvs. 2-3-furcate, with setaceous segments ; scape 1-3-flow- 

ered (3 — 4') ; lower lip entire, shorter than the subulate spur. South. 

7 U. biflora Lam. Lvs. capillary, root-like, bearing numerous bladders ; scape 2~5 / , 

2 flowered ; spur obtuse, notched, equalling the lower lips. W. and S. 

8 U. clandestina N. Lvs. capillaceous-multifid, scattered, bladder-bearing ; scape 

slender, 3 — 4', 2-3-flwd., seldom seen ; cor. 5", spur shorter than the 6-lobed lower lip ; 
ped. down on the stems 1', with 1 apetalous flower, if Ponds, Mass. to N. J. and Pa. 

9 U. gibba L. Minute, with hair-like leaves and few utricles ; scape 1-2-flwd., naked 

(2 — 30 ; corolla spur blunt (gibbous) and short, lips many-lobed. u R. I. to Car. 

10 17 • vulgaris L. Lvs. capillaceous-multifid, fibrinous ; sc. scaly, 5-12-flwd., 6 — 12'; 
spur conical, shorter than the closed lips (3 — 4"), divergent; fr. nodding, u Ponds. 

1 1 U. minor L. Lvs. short, several limes forked; sc. 3-6-flwd., 4—7' ; cor. ringent. 
spur blunt, deflexed, much shorter than the obovate, flat lower lip ; fr. nodding. "4. 

12 U. bipartsta Ell. Lvs. fibrillous-multifid ; sc. 1-3-flwd., 2—3'; cal. lower Up 2 
varied : sour obtuse, half as loug as the entire lower lip. Soft mud, South 



Order 85.— OROBANCHACE^E. 217 

13 U. subulata L. Minute, creeping; lvs. few, linear, entire, obtuse ; sc. few, 1-5 

flwd., 3', with ovate bracts ; spur acute, appressed to the lower 3-lobed lip. Springs 

4 "U. resupinata Green. Rooting; lvs. linear-capillaceous, erect, undivided (1'): 

scapes 00, simple, 1-fltvd., 1-bracted (3—60 ; s pur ascending, remote from and shortei 

than the erect lips of the light-purple corolla (which is 4"). Muddy shores, N. Eng. 

15 U. corniita Mx. Scape rooting, tall (9—12'), scaly, 2-5-fiwd. ; lvs. fugacious or 0; 
flowers subsessile, palate very prominent ; spur subulate, decurved away from the 
erect tube and limb. Mud or shallow pools. Flowers large, yellow. 

Order LXXXV. OROBANCHACE^E. Broom-rapes. 

Herbs fleshy, leafless, growing parasitically upon the roots of other plants. 
Calyx 4-5-toothed, inferior, persistent. Corolla irregular, persistent, imbri- 
cate in aestivation. Stamens 4, didynamous. Anthers 2-celled, cells dis- 
tinct, parallel, often bearded, at base. Ovary 1-celled, free from the calyx, 
with 2 or 4 parietal placentas. Capsule enclosed within the withered co- 
rolla, 1-celled, 2-valved. Seeds very numerous and minute, with albumen. 

• Flowers polygamous, on spicate branches, sterile above, fertile below Epiphegus. 1 

• Flowers perfect, — a in one dense spike. Calyx split in front Conopholis. 2 

— a in one dense spike. Calyx 5-toothed Phelip^a. 3 

— a solitary on long peduncles or scapes Aphyllon. 4 

1. EPIPHEGUS, Nutt. Beechdrops. 3 5 2 Upper fls. complete, 
Dut sterile, with a tubular, curved, 2-lipped cor. barely including the sta- 
mens. Lower fls. ? , with a short, 4-toothed cor. and imperfect stamens. 
Caps. 2-valved, with 2 placentae on each valve. — A smooth, dull-red, leaf- 
less, branching plant, with sessile flowers all along the branches. 

15. Virginiana Bart.— In beech-woods : common. If. Fls. brownish, 5". Aug., Sept. 

2. OONOPHOLIS, Wallroth. Squaw-root. Fls. 5, crowded in a 
thick, scaly spike. Cal. with 2 bractlets at base, 4-toothed, split down in 
front. Cor. ringent, upper lip arched, notched, lower 3-lobed. Sta. ex- 
serted. Caps. 1-celled, 2-valved, with 2 placentae on each valve. — Stem 
simple, thick, short, covered with scales, the flowers in the upper axils. 

C. Americana Wal.— In old woods: com. 4-7' high, and 1' thick, pale-yellowish. Jl. 

3. PHELIPiEA, Tourn. Broom-rape Fls. $, spiked or racemed. 

Cal. 2-bracted at base, 4-5-cleft Cor. 2-lipped, including the stam. Caps. 

1-celled, 2-valved, with 2 placentae on each valve. — Stem thick, scaly. 

P. L udoficiana Don. Glandular-pubescent; stem thick, short; spike dense ; cal. 
5-cleft ; cor. funnel-form, lips subequal ; bracts ovate, obtuse. Alluvion, 111. 

4. APHYLLON, Mitchell. Naked Broom-rape. Fls. £ , solitary, on 
long, bractless ped. or scapes. Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. tube elongated, curved, 
limb spreading, subequally 5-lobed. Anthers included. Capsule with 4 
placentae. — Plants glandular-pubescent. Stem nearly subterraneous. 

1 A. nniflora T. <fc G. Ped. in pairs, simple, naked, each 1-flwd. Woods and thick- 
ets. Ped. 4—5', scape-like, purplish-yellow, like the nodding flowers. June. 

% A. fasciculata T. & G. Stem 3—3' high, bearing many peduncles from near the 
summit, each with few scales and 1 purple flower. Mich., and W. 4 — 6'. May. 



218 Order 86.— BIGrNONIACE^E. 



Order LXXXVI. BIGNONIACE^E. Trumpet-flowers. 

Trees, shrubs, or herbs, often climbing, with, opposite, exstipulate leaves 
and large, showy, monopetalons, irregular, 5-parted flowers. Stamens 2 
or 4, often with 1 or 3 sterile rudiments. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary 2-car- 
pelled. Style 1. Stigma divided. Capsule woody, 2-valved, with few oi 
many large seeds. Figs. 30, 31, 95, 199, 445. 

{ Plants woody, with the leaves mostly opposite, and the flat seeds winged. . .(I.) 
I P.ants herbaceous, leaves all simple, some alternate. Seeds wingless.. .(II.) 

I. BIGNONIADS. — Trees, with simple leaves, and long, cylindric pods Catalpa. j 

— Shrubs climbing. Leaves compound (binate). Calyx truncate. ..Bignonia. 2 

— Shrubs climbing. Leaves pinnate. Calyx 5-toothed Tecoma. 3 

— Half-shrubby climbers (exotic). Lvs. compd. (bipinnate). ..Eccremocarpus. 4 

II. SESAMEjE.— Coarse, clammy herbs, the fleshy pods 2-horned Mar^ynia. 5 

— Smoothish, erect. Pods dry, 4-celled. not beaked SesamuM. 6 

1. CATALPA, Scop. Catalpa. Cal. 2-parted. Cor. campanulate, 4- 
or 5-cleft, the tube inflated. Sta. 2 fertile, 2 or 3 sterile. Stig. 2-lipped. 
Caps. 2-celled, long, cylindric. ^ Lvs. opposite or in 3's, simple, petiolate. 
Flowers in large, showy, terminal panicles, May — July. Figs. 30 -i, 445. 

1 C. blgnonioidcs Walt. Lvs. ample, thin, cordate-ovate, lustrous above, downy 

beneath, long-petioled ; fls. in erect, pyramidal panicles, large, irregularly bell-shaped, 
white, with yellow and violet spots. A beautiful tree 30 — 50f. Native and cultivated 

2 C. KEMrFKKi. Lvs. smaller, entire or lobed, glabrous both sides ; fls. smaller. Japan 

2. BIGNONIA, Tourn. Cal. margin nearly entire. Cor. somewhat bi- 
labiate, 5-cleft, bell-funnel-shaped. Sta. didynamous, 4 fertile, 1 a sterile 
filament. Caps, long and narrow, valves flat or scarcely convex, parallel 
with the partition. ^ t) 1? Often with tendrils. 

1 B. capreolata L. Climbing, smooth ; leaves binate, consisting of a pair of ever 

green, cordate-lanceolate leaflets and a branching tendril between them ; fls. axillary, 
near 2', red-yellow ; pod 6 — T long. Woods, S. 50f. Very slender. March — May. 

2 B. Tweediana. With yellow fls. 2', in panicles ; cal. bilabiate. From Buenos Ayres. 

3. TECOMA, Juss. Trumpet-flower. Cal. campanulate, 5-toothed. 
Cor. tube short, throat dilated, limb 5-lobed, subequal. Sta. 4, didynamous, 
with the rudiment of a fifth, anther-cells 2, diverging. Caps. 2-celled, 2- 
valved, the valves contrary to the partition. Seeds winged, f) 5 t? Lvs. 
opposite, odd-pinnate in the following. 

1 T. radicans Juss. Climbing by radicating tendrils ; lfts. 4 or 5 pairs, ova re, den- 

tate-serrate, pointed ; corolla thrice longer than the calyx ; stam. included. Woods, 
thickets, Penn., S. and W. 20 — 80f. Fls. red, 2' long. June — Aug. Very showy. 

2 T. Capensis. Climbing ; lfts. broad-ovate, crenate-serrate ; cor. long, trumpet-shaped, 

incurved, stam. and stvle exserted. S. Afr. Flowers corymbed, 2' long, orange. 

3 T. GRANDiFLOPvA. Climbing ; lfts. lance-ovate, pointed, dent-serrate ; cor. scarcely 

longer than the 5-toothed calyx (30, scarlet. China and Japan. 

4 T. jasminoides. Climbing ; lfts. ovate, shining, entire ; pan. terminal ; cor. trum- 

pet-shaped, white, roseate in the throat. Australia. Common in greenhouses. 

4. ECCREMOCARPUS, R. & P. Calyx acutely 5-cleft, broader and 
much shorter than the tubular corolla, whose lobes are 5, rounded, reflexed 






Order 87.— GESNERIACE.E. 219 

Sta. 4, included. Caps. 1-celled, 2-valved, valves placentiferous in the mid 
die. Half-shrubby climbers, from S. Am. Tender. (Calampelis, Don.) 

1 E. scaber. Lvs. bipinnate ; cor. tube inflated above the calyx, scarlet, drooping, V. 

2 E. longifloka. Lvs. tripinnate ; cor. tube cylindric, curved, yellow, 3', drooping. 

5. MARTYNIA, L. Unicorn Plant. Cal. 5-cleft, bracteolate at base 
Cor. campanulate, tube gibbous at base, limb 5-lobed, unequal. Sta. 5, one 
rudimentary and sterils, four didynamous. Caps, coriaceous, ligneous, 4- 
celled, 2-valved, each valve terminating in a long, hooked beak. ® Chiefly 
southern, branching, viscid-hairy, strong-scented. Flowers large. 

1 in. proboscidea Glox. Branches mostly decumbent ; lvs. cordate, entire, round- 

ish, villous, upper ones alternate ; fls. on long, axillary peduncles ; beaks 2 (when tho 
valves separate), hooked ; corolla dull yellowish. Fields, thickets, S. and W. 2f. Jn. 

2 M. fragrans. Lvs. roundish-3-lobed, sinuate-dentate ; raceme few-flowered ; corolla 

purple, yellow inside, fragrant ; beaks shorter than the pod. Mexico. 
S M. lute a, with large yellow funnel-form corollas, is from Brazil. 

6. SESAMUM, L. Oil-seed. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. campanulate, 3- 

cleft, the lower lobes the longest. Sta. 4, didynamous. Stig. lanceolate. 

Caps. 2-celled, the cells divided by the inflexed edges of the valves, (l) 

E. India. Leaves p etiolate, the lower opposite, upper alternate. 

S. Indicum DC. Lvs. lance-ovate, lower ones 3-lobed, upper ones undivided, serrate ; 
flowers axillary, sessile, pale purple. Fields and gardens. Seeds rich in oil. § 

Order LXXXYII. GrESNERIACE^E. Gesnerworts. 

Tropical plants, somewhat fleshy, with opposite or radical leaves, no stip- 
ules, and showy, somewhat irregular flowers. Calyx half adherent to the 
ovary (in the following genera), 5-parted. Corolla tubular, 5-lobed, imbri- 
cated in bud. Stamens 2 or 4, didynamous, with a rudiment. Style 1. 
Fruit a capsule nearly free, 1-celled, with 2 double, many-seeded placentae. 

Corolla tube bell-form, eqiially tumid at base, limb oblique ....Gesneria. 1 

Corolla bell-funnel-form, gibbous at base, limb short Gloxinia. 2 

Corolla salver-form, subequal, limb flat-spreading Achimenes. 3 

1. GESNERIA, L. u With tuberous roots and toothed leaves. Sta. 
4, with a rudiment, anthers cohering at first. Brazil. 

1 G. Lindleyi. Lvs. opposite, ovate-oblong, rugous; flowers in a terminal raceme; 

corolla IS", scarlet or red, the limb very short. Brazil. 

2 G. Douglasii. Leaves whorled, ovate, pubescent, with the numerous red-yellow 

flowers in their axils. — The species are many and much mixed. 
/ 

2. GLOXINIA, L'Her. Has often radical leaves (or with very short 

stems), crenate, and large axillary or radical flowers. Stamens 4, with a 
fifth rudiment, anthers cohering. Brazil. 

G. speciosa. Leaves oval-oblong, on long radical petioles ; ped. subradical, 1-flow 
ered ; corolla bell-shaped, If, violet, varying to white. 

3. ACHIMENES, Br. Erect, downy herbs, with scaly buds. Anth. 
4, separate, the rudiment on the base of the corolla. 



220 Order 88.— SCROPHULARIACEJ3. 

1 A. LONeiFi.dRA. Leaves oblong, pointed at both ends, serrate ; coroira violet-purple 
15" ; calyx 4—5", pedicel still shorter, 1-flowered. axillary. Mexico. 

2, A. cocoinea. Leaves ovate, acuminate ; corolla scarlet, 10'', calyx 5", the pedicc 
longer, axillary, erect, with the flower nodding. Jamaica. 

Order LXXXVIII. SCROPHULARIACE^E. Figworts. 

Herbs cliiefly, without fragrance, the leaves and inflorescence various. 
i^7s.irreg.,5-(rarely 4-)parted, didynamous or diandrous (rarely pentandrous). 
Calyx free from the ovary, persistent. Corolla monopetalous, imbricated 
in bud. Stamens inserted in the tube of the corolla, 1 or 3 of them usually 
rudimentary. Ovary free, 2-celled, with 1 style, a 2-lobed stigma, and be- 
coming in fruit a 2-celled, oo-seeded capsule, with axile placentae and al- 
buminous seeds. Figs. 70, 106, 134, 167, 434, 502. 

I Leaves alternate (or opposite, and the corolla spurred or saccate behind). . .(2) 
I Leaves opposite, and the corolla lower lip an inflated sac. (Tribe 2.1 
I Leaves opposite, and the corolla not spurred nor saccate... (5) 

2 Inflorescence compound, centrifugal or terminal. Exotics. Tribe l...(x) 
2 Inflorescence simple, centripetal or axillary. ..(3) 

3 Stamens 5. Corolla large, rotate, more or less irregular. Tribe 3. ..(a) 
3 Stamens 4 or 2. Corolla minute, 4- or 5-lobed. Little herbs. Tribe 7. . .(As) 
3 Stamens 4. Corolla large, upper lip exterior in the bud. Tribe 4... (b) 
3 Stamens 4 or 2. Corolla lower lip exterior in the hud. . .(4) 

4 Corolla bell- or thimble-shaped, oblique, lobes spreading. Tribe 8. .(m) 
4 Corolla bilabiate, upper lip vaulted and arched. Tribe 12. . .(p) 
5 Stamens 2, exserted. Corolla rotate or salver-form. (Tribe 9.) 
5 Stamens 2 (rarely 3), included. Corolla tubular, labiate, rotate, Ac. Tribe 6. .(J) 
5 Stamens 4, perfect, — * the 5th a large, conspicuous rudiment. Tribe 5. . .(c) 
— * the 5th a minute rudiment, or none. . .(8) 
8 Inflorescence compound, in cymes or panicles. Tribe 5. ..(d) 

8 Inflorescence simple. — f Corolla wheel-shaped, largest lone upward. Tribe 3. . .(a) 
— t Corolla salver-form, lobes about equal. (Tribe 10.) 
— t Corollabell-Bhaped, not helmeted. Tribe 11. .. (re) 
— t Corolla bilabiate, not helmeted. Tribe 6. . . (e) 
— t Corolla bilabiate and helmeted. Tribe 12. . . (q) 

I. SA-LPIGLOSSIDEjE. (Corolla in bud plicate at the clefts. Inflorescence cymous.) 

Tribe 1. Salpiglossie^. — x Stamens 2. Corolla deeply many-cleft Scrizanthus. I 

— x Stamens 4. — y Corolla tubular-funnel-form Salpiglossis. 2 

— y Cor. salver-form. Anth. unlike Browallia. 3 

— y Cor. salver-form. Anth. all alike .Brunfelsia. i 

II . ANTIRRIIINIDE^E. (Corolla in bud imbricate, the upper lip covering the lower.) 

Tribe 2. Calceolarie^. Flowers in cymes, very showy, cultivated Calceolaria. 5 

Tribe 3. Verbasce^e. — a Stamens 5, corolla not inverted, subregular Verbascum. 6 

— a Stamens 4. Cor. inverted on the twisted pedicels Alonsoa. 7 

Tribe 4. Antirrhine^;. — b Corolla spurred Pod opens by valves Nemesia. 8 

— & Corolla spurred. Pod opens by pores Linaria. 9 

— b Corolla saccate at base, throat closed Antirrhinum. iL 

— b Corolla throat open, naked inside. Climbers Maurandia. ll 

— b Corolla throat open, with 2 hairy lines. Climbers. .Lophospermum 12 

Tribe 6. Chelone.e. — c Sterile filament a scale. Flowers small, lurid Scrophularia. 13 

— c Sterile filament shorter than the rest. Seeds winged. . .Chelone. 14 

— c Sterile filament equalling the rest. Seeds wingless Pentstemon. 15 

— d Herbs. Corolla labiate, blue and white Collinsia. 16 

— d Shrubs slender. Corolla tube straight Russelia. 17 

— d Shrubs erect. Corolla tube incurved Phygelitjs. 18 

— d Trees. Corolla blue, tubular-bell-form Paulownia. 19 

TBIBB6. GratiolEjB.— e Calyx 5-angled. Corolla 2-lipped, 5-lobed, large Mimulus. 20 

— « Calyx 5-angled. Corolla oblique, 4-lobad, large Torenia. 91 



Order 88.— SCROPHULARIACE^. 221 

— e Calyx 5-parted, equal. Leaves many-cleft Conobea. 22 

— e Calyx 5-parted, unequal. Leaves undivided Herpkstis. 23 

— /Calyx 5-parted. Sterile filaments short, or Gratiola. 24 

■—/Calyx 5-parted. Sterile filaments exserted. . . ,„ Ilysanthes 26 

—f Calyx 4-lobed. Stamens 2. Flowers minute Micranthemum. 26 

—/Calyx 4-lobed. Stamens 3 Flowers small. S. ..Hydranthelium.27 
HI. RHINANTHIDEjE. (Corolla in bud imbricate, the lower or lateral lobes exterior.) 

Tribe 7. Sibthorpe^e. — A; Stamens 2. Corolla 4-cleft Amphianthus. 28 

— A; Stamens 4. Corolla 5-cleft Limoseli.a. 29 

Tribb 8. Digitai.e^e. — m Stamens 2. Calyx 4-parted. Flowers small Synthiris. 30 

— m Stamens 4 Calyx 5-parted. Flowers large Digiatlis. 31 

Tribe 9. Veronice^e. — Stamens divergent. Upper leaves often alternate Veronica. 32 

Tribe 10. BuchnerEjE. — Stamens approximate by pairs. Upper lvs. altern Buchnera. 33 

Tribe 11. Gerardie^e. — n Stamens long-exserted. Corolla tubular Macrasthera. 34 

— n Stamens short. — o Cor. yellow, tube short as limb...SEYMERiA. 35 

— o Corolla yellow, tube elongated Dasystoma. 36 

— o Cor. purple. Lvs. very slender. . .Gerard ia. 37 

Tribe 12. Eufhrasie^e.— p Anther-cells unequal, separated Castilleja. 38 

— p Anther-cells equal. — r Calyx 10-ribbed Schwalbea. 39 

— r Calyx not ribbed Pedicularis. 40 

— q Calyx inflated. Seeds many, winged Rhinanthus. 41 

— q Calyx not inflated. — s Seeds many, wingless.. .Euphrasia. 42 

— s Seeds 1 — 4, oblong Melampyrum. 43 

1. SCHIZANTHUS, R. & P. Cut-flower. Cor. irregular, the upper 

lip 5-cleft, external in aestivation, lower much smaller, 3-parted. Fil. 4, 2 

of them sterile. Capsules 2-celled. (I) Chili. Leaves pinnatifid, alternate. 

Cymes supra-axillary. 

S. pinnattjs. Lvs. once or twice pinnatisected ; cor. eegm. longer than tube, the middle 
segm. of the posterior lip 2-lobed and hood-like ; stam. exserted. 1 — 2f. Fls. delicate 
and handsome, 1' broad, purple and yellow, with a dark spot in the midst. Aug. — Oct. 

2. SALPIGLOSSIS, R. & P. Trumpet-tongue. Corolla obliquely 
tubular-funnel-form, with an ample throat, lobes all emarginate. Sta. 4, 
fertile, with a short rudiment. Style trumpet-shaped at apex and incurved. 
Capsules oblong, valves bifid, if Chili. Resembles Petunia. 

S. sintjata. Annual in our gardens, 1— 2f, weak, viscid-downy. Leaves elliptic-oblong, 
sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid. Fls. If long, very showy, dark-purple, striped, &c. 

3. BROWALLIA, L. Cor. salver-form, with a long tube, and oblique, 

5-lobed limb. Anth. of the two posterior stamens halved, sub-1-celled. 

Lobes of the stigma broad, divaricate. Caps, membranous, valves bifid. — 

S. American herbs, with alternate, entire leaves and cyanic flowers. 

1 IS. demissa (also elata). Leaves petiolate, ovate ; lower fls. axillary, upper racemed ; 
calyx hairy ; cor. tube 6", limb 1', blue or violet, varying to wh. @ 1 — 2f. Summer. 

4. BRUNFELSIA, Sw. Corolla salver-form, with a long tube, and a 
broad 5-lobed limb. Sta. 4, all equal. Style incurved at apex, stig. of 2 
broad lobes. Caps, coriaceous, valves entire. — S. American shrubs, with 
alternate, entire leaves and large blue flowers. (Francisea, Pohl.) 

1 B. Hopeana. Lvs. obo^ate to ovate ; fls. solitary ; cor. tube little exceeding the cai., 

lobes rounded, subequal, violet, blue, or white, V broad. 3f. Much branched. 

2 B> latepolia. Leaves elliptic to oblong ; fls. in loose cymes ; cor. tube thrice longer 

than the calyx, and longer than the limb (10. Leaves 3 — 5' lonaj, shining above. 



222 Order 88.— SCROPHULARIACE^E. 

5. CALCEOLARIA, L. Slipper-flower. Calyx 4-parted, vaivate 
in bud. Cor. tube very short, limb 2-lobed, lobes entire, concave or spur- 
like, the lower inflated. Sta. 2, lateral, with no rudiments. Caps, ovoid 
conical, valves bifid. — S. American and New-Zealand herbs or shrubs, 
with opposite or whorled leaves and very curious flowers, of all colors, 
endlessly varied in cultivation. 

§ Leaves pinnatisect. Anther cells separated, one empty. Annual No. 1 

§ Leaves ovate to lanceolate. Fls. corymbous. Anth. cells contiguous Nos. 2 — \ 

1 C. pinnata. Rough-downy, weak, If, the lower lip orbicular, pale-yellow. 

2 C. cortmbosa. Erect ; lower lip broad-ovate, obtuse, open beyond the middle, ylw. 

3 C. crenatiflora. Villous ; lower lip hanging, large, obovate, 3-furrowed, spotted, ylw. 

4 C. rNTETGRiFOLiA. Viscid ; lower lip orbicular, little longer than the upper, scarcely 

contracted at the base ; upper lip twice longer than the calyx. Shrub. 2— 3f. 

6. VERBASCUM, L. Mullein. Cor. rotate, 5-lobed, unequal. Sta. 

5, declinate, all perfect. Cap3. ovoid-globous, 2-valved. @ Rarely % or 

suflruticous. Leaves alternate. Flowers in spikes or paniculate racemes. 

June — August. Fig. 434. 

§ Leaves decurrent on the stem. Flowers in a long, thick spike, yellow No. 1 

§ Leaves not decurrent. — a Flowers in racemes, white, yellow or purple Nos. 2, 8 

— a Flowers paniculate, white or yellow Nos. 4, 5 

1 V. Thapsus L. Common Mullein. Leaves decurrent, densely tomentous on both 

sides ; rac. spiked, dense ; 3 of the sta. downy, 2 of them smooth. © Fields, way- 
sides. 3 — 5f. Almost never branched, woolly all over. Flowers numerous. § 

2 V. Blattaria L. Moth Mullein. Lvs. clasping, oblong, smooth, serrate ; ped. 1 

flwd., solitary, racemous ; filaments all bearing violet wool. ® Waste grounds, way- 
sides. 3f. Flowers 1', white or yellow. Stem often branched. 

3 V. Phceniceum. Leaves mostly radical, ovate to oblong, petiolate, smooth above, 

downy beneath ; racemes rarely branched ; flowers violet to red. © Eur. 3f. 

4 V. L-y clinitis L. Wliite Mullein. Whitish tomentous ; st. angular ; leaves green 

above, the lower petiolate ; fls. in loose fascicles, forming a pyramidal panicle; fil. all 
white-woolly. © Sandy fields, N. Y. to Ga. : rare. Flowers pale yellow. § Eur. 
H V. pulverttlentum. Clothed in cottony, deciduous tomentum ; lvs. tomentous both 
sides, ovate-oblong ; fls. numerous, yellow, in a large panicle. © Eur. 

7. ALONSOA, R. & P. Cor. resupinate by the twisted pedicel, rotate 

5-cleft, lobes very obtuse, unequal. Sta. 4, short, declinate. Caps, obtuse, 

flattened, septicidal. — S. American, very branching herbs, with opposite 

leaves, square branches, and terminal racemes of scarlet flowers. 

1 A. incis^rolia. Leaves lance-ovate, incisely serrate, petiolate ; cor. V or less wide, 
3 — 4 times longer than the calyx. ® All Summer. From Chili. 

8. NEMESIA, Vent. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla personate, saccate or 
spuiTed behind, upper lip 4-lobed, lower entire. Sta. 4, lower pair circum- 
flexed at base. Caps, compressed, with 2 keeled valves, and winged seeds. 
(D S. Africa. Lvs. opposite. Fls. solitary and axillary, or racemed. 

1 N. versicolor. Lvs. ovate to lanceolate and linear, entire or toothed ; cor. lobes ob 

long, all subequal (4— 5"), spur 4", incurved, acute. 3f. Blue-white. 

2 N» floribunda, has ovate leaves, an obtuse spur, and white-yellow flowers. 

9. LINARIA, Juss. Toad-flax. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla personate, 



Order 88.— SCROPHULARIACEJE. 223 

upper lip bifid, reflexed, lower 3-cleft, throat closed by the prominent pal- 
ate, tube inflated, with a spur behind. Caps. 2-celled, bursting below the 
6ummit. — Herbs. Lower leaves generally opposite, upper alternate. F1& 
solitarv axillary, often forming terminal, leafy racemes. Fig. 70. 

* Stems prostrate, creeping. Leaves broad, renifonn or hastate. Eur Nus. 1, 2 

* Stems erect, with narrow leaves, mostly scattered Nos. 3 — 5 

* Stems erect, with broad lanceolate leaves, all verticillate No. 6 

1 L. Cymbalaria. Lvs. palmate-veined, reniform, 5-7-lobed, mostly alternate ; fls. 

axillary, small, yellow, spur shorter than tube. 1L Smooth, delicate. 

2 L. Elatine L. Hairy; lvs. feather-veined, hastate, entire, alternate; ped. solitary, 

long ; cor. yellow and purple. (J) Fields. 1— 2f. Very slender. § Eur. July. 

3 Li. Canadensis Dumont. Lvs. scattered, erect, linear, obtuse; lis. racemed; st. 

simple ; scions procumbent ; fls. blue. (T) Fields, waysides. 6 — 12'. Very slender. 
Flowers small, in a loose raceme. Spur filiform, long, short, or 0. June— Sept. 

4 Li. vulgaris Mill. Common Toad-flax. Leaves linear-lanceolate, crowded ; spike? 

terminal ; fls. dense, imbricate ; cal. smooth, shorter than the spur, u Meadows, way- 
sides. 1 — 2f. Very leafy, with showy rac. of yellow and orange fls. Jl., Aug. § Eur. 
/3. JPeloria. Corolla with 3 — 5 spurs, and a regular border of 3—5 lobes, with 5 
stamens. Penn. (Dr. Darlington). Poughkeepsie, N. Y. (Mr. W. R. Gerard). 

5 Li. bipartita. Erect ; lvs. linear, alternate ; ped. much longer than the lance-linear. 

scarious-edged sepals ; cor. 8 — 10 // , violet, the palate orange. 

6 L. triornithophortjm. Three Birds. Smooth, glaucous; leaves inS'sand^s; fit*. 

whorled, each resembling 3 little birds, u Eur. 2— 3f. Curious. 

10. ANTIRRHINUM, L. Snap-dragon. Calyx 5-sepalled. Corolla 
gibbous (not spurred) at base of tube, throat closed (personate) by the 
prominent palate, upper lip bifid, reflexed, lower trifid. Sta. 4. Capsules 
opening by 2 or 3 pores, as in Linaria. — Herbs, European, &c, with the 
lower leaves opposite, the upper alternate. Flowers axillary, large, ra- 
cemed above. Fig. 502. 

1 A. majtjs. Erect ; leaves lanceolate ; fls. evidently racemed ; sep. hairy, shorter than 

the cor. tube ; cor. pink, purple, or scarlet, mouth yellow. % 18'. Fls. V. Summer. 

5J A. Orontium. Low, spreading ; lvs. oblong-lanceolate ; fls. smaller than in A. majua 

(6'0, the sepals equalling the cor., which is rose or white, with purp. spots. (I) Sum. 

11. MAURANDIA, Ort. Calyx 5-parted. Cor. bilabiate, tube scarcely 
gibbous at base, throat open, with 2 prominent glabrous folds, upper lip of 

2 rounded lobes, lower of 3. Sta. 4. Caps, oblique, opening by chinks 
below the apex, if Mexican, climbing and twining, with large purple 
flowers all Summer. 

1 M. ANTiRRHrNiFLORA. Leaves mostly triangular-hastate ; fls. glabrous, 1', tube some 

gibbous at base, throat partly closed by the prominent hairy palate. lOf. 

2 M. semperflorens. Lvs. cordate-hastate, angular ; calyx glabrous; cor. bell-form, 

not gibbous (throat open), \\' long, pale violet or rose-colored. lOf. 

3 HI. Barclay ana. Leaves broadly triangular-cordate or hastate ; calyx clothed with 

long glandular hairs ; cor. near 2' long, very oblique, purple, throat open. lOf. 

12. LOPHOSPERMUM, Don. Corolla tubular-campanulate, limb 5- 
lobed, subregular, throat open, between two hairy lines. Caps, globular 
Seeds winged. Otherwise as in Maurandia. Fig. 106. 



224 Order 88.— SCROPHULARIACE^E. 

1 Li. erube^cens Lvs. triangular-cordate, dentate-lobed, pubescent; cal. segm. ovate 
hirsute ; cor. downy, 2$— 3' long, red, with an ample border. 10— 20f. 

3 I*. scandens. Lvs. cordate-ovate, pointed, coarse-toothed, smoothish; calyx segm 
lance-ovate; cor. glabrous, 2', scarlet, limb erect- spreading. lOf. 

13. SCROPHULARIA, L. Figwort. Calyx- in 5 acute segments 
Cor. subglobous, limb contracted, sub-bilabiate, lip with an internal, inter- 
mediate scale (sterile filament). Capsules 2-celled. Valves with 2 inflated 
margins. — Herbs or suffruticous, often foetid. Leaves opposite. Cymes in 
simple or compound, terminal, thyreoid panicles. Fig. 167. 

S. nodosa L. Glabrous, tall, branching ; leaves ovate, oblong, or lanceolate ; fls. in 
loose pedunculate cymes, combined into an oblong panicle ; sterile anther a roundiflh 
green scale on the dull, olive-colored corolla. 2f Thickets. 4— fif. July — Oct. 

14. CHELONE, L. Turtle-head. Snake-head. Calyx deeply 5 
parted, with 3 bracts at base. Cor. inflated, bilabiate. Sta. 4, woolly, the 
sterile filament shorter than the rest. Caps, valves entire. Seeds broadly 
winged. U With opposite leaves and sessile flowers in the upper axils. 

1 C. glabra. L. Smooth ; lvs. subsessile, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, acute 
at base ; flowers densely spiked. By brooks and in wet places. 2f. Stems simple, in 
clumps. Flowers 1' long, white or roseate, with short gaping lips. Aug., Sept. 
0. purpurea . Lvs. distinctly petiolate, acuminate ; flowers rose-purple. West. 

Z C. Lyoni Ph. Smooth; lvs. ovate, acuminate, petiolate, serrate, the lower cordate ; 
fls. in a dense spike. Mts. of Car. and Ga. 1— 2f. Corolla purple, 1£'. July— Sept. 

15. PENTSTEMON, L. Beard-tongue. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Cor 
elongated, often ventricous, lower lip 3-lobecl, spreading. The fifth filament 
(tongue) sterile, bearded, longer than the rest or about as long ; anth. smooth. 
Seeds oo, angular, not margined. U 1ST. American, branching, paniculate. 
Leaves opposite, the lower petiolate, upper sessile or clasping. Flowers 
showy, red, violet, blue, or white, in Summer. 

* Native E. of the Mississippi River, sometimes cultivated., .(a) 

a Leaves dissected. Corolla bell-shaped, lobes rounded, subequal No. 1 

a Leaves undivided, serrulate. Sterile filament (tongue) bearded Nos. 2, 3 

a Leaves entire. Tongue puberulent, widened and incurved at the apex No. 4 

* Native W. of the Mississippi, cultivated for ornament. . .(b) 

b Leaves incisely pinnatifid. Corolla lobes subequal. Tongue smoothish. . .No. 5 

b Leaves serrate, with pale purple or blue flowers. Tongue bearded Nos. 6 — 8 

b Leaves entire. — c Cor. strongly bilabiate, scarlet. Tongue bearded No. 9 

— c Cor. scarcely bilabiate, — d 6carlet or crimson Nos. 10—12 

— d blue or violet Nos. 13 — 15 

. P. dissect us Ell. Lvs. pinnately divided into linear segm. ; fls. in a loose panicle ; 
cor. with a curved tube, 9 — 10", purple ; tongue bearded at apex. Dry. Ga. 2f. Jn., Jl. 
£ P. pubescens Sol. Pubescent or glabrous ; lvs. ovate-oblong to lanceolate ; fls. in a 
loose panicle ; cor. tube 7—9", gradually enlarged upward, pale purple, lower lip with 
two bearded folds inside, some longer than the upper. Hills and bluffs. 1 — 2f. t 
3 P. Digitalis N. Glabrous; lvs. elliptic to lanceolate, the upper clasping ; fls. many, 
large, coroda tube abruptly enlarged to bell-form, pale blue or purplish, 12 — 15" long, 
throat widely open, beardless. Rich soils, Pa., W. and S. 3f. Leaves 3 — 6'. 
t P. grandiflorws Fras. Glabrous and glaucous ; lvs. oblong-obovate to roundish- 
ovate, upper clasping, all entire ; janicle long, slender ; corolla bell-shaped, 15'', limfc 
nearly regular, bluish purple. 111., Wis., and W. 3f. Handsome, t 



Order 88.— SCROPHULAEIACE^. 225 

5 P. Kichakdsoni. Smoothish, branching ; fls. 1', violet, in leafy panides. Oreg. 2f 

6 P. ovatus. Puberulent ; lvs. cordate-clasping; fls. 9", numerous, light blue. Oreg. 2f 

7 P. Cob^ea. Puber., tall; lvs. lance-ovate, clasping ; fls. 2', broad-campanulate. Tex. 

8 P. campanulatus. Glabrous ; lvs. lance-linear to lance-ovate, long-pointed ; panick 

long, loose, 1-sided ; corolla tube inflated, large, bell-shaped. Mexico. 

9 P. barbattts. Smooth and glaucous ; lvs. oblong to lance-linear ; cor. tube long (13"), 

scarcely dilated upward, lower lip and tongue densely bearded. Mexico 2 — 4f. 

I P. MuftRAYlbro's. Glaucous; lvs. connate-clasping, upper roundish ; cor. lb 1 ' bright 

red, dilated upward, in a long virgate panicle ; tongue smooth. Texas. 3f. 

II P. Hartwegi. Upper lvs. clasping ; cor. tubular, 2', crimson ; tongue glab. Mex. 3f. 
12 P. glaber. Smooth and glaucous ; sts. in bunches, simple ; lvs. lanceolate to ovate, 

entire ; flowers 18", in slender panicles, blue-crimson. Nebraska, and W. 2f. 

1 3 P. speciosus. Tall ; st. lvs. lanceolate, sessile ; cor. blue, 18", mouth ample, tongue 

filiform, the panicle long, virgate, secund, each cyme with 5 — 9 fls., very showy. Oreg. 

14 P. gentianoides. Tall ; st. lvs. broad-clasping ; cor. 16", violet, mouth ample, tongue 
glabrous, dilated and retuse at apex, the panicle long, some leafy. Mexico. 3 — 4f. 

15 P. coertjxeus. Low, leafy; lvs. lance., sessile; cor. blue, 8"; tongue bearded. Neb. 

16. COLLINSIA, Nutt. Innocence. Calyx 5-cleft. Cor. bilabiate, 
orifice closed, upper lip bifid, lower trifid, with the middle segment cari- 
nately saccate and closed over the decimate style and stamens. Caps, with 

2 bifid valves. Seeds large, concavo-convex, (l) With verticillate or oppo- 
site leaves, axillary and terminal flowers, very pretty. 

1 C. verna N. Lvs. ovate to lanceolate, the cauline cordate-clasping, dentate ; verti 

cils 4-6-flwd. ; cor. blue and white, twice longer than the calyx, 2 or 3 times shorter 
than the pedicel. Banks of streams, N. Y., and W. 8 — 18', branching. May, June. 

2 C parviflora Doug. Lvs. ovate to lanceolate ; verticils 2-G-flwd ; cor. blue, little 

longer than the calyx and little shorter than the pedicels. L. Sup., and W. 6-10 7 . Jn. 

3 C. bicolor. Stem lvs. ovate, crenate, sessile ; verticils 6-10-flwd. : calyx hairy, longer 

than the ped. ; cor. 9", rose-violet and white. California. 2f. Hardy and handsome. 

4 C. grandielora has lvs. thickish and all entire, with 00 large blue-purple fla. Oreg. 

17. RUSSELIA, Jacq. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. tubular, limb sub-bilabi- 
ate, of 5 short rounded lobes, the 2 upper twin. Sta. 4, the fifth a small 
rudiment. Caps, subglobous, septicidal, valves bifid. Sds. 00, mixed with 
hairs. +> Mexican. Lvs. opposite or whorled, often minute or scale-like. 

R. JTJNCEA. Very smooth, with long, drooping, rush-like branches ; lvs. lanceolate to 
linear, or scale-like on the branches. Flowers scarlet, 1', remote in drooping racemes. 

18. PHYGELIUS, Mey. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. tube long, enlarged above, 

limb oblique, lobes rounded. Fifth stamen a minute rudiment. Caps, very 

oblique, with unequal cells. £> Caffraria. Leaves opposite. Flowers in 

a loose panicle of cymes. 

P. Capensis — Shrub 2f, smooth and beautiful. Leaves lance-ovate, crenate, petiolate. 
Flowers pendulous, 1J', crimson, yellow within. 

19. PAULOWNIA, Siebold. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, fleshy. Ccr. tube 
long, decimate, enlarged above, limb oblique, with rounded segments. Sta, 
4, a rched downward, with no rudiment. Caps, acuminate, valves septifer- 
ous in the middle. Seeds oo, winged. ^ From Japan, with very large 
cordate, ovate leaves and large blue-purple fragrant panicles. 



2'A6 Okder 88.— SCHOPHULARIACE^. 

P. impekialis. — In parks, 40f high. Flower-huds formed in Autumn, opening in the 
following Spring. Corolla near 2'. Tree of rapid growth and kingly port. 

20. MIMULUS, L. Monkey-flower. Calyx tubular, 5-angled, 5- 

toothed. Corolla ringent, the upper lip reflected at the sides, palate of the 

lower lip prominent Stig. thick, bifid. Caps. Go-seeded. — Herbs prostrate 

or erect, with square sterns and opposite lvs Ped axillary, solitary, 1-flwd. 

§ Leaves pinnate-veined. Flowers blue (wild) or yellow (cultivated) Nos. 1, 2, fi 

§ Leaves palmate-veined. Flowers yellow or scarlet Nos. 3, 4, 5 

1 III. ringens L. Lvs. sessile, smooth, lanceolate, acuminate ; ped. axillary, longer 

than the flowers. u A common inhabitant of ditches and mud soils. 2f. Flowers 
large, (1'), pale blue, yellow-mouthed, appearing in July and August. 

2 Itt. alatus Ait. Leaves petiolate, smooth, ovate, acuminate; ped. shorter than the 

fls. ; st. winged at the 4 corners. % N. Y\, W. and S., in muddy places. 2f. Aug. 

3 RKa Jamesii Torr. Stems diffuse, rooting ; leaves subentire, round-reniform, 5-7- 

veined, the upper as long as the peduncles of the small yellow fls. L. Sup., and W. 

4 HI. lutetjs. Lvs. round-ovate, the cauline sessile or clasping, shorter than the pedun- 

cles ; calyx ovoid, half as long as the broad, large, yellow, spotted flowers. Ca»l. 

5 M. cardinalis. Branching, villous-clammy ; leaves ovate, narrowed to the clasping 

base, shortctf than the long oed. ; cal. large, inflated : cor. ample, rose-orange. Cal. 

6 ME. moschatus. Musk Plant. Decumbent, hairy-viscid ; leaves ovate, dentate ; cor. 

tube exceeding the calyx, yellow. Oregon. Smells strongly of musk. 

21. TORENIA, L. Calyx tubular, with prominent angles, oblique. 
Cor. ringent, upper lip notched, lower larger, trifid. Sta. 4, arched beneatli 
the upper lip, the longer pair appendaged at base. Stigma double. Cap- 
sules included. — Herbs tropical, diffuse, with opp. leaves and racemed fls. 

T. Asiatica. Lvs. petiolate, lance-ovate, crenate-dentate ; calyx acute at base, f ; cor. 
twice longer, ample, pale purple tipped with violet. 2f + , trailing. 

22. CONOBEA, Aublet. Calyx 5-parted, equal. Upper lip of the 
corolla 2-lobed, lower lip 3-parted. Fertile sta. 4, anth. approximating by 
pairs, cells parallel. Caps, round-ovoid, ao-seeded. — Herbs, with opposite 
leaves. Peduncles axillary, solitary or in pairs, 1-nowered. 

C5« mnltifida Benth. Low, diffusely-branched, puberulent ; leaves petiolate r jmately 
dissected ; segments linear or cuneate, lobed or entire, obtuse ; cor. greenish, scarcely 
exserted (2"), lobes entire. ® Sandy banks of rivers, O. to La. 6— 12'. July. 

23. HERPESTIS, Gaert. Calyx unequally 5-parted. Corolla subbila- 
biate, upper lip emarginate or 2-lobed, lower 3-lobecl. Sta. 4, fertile. Caps. 
2-furrowed, valves parallel with the dissepiment Seeds oo, small. U 
Obscure weeds with opposite leaves. Peduncles 1-flowered, axillary, or 
subracemous, often with two bractlets near the calyx. 

§ Leaves feather-veined, oi obscurely 1-3-veined. Cor. yellow, or bluish Nos. 1, 2 

§ Leaves palmately many-<^-9-)veined, subentire. Corolla blue Nos. 3, 4 

1 H. nigrescens Benth Erect ; st. square, branched ; leaves oblanceolate, crenate- 

serrate above ; ped. equalling or exceeding the leaves ; corolla yellowish, upper lip 
rounded, entire. Wet pi., S. 1— 2f. Cor. rather longer (5") than cal. Blackens in drying. 

2 H. Monniera Humb. Prostrate, fleshy ; lvs. wedge-obovate, subentire ; ped. as 

long (9") as the lvs. ; fls. few, bluish ; cor. 4 // wide, nearly regular. Wet banks, Pa., & S. 

3 H. amplexicaulis Ph. Stem submersed, woolly ; leaves ovate, cordate-cla6ping, 



Oiidbr 88.— SCROPHULARIACE^E. 227 

obscurely crenate, obtuse ; ped. shorter than the calyx, cor. i longer, the tipper lip 
emarginate ; disk 10-toothed. Swamps, N. J., and S. 6— 12'. August. 
4 H. rotundifolf a Ph. Creeping, smooth ; lvs. round-obovate, entire ; ped. 2 or 3 
times longer than cal. ; cor. upper lip notched. Pools, HI. to La. If. Ms. 5". Aug. 

24. GRATIOLA. Hedge Hyssop. Calyx 5-parted, subequal. Cor. 
upper lip entire or slightly bifid, lower trifid, the palate not prominent 
Sta. 2, fertile, mostly wifti 8 sterile filaments. Capsules 2-celled, 4-valved, 
valves inflexed at margin, if Low, with opposite leaves. Peduncles ax- 
illary, 1-flowered, usually bibracteolate near the calyx. 

§ Flowers sessile. Cells of anthers vertical. Plants rigid, bristly-hairy Nos. 7, 8 

§ Flowers pedunculate. Anther cells transverse. Plants smooth or viscid. . .(a) 

a Sterile filaments none, or very minute and pointed Nos. 1 — 3 

a Sterile filaments thread-like, tipped with a small head Nos. 4 — 6 

1 G-. Virginiana L. St. ascending, branched ; leaves lanceolate, sparingly toothed ; 

ped. as long or longer than the lvs. ; cor. twice longer than the cal. ; sterile fil. none 
U Common. 4—8'. St. terete, branching, with white or pale-yellow flowers. July. 

2 €r. Floridana Nutt. St. erect, branched ; lvs. lanceolate, few-toothed ; ped. longei 

than the leaves ; cor. 4 times longer than the calyx (770, yellow. © Fields, S. 6—9'. 

3 G. spluerocarpa Ell. Ascending, branched ; leaves lance-ovate, attenuate to the 

base, sparingly toothed ; ped. scarcely longer than the cal. Damp. 3 — 7'. W. and S. 

4 G. aiirea Muhl. Smooth ; lvs. oblong-lanceolate, subentire, clasping ; ped. as long 

as or longer than the leaves ; cor. golden yellow. Muddy soils. 6 — 8'. August. 

5 G-. viscosa Schw. Viscid-downy ; leaves lance-ovate, sharp-serrate, clasping ; ped. 

longer than the leaves ; corolla white, twice longer than calyx, which is 2 or 3 times 
longer than the capsule. Wet places, Ky. to N. Car., andS. 9—12'. (G. Drummondii.) 

6 G. ramosa Walt. St. terete, creeping at base ; leaves linear, acute, with few teeth 

near the apex ; bractlets nearly : sep. linear ; cor. white. Muddy shores, S. May-Jl. 

7 G. pilosa Mx. Erect, hispid ; vs. ovate, few-toothed, clasping, rugous ; cor. tube 

scarcely longer than the calyx, white. Wet, Md., and S. 9 — 12 r . July — September. 

8 G. subulata Baldw. Erect, hispid ; lvs. linear or lance-linear, margins revolute, 

entire ; cor. tube slender, thrice longer than the calyx. Wet sands, Ga., Fla. Sept. 

25. ILYSANTHES, Raf. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. upper lip short, erect, 
bifid, lower lip larger, spreading, trifid. Sta. 2, fertile ; 2 sterile fil. forked, 
one of the divisions tipped with an obtuse gland, the other acute, or rarely 
with half an anther. Caps, ovate or oblong, about equalling the calyx. 
® With opp. lvs. and axillary, 1-flwd. ped., resembling Gratiola in habit. 

1 I. gratioloid.es Benth. Branching, ascending 3—8' ; lvs. oblong, obtuse, subses- 

sile, obscurely dentate ; cor. tvdee longer than the calyx, bluish-white, 4 // . A small 
weed-like herb, in wet places : common. Peduncles 3—6". July, August. 

2 I. grandiflora Benth. Diffusely creeping ; lvs. thick, roundish, entire, subclass- 

ing ; ped. hirsute, 1', corolla 6" long, violet-blue. Sandy swamps, Ga. (Nuttall.) 

3 I. refracta Benth. Erect, slender ; lvs. clustered below, obovate to oblong, entire, 

the cauline remote, bract-like, linear-subulate ; ped. filiform, refracted in fruit ; cor. 
light-blue, 4 times longer than the calyx (5"). Damp pine woods, S. 6—10'. June. 

4 I. saxicola (Curtis). Stems leafy, clustered ; leaves oblong, obtuse, entire, sessile ; 

ped. 3—4 times longer than the leaves (7— 9"), refracted in fr. ; cor. blue, 4". S. Aug. 

26. MICRANTHEMUM, Rich. Cal. 4-toothed or cleft. Cor. uppei 
lip shorter, entire, lower trifid. Sta. 2, fertile, a glandular scale at the base 
of each, sterile filament none. Style short, apex clavate or spatulate. Caps, 
2-valved. £? (D Slender, glabrous, with opposite lvs. and minute fls. 



'228 Ordek 88.— SCROPHULARIACEJE 

JH. orbiculatum Ms. Sts. creeping and rooting, branches ascending 1— 2' ; lvs. o 
bicular to obovate. 3-veined, entire, subsessile ; fls. \" long, lower lip of cor. longv* 
than the calyx. Brackish mud, Del., and S. (M. micranthum, &c.) 

27. HYDRANTHELIUM, H. B. K. Calyx 4-cleft. Cor. 3-cleft, the 

upper lobe broader, emarginate. Sta. 3, on the corolla, anth. cells pamllel, 

distinct. Style with two short lobes. Caps. Go-seeded, w Tropical, with 

opposite leaves and minute, axillary flowers. Habit of Callitriche. 

H. crenatum Wood. Submersed stems flaccid, bearing the lvs. above; lvs. round 
ish, glabrous, crenate, abrupt at base, 7-9-veined, on flat, veiny petioles ; pedicels 3' , 
reflexed ; corolla little exserted, white. Pools, Miss., La. (Dr. Hale). 

28. AMFHIANTHUS, Torr. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla small, funnel- 
form, limb 4-lobed, lower lobe larger. Sta. 2, included, style lightly bifid, 
lobes acute. Capsule obcordate, compressed, co-seeded, (l) Minute, with 
flowers both axillary, and on terminal, 2-bracted peduncles 1' long. 

A. pus ill us Torr.— On wet rocks, Newton Co., Ga. Leaves nearly radical, linear, ob 
tuse ; 1 — 2" long ; flowers minute, white. March, April. 

29. LIMO SELLA, L. Mudwort. Calyx 5-cleft. Cor. shortly cam 

panulate, 5-cleft, equal. Sta. approximating in pairs. Capsule partly 2- 

celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. w (T) Minute. Scape 1 -flowered. 

L. tenuifolia Nutt. Lvs. linear, scarcely distinct from the petiole ; scape as long ae 
the leaves ; cor. segments oval-oblong, shorter than the cal. Mud, Penn., and N. V. 

30. SYNTHYRIS, Benth. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla subcampanulate, 
segments 4, erect-spreading or 0. Sta. 2 (rarely 4), on the cor., exserted, 
anth. cells parallel, distinct. Caps, compressed, obtuse or emarginate. it 
N". American, with a thick root. Radical leaves petiolate, cauline bract- 
like, on the scape-like stem, alternate. Fls. racemed or spicate. May. 

S. Honghtoniana Benth. Hairy ; lvs. ovate, subcordate, crenulate, obtuse ; stem 
or scape dense-flwd. above ; cor. greenish, as long as the cal. Hills, Mich., and W. If. 

31. DIGITALIS, L. Fox-glove. Calyx 5-parted. Cor. campanulate, 

ventricous, upper lip reflexed, spreading, middle segment of the lower lip 

broadest. Caps, ovate, 2-celled, 2-valved, with a double dissepiment, if 

Europe, Asia. Lower leaves crowded, petiolate, upper alternate. Flowers 

in showy racemes. Poisonous and medicinal. July, August. 

§ Corolla light-yellow, tube twice longer than the lower lip Nos. 1, 2 

§ Corolla purple, white, brown, often spotted, tube inflated and short Nos. 3 — 5 

1 I>. grandtflora (or ochroleuca). Great Yellow F. Leaves ovate, veiny, gprrulate, 

clasping ; racemes downy, loose ; corolla l^-' long, segments very broad. 4f. 

2 D. lutea. Plant very smooth, with lance-oblong leaves ; raceme smooth, with many 

flowers, all on one side ; corolla 8 — 10" long, tube not inflated. 2f. 

3 D. purpurea. Purple F. Lvs. oblong, rugous, petiolate, crenate, large ; flowers in 

a .ong, 1-sided raceme, thimble-shaped, purple or white, spotted. 2 — 3f. 

4 I>. ferrugihea. Leaves very smooth, lance-oblong ; corolla rusty-brown, tiae lowei 

lip densely bearded, its middle segment ovate. 4f. 

5 I>. LANATA. Leaves lance-oblong^ften woolly ; flowers downy or woolly, white or 

brown ; lower segment of the corolla obovate. 2f. 



Order 88.— SCROPHULARIACEJ3. 229 

32. VERONICA, L. Speedwell. Calyx 4-parted. Cor. subrotate, 
deeply 4-cleft, lower segments mostly narrow. Sta. 2, inserted into the 
tube, exserted. Caps, flattened, often obcordate, 2-celled, few-seeded. — Our 
species are herbs. Leaves opposite. Flowers solitary, axillary or in ra- 
cemes, blue, flesh-colored, or white. 

§ Tender shrubs (Australian) with axillary racemes of blue flowers Nos. 16, 17 

§ Herbs tall (European) with opposite lvs. and terminal rac. of blue fls Nos. 14, 15 

§ Herbs tall, with whorled leaves, terminal racemes, and tubular flowers Nos. 1, 2 

§ Herbs low, weak (3— 12'). Leaves opposite (at base). Corolla rotate. . . (a) 

a Racemes opposite, axillary. Capsule roundish, emarginate Nos. 3, 4 

a Racemes alternate, axillary. Capsule not rounded, very flat Nos. 5, 6 

a Racemes terminal, or the flowers axillary and not racemed. . .(b) 

b Floral lvs. like the rest, not longer than the recurved peduncles. . .Nos. 7 — 9 
b Floral leaves bract-like, longer than the erect peduncles. . .(c) 

c Perennial. Peduncles equalling or exceeding the calyx. Nos. 10 — 1. 

c Annual. Peduncles shorter than the calyx or none Nos. 12^ — 13 

1 V» Virginica L. Gutter's Physic. Erect, tall, glabrous or downy; lvs. whorled in 
4's-6's, lance-ovate to lance-linear ; spikes mostly several, paniculate. 2f In thickets, 

Vt., W. and S. 2 — 5f. Corolla white, with exserted style and stamens. July. 

2 V. Sibirica. Hardly different from No. 1, but it has blue flowers. Siberia. 3f. 

3 V. Anagallis L. Glabrous, erect ; lvs. sessile, clasping and subcordate, lanceolate, 

acutish, entire or serrulate ; rac. in opposite axils ; caps, orbicular, slightly notched, 
if Brooks and pools. Plant fleshy, If. Flowers small, blue-purple. June, July. 

4 V. Americana Schw. Brooklime. Glabrous, decumbent at base, erect above ; 

lvs. ovate or ovate-oblong, serrate, petiolate, abrupt at base ; rac. loose ; caps, round- 
ish, turgid, emarginate. if In clear streams. 12 — 18', fleshy. Fls. blue. June, July. 

5 V, scutellata L. Glabrous, ascending, weak ; lvs. linear or lance-linear, sessile, 

acute, remotely denticulate ; rac. very loose ; capeule flat, broader than long, cordate 
at both ends, if Swamps, N. and W. If. Fls. flesh-color, rather large. June — Aug. 
f> V. officinalis L. Roughish-downy, prostrate, branching ; lvs. wedge-oblong, ob- 
tuse, serrate, short-petioled ; racemes dense, with pale-blue flowers ; capsule downy, 
triangular-obcordate. if Dry fields. 6 — 12'. May — July. § Europe. 

7 V. Bnxbaumii Tenore. Prostrate, hairy; lvs. roundish-ovate, coarsely crenate- 

serrate, the floral similar, all on short petioles ; ped. longer than the lvs. ; caps, trian- 
gular-obcordate, broader than long. ©Waste grounds, E. : rare. 7-12'. Cor. blue. §Eu. 

8 V. agrestis L. Neckweed. Hairy, procumbent, diffuse ; lvs. cordate-ovate, deeply 

crenate-serrate, floral similar, all petiolate ; ped. as long as the lvs. ; caps, roundish, 
acutely notched, QO-seeded. (1) Fields, E. : rare. 2— 8 / . Light blue. May— Sept. § Eu. 

9 V. liedera^folia L. Prostrate, pilous ; lvs. petiolate, cordate, roundish, coarsely 

3-5-toothed or lobed, shorter than the ped. ; sep. triangular, subcordate, acute, closed 
in fruit ; caps, turgid, 4-seeded. (I) Hard soils, E. : rare. Cor. blue. Mar. — May. § Eu. 

10 V. alpina L. Branched at base, ascending 1 — 5' ; lvs. roundish-oval to elliptical, 
very obtuse, toothed or entire, subsessile ; racemes hairy, densely few-flwd. ; capsule 
obovate, notched. if Summits of White Mts., N. H., and R. Mts. Fls. small, blue. 

11 V. serpyllifolia L. Branched below, ascending 3 — 12'; lvs. oval, obtuse, subcre- 
nate, the lower rounded and petiolate, upper bract-like, oblong, entire ; rac. smoothish. 
loose ; caps, obcordate, broader than long, if Pastures : com. Cor. blue-wh. May-Aug. § 

12 V. peregrina L. Smoothish, ascending; lvs. petiolate, oblong, few-toothed, ob- 
tuse, upper obl.-lin., entire ; fls. subsessile, whitish ; caps, roundish, slightly notched, 
00 -seeded. (T) Clay soils, fields : com. 4 — 10'. Plant rather fleshy. May, June. 

13 V. arvensis L. Corn S. Hairy, branched ; lvs. below round-ovate, st bcordato, 
petiolate, crenate, the upper lanceolate ; corolla pale blue, pencilled, shorter than the 
calyx (a^ in No. 12) ; caps, obcordate. ® Dry fields : com. 2 — 6'. May, June. § Eur 



k ^30 Order 88.— SCROPHULARIACE.E. 

14 V. spicata. Erect, 1— 2f; leaves opposite, lanceolate, petiolate, serrate; racemee 
mostly solitary ; pedicels shorter than the calyx ; corollas blue, showy. U Europe. 

15 V. pajsticulata. Erect, bushy, 1 — 3f ; lvs. opposite and in 3's, lanceolate, acute at 
base, petiolate ; rac. panicled ; ped. longer than the calyx, u Many garden varieties, 
hybrids between this and No. 14, all with handsome blue racemes. Europe. 

16 V. sfeciosa. Very smooth, shrubby, with oblong-obovate entire lvs., dense short 
(2') racemes in the upper axils, and violet-blue flowers, very beautiful. 1 — 3f. 

1 7 V. salicefolia. Smooth (tree-like at home), with lanceolate, acute, entire leaves, 
dense glandular-downy racemes (3'), and innumerable blue flowers. 2 — 5f. 

/ 

33. BUCHNERA, L. Blue-hearts. Calyx 5-toothed. Cor. salver- 
forrn, with a slender tube, and flat limb in 5 subequal lobes. Stam. 4, in- 
cluded, with halved (1-celled) anthers. Caps. 2-valved. U Turns blackish 
in drying. Leaves opposite. Flowers in a terminal spike. June — Aug. 

B. Americana L. Rough-hispid, slender ; leaves oblong to linear, few-toothed, ob- 
tuse, 3-veined ; spike long-stalked, G-12-flowered ; cor. tube 6—7" long, limb half as 
long, deep blue. Woods, N. Y., and S. 2— 3f, nearly leafless above. 

34. MACRANTHERA, Torr. Calyx lobes 5, long and narrow. Cor 

tubular, with an oblique limb, short entire segments, and 4 long exserted 

subequal stamens. Style long, filiform. Caps, ovate, acuminate, if Tall, 

with opposite pinnatifid leaves and yellow fls. on long decurved peduncles. 

Jtt. fuclisioides Torr.— Pine-barrens, Ga., Fla., and W. 2— 3f. Lvs. lanceolate in 
outline, with lanceolate segments. Rac. long, loose, 1-sided. Cal. seg. denticulate, 
shorter than the corolla (or entire and still shorter in ;3. Lecontii). Sept., Oct. 

35. SEYMERIA, Ph. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Cor. tube short, dilated, 
lobes 5, ovate or oblong, entire. Stam. 4, subequal, valves of the capsule 
loculicidal, entire. Seeds oo. — Herbs erect, branching. Cauline leave? 
mostly opposite and incised. Flowers yellow. 

§ Tube of the corolla woolly within, incurved, as long as the limb No. 1 

§ Tube of the corolla much shorter than the subrotate limb. Leaves small.. Nos. 2, 3 

1 S. maeropliylla N. Tall, smoothish ; lvs. large, pinnatifid, with lance-oblong in- 

cised segments, upper serrate or entire. Ul Woods, W. 4 — 6f. Cor. 6". July. 

2 S. pectinata Ph. Viscid-downy, profusely branched ; lvs. small (1/ and less), pin 

natifid, seg. few, narrow and entire ; caps, acute at base. Dry, S. 3f. Aug. — Oct. 

3 S. teiiuifolia Ph. Smoothish, much branched ; lvs. bipinnatifid, 6" long, segments 

and rachis filiform ; capsule obtuse at base. Wet, S. 2 — 3f. Cor. 4". Aug., Sept. 

36. DASYSTOMA, Kaf. Wool-mouth. Wild Foxglove. Cal. cam- 
panulate, 5-cleft. Cor. tube dilated, longer than the 5 entire lobes, woolly 
within. Stam. didynamous, scarcely included, woolly, anthers all equal, 
awned at base. Caps ovate, acute, 2 valves bearing a septum in the mid- 
dle. Seeds oo. If Tall, erect. Lower leaves opposite. Corolla large, 
yellow. July — Sept. All blacken in drying. (Gerardia, L.) 

* Calyx segments entire.— a Plants pubescent Nos. 1, 2 

— a Plants glabrous Nos. 3 4 

* Calyx segments toothed or pinnatifid. Plants downy Nos. 5, 1 

1 I>. flava Wood. Plant pubescent, subsimple ; lvs. lance-oblong, entire, or toothed, 

the lower pinnatifid or incised ; cal. lobes oblong, obtuse, shorter than the tube ; ped 
very short. Woods. 2 — 4f. A showy herb. Corollas 18". (G. flava L>^ 



Order 88.— SCROPHULARIACEjE. 231 

2 D. grandiflora Wood. Minutely pubescent, branched ; lvs. petiolate, lance-ovatc, 

pinnatifid, toothed, or entire ; ped. as long as the calyx ; cal. tube as long as the lobes 
(JO, corolla 2' long. Wis., 111. (J . Wolf), and S. (G. grandifiora Benth.) 

3 D. quercifolia Benth. Glabrous and glaucous, branched ; lvs. petiolate, the lower 

bipinnatifid, upper lance-oblong ; cal. lobes longer than the tube, both as long as the 
pedicels ; corolla 2'. Thickets. 3— 5f. Common. 

4 I>. integrifolia Wood. Glabrous, subsimple ; lvs. lanceolate, acute, entire oi 

nearly so ; pedicels shorter than the calyx. Woods, Pa., and W. 1— 2f. August. 

5 I>. pedicularia Benth. Smoothish or downy ; lvs. lance-ovate, pinnatifid with 

toothed segments ; pedicels longer than the hairy calyx, whose toothed segments are 
about as long as its top-shaped tube. Dry woods. 2 — 3f. Corolla 15". 

6 D. pectinata (Torr.) Very hairy ; lvs. lanceolate, pectinate-pinuatifid, seg. toothed ; 

calyx longer than the pedicels, segm. longer than tube. Woods, S. 3f. Corolla 18". 

37. GERARDIA, L. Cal. 5-toothed or cleft. Cor. tubular, ventricous 
uv subcarnpanulate, tube longer than the 5 broad, entire, unequal lobes. 
Sta. didynamous, in pahs, shorter than the corolla. Caps, obtuse or pointed, 

00 -seeded. — American herbs, rarely shrubby. Leaves opposite (except 
No. 4). Flowers axiMary, solitary, purple or rose-color. July — Sept. 

§ Otophtlla. Calyx segments longer than its tube. Two anthers smaller No. 1 

§ Gerakdia proper. Calyx segments short, equal. Anthers all equal. . .(a) 

a Cor. 2-lipped, upper lip very short, straight. ± ednncles slender. S. . .Nos. 2, 3 
a Corolla lobes subequal, all spreading, throat often hairy., .(b) 

b Leaves all alternate, filiform. Flowers large, on long peduncles. S No. 4 

b Leaves opposite, rarely the upper alternate and bi'act-like ...(c) 

c Peduncles equalling or exceeding the small ($-incn) flowers Nos. 5 — 7 

c Peduncles much shorter than the flowers. — d Lvs. setaceous or none Nos. 8, 9 

— d Lvs. linear, 1—2' long. . .Nos. 10 — IS 

1 G. auriculata Mx. Erect, subsimple, rough-hairy ; lvs. lance-ovate, the upper au- 

riculate at base ; fls. nearly sessile, 1" long. (D Low grounds, Pa. to Car., and W. 2f. 

*<£ G. Mettaueri Wood. Smooth, slender, diffusely branched ; lvs. linear-filiform ; ped. 

filiform, many times longer than the calyx ; cor. 8", upper lip vaulted, notched, lower 

of 3 rounded lobes, tube with spots and 2 yellow stripes within. ® Wet sandy places, 

Mid. Fla. (Dr. Mettauer, 1855). 1— 2f. Lvs. V—\". (G. divaricata Chapm.) 

/3. ? clausa. Cor. tube flattened on the back, throat closed by the inflected lip. Fia. 

'S G. nuda Wood. Smooth, filiform, branched ; lvs. (except a few at the base) all re- 
duced to minute bracts scarcely 1" long ; fls. all terminal, small (5 /A ) ; caps, globous, 
exceeding the calyx. Middle Fla. (Dr. Mettauer, 1S55). (G. filicaulis Chapm.) 

4 G. fililolia. N. St. terete, much branched ; leaves filiform, alternate and fascicled ; 

ped. 1', much longer than the leaves ; cor. smooth, 9 // . ©Barrens, Ga., Fla. 2— 3f. 

5 G. linifolia N. 71 Stems virgate, clustered at root, smooth ; lvs. opposite, erect, 

linear, 3—1' ; ped. 8— 12", cal. 2 // , truncate ; cor. 1', spotted. Wet barrens, S. 2— 3f. 

6 G. tenuiiolia Vahl. Smooth, paniculately branched ; leaves linear to filiform, 1', 

often coiled ; ped. as long as the leaves, longer than the flowers, which are 9" long , 
calyx teeth very short, acute ; capsule globular. Fields and woods. If. 

7 Cr. Skinneriana Wood (1S48). Roughish ; st. virgate, angular, few-branched ; lvs. 

linear, rather obtuse, V ; ped. axillary, very long (1 — 2') ; cal. 1", teeth obtuse ; cor. 
small (5'0, rose-color, not fringed. Low grounds, W. and S. 1— 2f. Unlike all the 
rest, this species does not blacken in drying. (G. parvifolia, Cham.) 

8 G. setAcea Walt, (not Benth.) Glabrous, widely branched ; lvs. bristle-form, 1' and 

less ; fls. mostly terminal on the filiform, bracted branchlets, large ; ped. 2 — 4" ; cal 
V, teeth very acute, short ; cor. 10", densely fringed. ©Barrens, Pa., S. and W. 2f, 

9 G. aphylla N. Slender, angular, branched above ; lvs. minute, setaceous, 1", or 0; 

ped. lateral and term., 1— 3" ; calyx 1", teeth obtuse ; corolla 8" ® Wet, S. 2— 3f. 



232 Order 88.— SCROPHULAKIACE^. 

10 G. iiiarittma Eaf. St. angular, with short branches; lvs. linear, flesh\ 6 — 8 

cor. 7", some of the lobes fringed ; ped. very short ; cal. trunc. ® Salt marshes. 4 — 1(V 
U G. purpurea L. St. angular, branched; leaves linear, acute, rough-edged, 1 — 2'; 

ped. shorter than the calyx, tube truncate with setaceously acute teeth ; corolla large 

(10, smooth or downy. (I) Low grounds. 1 — 2 — 4f. Variable. 
IS* G. aspera Doug. St. roughish, branched ; lvs. narrowly linear, rough-hispid, 1 ; 

ped. 1—2 times as long as the cal. (3—6"), teeth lance-acute ; cor. V. ® W. 1— 2f. 

38. CASTTLLEJA, L. Painted Cup. Calyx tubular, 2-4-cleft. Cor. 
upper lip linear, very long, arched and keeled, enfolding the clidynamous 
stamens, anth. oblong-linear, with unequal lobes, the exterior fixed by the 
middle, interior pendulous. U }j Leaves alternate, the floral often colored 
at the apex. Flowers subsessile, in terminal, leafy bracts. 

1 C coccinea Spreng. Lvs. sessile, pinnatifid with linear segments; bracts about 
3-cleft, scarlet (sometimes yellow), exceeding the corolla ; cal. 2-cleft, nearly equalling 
the cor., segments notched, u Wet meadows, E. (rare) and W. 8 — 12'. May, June 

'.I C. sessiliflora Ph. Hairy-downy ; lvs. sessile, clasping, oblong-iinear, mostly tri 
fid, not colored : calyx sessile, elongated ; spikes dense ; corolla long, exserted, arched, 
segments of the lower lip acuminate. U Prairies, N-W. If. May. 

3 C. pallida Kuuth. Lvs. linear, undivided, 3- veined, the upper lanceolate, the flora] 
Biibovate, subdentate at the end, whitish ; calyx with acute teeth, shorter than the 
corolla, u ? White Mountains, Green Mountains, and N-W. If. August. 

39. SCHWALBEA, L. Chaff-seed. Calyx tube 10- ribbed, inflated, 
obliquely 4-cleft, upper division small, lower large, emarginate or 2-toothed. 
Cor. ringent, upper lip entire, arched, lower 3-lobed. Caps, o :>long. Sds. 

00 , chaffy. U With alternate leaves and flowers in a terminal spike. 

S. Americana L.— Sandy marshes, N. Y. to Pla. 1— 2f, stout, simple, downy. Lvh 
lance-ovate, 3-veined, diminishing upward ; corolla brown, 1—1^ long. June. 

40. FEDICULARIS, L. Lousewort. Calyx inflated, 2-5-cleft, the 
segments leafy, or sometimes obliquely truncate. Cor. vaulted, upper lip 
compressed, emarginate, lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. Capsule 2-celled, 
oblique, mucronate. Seeds angular.— Herbs. Leaves often pinnatifid. 
Flowers spicate, yellowish. 

1 P. Canadensis L. Hairy, simple ; lvs. alternate, petiolate, lance-oblong, pinna 

tifid with toothed segments ; spike short, dense, leafy ; cor. abruptly incurved, with 
2 setaceous teeth ; capsule ensiform-beaked. if. Pastures, copses. If. May — July. 

2 "P. lanceolata Mx. Smoothish, branching ; lvs. subopposite, lance-oblong, doubly 

cut-crenate ; spike elongated, loose at base ; corolla upper lip larger and covering the 
lower ; capsule short, ovoid 2f Shady banks, N. Y. to Va. and Wis. 1— 2f. Sept. 

41. RHINANTHUS, L Yellow Rattle. Calyx 4-toothed, ventri- 
cous. Cor. tube cylindrical, as long as the calyx, limb ringent, galea ap- 
pendaged, compressed, lip broader, deeply divided into 3 obtuse segments. 
Caps. 2-valved, compressed, obtuse. ® Erect, with opposite leaves. 

K. Crista-galli L. Mostly glabrous ; lvs. oblong or lanceolate ; cor. i longer than 
the calyx ; appendages of the galea (upper lip) transversely ovate, broader than long ; 
seeds winged, rattling when ripe. Plymouth, Mass., Lake Superior, and N. If. 

42. EUPHRASIA, L. Eyerrtght. Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lip of the 



Order 89.— ACANTHACE^E. 233 

cor. galeate, concave, apex 2-lobed, the lobes broad and spreading, lowe? 
lip spreading, trifid, palate not folded. Sta. unequal, ascending beneath 
the galea. Capsule oblong, compressed, oo-seeded. — Herbs with opposite 
leaves and the flowers in spikes. 

E. officinalis L. Lvs. ovate or oblong, the cauline obtuse, crenate, bracts acute, cut 
serrate with cuspidate teeth ; calyx lobes subequal ; corolla light-blue, lower lobes 
deeply notched. ® White Mountains, Lake Superior. 2—6'. Leaves 1 — 3". 

43. MELAMPYRUM, L. Cow Wheat. Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lip 
of the corolla compressed, the margin folded back, lower lip grooved, tri- 
fid. Caps. 2-celled, oblique, opening laterally. Seeds 1 — 4, cylindric-ob 
long, smooth. — Herbs with opposite lvs. Fls. solitary in the upper axils. 

HE. prateHse, j8. Jlmericdiium (Benth.) Leaves linear-lanceolate, petiolate, glabrous, 
the upper broader and toothed at base ; fls. axillary, distinct ; cal. teeth slender, half 
as long as the yellowish corolla. ® Woods : common. 6 — 10', branched. Jn. — Sept. 

Order LXXXIX. ACANTHACE^E. Acanthads. 

Herbs or shrubs with opposite, simple leaves and regular, bracted floweis. 
Calyx 5-parted, equal or unequal, imbricated in the bud. Corolla 5-merous, 
tubular below, limb more or less bilabiate, convolute in bud. Stamens 
didynamous or diandrous, inserted on the tube of the corolla. Fruit a 
2-celled, 4-12-seeded capsule. Seeds supported by hooks or cup-shaped 
processes of the placentae, exalbuminous. 

§ Seeds destitute of hooked supports. . .(a) 

a Corolla regular. Seeds few, resting on little cups. Vines Thunbergia. j 

a Corolla bilabiate. Seeds many, with no supports Elytraria. 2 

S Seeds resting on hooks proceeding from the placentas (b) 

b Corolla funnel-form, subregular. Stamens 4, unequal Ruellia. 3 

b Corolla bilabiate, ringent. Stamens 4. Pod terete Hygrofhila. 4 

Corolla labiate, the upper lip wanting. Stamens 4. + Rare Acanthus mollis 

b Corolla bilabiate- Stamens 2. — c Corolla inverted, upper lip 3-toothed Dicliptera. 5 

— c Corolla straight, lower lip 3-lobed Dianthera. 6 

— ' Corolla straight, lover lip 3-parted. Cyrtandra. 7 

1. THUNBERGIA, L. Calyx short, toothed or truncate, with 2 large 

bractlets at base. Cor. funnel-bell-form, limb 5-lobed, nearly regular. Sta 

4, unequal, included. Caps, beaked, 3-4-seeded. )j ^ Fls. showy, axillary 

T. a.l1ta. A climbing vine, silky-hairy, with cordate-sagittate lvs. on winged pet. • 
fls. 1£' deep and broad, purple, with a yellow, buff, orange or wnite border. E. Africa 

2. ELYTRARIA, Yahl. Calyx with 4 or 5 unequal segments. Cor 
bilabiate, lower lip of 3 bifid segments. Sta. 2 fertile, 2 sterile, included. 
Caps. 8 -seeded. — Herbs acaulescent, with (oblong) leaves at base and clasp- 
ing bracts on the scapes, and the small flowers in a terminal spike. 

E. virgata Mx. Scapes several, glabrous, covered with the bracts, which are ovate 
cuspidate, ciliate, the upper subtending the white flowers ; calyx with 2 linear bract 
lets at base, ciliate. u Wot plains, S. Car. to Fla. If. August. 

3. RUELLIA, L. Calyx 5-parted into slender segments. Cor. funnel 
form, limb spreading, subequally 5-lobed. Sta. 4, included, didynamous 



234 Order 89.— ACANTHACEJE. 

Caps, narrow. Seeds 4 — 16, resting on hooks. U Low, with tumid joints 

opposite leaves, and showy axillary blue, purple, or white flowers. 

§ D^pteracanthus. Anthers pointless. Style bifid. Seeds 8—12 Nos. 1—8 

§ Caj-ophanes. Anthers pointed at base. Style simple. Seeds 4. South... (a) 

a Stems erect from a creeping base, with obtuse leaves. Nos. 4, 5 

a Stems creeping, diffuse, with the leaves entire Nos. 6, 1 

I R. strepens L. Erect, smoothish, with obovate to oblong-petiolate Its. ; ped. very 
short, 1-4-flowered ; bractlets as long as the narrow sepals, little shorter than the 
slender corolla tube. Dry soils, W. and S. 9—16'. Leaves 2— 5'. June, July. 

% K. ciliosa Ph. Erect, white-hairy, with lvs. obovate to oblong, abrupt at base and 
subsessile ; bractlets and sepals not half as long as the tube of the corolla. Rich 
soils, W. and S. If or more. Leaves 1—2'. Flowers 2 — 2£'. June— September. 
/3. hffbritUis. Low, decumbent, and very hairy. Georgia (Dr. Feay). 

3 R-. tuMflora Le Conte. Downy ; leaves oblong to lanceolate, sessile ; fls. solitary , 

sep. lance-linear, i as long as the long tube of the white cor. Ga., Fla. June — Aug. 

4 R. oblongifolia Mx. Very downy; lvs. obovate to oval, subsessile; fls. 1—3 to- 

gether, bractlets and sepals as long as tube of the spotted corolla. Dry, Ga., Fla. 

5 R. riparia (Chapm.) Smoothish, simple ; lvs. oblong, petiolate ; flowers clustered, 

small (6"), white, bractlets, sepals, and corolla tube equal. Mid. Fla. 12 — IS'. 

6 R. liumistrata Mx. Smooth; lvs. oblong-oval, petiolate ; flowers 1—3 together, 

bractlets shorter than the setaceous sepals. Rich soils, S. Car. to Fla. 

7 R. linearis T. & G. Small, rough-downy ; leaves linear-oblong, imbricated, the 

bractlets similar ; capsule 4-angled, with 2—4 seeds. S. Fla. 

4. HYGROPHILA, R. Br. Calyx half-5-cleft, with narrow segments 
Cor. ringent, lower lip trifid. Sta. 4, unequal, cells of the anth. divergent- 
sagittate, violet. Stig. subulate. Caps, terete, oo-seecled. if £? Stolonif- 
erous, 4-angled. Flowers clustered in the axils. (See Addenda.) 

H. lacustris Nees. Erect, simple, smooth; leaves lance-oblong, sessile (3 — 4'); As. 
sessile, appearing whorled, white. Borders of lakes. New Orleans. 1 — 2f. 

5. DICLIPTERA, Juss. Fls. in bracted heads. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. 
bilabiate, inverted, upper lip 3-toothed, sta. 2, anth. cells equal, one placed 
above the other. Caps. 4-seeded, the partitions and valves separating. 2f 



- V 



1 D. brachiata Spr. Smooth ; st. 6-angled, brachiately branched ; leaves lanceo- 

late, long-petiolate, acuminate ; heads few-flowered, the upper approximate, sessile. 
lower often pedunculate ; flowers purple, 5 — 6". River banks, S. 1 — 2f. June — Aug. 

2 D. Halei Riddell. St. downy, mostly simple; leaves lance-ovate, petiolate; bract- 

lets and sepals fringed with long hairs ; corolla 5" long. Fla. to La. 1 — 2f. Jn. — Aug 

3 I>. assurgens Juss., with scarlet (1') corollas in 1-sided spikes, grows in S. Fla. 

6. DIANTHERA, Gron. (Rhytiglossa, Nees, and C-B.) Cal. 5 parted. 
Cor. bilabiate, upper lip notched, lower 3-lobed. Stamens 2, anth. cells un- 
equa., one placed above the other. Capsule flattened, 4-seeded above the 
middle. U £? Lvs. smooth, entire. Flowers in bracted spikes or heads. 

1 D. Americana L. Erect, angular, tall; leaves long-lanceolate, wavy, as long 

(3 — A'} as the peduncles ; bracts and sepals lanceolate, 3 // , the ringent corolla 6", 
violet-purple. Banks, N. Y., W. and S. 2 — 3f. June, July. 

2 D. ensiformis Wood. Erect from a creeping base, slender ; leaves linear, oblique 

or ensiform, thick, shorter (3 — 4') than the peduncles ; flowers spicate ; calyx 6" ; co 
rolla purple, 1 . Fla. April. (D. crassifolia Chapm.) 



Order 90.— VERBENACE^E. 235 

3 I>. ovata Walt. St. square, ascending, 4—8' ; leaves lance-ovate, acute, longer than 
the 3-4-flo //ered peduncles ; corolla pale-purple, 3— 4". S. Car. to Fla. 

•ft I>. li it mills Wood. Erect, square, 1— Iff; leaves lance-elliptical, shorter than the 
oo - flowered, 1-sided spikes ; corolla 5", purple. Fla. to La. (Justicia Mx.) 

7, CYRTANTHERA, Nees Corolla ringent, upper lip falcate, lower 

in 3 narrow segments. Sta. 2, anth. nodding. Caps. 4-seeded ? U Brazil 

V. carnea. Stem tall, stout, with ample ovate to oblong leaves, and large, showy, ter 
minal spikes of many flesh-colorer" flowers. In the greenhouse. 



Order XC. VERBENACE^E. Vervains. 

Herbs (or generally shrubs and trees) with opposite, exstipulate leaves. 
Flowers with a bilabiate or more or less irregular monopetalous corolla. 
Stamens 4, didynamous, rarely equal, sometimes only 2. Style 1. Fruit 
dry or drupaceous, 2-4-celled (1-celled in Phryma), forming as many 1 
seeded nutlets. Seeds erect or pendulous, with little or no albumen. 

§ Herbs. Fruit dry, consisting of— 

a 4 one-seeded nutlets. Stamens 4. Corolla 5-lobed Verbena. 1 

a 2 two-seeded nutlets. Stamens 4. Corolla 5-cleft, minute, spicate. S. Fla Priva ecMnhta. 

a 2 one-seeded nutlets. Stamens 2. Flowers spicate, imbedded. S. Fla Stachytarpha. 

a 2 one-seeded nutlets. Stamens 4. Corolla 4-parted Lipfia. 2 

a 1 one-seeded nutlet, reflexed. Stamens 4. Corolla bilabiate Phryma. 3 

§ Shrubs. Fruit fleshy, berry-like (or a 2-celled capsule in No. 7). . .(b) 

b Leaves compound, digitate. Flowers 5-parted. Seed 1 Vitex. 6 

b Leaves simple, toothed. — c Cymes axillary. Drupes 4-seeded Callicarpa. 4 

— c Heads axillary. Drupes 2-seeded. Lantana. 5 

6 Leaves simple, entire. — d Drupe 2-seeded. Spikes terminal (Aloysia.) 2 

— d Drupe 4-seeded. S. Fla Citharexylum villdsum. 

—d Drupe 8-seeded. S. Fla Duranta Plumi&ri. 

— d Capsule 4-seeded. Flowers in heads ,. Avicennia tomeatdsa. 

1. VERBENA, L. Vervain. Calyx 5-toothed, with one of the teeth 
often shorter. Cor. funnel-form, limb somewhat unequally 5-lobed, lobes 
emarginate. Sta. 4, included, the upper pair sometimes abortive. Drupe 
splitting into 4, 1 -seeded, indehiscent carpels. — Herbs or undershrubs 
Leaves opposite. Flowers sessile, mostly in spikes or heads. 

§ Uorymbed ; the open corollas of the spike forming a corymb. Stems weak. . .(a) 

a Leaves 3-cleft or pinnatifid, the lobes cut-serrate or toothed Nos. 1 — 3 

a Leaves merely serrate or toothed, somewhat incised Nos. 4— " 

§ Spicate; the open corollas lateral, in slender spikes., .(b) 

b Stem simple (mostly), bearing a single spike. Leaves oblong Nos. 8, 9 

& Stem branched, with many spikes.— c Leaves mostly simple Nos. 10—12 

— c Leaves much divided Nos. 13—15 

1 V. A.ubletia L. Lvs. ovate-oblong in outline, 3-parted, cut, acute and petiolate at 

base ; spikes pedunculate ; bracts half as long as the cylindrical calyx. Dry soils, Va. 
to 111., and S If. Flowers lilac, varying in the gardens to purple. April, May. 

2 V. incisa. Leaves oblong to deltoid, rugous, cut-lobed and serrate, abrupt at base, 

petiolate ; bracts ovate, a fourth as long as the glandular calyx ; corolla rose-purple. 
% Brazil. Stems some shrubby, ascending. 

3 V. mttltipida. Small, creeping, branched ; leaves multifld into narrow, acute seg' 

nients ; bracts subulate, shorter than calyx. (T) Brazil. Red to white. 



236 Order 90.— VERBENACEtE- 

4 V. yenosa. Nearly simple, with rigid, oblong-sessile, cut-serrate leaves ; bracts eut) 

ulate, longer than the calyx, both colored ; corolla lilac to blue, u Brazil. 

5 V. cham^ediufolia. Leaves oblong-ovate, short-petiolate ; bracts subulate, not half 

the length of the long calyx ; corollas scs,rlet to crimson. % Buenos Ayres. 
G V. phlogiflora. With many erect branches, and long-petioled, lance-deltoid eaves ; 
bracts lanceolate, half as long as the calyx. Flowers large, red to blue. 

7 V. teu*rioides has very hairy, wrinkled, ovate-triangular, crenate leaves on short 

stalks, with large white to roseate sweet-scented flowers, u Brazil. 

8 V. aiig'iistif&lia Mx. Leaves oblong-linear, tapering to base, serrate, with fur- 

rowed veins ; spikes 1 or few, slender ; corolla deep-blue, bracts as long as the calyx 
(1"). U Rocks and hills, N. Y. to Va., and W. If. Leaves 2—3'. July. 

9 V. CaroliniLina L. Leaves oblong-obovate to oblong, crenate-toothed, sessile; 

spike loose ; corolla large, roseate, bracts minute. ii Dry soils, S. 1— 2f. June. 

1 V. hastata L. Common Vervain. Lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, cut-serrate, petto- 
late, the lower lobed or hastate ; spikes panicled, dense, slender, erect and parallel ; 
flowers blue, if Waysides : common. 3— 6f. § Europe. July— September. Hy 
brids occur, with cleft leaves and loose-flowered spikes. 

I 1 V. urtica?folia L. Leaves ovate to lance-ovate, serrate, acute, petiolate ; spikes 
axillary and terminal, filiform, lax ; bracts shorter than the calyx. % A homely weed, 
in waste grounds. 3f. Flowers minute, white. § Europe. July, August. 

12 V. stricta Vent. Mullein V. Hairy and hoary, rigidly erect ; leaves oval to obo- 
vate, unequally dentate, sessile, rugous ; spikes dense, u Dry fields, W. 1— 3f. 
Very leafy, rather handsome. Corolla blue, 4" broad. July. 

1 3 V. bracteosa Mx. Hairy, divaricately branched, leaves laciniate ; bracts lance- 
linear, squarrous on the peduncle and spikes, longer than the small blue flowers. U 
Dry fields, roadsides, N. Y., W. and S. 8 — 16'. June — September. (V. canescens.) 

14 V. officinalis L. Smoothish, erect; leaves lanceolate to oblong, pinnately lobed 
or toothed, subsessile ; spikes slender, panicled ; bracts not longer than the calyx ; 
flowers purple, small. % Waysides, Conn, to Ga. 3 — 3f. (V. spuria L.) 

1 5 V. strigosa Hook. Hoary, rough-downy, rigid ; leaves oblong, 3-parted, incised, 
sessile ; spikes strict, lax-flowered bracts long as calyx ; corolla large. N. Orl. 2— 3f. 

2. LIPPIA, L. Fog-fruit. Cal. 2-parted. Cor. funnel-shaped, limb 
sublabiate, upper limb entire or emarginate, lower 3-lobed. Sta. didyna- 
mous, included. Drupe dry, thin, enclosed in the calyx, 2-seeded. +> IS 
Leaves opposite or whorled. Flowers small, whitish, in heads or spikes. 

1 Ii. nodiflora Mx. St. 4-angled, geniculate, simple, creeping; lvs. lanceolate to ob- 

lanceolate, cuneate at base, petiolate, shorter than the ped. Banks, Pa. to HI., ana S. 

2 Ii. (Aloysia) citriodora. Lemon Verbena. Shrub smooth; leaves in 3's, lance-lin- 

ear, punctate beneath, straight-veined, delightfully fragrant. 3f. 

3 PHRYMA, L. Lop-seed. Cal. cylindric, bilabiate, upper lip longer, 
3-cleft, lower lip 2-toothed. Corolla bilabiate, upper lip emarginate, much 
smaller than the 3-lobed lower one. Stamens included. Fruit dry, oblong, 
striate, 1-celled, 1-seeded. u With opposite leaves. Flowers opposite, 
spicate, deflexed in fruit, 

V. leplostacliya L.— Rocky woods. 2 — 3f. Leaves large (3 — 6'), thin, coarsely- 
toothed ; flowers small, light-purple, in very slender spikes. July. 

4. CALLICARPA, L. French Mulberry. Calyx 4- toothed, bell- 
shaped. Corolla short-bell-shaped, limb of 4 obtuse segments. Sta. 4, un- 
equal, exserted. Stig. capitate, 2 -lobed. Drupe juicy, enclosing 4 nutlets. 
+> "With opposite leaves and axillary cymes. 



Order 91 — LABIATE. 237 

C Americana L. Pubescent ; lvs. ovate, acuminate at each end, crenate-dentate, 
emooth above ; clusters shorter than the petioles ; fruit forming dense verticils Light 
soils, S. Shrub much branched, 3 — 6f, with purple flowers and fruit. 

5. LANTANA, L. Cal. minute, obsoletely 4-toothed. Corolla funi el- 
rm, the tube long-exserted, limb oblique, upper lip bifid or entire, lower 

trifid. Sta. 4, didynamous, included. Drupe fleshy, double, the parts sep 
arable, 1 -seeded. +> 3 — 6f. Tropical, with square stems, opposite potio- 
»ate leaves, and capitate, handsome flowers, often fragrant. 

* Corollas white or lilac, not becoming yellow or scarlet Nos. 1 — 3 

* Corollas white or yellow, changing to saffron, scarlet, crimson, &c Nos. 4, 5 

1 L. nivea. Branches with reversed prickles ; lvs. ovate to elliptic, crenate-serrate, as 

long as the peduncles ; no involucre ; flowers white, turning to blue. Brazil. 

2 L. Sellowiana. Branches strigous ; lvs. rhombic to oblong, coarse-serrate, shorter 

than the peduncles ; heads some involucrate ; flowers reddish lilac. Brazil. 

3 Li. involucrata L. Whitish-downy ; lvs. obovate to roundish, crenulate, as kmg 

as the peduncles ; heads involucrate with the outer ovate bracts, lilac. S. Fla. 

4 Li. mixta. Prickles reversed or ; lvs. ovate, crenate, abrupt at base, shorter than 

the peduncles ; bracts as long as the corollas, which are white at first, then changing 
to yellow, then orange, and lastly red. Brazil. 

5 1<. Ca mara L. Often prickly ; lvs. as in No. 4, but equalling the peduncles ; bracts 

hall* as long as the corollas, which are successively yellow, orange, red. Ga., Fla. 

6. VITEX, L. Chaste-tree. Calyx 5-toothed. Cor. cup-shaped, 5- 
lobed, somewhat 2-lipped. Stamens 4, unequal, exserted. Drupe entire, 4- 
celled, 4-seeded. "5 With opposite, digitate leaves and paniculate cymes. 

1 V. Agnus-castus. Leaflets 5 or 7, lanceolate, entire, pointed both ways ; paniclea 

white-tomentous, terminal, interrupted ; corolla purplish. Hardy. S. 

2 V. Negtjndo. Leaflets 3 or 5, oblong, serrate, acuminate. Mauritius. 

3 V. usroisA. Leaflets 5 or 7, incisely pinnatifid, acuminate. China. 

Order XCI. LABIATJS. Labiate Plants. 

Herbs with square stems, and opposite, aromatic, exstipulate leaves. 
Flowers axillary, in verticillasters, sometimes as if spiked or in heads. Co- 
rolla labiate (rarely regular), upper lip external in the bud. Stamens 4. 
didynamous, or only 2. Ovary free, deeply 4-lobed, the single style arising 
from between the lobes. Fruit composed of 4 (or by abortion fewer) sep 
arable 1-seeded nuts or achenia. Figs. 23, 69, 96, 281, 292, 318, 384. 

§ Stamens 2, perfect,— p ascending beneath the galea ; anthers 1-celled. (Tribe IV.) 
— p ascending through a cleft in the galea ; anthers 2-celled. . .(6) 
— p exserted, distant ; anthers 2-celled ... (d) 
( Stamens 4, perfect, — q all declined toward the lower lip. (Tribe I.) 
— q erect, or ascending toward the upper lip. . .(2) 
2 Stamens of equal length, corolla almost regular, 4->5-lobed...(*c) 

2 Stamens, the upper pair longer than the lower (outer), and calyx 13-15-veined. ("Tribe V.) 
Stamens, the lower pair longer tiian the upper (interior) pair. ..(3) 
3 Stamens divergent, apart, mostly straight and exserted... (e) 
S Stamens parallel, ascending and long-exserted from the upper side. . .(b) 
3 Stamens parallel, ascending in pairs beneath the upper lip. . .(4) 
4 Calyx 13- veined, 5-toothed, and somewhat 2-lipped... (/) 
4 Calyx 5-10- veined, or irregularly netted. . .& 



238 Order 91.— LABIATJE. 

5 Calyx strongly 2-lipped, upper lip truncate, closed in fruit. . .(h) 

5 Calyx not 2-lipped, 3 or 4-lobed, open in fruit. ..(A-) 

5 Calyx subequally 5-toothed, teeth not spinescent. ,.{m) 

5 Calyx subequally 5-toothed, teeth spiuescent. . .(») 

5 Calyx unequally 8-10-toothed. . .(o) 

L OOIMOIDKjE. — r Corolla upper lip 4-lobed, lower entire, flattish Ocimum 

— r Corolla upper lip 3— i-fid, lower boat-form, involving the sta Coleus. 2 

— r Corolla upper lip 4-lobed, lower saccate, deflexed Hyptis. 3 

— r Corolla upper lip 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed Lavandula. 4 

II. AJUGOEDEjE. — b Stamens 2, exserted through a fissure in the tube . . Amethystea. 5 

— b Stamens 4, exserted through a fissure in the tube Teucrium. 6 

— b Stamens very long, involute, arching the corolla Trichostemma. 7 

— *c Corolla limb equally 5-lobed. Stamens short Isanthus. 8 

(Tl. SATUREJEiE. — fStamens diverging or ascending, 2-celled. Corolla lobes flattish, spreading.) 

— *c Corolla limb obliquely 5-lobed. Leaves purple Perilla. 9 

— *c Corolla limb 4-lobed, upper lobe broadest Mentha. 10 

d Corolla nearly regular, 4-lobed. Calyx naked in the throat Ltcopcs. II 

d Corolla bilabiate, — s cyanic, throat naked. Stamens straight Cunila. 12 

— s cyanic, throat naked. Stamens ascending Hedeoma. 13 

— s yellow, throat with a hairy ring inside Collinsonia. 14 

e Calyx 15- veined. Stamens exserted, divergent Hyssopus. 15 

e Calyx 10-veined, the veins obscured by hairs. Corolla yellow, fringed Collinsonia. 14 

* Calyx 10-13-veined, — t throat naked. — u Stamens straight, divergent Pycnanthemum. 16 

— m Sta. ascending, anth. spurless Satureja. 17 

— u Sta. ascending, anth. spurred Dicerandra. 18 

— t throat hairy. — v Bracts roundish, large Origanum. 19 

— v Bracts narrow, minute Thymus. 20 

/ Tube of the corolla straight. Leaves small, subcrenate or entire Calamintha. 21 

/ Tube of the corolla curved upward. Leaves large, coarse-crenate Melissa. 22 

rV. MONARDEiE.— Connectile long, transverse, distancing the anther cells Salvia. 23 

— Connectile continuous with fil. toothed at the juncture B OSMARINUS. 24 

— Connectile inconspicuous. — w Calyx subequally toothed Monarda. 25 

— to Calyx bilabiate, aristate Blephyllia. 26 

V NEPETEjE. — Stamens distant, exserted. Flowers in terminal spikes Lophanthus. 27 

— Stamens all ascending. — x Anther cells divergent, much Nepeta. 28 

-<c Anther cells divergent, little Dracocephalum. 29 

— x Anther cells parallel. Fls. large Cedronella. 30 

VI. STACHYDEvE.— (Stamens parallel, ascending. Cor. upper lip galeate. Cal. 5-10-veined.) 

h Calyx lips toothed, upper 3 teeth minute, lower 2 large Brunella. 31 

h Calyx lips entire, upper with an appendage on the back Scutellaria. 32 

A; Calyx 3-lobed. Anthers all distinct. Flowers purple streaked Macbridea. 33 

k Calyx 4-lobed. Anthers, the highest pair connate Synandra. 34 

m Corolla tube inflated in the midst, whitish. Lips small Physostegia. 35 

m Corolla tube inflated at the throat, purple. Lower lip long Lamium. 36 

m Corolla inflated in the broad, concave upper lip, purple or yellow Phlomis. 37 

m Corolla not inflated, short. — y Calyx salver-form, 10-ribbed Ballota. 38 

— y Calyx broad-bell-form, netted Mollucella. 39 

n Anthers opening transversely, ciliate-fringed. Leaves notched Galeopsis. 40 

n Anthers opening lengthwise. — s Achenia rounded at the top. Native... Stachys. 41 

— 2 Achenia rounded at the top. Cultivated.. Betonica. 42 

— z Achenia truncate, 3-angled at top Leonurus. 43 

o Corolla white, upper lip flattish. Style equally bifid Marrubium, 44 

o Corolla white, upper lip concave. Style unequally bifid. South. .LEUO^-i- 

o Corolla scarlet, exserted. Calyx upper tooth longest Leonotis. 45 

1. OCIMUM, L. Sweet Basil. Upper lip of calyx orbicular, lower 
4-fid. Cor. resupinate, one lip 4-cleft, the other undivided. Stam. 4, de- 
clined, the lower pair longer, the upper often with a process at their base, 
Verticils 6-flowered, in terminal, interrupted racemes. 

O. basilicum L. Lvs. Bmooth, ovate-oblong, subdentate, petiolate ; cal. ciliate ® 
Plant. 6—12'. in the kitchen-eardens. Very fragrant. 



Order 91.— LABIATE. 239 

2. COLEUS, Lour. Cal. deflexed in fruit, unequally 5-toothed. Cor. 

decurved, upper lip obtusely 3-4-cleft, lower longer, entire, concave, in 

volving the 4 stamens. ® Verticils 6- OO-flowered. Asia. 

fJ. Blttmei. Leaves large, ovate, bluntly serrate ; verticillasters distinct, OO-flowered. 
2f. Tender, cultivated for its splendid leaves, which are marked with crimson, green, 
and bronze. Flowers inconspicuous. 
/ 

3. HYPTIS, L. Calyx 5-toothed, teeth acute or subulate. Cor. tube 

cylindric, limb 5-lobed, the lower abruptly deflexed, contracted at its base, 
the 4 others flat, erect or spreading. Stam. 4, decimate. Ach. ovoid or ob- 
long. — In our species the flowers are in involucrate heads. Summer. 

II. radlata Willd. Erect, glabrous ; leaves lance-ovate to lance-linear, unequally and 
bluntly serrate, tapering to the petiole ; heads opposite, pedunculate, at length 
globular, bracts seeming radiate, u Damp, S. 2 — 3f. 

4. LAVANDULA, L. Lavender. Cal. ovoid-cylindric, with 5 short 

teeth, the upper one often largest. Cor. upper lip 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed, 

lobes all nearly equal, tube exserted, stamens included. J3 

Ei. spica. Leaves hoary, linear-oblanceolate to linear-lanceolate, rolled at edge, sessile, 
in the interrupted spike bract-like ; flowers small, lilac. Very fragrant, and yielding 
the well-known Oil-of- Lavender. 12 — IS'. July. 

5. AMETHYSTEA, L, Flowers as in Teucrium, but the stamens are 

only 2. (1) From Siberia. 

A. cxekulea. — A branching, smooth herb, If high, with the leaves 3-parted and incised, 
and blue (to white) corollas little exceeding the calyx. July — Oct. 

6. TEUCRIUM, L. Germander. Cal. subcampanulate and subregu 

lar, in 5 acute segments. Cor. with the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, the 

lowest largest, roundish. Stam. 4, exserted from the deep cleft in the 

upper side of the tube. 

T. Canadense L. Plant erect, hoary-pubescent ; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, 
petiolate ; bracts linear-lanceolate, about as long as the calyx ; spike long, of many 
crowded verticils of odd-looking purplish flowers. % Damp grounds. 2f. July. 

7. TRIOHOSTEMA, Lin. Blue Curls. Calyx very oblique, veiny, 
lower lip of 2 short teeth, upper twice as long, of 3, all acute. Cor. tube 
slender, limb obliquely 5-lobed. Filam. 4, very long, exserted and curved. 
(1) Cymes loose, panicled. Corolla blue. 

1 T. dichotoma L. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, attenuate at base, obtuse, entire pubes- 

cent, as well as the stem and branches. Dry soils, Mass., and S. If. August. 

2 T. lineare N. Leaves near, nearly smooth ; stem and branches puberulent. Dry 

soils, N. Y. (at Salem), anj S. If. Flowers as in the other, 4". July, Aug. 

8. ISANTHUS, Mx. False Pennyroyal. Calyx equally 5-toothed, 
throat naked. Cor. 5-parted, tube straight and narrow, segm. ovate and 
equal. Stam. subequal, incurved, ascending, longer than the corolla. U 
Viscid, pubescent, with entire leaves acute at each end. Flowers axillary. 

I. coeruleus Mx.— Dry fields, N. and W. 1 — lj-f. Branching and leafy, resembling 
Pennyroyal. Leaves lance-elliptic, 3-veined. Flowers 1 — 2 in each axil, blue. July. 



240 Order 91.— LABIAT^E. 

9. PERILLA, L. Calyx subequally 5-toothed, in fruit becoming gib- 
bous and 2-iipped. Cor. bell-forrn, 5-cleft, lower lobe a little longer. Sta 
4, erect, distant, included. — Asia. 

P. ocimoJdes, 0. Nankinensis, is the Purple Perilla, a fine leaf-plant, 2f high, with 
large bronze-purple, ovate, cut-fringed leaves. (]3. crispa Benth.) (J) 

10. MENTHA, L. Mint. Cal. equally 5-toothed. Cor. nearly regu- 
lar, tube scarcely exserted, border 4-cleft, the broadest segment emarginate. 
Stain. 4, straight, distant, anth. cells parallel, fil naked. U Strong-scented 
herbs. Flowers in dense verticils, pale purple. Summer. 

* Leaves sessile. Verticils in a slender, terminal spike Nos. 1 -3 

* Leaves petiolate.— -x Verticils in dense oblong spikes Nos. 4, 5 

— x Verticils axillary, not in spikes Nos. 6 — 8 

1 Iff. viridis L. Spearmint. Smoothish , lvs. lance-oblong, acute, cut-serrate ; spikes 

interrupted, attenuate above. Damp soils. 1 — 2f. § Europe. 

2 Iff. rotundifolia L. Whitish-downy; lvs. roundish to broad-ovate, sharp-serrate ; 

spikes cylindric, nearly continuous. N. J., Pa. (at Easton, Prof. Porter). Ascending 
2— 3f. Spikes 2—3'. § Europe. 

3 Iff. sylvestris L. Woolly-tomentous ; lvs. lance-ovate, canescent, finely serrate ; 

spikes conic-cylindric. Delaware Co., Pa. (A. H. Smith). 

4 Iff. piperita L. Peppermint. Smooth; lvs. ovate to lanceolate, serrate; spikes 

1', oblong to cylindric ; calyx smooth. Wet. 2f. § Europe. 

5 Iff. aqnatica L. Stem reflex-hairy ; leaves ovate, serrate, hairy or smoothish; 

spike globular or oblong, calyx villous. Muddy. § 

6 Iff. sativa L. Stem reflex-hairy, erect, branched ; leaves ovate, canescent beneath ; 

calyx teeth subulate-awned. Lancaster, Pa. (Porter). § Europe. 
•J Iff. arvensis L. Smoothish, ascending; leaves ovate, serrate above, entire and 

acute at base ; calyx teeth acute. Fields, M. and W. : rare. § 
8 Iff. Canadensis L. Horsemint. Upright, hoary-pubescent with spreading hairs ; 

leaves lanceolate, very acute both ways ; cymes shorter than the petioles ; stamens 

exserted. Damp. Can. to Pa. and Ky. 
0. borealis. Plant nearly smooth, with narrower leaves. 

11. LYCOPUS, L. Water Hoarhound. Cal. tubular, 4-5-cleft. Cor. 
subregular, 4-cleft, the tube as long as the calyx, upper segment broadest, 
emarginate. Stam. 2, distant, diverging, simple. It Bog herbs, with the 
very small flowers in axillary, dense clusters. 

1 Ii. Virginicus L. Bugle Weed. Lvs. broad lanceolate, serrate, tapering and entire 

at both ends ; calyx teeth 4, obtuse, spineless, shorter than the achenia. Common. 
1 — 1^-f. Plant often purple, and often with long slender runners. July, August. 

2 L . Europaeus L. Lvs. lance-ovate to lance-oblong, petiolate, acute, sinuate-toothed 

or lobed, the lower incised; calyx teeth 5, acuminate-spinescent, longer than the 
smooth achenia. Common, and very variable. 1 — 2f. August. 
|3. rubtlluS) with creeping stolons, and downy toothed lvs. (L. rubellus Moench.) 
y. sinuatus 9 with smooth sinuate-dentate leaves — no runners. (L. sinuatus Ell.) 
8. exaltdtus. Tall, with smooth leaves cut into linear teeth. (L. exaltatus Ell.) 
e # anffuntifblitis. Leaves narrow, slightly toothed or subentire. (L. angust. N.) 
£. sessilif'olius, Lvs. oblong, sessile or clasping, remotely toothed. N. J. (Porter). 

12. CUNILA, L. Dittany. Cal. 10-ribbecl, equally 5-toothed, throat 
densely villous ; upper lip of corolla flat, emarginate. Stam. 2, erect, ex 
Berted, distant. — Flowers numerous, pale red. 



Order 91.— LABIATE. 241 

C. Mariana L. Lvs. ovate, serrate, subsessile, V ; cymes pedunculate, corymbous, 
axillary and terminal. % Rocky woods, N. Y. to Ga. and Ark. 1— 2f. July, Aug. 

13. HEDEOMA, Pers. American Pennyroyal. Calyx 13-striate, 
gibbous at base, bilabiate, throat hairy, upper lip 3-toothed, lower 2-cleft 
Cor. bilabiate, upper lip erect, flat, emarginate, lower spreading, 3-lobed. 
Stam. 2, fertile, ascending. — Low, fragrant herbs. 

i H. pulegio ides Pers. Lvs. oblong, few-toothed, petiolate, narrowed to each end ; 

verticils axillary, 6-flowered ; corolla equalling the calyx. (T) Dry pastures. 6 — 12'. 

June — Aug. A small herb of pungent fragrance and taste, common and much used. 
2 H. hispida Ph.. Hairy, branching, with sessile, linear, obtuse leaves and verticils 

fi-flowered ; corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx. (T) Banks, W. 2—5'. July. 

14. COLLINSONIA, L. Horse Balm. Cal. ovoid, 10-stria'te, upper 
lip truncate, 3-toothed, lower 2-cleft. Cor. exserted, bell-ringent, upper lip 
in 4 subequal lobes, lower longer, declined, fringed. Stam. 2 or 4, much 
exserted, divergent. U Coarse, strong scented, with large, ovate, serrate, 
petiolate lvs. and yellowish fls., in a terminal, leafless panicle or raceme. 

* Stamens 4, perfect, long exserted. Leaves very large. South Nos. 1, 2 

* Stamens 2, perfect, — a the upper pair of filaments mere points Nos. 3, 4 

— a the upper pair of filaments capitate. South No. 5 

1 C. verticillata Baldw. Viscid-downy above ; lvs. broad-oval, 6 — 8', acute, peti- 

oles 1 — 2' ; racemes long, naked ; flowers in whorls, 9" ; lower lip strongly fringed. 
Lookout Mt., Tenn., and Middle Ga. 1 — 2f. Raceme If. May, June. 

2 C anisata Ph. Viscid-downy; lvs. cordate, acuminate, crenate, 5 — 7', petiole V \ 

panicle 3—6', bracts ovate, flowers 5—6". Ga., Fla., Ala. 1— 2f. July— Sept. 

3 C. Canadensis L. Sparsely downy ; leaves mucronate-serrate, acuminate, abrupt 

at base, 4 — 7' ; lower petioles slender ; panicle 5 — 8', loose, bracts ovate ; flowers 
5 — 6". Damp shades, Can. to La. (Hale). 3 — 4f. Summer. 

4 C. scat>ri«.scula Ait. Leaves scabrous above, small (1^—2'), acuminate, acute at 

base, petioles slender, V ; panicle leafy, fls. 4 — 5", calyx 1". Woods, S. 2f. Sept. 

5 C. punctata Ell. Pubescent; lvs. 4 — 7', lance-ovate, pointed, acute at base, resin- 

ous-punctate beneath ; panicle leafy below, flowers 5". Woods, S. 2 — 6f. Sept. + 

15. HYSSOPUS, L. Hyssop. Calyx tubular, 15-striate, equally 5- 
toothed. Upper lip of the corolla erect, flat, emarginate, lower S-parted, 
the middle segment largest, tube about as long as the calyx. Stamens 4. 

H. officinalis L. — Native of Europe and Asia, occasionally cultivated for its medici- 
nal properties. A bushy herb, 2f, with oblong-lanceolate leaves, and bright blue 
fls. in 1-sided verticils approximate in a terminal spike. St. exserted, diverging. § 

16. PYCNANTHEMUM, Mx. Basil. Calyx tubular, 10-13-striate, 
5-toothed, teeth equal or subbilabiate, throat naked within. Upper lip of 
corolla nearly entire, lower trifid, middle lobe longest, all ovate, obtuse, 
stain. 4, distant, subequal, anth. with parallel cells. U Erect, rigid branch- 
ing herbs, all N. American. Verticils dense, many-fiowered. Aug., Sept 

§ Calyx 2-lipped. in flat or loose cymes. Leaves petiolate, subserrate. . .(a) 
§ Calyx subregular, in roundish dense heads. . .(b) 

a Teeth of the calyx ovate, acute, awnless No. 1 

a Teeth of the calyx tipped with bearded awns Nos. %~A 

b Cslyx teeth and bracts with naked awns as long as the corolla Nos. 5, 6 

b Calyx teeth awnless, shorter than the corolla. . .(c) 



242 Order 91.— LABIATE. 

c Heads pauicied. Leaves snbpetiolate, subentire Nos. 7— is 

c Heads coi-ymbed. Leaves sessle, entire Nos. 10—12 

c Heads solitary, involu crate. Leaves serrate No. 13 

1 P. albescens T. & G. Leaves lance-ovate, acute, whitened beneath, the upper 

whitened both sides ; flowers in little secund racemes. Ala. to La. 2— 3f. 

2 P. Tullia Benth. Villous-pubescent ; leaves ovate to lanceolate, acute or pointed ; 

the floral whitened ; inflorescence as in No. 1. Mountains, S. 

3 P. incAnum Mx. Wild Basil. Whitish, with a soft down ; leaves ovate, rounded 

at base, slightly acuminate ; the floral whitened both sides ; cymes V and less broad 

not racemed ; corolla pale red, dotted. Kocky woods, N. and W. 2 — 4f. 
\ P. cliiiopodi»ides T. & G. Villous-canescent ; leaves lanceolate, acute both 

ways ; cymes small, dense, terminal and subterminal. Dry soils, N. Y., N. 0., and 

W. 2— 3f. Plant not whitened. Heads 6" diameter. 
ft P. aristatum Mx. Smoothish ; leaves ovate-oblong, acute, snbserrate, rounded 

at base, petiolate ; bracts rigid ; heads few, 6 — 9" diam. Barrens, N. J., and S. 1 — 2f. 

6 P. liyssopifolium Benth. Smoothish; leaves linear-oblong, obtuse, nearly see. 

sile and entire ; heads few, large, V diameter. Barrens, Va. to Fla. 1 — 2f. 

7 P. Torreyi Benth. Slightly pubescent ; lvs. lin.-lanceolate, acute, subentire ; bracts 

and subulate calyx teeth white-pubescent. Dry hills, New York Island, N. J. : rare. 

8 P. pilosis in N. Hoary with soft, spreading hairs ; leaves lanceolate, acute at each 

end, subentire, subsessile ; calyx teeth ovate-lanceolate, and with the bracts white- 
tomentous. Prairies, W. States, to Ga. 2f. Cymes dense, 6 — 9". 

9 P. muticum Pers. Minutely white-downy at top ; leaves ovate to lance-ovate, 

acute, rounded or subcordate at base ; calyx teeth short, merely acute. In dry woods. 
2— 3f. Heads roundish, dense, 4—6". 

10 P. lauceolatain Ph. Leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, acute, rigid, abrupt at 
base, sessile ; calyx teeth short, hairy ; hearts small (3 — 5"). Dry woods, Mass. to 
Car., and W. 1 — 2f. Handsome, fragrant, nearly smooth. 

11 P. linifoliuni Ph. Glabrous; leaves linear, attenuated both ways ; heads com- 
pact, corymbed ; calyx teeth pungently awn-pointed. Dry soils. 1 — 2f. 

12 P. nudum N. Glabrous, pale, subsimple ; leaves few and small, ovate-oblong, 
obtuse, entire, sessile ; calyx teeth acute, pubescent. Mts., N. Car. to Ga. 1 — 2f. 

1 3 P. montannm Mx. Glabrous except the villous-ciliate ovate and linear bracts 
leaves lanceolate, serrate, acute ; heads involucrate. Mountains, Va. and Car. 1 — 2£ 
Eesembles a Monarda. Fragrant. 

17. SATUREJA, L. Summer Savory. Calyx tubular, 10-ribbed, 

throat not hairy. Segments of the bilabiate corolla not equal. Stamens 

diverging, scarcely exserted. — Herbs with small leaves and purplish fls. 

S. liortensis L. St. branching ; lvs. linear-oblong, entire, acute at the end ; ped. ax- 
illary, cymous. ® River banks, W., escaped from gardens : rare. § 

18. DICERANDRA, Benth. Calyx 13-striate, tubular, upper lip sub- 
entire, lower bifid, throat hairy. Cor. tube exserted, straight, strongly 2- 
lipped, the upper erect, emarginate, the lower spreading. Sta. 4, exserted, 
distant, anther cells divaricate, each with a little horn. ® Branching, 
smooth, with loose cymes. 

1 1>. llneavifolia B. Stem and branches strict; lvs. linear, or linear-oblong; cymes 
stalked, of 1—5 showy pink flowers, forming slender panicles. Dry woods, Prince 
Edward County, Va. (Dr. Mettauer), to Fla. (Miss Keen). If. October. 

55 D. densiflora B. Leaves lance-oWong ; cymes sessile, 5-10-flowered. E. Fla. 

19. ORIGANUM, L Marjoram. Calyx tube 10-striate, 5-toothed, 



Order 91.— LABIATE. 243 

hairy in throat. Corolla tube scarcely exserted, upper lip erect, flat, eruar 
ginate, lower with 3 nearly equal segments. Stamens 4, ascending, distant 
if Leaves subentlre. Fls. in dense oblong spikes, with imbricated bracts. 

1 O. vulgare L. Wild M. Leaves ovate, petiolate, hairy ; spikes corymbed ; bracts 

ovate, purplish ; calyx teeth equal. Fields : rare. If. June, July. 

2 O. Marjokana. Sweet if. Leaves oval or obovate, obtuse, petiolate, hoary-pubes- 

cent ; bracts roundish ; calyx tube split below. If. A kitchen vegetable. 

20. THYMUS, L. Thyme. Cal. 2-lipped, ovoid, 13-veined, upper lip 
of 3, the lower of 2 subulate teeth, throat hairy. Cor. moderately 2-lipped. 
Sta. straight, exserted, distant. £> Leaves small, entire, strongly veined. 
Bracts minute. Flowers purple. European culinary herbs. 

1 T. Serpyllum L. Wild T. Stems creeping and ascending, leafy, each terminated 

with a small, dense, obloug head of flowers grateful to bees, t §. June. 

2 T. vulgaris. Stems erect from the decumbent base ; lvs. oblong-ovate to lanceolate, 

the sides revolute ; fls. in term., leafy spikes. Much branched. 6 — W high. Jn., Jl. 

21. OALAMINTHA, Mcench. Calaminth. Cal. tubular, 13-nerved, 
tliroat mostly hairy, upper lip 3-cleft, lower 2-cleft. Corolla tube straight, 
exserted, throat inflated, limb bilabiate, upper lip erect, entire or emargi- 
nate, lower spreading, its middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, the lower pair 

longer, usually ascending, if 

§ Herbs hairy. Cymes dense, capitate, bracted. Calyx tube curved, 2-lipped.. No. 1 

§ Herbs hairy. Cymes loose, pedunculate. Calyx tube straight, 2-lipped No. 2 

§ Herbs smooth. Cy. loose, sessile, bracted. Cal. straight, teeth subregular...No. 3 
§ Shrubs low, slender, nearly smooth. Cymes few-flowered. Fls. large Nos. 4 — 7 

1 C. Clinopodium Benth. Wild Basil. Plant clothed with whitish hairs ; leaves 

ovate, subserrate ; fls. purplish, in dense verticils or heads, with many subulate 
bracts. Low woods, N. and W. 1 — 2f. Heads near V wide. June — August. 

2 Cm Nepeta Link. Branched below, soft-villous ; leaves small, broad-ovate, obtuse ; 

cymes few-flowered, becoming some racemed ; corolla white, 3 — 4" ; calyx \". Va., 
Term., to Ga. Roadsides, &c. 2f. Strongly aromatic. July, August. § Europe. 

3 C glabella B. Smooth, decumbent at base, diffusely branched ; leaves narrowly 

oblong, tapering to base ; verticils 6-10-flowered. Rocks, O. to Ark. 18 / . Cor. 4 — 5", 
pale violet. Fragrant like Pennyroyal. Often produces runners, and runs into 
p. rfitersifblia. Flowering stems nearly erect, the barren prostrate like ruxnere, 
bearing small ovate leaves (3 — 4"). Rocks, Niagara, and N-W. 10'. 

4 C. Caroliniana Sw. Smooth, simple; lvs. ovate, obtuse, crenate-serrate ; bracts 

similar ; cy. few-flwd., on short stalks ; cor. rose-purp., 7 — 9". Dry woods, S. 15'. Jl. 

5 C. coccinea B. Shrub with virgate branches ; lvs. narrowly ovate-oblong ; verti- 

cils of 2— 6 ample scar. fls. ; cor. 15 — 18", gland.-pubescent. Sandy shores, Fla. 2f. 

6 C. canescens T. & G. Low shrub, minutely canescent-downy ; leaves linear, witli 

rolled edges, obtuse, crowded ; fls. sol., opp., 8", rose-red. Sandy shores, F's 8 — 12', 

7 C dentata Chapm. Tomentous ; lvs. wedge-obovare, 2-4-toothed at apex. Fla. 2f. 

22. MELISSA, Tourn. Balm. Calyx 13 ribbed, the upper lip 3- 
toothecl, flattened and dilated, lower bifid. Cor. tube recurved-ascending 
upper lip erect, flattish, lower spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe mostly 
broadest. Stamens ascending. 

H3" officinalis L. Pubescent ; st. erect, branching : fla. in loose, axillary cymes- 



244 Order 91.— LABIATE. 

leaves ovate, crenate- serrate, petiolate ; bracts similar ; corolla 7", yellowish. Gar- 
dens, whence it has escaped into the fields and woods. 1— 3f. July, August. 

23. SALVIA, L. Sage. Cal. striate, bilabiate, upper lip 3-tootked or 
entire, lower bifid, throat naked. Corolla ringent, tube equal, upper lip 
straight or falcate, lower spreading or pendent, 3-lobed. Stamens 2, con- 
nectile transverse on the filament, supporting at each end a cell of the 
halved anther. 5 U Figs. 96, 281. 

* Native species.— § Calyx limb 3-lobed. Lower anther cell wanting Nos. 1— 3 

— § Calyx deeply 2-lipped, 5-toothed. Both cells present. .Nos. 4—6 

* Species cultivated (No. 7 spontaneous).— a Flowers blue Nos. 7—9 

—a Flowers white Nos. 10, 11 

—a Flowers yellow No. 12 

—a Flowers red.— b Herbaceous. .Nos. 13, 14 
—b Shrubby Nos. 15, 16 

1 S. azfirea Lam. Smoothish, branching ; lvs. linear-oblong and linear, subentire, 

acntish ; racemes slender ; verticils 2-6-flowered ; corolla pubescent, tube barely ex 
serted ; limb azure blue, u S. Car. to Fla. and La. 1 — 3f. Summer. 

2 S. long'ifolia N. ? Tall, branched, puberulent ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, serrate; 

racemes slender ; corolla 8— 9", tube twice longer than calyx, u Ga. to Ark. 3— 6f. 

3 S. urticlfolia L. Thinly pubescent ; leaves rhomb-ovate, acute, serrate, decurrent 

on the petiole ; verticils 4-10-flowered, distant in the raceme ; corolla smooth, tube 
little longer than the calyx, u Hilly woods, Va., and S. 1&. May. 
1 S. lyrata L. Lvs. radical, lyrate, erose-dentate, many, stem lvs. about 1 pair, linear 
spatulate, bract-like ; fls. in whorls, racemed at top of the square scape, u In woods 
6 — 15'. Flowers 1', violet-purple. April— June. 

5 S. obovata Ell. Lvs. broad-obovate, entire, the floral ovate ; verticils remote in 

the raceme ; corolla blue, 8", calyx 3". 11 Ga. to La. 1— 2f. June, July. 

6 S. Clayton! Ell. Lvs. cordate- to lance-ovate, sinuate-pinnatifid, and toothed, ru- 

gous, bracts ovate, pointed, ii Sandy fields, S. Car. 

7 S. Sclarea L. Lvs. ample, rugous, broad-cordate, doubly crenate ; bracts colored; 

corolla pale purple, upper lip high-arched. © Gardens, § in Penn. 

8 S. officinalis. Garden Sage. Shrubby ; leaves lance-oblong, crenulate, rugous ; co- 

rolla upper lip vaulted, equalling the lower. From S. Europe. If. July. 

9 S. patens. Hispid and hairy ; leaves ovate-deltoid or ovate-hastate, crenate ; flowers 

very large ; calyx bell-form, 1" ; corolla blue, 2' long ; stamen exserted. Mexico. 3f 

10 S. akgentea. Leaves white with wool, large, ovate, sinuate-lobed, the floral con- 
cave ; flowers IS'', racemed, the upper lip long-falcate. S. Europe. 

IIS. chionantha, with large white-woolly, linear-lanceolate leaves and very large (20 

white flowers with arched galea, is from Asia Minor. 
12 S. atjrea. Shrub 3 — 4f, with roundish ovate whitened leaves, the splendid yellow 

flowers 2f , calyx 1', in dense racemes. From Africa. 
1 3 S. coccinea. Stem ai>d ovate-cordate leaves beneath hoary-downy ; verticils of 6 — 1C 

red smooth flowers (8") in a raceme ; cal. 2-colored, 4". ii Cuba, § in Ga., &c. 1 — 2f. 
1 4 S. pseudococcinea, 3f high, is hispid with long spreading hairs, has ovate leaves 

rounded at base. Otherwise like No. 14. u 
1 5 S. fuxgens. Plant branching, weak-stemmed, pubescent, with lance-ovate, subcor- 

date leaves, the corollas 2', bright red, opposite, in terminal racemes. Moxico. 
1 6 S. splendens. Plant erect, smooth, with ovate lvs. and opposite pubescent flowers ; 

calyx 1', scarlet as well as the 2' corollas. The commonest species. Mexico. 3f. 

24. ROSMARINUS, L. Kosemary. Calyx upper lip entire, lowei 
hifid. Cor. upper lip 2-parted, lower lip reflexed, in 3 divisions, of which 



Ordek 91.— LABIATE. 245 

the mirldle is the largest. Fil. 2, fertile, elongated, ascending toward the 
upper lip, having a tooth on the side. Jj S. Europe. 

R . officinalis. Shrub evergreen with opposite, linear-oblong, obtuse, shining leaves 
Flowers axillary and terminal, bright blue, fragrant of camphor. 4f. 

25. MONARDA, L. Mountain Mint. Calyx elongated, cylindric, 
striate, subequally 5-toothed. Cor. ringent, tubular, upper lip linear, lower 
lip reflexed, 3-lobed, the middle lobe narrowest. Sta. 2, fertile, ascending 
beneath the upper lip, and mostly exserted, anth. cells divaricate at base, 
connate at apex. U Verticils few, dense, many-flwd., bracted. Jl. — Sept. 

* Calyx densely hairy in the throat. Corolla purple or whitish Nos. 1, 2 

* Calyx naked in the throat. Corolla scarlet or yellow Nos. 3, 4 

1 M. nstulosa L. Horsemint. Wild Bergamot. Lvs. ovate to lanceolate, pointed, 

serrate or subentire, petiolate ; flowers in large terminal heads ; corollas 1', exserted, 
greenish white, pale lilac, or blue. Thickets, W. VI, W. and S. 2 — 4f. Variable. 

2 M. BradDuriana N. Lvs. ovate to lanceolate, acute, rounded at base, subsessile ; 

cal. curved, teeth spinescent (as in No. 1) ; bracts and corolla purple. Prairies, W. St. 

3 9I« punctata L. Lvs. lance-oblong, tapering to the petiole ; bracts leafy, colored, 

longer than the pale yellow, brown-spotted corollas. Barrens, N. J., S. and W. 2 — 3f. 

4 M. didyma L. St. branching, acutely 4-angled ; lvs. broad-ovate, pointed, short- 

petiolate ; heads terminal and sub terminal, with large (IS") showy crimson corollas, 
and bracts stained with the same hue. Swamps : rare. Often cultivated. 2f. 

26. BLEPHLLIA, Raf. Calyx 13-veined, upper lip 3-toothed, lower 
lip shorter, 2-toothed, the teeth setaceous. Cor. upper lip short, erect, ob- 
long, obtuse, entire, lower lip of 3 unequal, spreading lobes, the lateral 
ones orbicular. Stam. 2, fertile, ascending, exserted. if Verticils dense, 
approximate in a spike. 

1 B. nirs uta Benth. Hirsute all over, wide-branched ; lvs. ov. -lanceolate, pointed 

serrate, petiolate ; bracts oblong, acuminate, colored, shorter than the pale, purple 
spotted flowers ; cor. 5". Damp woods, N. Eng., W. Pa., and W. 1— 2f. June, July 

2 B. ciliata Raf. Thinly hirsute, simple ; lvs. lance-oblong, distant, subsessile ; ver 

ticils 3—5, the ovate bracts long as the calyx. Barrens, Pa., S. and W. 2-lf. Jl.-Sept 

27. LOPHANTHUS, Benth. Hedge Hyssop. Cal. 15-ribbed, oblique, 
5-cleft, upper segments longer. Cor. upper lip bifidly emarginate, lower 
lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe broader and crenate. Stam. diverging. U 
Tall, erect. Verticils spicate. 

1 I*, nepetoides B. Stem smooth, stout, angles sharp ; lvs. ovate, pointed, serrate; 

calyx teeth ovate, obtusish, green, in spikes 2—3' long; corollas inconspicuous, 
greenish white. Fence-rows, &c, M. and W. 3 — 6f. July, Aug. 

2 Ii. scrophularifolius B. Stem pubescent, angles obtuse ; leaves ovate, crenate- 

serrate ; calyx teeth lanceolate, acute, colored : corolla pale purple. Borders of fields, 
M. and W. 3 — 4f. July, Aug. Closely resembles No. 1. 

3 Li. anisatus B. Smooth; leaves ovate, &c, whitened beneath; calyx teeth as ii. 

No. 2 ; corolla azure-blue, fragrant of anise. Wis. to Dak. (Dr Matthews.) 

28. NEPETA, L. Catmint. Ground Ivy. Cal. tubular, 5-toothed ; 
Cor. tube slender below, dilated and naked in the throat, upper lip emar- 
ginate, lower 3-lobed, the middle lobe largest and crenate, margin of the 
orifice reflected. Sta. ascending, anther cells divergent. Figs. 318.. 384 



246 Order 91.— LABIATE. 

§ Tall. Verticils in a terminal raceme. Calyx nearly regular .No. 1 

§ Glechoma. Low, diffuse. Flowers axillary. Calyx curved, oblique No. 9 

1 N. cataria L. Catnip. Erect, hoary-tomentous ; Ivs. petiolate, cordate, deltoid- 

ovate, coarsely crenate-serrate ; flowers spiked, the whorls slightly peduncled. U 
About old buildings, &c. 2— 3f. July. §. The delight of cats. 

2 N. Gleclioma B. Gill-over-the- Ground. Leaves reniform, crenate ; corolla 3 times 

longer than the calyx (10"), bluish purple, anthers forming 2 little crosses. % Creep- 
ing in grass, about walls, &c. 3'— If. May. § Europe. 

29. DRACOCEPHALUM, L. Dragon-head. Calyx subequal, ob- 
lique, 5-cleft, upper segment larger. Cor. bilabiate, upper lip vaulted, emar- 
ginate, throat inflated, lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, middle lobe much larger, 
rounded or subdivided. Sta. 4, distinct, ascending, the upper pair louger. (g) 

D. parviflorum N. Plant some downy, slender ; leaves petiolate, lanceolate, deeply 
Ferrate ; flowers small, bluish, spicate. N. New York, and W. : rare. 18'. July. 

30. CEDRONELLA, Mcencli. Cal. subcampanulate, 5-toothed. Coi 
tube exserted, throat dilated, upper lip straight, flattish, emarginate or cleft 
lower 3-fid, middle lobe largest. Stam. 4, ascending, the upper longer, an- 
ther-cells parallel. Flowers spicate, bracted. Summer. 

1 C. eordata N. Pubescent, producing runners ; leaves cordate, petiolate, bluntly 
crenate; spikes unilateral, corolla pale blue, 1'. % Rocks, O., Va. : rare. If. June. 

2, O. Mexicana. Erect, with cordate-lanceolate, dentate leaves ; flowers in a spike of 
close whorls, purple, large. Mexico. 2 — 3f. (Gardoquia (Lind.)) 

31. BRUNELLA, Tourn. Self-heal. Blue-curls. Cal. about 10- 

ribbed, upper lip dilated, truncate, with 3 short teeth, lower lip with 2 Ian 

ceolate teeth. Filam. forked, one point of the fork bearing the anther. U 

R. vulgaris L. Stem simple ; leaves oblong-ovate, toothed, petiolate ; flowers blue, 
in a large oblong-ovoid spike of dense verticils with reniform bracts. Low grounds, 
very common, varying from 8' to 2f. All Summer. 

32. SCUTELLARIA, L. Skull-cap. Cal. campanulate, lips entire, 
upper one appendaged on the back and closed after flowering. Cor. upper 
lip vaulted, lower dilated, convex, tube much exserted, ascending, throat 
dilated. Stam. ascending beneath the upper lip, anthers approximate in 
pairs, achenia tubercular. If 

§ Flowers large (7 to 13" long), racemed at top of the stem, with bracts. . .(a) 

a Bracts ovate, abrupt at base. Lips of corolla short. Petioles long. . .Nos. 1, 2, 3 
a Bracts lance-oblong, acute at base. Leaves notched, petiolate. . .(b) 

b Galea of the corolla longer than the lower lip Nos. 4, 5 

b Galea of the corolla not longer than the Up Nos. fi, 7 

a Bracts leaf-like, longer than the calyx. Leaves entire, subsessile . . Nos. 8 — 10 

Flowers large or small, opposite, solitary, in the axils of the leaves Nos. 11 — 13 

§ Flowere small (3" long), in slender, axillary, one-sided racemes No. 1-1 

1 S. versicolor N. Glandular-hairy, erect, branched ; leaves broad-ovate, cordate, 
crenate, veiny ; racemes long, many-flowered ; bracts ovate, entire, subsessile ; co- 
rolla 6 — 7", lips blue, subequal, lateral lobes distinct. Pa., and W. States, li — 4f. 

3 S» rugosa Wood. Hairs and leaves as in No. 1, but the stem is weak, ascending, 

bracts petiolate, and the lower lip of the (8") corolla pendent and twice lor.^er than 
the upper. Rocky shores. Harper's Ferry, Va., and S-W. 18'. 



Order 91.— LABIATE. 247 

3 S. saxatills Rid. Smoothish and not glandular, weak, ascending ; leaves as in Nos 

1, 2 ; bracts as in No. 2 ; corolla 8", lips equal, upper 3-lobed. Del., Va., and W. 2£ 

4 S. canesceus N. Erect, pubescent; leaves ovate to oblong, lower cordate; rac. 

terminal and axillary ; bracts lance-linear ; corolla 8", canescent, upper lip arcbed, 
remote from the lower. Dry soils, M. and W. : common. 1 — 3f. (S. arguta Bkly.) 

5 S. villosa Ell. ? Slender, erect, stem finely tomentous ; leaves lanceolate, acute 

both ways, servate ; flowers paniculate, bracts lance-linear ; corolla 9", tube slender, 
galea strongly arched, 5 times longer than lip. Ga. (Dr. Feay). 2 — 3f. 

6 S. serrata Andr. Erect, subsimple, green, smoothish ; leaves ovate, pointed both 

ways, serrate ; rac. few-riwd. ; cor. 13", lips subequal. Woods, E. Pa., 111., and S. 2— 3f. 

7 S. pilosa Mx. Erect, subsimple, pubescent ; leaves rhomb-ovate or oval, obtuse, re- 

mote, crenate-serr. ; racemes terminal : corolla 9 — 12", lips distant. Pa. to Ga. 2f. 

8 S. integrifolia L. Erect, subsimple, tomentous or downy ; leaves ovate to lance- 

linear, obtuse, entire, or the lower crenate ; flowers 9", much enlarged above, the 
lips subequal, in a terminal raceme. Dry soils, M. and S. 9' — 2f. 

9 S. JFloridana Chapm. Slender, branching ; leaves all linear, obtuse, entire, with 

rolled edges, lowest minute ; corolla 1/, enlarged above, lips subequal. W. Fla. If. 

10 S. macrantha (or Japonica). In gardens, If, smooth (except the hairy calyx) ; lvs. 
clasping, lance-linear ; flowers 1', blue, with subequal lips, handsome. China. 

IIS. nervosa Ph. Slender, erect, producing runners ; leaves sessile, broad-cordate, 
crenate-serr., 3-5- veined ; fls. few, 4", with small floral lvs. Rocks, M. and W. 8— 15'. 

12 S. parvula Mx. Root a string of tubers, stem erect, 3 — 9 / ; lvs. ovate to oblong, 
obtuse, small (6"), sessile, entire ; fls. 3", exceeding the lvs., blue. Fields, M. and W. 

13 S. galericul . ta L. Commons. Erect, branched, smoothish or downy; leaves 
nearly sessile, cordate-oblong or lanceolate, obscurely crenate, acute ; flowers few, 
large (9 — 12"), sessile, axillary. Low meadows, Can. to Penn. 12 — 18'. 

14 S. lateriflora L. Mad- dog S. Smoothish, subsimple; lvs. petiolate, lanceolate, 
serrate ; fls. 4" ; rac. axillary, secund, equalling the lvs. Ditches, N., W., M. 1 — 2f 

33. MACBRIDEA, Ell. Calyx 3-lobed, upper lobe oblong, narrow, 
lower rounded. Cor. tube long-exserted, throat inflated, upper lip erect, 
concave, lower short, spreading, the middle lobe rounded, broadest. Sta. 
ascending under the upper lip, anthers approximate by pairs. U Erect, 
subsimple, with large purple-white flowers in heads. 

1 RI. piilclira Ell. Lvs. wedge-lanceolate, acute, serrulate, the floral ovate; corolla 
* 18", streaked with purple and white. Wet pine-barrens, S. 12 — 18' . Aug., Sept. 

2 M. alba Chapm. Lvs. wedge-oblong, obtuse, dentate; the floral roundish ; corolla 

white ; lower lobes of the calyx notched. Pine-barrens, W. Fla. 12—18'. July, Aug. 

34. SYNANDRA, N. Cal. 4-cleft, segm. unequal, subulate, converg 
ing to one side. Upper lip of corolla entire, vaulted, the lower obtusely 
and unequally 3-lobed, throat inflated. Sta. ascending beneath the galea 
upper pair of anth. cohering, having the contiguous cells empty. (2) Flow 
ers solitary, axillary, somewhat spicate above. Figs. 69, 292. 

S. grandiflora N.— Woods, O. to Tenn. 6 — IS'. Stem simple. Lvs, cordate-ovatr 
acuminate, petiolate. Cor. white, 1', with large lobes, purple-striate. June. 

35. FHYSOSTEGIA, Benth. Lion-heart. Cal. bell-form, 5-toothed 
Cor. much exserted, throat inflated, upper lip concave, entire, lower of c 
broad-spreading lobes. Sta. 4, separate, ascending beneath the upper lip. 
If Smooth, with lane, serrate lvs. and term, spikes of showy rose- white fls 
P. Virgltiia.na B. Stems mostly simple ; lvs. oblong to narrow-lanceolate, sessile. 



248 Order 91.~ LABIATiE. 

thick ; spikes 4-rowed, QO-flowered ; corolla 8—15", spotted inside. Wet banks, ML. 
W.. and S. Often cultivated. 1 — 4f. August, September. — Variable. 

36. IiAMIUM, L. Henbit. Cal. 5-veined, with 5 subequal, subulate 
teeth. Cor. dilated at throat, upper lip vaulted, galeate, lower lip broad, 
emarginate, lateral lobes truncate, often toothed on each side near the 
margin of the dilated throat. Stamens 4, ascending. May — November. 

* Weeds in waste grounds, with roundish leaves and small purple flowers. ..Nos. 1. 2 

* Lvs. cordate, ovate. Pis. larger (1'), hairy in throat, side-lobes toothed.. .Nos. 3, 4 

1 L. amplexicaiile L. Leaves cut-crenate, petiolate, the floral sessile-clasping; 

corolla slender (6"), galea entire, side-lobes not toothed, throat spotted. (V) 6 — 10'. 

2 L. purpureum L. Lvs. roundish to ovate, crenate, all petiolate ; corolla slender, 

6", hairy within, side-lobes with a subulate tooth, galea entire. (5) Penn., &c. : rare. 

3 li. alba L. Lvs. hairy, petiolate ; cor. white, curved, a hairy ring within, and the 

side-lobes with a tooth. Waysides: rare. Flowers in whorls. Cultivated. 

4 1<. macttlatum (or rugosum). Leaves hairy, rugous, petiolate, marked with a white 

oblong spot along the midvein. Flowers as in No. 3, but purplish. Cultivated. 

37. PHLOMIS, L. Jerusalem Sage. Calyx truncately 5-toothed. 
Cor. galea broad, keeled, lower lip spreading, 3-fid. Stamens ascending be- 
neath the galea, the upper pair appendaged at base. Leaves rugous. 
Verticils showy, axillary. 

P. tuberosa. Tall, srnoothish, with large ovate-cordate, crenate leaves ; fls. 30 — 40 in 
a whorl, purple, hairy inside. Scarce in gardens and waste grounds. 

38. BALLOTA, L. Black Hoarhound. Cal. funnel-form, 10-veined, 
5-toothed. Cor. tube cylindrical, as long as the calyx, upper lip concave, 
crenate, lower lip 3-cleft, middle segment largest, emarginate. Sta. 4, as- 
cending, exserted. Achenia ovoid-triangular. U 

B. nigra L. Lvs. ovate, subcordate, serrate ; bracts linear-subulate ; cal. throat dl 
lated, teeth spreading, acuminate. Waste places, N. Eng. : rare. July. § Europe. 

39. MOLUOCELLA, L. Molucca Balm. Shell Flower. Calyx 

campanulate, very large, the margin expanding, often repand-spinous. 

Corolla tube included, limb bilabiate. Stamens 4, ascending. Q 

IH. l^evis. A curious plant, noted for its ample calyx, much larger than its small, yel- 
lowish corolla. Stem smooth, 2f ; leaves round-ovate, cut-crenate. Syria. 

40. GALE OP SIS, L. Hemp Nettle. Cal. 5-cleft, spinescent. Up- 
per lip of the corolla vaulted, subcrenate, lower lip with 3 unequal lobes, 
having 2 teeth on its upper side, middle lobe largest, cleft and crenate. 
Sta. exserted, anth. cells transverse. ® Vert, distant, uiany-flwd. § Eur. 

1 Cr.Tetra.liit L. St. hispid, the internodes thickened upward ; leaves ovate, hispid, 

serrate ; cor. twice as long as the calyx, upper lip nearly straight, concave ; corolla 
white-purple. A common weed in fields and waste grounds, N. States. 1 — 3f. Jn., Jl. 

2 G.Ladanum L. Internodes equal ; lvs. lanceolate, subserrate, pubescent ; upper 

lip of the corolla slightly crenate ; corolla roseate. Waste soils : rare. If. August. 

41. STAOHYS, L. Hedge Nettle. Cal. tube angular, bell-form, 5- 
or 10-ribbed, with 5 acute or pungent teeth. Cor. upper lip erect-spreading 
or some vaulted, lower spreading, 3-lobed, mid-lobe largest. Stamens as- 



Order 91.— LABIATJ2. 249 

cending, lower pair longer, anthers approximating by pairs. Verticils 2- 
10-flowered, approximating in a terminal raceme. 

Our species are much alike, yet easily distinguished. They have stems mostly hispid, 
leaves elliptic-lanceolate, crenate-serrate, narrowed to an abrupt base, and corolla pale- 
purple with deeper spots. Summer. 

* Plants u, leaves smooth. Calyx teeth divaricately spreading Nos. 1, 2 

* Plants hispid or hairy.— a il Calyx teeth spinescent. Lvs. subsessile Nos. 3, i 

—a Calyx teeth acute. Leaves petiolate Nos. 5, 6 

1 S. liyssopifolia Mx. Leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate, serrulate, small (1 -80 ; 

calyx teeth half as long as the 7" corolla. Mass. to Mo., and S. 6—12'. 

2 S. glabra Rid. Leaves all petiolate, serrate ; calyx teeth much spreading, as long 

as the corolla tube. Woods, N. Y. to Mich., and S. 15'— 3f. Racemes 3—7'. 

3 S. palustris L. Stout, hirsute ; leaves some pointed, large, hoary beneath ; corolla 

twice longer (7— 8") than the calyx teeth. Moist shades, Can. to Car. 1 — 4f. 

4 S. aspera Mx. Slender, hispid; leaves pointed, sharp-serrate; calyx glabrous. 

teeth hispid, equalling the corolla tube. Damp soils : common. 2f. Not leafy. • 

5 S. cordita Rid. Stout, with large, pointed leaves, crenate-dentate ; calyx teeth 

triangular, much shorter than the corolla. % Shady banks, W. 2 — 5f. 

6 S. arvensis L. Weak, diffuse ; lvs. ovate-cordate, obtuse ; bracts very short ; cal. 

teeth lanceolate ; corolla tube included, lips short. (5) Waste grounds, N. : rare. § 

42. BETONICA, Tourn. Betony. Calyx tubular-bell-form, with 5 
awn-like teeth. Cor. as in Stachys, but beardless inside. Stam. ascending 
parallel beneath the galea. Style bifid. Lower leaves long petioled, cor- 
date, ail crenate. Verticils large, dense, in a terminal spike. 

1 B. officinalis L. Wood B. Spike interrupted at base ; flowers purple, cor. twice 
longer than calyx (7"), galea entire. Gardens, and escaped. If. Rare. § Europe. 

8 IE. GRANDiFLdRA. Villous ; floral leaves clasping ; verticils separate ; corolla violet, 
large (15"), handsome, galea obcordate, glabrous. Gardens. 2f. Siberian. 

43. LEONURUS, L. Mother- wort. Calyx 5-10-striate, 5-toothed, 
teeth subspinescent. Upper lip of the corolla entire, hairy, concave, erect, 
lower lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe obcordate. Stam. 4, ascending beneath 
the upper lip. Mostly U . Verticils axillary. Flowers purplish. Summer. 

1 L. Cardiaca L. Lvs. palmate-lobed, 3-fid, to lanceolate; corolla longer than the 

calyx, a hairy ring within. About dwellings. 3— 5f. § Asia. 

2 Ii. marrubiastrum L. Leaves oblong-ovate, coarsely cut-ferrate ; cor. shorter 

than the calyx teeth, naked within. Waste grounds. 2 — if. § Europe. 

44. MARRUBIUM, L. Hoarhotjnd. Cal. tubular, 5-10-striate, with 
5 or 10 subequal teeth. Cor. upper lip erect, flattish or concave, entire or 
bifid, lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, middle lobe broadest, emarginate, tube 
included. Stam. included in the tube. U Fls. in dense verticils, white. 
UI. vulgare L. Hoary-pubescent ; lvs. roundish, ovate, crenate-dentate, downy canes- 
cent beneath ; cal. of 10 setaceous, hooked teeth. Fields, &c. 1 — 2f. Jn., Jl. § Eur. 

45. LEONOTIS, Br. Lion's-ears. Calyx 10-veined, apex incurved, 
throat oblique, sub-10-toothed, upper tooth largest. Cor. tube exserted, up- 
per lip concave, erect, entire, lower short, spreading, trifid. Sta. 4, under 
the galea, anth. in pairs. — Vert, dense, with numerous liu. -subulate bracts. 
Ii* iiepetsefolia Br. Erect, stout ; lvs. thin, ovate, crenate, on slender petioles ; caL 

teett 8, spinescent ; whorls very large ; cor. scarlet, 10". ® Fields, 8. 4— 7f. § Afr s 



250 Ori £R 92.— BORRAGINACE^. 

Order XCII. BORRAGINACE^. Borrageworts. 

Herbs (shrubs or trees), with round stems and branches, not aromatic 
Leaves alternate, generally rough, with stiff hairs. Stipules none. Flower* 
seldom yellow, generally in a coiled (scorpoid) inflorescence. Sepals 5. 
Petals 5, united below, regular, very rarely irregular. Stamens 5, inserted 
in the tube. Ovary 4-lobed, or entire, forming in fruit 4 separate, 1-seede*; 
achenia in the bottom of the persistent calyx. Figs. 141, 455, 

[. EHRETIEyE. Ovary entire, style terminal. Fruit 4-seeded, fleshy. Shrubs. ..(a) 

a Calyx 4-5-toothed, in heads. Corolla funnel-form, white. Fla. and t Cordia bullaza. 

a Calyx 4r-5-toothed, in corymbs. Corolla funnel-form, white. Fla Eoreti a Beurreria 

a Calyx 5-parted, in seeund spikes. Corolla salver-form, pale Tournefortia. 1 

II. HELIOTROPES. Ov. entire, style terminal. Fr. dry, separating into parts... (b) 

b Corolla tube cylindrical, throat open. Fruit separating into 4 parts Heliotropium. 2 

b Corolla tube conical, throat constricted. Fruit separating into 2 parts Heliophttuk. 3 

fH. BORRAGEJ3. Ovary deeply 4-lobed, style basilar. Fruit 4 achenia. . .(c) 

e Corolla irregular, blue, — d having the border obliquely lobed Echium. * 

— d having the slender tube bent Lycopsis. 5 

e Corolla regular in both tube and border... (e) 

e Achenia armed with barbed prickles.—/ Corolla salver-form Echinospermum. 6 

—f Corolla funnel -form Cynoglosscm. 7 

• Achenia unarmed. Corolla throat closed by scales. . .£$ 

g Corolla wheel-form, no tube. Anthers exserted Borrago. 8 

g Corolla wheel-form, a very short tube. Anthers included. . , Omphalodes. 9 

g Corolla tubular-bell-form, white. Style exserted Symphytum. 10 

g Corolla funnel-form, blue. Stamens included Anchusa. 11 

«> Achenia unarmed. Corolla throat not closed with scales. . .(h) 

h Corolla tubular, with erect, acute lobes, white Onosmodium. 12 

h Corolla lobes rounded, convolute in the bud elosed Myosotis. 13 

h Corolla lobes rounded, imbricate in bud, — Tc white or yellow Lithospermxtm. 14 

— k purple-blue Mertsnsia. 15 

x. TOURNEFORTIA, L. Summer Heliotrope. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. 
8alver-form, throat naked. Sta. 5, included. Sty. short. Fr. 2-carpelled, 
4-celled and 4-seeded. ^ "£> With entire leaves and seeund spikes. 

1 T. heliotropoides Hook. Shrubby at base, erect, hairy, with oval obtuse wavy-edged 

leaves ; ped. terminal, 2 or 3 times forked, with numerous small inodorous, pale-lilac, 
pretty flowers. Buencs Ayres. 

2 T. gnaphaloid.es i.1 white-silky, and T. volubilis, climbing ; in S. Fla. 

2, HELIOTROPIUM, Tournef. Heliotrope. Calyx 5-parted. Cor. 

salver-form, throat open, folded between the lobes. Anth. sessile. Sty. short, 

stigma conical, the achenia cohering at base, at length separable. 2f ^ FK 

white or purple, in 1-sided, scorpoid spikes. Summer. 

§ Flowers white, in forked terminal spikes, or single lateral ones Nos. 1, 9 

§ Flowers white-purple, in a cluster of terminal spikes. Cultivated No&, 3, 4 

i H. Europa^um L. Erect, pubescent; lvs. oval, veiny, obtuse, petiolate ; calyx 
spreading in fruit, hairy. ® Rocky banks, moist fields, Va., and N. : rare. 8 — 12 r . § 

2 H. Curassavicum L. Glabrous, ascending; leaves linear-oblong to spa.iiate, 

obtuse, tapering to base, velnless and glaucous. ® Shores, W. and S. If. 

3 H. Peeuvianum. Shrubby, erect, pubescent ; leaves rugous, lance-ovate, short-petio 

late ; corolla twice longer than the calyx, peculiarly fragrant. Peru. 

4 H. corymeosum. Pubescent, with lance-oblong leaves tapering both ways ; flowers 

deep purple, less fragrant, but larger than in No. 3. 



Order 93.— BORRAGINACE.E. 251 

3. HELIOPHYTUM, DC Calyx 5-parted. Cor. salver-form, throat 
constricted, 5-rayed. Anth. included. Sty. very short. Nuts 2, each 2-celled 
(sometimes with 2 additional empty cells). — Herbs with habit of Heliotrope, 

H. Indicum DC. Erect, branching, hairy ; lvs. ovate, erose-serrulate, acute, veiny. 
rugous, abrupt or subcordate at base ; spike terminal, single (rarely forked) ; corolla 
much exserted ; fruit with four empty cells. ® Fields, W. and S. 1— 2f. § 

4. ECHIUM, Toum. Viper's Bugloss. Calyx 5-parted, segm. subu- 
late, erect. Cor. campanulate, obliquely and unequally lobed, with a short 
tube and naked throat. Stigma cleft. Achenia tuberculate, base flat 
Flowers irregular, in spicate, panicled racemes. Summer. 

IE. vulgare L. Plant rough with bristles and tubercles ; lvs. lanceolate ; fls. large, 
handsome, violet-blue, many and crowded. ® Fields, Pa. to Va. l^f. 

5. LYCOPSIS, L. Wild Bugloss. Calyx 5-cleffc. Cor. funnel-form, 

tube incurved, throat closed with ovate, converging scales. Ach. perforated 

at base, ovoid, angular, (l) Distinguished mainly by the curved cor. tube. 

Ii. arvensis L. Plant hispid, erect, branched above, with lanceolate, repand-denticu- 
late leaves ; flowers small, sky-blue with white scales, the bent tube longer than the 
calyx, in leafy racemes. Fields and waysides. If. § S. Europe. 

6. ECHINOSPERMUM, Swartz. Burr-seed. Calyx 5-parted. Cor. 

hypocrateriform, throat closed with concave scales. Ach. erect, bearing 

1 — 3 rows of echinate prickles, smooth between, compressed or angular, 

fixed to a central column. — Herbs with bracted racemes and small blue fls. 

E. La/ppnla Lehm. Branched above ; lvs. hairy, lanceolate to linear ; corolla longer 
than calyx, border concave ; ach. with prickles in two rows. ® Dry soils. If. July. 

7. CYNOGLOSSUM, Tourn. Hound's Tongue. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. 

short, funnel-form, concave, throat closed by 5 converging, convex scales. 

Ach. covered with echinate prickles, depressed, forming a broad pyramidal 

fruit, each fixed laterally to the style. Lvs. large. Cor. blue, purple or white. 

§ Racemes without bracts, or nearly so Nos. 1, 2 

§ Racemes bracted at base, but the pedicels always extra-axillary No. 3 

1 C officinalis L. Common H. Silky-pubescent, leafy to the top; leaves oblong- 

lanceolate, the upper sessile ; naked racemes panicled ; corolla dull purple. % Pas- 
tures, &c. 1 — 2f. Plant dull green, ill-scented. July. § Europe. 

2 C Virginicum L. Plant hairy, leafless above, with oblong-oval lvs. below, and a 

terminal cluster of short spikes of pale-purple flowers. 2f Woods, Va., N. and W. 

3 O. Morrison! DC. Beggar-ticks. Rough-pubescent, widely-branched ; leaves acu 

minate ; racemes forked ; flowers very small, white ; fruit with doubly barbed 
prickles adhering to all that pass. (I) Rocky places. 2 — 3f. July. 

8. BORRAGO, Tourn Borrage. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. rotate, with 

ncufce segments, a scale at base of each. Sta. converging. Ach. ovoid, muri- 

cate, excavated at base, inserted lengthwise into an excavated recep. — Eur. 

B. officinalis. Rough-haired, branching ; leaves ovate ; flowers sky-blue, showy, in 
terminal, loose racemes. ® In old gardens, sowing itself. 1 — 2f. All Summer. 

<?. OMPHALODES, Tourn. Navelwort. Calyx deeply 5-parted. 



252 Order 92.— BORRAGINACE^E. 

Cor. rotate, tube shorter than the calyx tube, throat closed. Sta. included 
Achenia cup-form, toothed at the edges. — Oriental herbs. 

1 O. linifolia. Erect, smooth, glaucous ; leaves obovate to linear-lauceolate ; corolla 
white, twice longer than calyx. ® Spain. If. June— August. 

2, O. vekna. Runners creeping ; leaves cordate to ovate, puberulent ; racemes in pa*rs, 
few-flowsred ; flowers bright blue. U S. Europe. 6'. April, May. 

10. SYMPHYTUM, Tourn. Comerey. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. tubular- 

campanulate, orifice closed with 5, subulate scales, converging into a cone 

Ach. smooth, ovoid, fixed by an excavated base, if Oriental herbs. 

S. officinale L. Stem hairy, winged with the decurrent, lance-ovate leaves ; fis. white 
or pink, in revolute racemes. Gardens and fields. 2 — 4f. Summer. 

11. ANCHUSA, L. Bugloss. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. funnel-form, throat 

closed with 5 scales. Sta. included. Achenia excavated at base. — Europe. 

A. Italica. Plant bristly-hispid, with lanceolate leaves and panicled racemes of numer 
ona bright-blue, small mellifluous flowers. A hardy biennial. Summer. 

12. ONOSMODIUM, Mx. Cal. deeply 5-parted, with linear segments. 
Cor. cylindrical, having a ventricous, half 5-cleft limb, with the segments 
converging and the throat open. Anth. sessile, included. Style much ex- 
serted. Achenia whitish, shining, if North American. Racemes ter- 
minal, subspicate, one-sided. Flowers white. Summer. 

1 O. Virginia num A. DC. Very rough with appressed, stiff bristles; lvs. oblong, 

sessile, 5-veined ; cor. hispid, i longer than the lance-linear sepals, the segm. lance- 
subulate ; anthers arrow-shaped. Dry soils. 15—30'. Corolla 4 — 5". 

2 O. Carolinianum DC. Shaggy with long, spreading, rusty-white bristles ; leaves 

lance-oblong, 7-veined ; flowers shaggy -bristly ; corolla near twice longer than sepals, 
the segments ovate, obtuse. By streams, M., W., S. 2 — 4f. 

3 O. molle Mx. Hoary with soft appressed hairs ; lvs. oblong-ovate ; corolla hirsute. 

lobes triangular, pointed. Dry soils, W. 2 — 3f. 

13. MYOSOTIS, Dill. Forget-me-not. Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. salver- or 
funnel-form, tube about equalling the calyx, the 5 lobes convolute in bud, 
throat closed with short, concave scales. Ach. ovate, smooth, with a small 
cavity at base. — Herbs slightly villous. Racemes bractless, or with a few 
small leaves at the base. Flowers never axillary. May — Aug. Fig. 455. 

§ Eacemes one-sided. Calyx clothed with minute, appressed hairs, if any No. 1 

§ Rac. two-sided. Calyx beset with spreading, minutely-hooked bristles Nos. 2. 4 

1 M. palustris Roth. Roughish-downy, or nearly smooth, branching ; leaves lance- 

oblong, obtuse ; ped. spreading, longer (2 — 3") than the equal cal. ; cor. 2 — 3' broad, 
blue, with a yellow centre. %. Gardens ; from Europe, also escaped in fields, &c. 
0. laxity taller (If), very slender ; lvs. lin.-obl. ; ped. 4 — 6" long. Swamps, ditches. 

2 M. arvensis L. Rough with tubercled hairs, branched ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 

acute; rac. loose, naked ; ped. twice as long as the open, equal cal. ©Fields. 6 — 15'. 

3 UE. verna N. (stricta Link.) Rough-bristly, with spatulate to lin. -oblong lvs. ; ped. 

asceiukng, as long as the closed, bilabiate calyx ; racemes leafy at base. (1) Dry hills. 
\ 3d, versicolor Pers. Stem very slender, hispid-villous ; leaves oblong ; racemes 
leafless ; pedicels shorter than the deeply and equally 5-cleft calyx ; flowers yellow, 
varying to blue. Del. (Canby, Porter). § Europe. The true Forget-me-not. 

14. LITHOSPERMUM, L. Gromwell. Puccoon. Cor. funnel- oi 



Order 93.^HYDROPHYLLACE^E. '^53 

jalver-form, limb 5-lobed, orifice open, with or without appen lages, anth 
included. Stig. obtuse, bifid. Ach. bony, rugous or smooth, flat at base. 
— Herbaceous or sufiruticous, generally with a thick, reddish root. Flow 
ers spiked or racemed, bracted, white or yellow. (See Addenda.) 

§ Achenia rngous-tubercled. Corolla throat open, not appendaged, white No. 1 

§ Achenia smooth and white. Corolla throat appendaged. — a Fls. white. . .Nos. 2 — 4 

— a Fls. yellow.. Nos. 5 — 1 

1 L. arrense L. Wheat-thief. Leaves linear-lanceolate, obtuse, hairy ; calyx nearly 

equal to the corolla, with spreading segments, (l) A rough weed in fields. lf--18'. 
Eoot reddish. Fls. small, solitary in the upper axils. May, June. § Europe. 

2 L. officinale L. Erect, very branching above ; lvs. lanceolate, acute, veiny; calyx 

nearly equai to the tube of the corolla, u Dry soils, N. and M. 1 — 2f. Flowers 
small, pedicellate, in recurved, leafy racemes. July. § Europe. 

3 Ij. latifolium Mx. Eough, erect, subsimple ; leaves ovate, sessile, pointed both 

ways ; racemes leafy, sepals lance-linear, u Thickets, N. Y. to Va., and W. 2f. 

4 li. angustifoliura Mx. Ascending, much branched ; leaves linear, rigid ; flowers 

scattered ; corolla hardly exserted. U Sandy banks, W. 6 — 15'. Leaves 1'. 

5 li. canescens Lehm. Puccoon. Erect, subsimple, soft-villous ; leaves oblong or 

linear-oblong, obtuse ; stem revolute at top, with the showy orange-yellow flowers 
axiKary. n Fields, prairies, N. Y., W. and S. 8 — 12'. June, July. 

6 li. hirtum Lehm. Erect, simple, rough-haired; lvs. lance-linear, the floral lance- 

ovate ; corolla twice longer than the linear sepals, u Pa., W. and S. 8 — 15'. May. 

7 li. longlflorum Spr. Slender, simple, cinereous-strigous ; leaves linear ; corolla 

tube 4 times longer than the calyx (9—12"). Plains, W. 10—15'. July. 

15. MERTENSIA, Roth. Smooth Lungwort. Calyx short, 5-cleft 
Cor. tube cylindric, limb subcampanulate, 5-cleft, throat open, often with 5 
folds or ridges between the insertion of the stamens. Sta. inserted at top 
of the tube. Ach. smooth or reticulated, if St. and lvs. usually glabrous, 
pellucid-punctate, the radical many-veined, cauline sessile. Rac. terminal. 

1 M. Virginica DC. Ascending, very smooth ;• root leaves large, obovate to ovate, 

stem leaves sessile, lance-oblong, all entire, obtuse ; fls. somewhat trumpet-shaped 
pendent, 10", blue to lilac, very handsome. Kich soils, N. Y., S. & W. 1— lj-f. May. 1 

2 M. maritima Don. Glabrous, weak ; lvs. ovate, obtuse, fleshy, glaucous ; corolla 

twice longer than calyx, blue-purple. Sea-shore, N. H., and N. : rare. 

3 JH. panic ulata Don. Scabrous, erect ; lvs. acuminate, cordate-ovate to oblong * 

corolla thrice longer than calyx, blue to white. Lake Superior, and N. t 

Order XCLIL HYDROPHYLLACE^E. Hydrophylls. 

Herbs mostly, with alternate-lobed leaves and regular bluish flowers. 
Calyx 5-cleft, usually with appendages at the clefts, persistent, free. Co- 
rolla 5-lobed, often with 10 honey scales or furrows near the base. Stamens 
5, inserted into the corolla, with a deeply bifid style. Ovary entire ; ovoid, 
free, 1-celled, with 2 parietal, several-seeded placentae. Fruit 2-valved, 
filled by the placentae. Seeds reticulated, albuminous. 

I HYDROPHYLLE.E. Ovary and pod 1-celled. Style bifid. Leaves cleft... (a) 
| HYDROLEjE. Ovary and pod 2-celled, 00 -seeded. Styles 2. Leaves entire... W 

a Lobes of the corolla convolute in the bud... (6) 

a Lobes of the corolla imbricate (quincuncial) in the bud. . .(c) 



254 Order 93.— HYDROPHYLLACE^l. 

6 Stamens exserted. Flowers in forked, revolute cymes Hydbophyllum 1 

b Stamens inoluded. Flowers solitary, opposite the leaves Nemophila. 2 

c Flowers solitary. Calyx enlarged in fruit Ellisia. 3 

c Flowers racemed.— d Lobes of the corolla fringe-toothed Cosmanthus. 4 

— d Lobes of the wheel-bell-forra corolla entire Phacelia. G 

— d Lobes of the tube-bell-forrn corolla entire Whitlavia. 6 

e Corolla wheel-bell-form. Leaves ordinary, with soft hairs Hydrolea. 7 

e Corolla funnel-form. Leaves large, with stinging hairs Wigandia. 8 

1. HYDROPHYLLUM, Tourn. Water-leaf. Burr-flower. Se- 
pals slightly united at base. Corolla bell-form, convolute in bud, with 5 
double folds (nectaries) inside. Sta. exserted. Caps, globous, 1-celled, 2- 
valved, 4-seeded, 3 of the seeds mostly abortive. Placentae 2, fleshy, free 
except at the base and apex. U Leaves large, long-stalked, pinnately or 
palmately veined, cauline alternate. Cymes scorpoid, bractless. 

§ Calyx appendaged between the sepals at base. Stamens as long as the cor. . .No. 1 
§ Calyx not appendaged. Filaments much exserted Nos. 2 — 4 

1 II. appendiculatum Mx. Hairy; lvs. palmately 5-lobed, the lower pinnately 

divided, lobes pointed and toothed ; sta. often included ; appendages defiexed, much 
shorter (1") than sep. (4— 5'0 ; cor. blue. Woods, N. Y. to Wis., & Va. 1— Iff. May. 

2 H. Virginicum L. Nearly smooth ; leaves pinnatifid ; segments oval-lanceolate, 

pointed, incised, the upper 3 confluent ; petioles long ; ped. still longer, bearing a 
roundish tuft of pale flowers with hirsute calyxes. Moist woods. If. June. 

3 H. Canadense L. Lvs. smoothish, palmate, roundish, with 5—7 shallow lobes, 

unequally dentate, teeth obtuse-mucronate ; fls. in crowded fascicles ; ped. shorter 
than the forked petioles ; cor. white or purplish. Alpine woods. 1 — 1-J-f. June, Jl. 

4 H. inacropliyllum N. Whitish, with reversed hairs ; leaves oblong-oval in out- 

line, pinnatifid, and cut into blunt- rnucronate teeth ; cymes dense, globous, on long 
peduncles ; corolla white, 6" ; stamens 10". Rocky woods, W. and S. If. June. 

2. NEMOPHILA, N. Cal. 5-parted, the sinuses with reflexed ap- 
pendages. Cor. wheel-bell-form, lobes rounded, convolute in bud, tube 
with 5 pairs of folds within. Sta. included. Ov. and caps, as in Hydro- 
phyllum, the placentae each 2-12-ovuled. Q Tender and fragile, with pin- 
nately-parted leaves and solitary, showy flowers. 

* Leaves all or the lower alternate. Flowers not spotted Nos. 1, 2 

* Leaves all opposite. Flowers spotted with blue or brown Nos. 3, 4 

1 N. mlcrocalyx F. & M. Smooth ; leaves triangular, 5-3-cleft, with rounded, rnu- 

cronate teeth ; ped. and petioles slender ; corolla 1 — 2", white, calyx still smaller ; 
seeds 1 or 2. Damp woods, S. 3 — 12', very weak. April. 

2 N. insignis. Lvs. oblong, with 7 — 9 ovate, acute lobes, shorter than peduncles ; fls. 

1' or more broad, the border pure blue with a white centre. California. 

3 N. macttlata. Leaves 3-7-lobed, tapering and entire at base ; flowers on long ped., 

If broad, white, with a violet spot on the apes of each lobe. California. 

4 N. atomakia. Leaves and peduncles nearly as in the last ; flowers white, 10 — 12", 

sprinkled all over with small brown spots. Sierra Mountains. 

3. ELLISIA, L. Cal. 5-parted, equalling the tub alar-bell- form corolla, 

enlarged in fruit. Cor. tube minutely appendaged within. Sta. included. 

Caps. 2-valved, 4-2-seeded. Leaves pinnatifid, flowers white, May — July. 

23. Nyctelaea L. Weak, slender; lvs. petiolate, the upper alternate, lobes 9—11, lin. 
oblong; ped. 1 -flowered, with calyx larger than corolla. Woods, Pa., W and S. If 



Order 93.— HYDROPHYLLACE^E. 255 

4. COSMANTHUS, Nolte. Miami Mist. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. wheel- 
bell-form, tube not appendaged, lobes delicately fringe-toothed, as long as 
the stamens. Ovary hahy. Capsule 2- valved, 4-seeded. (I) Delicate, with 
alternate leaves and small pale flowers in long, bractless racemes. 

1 C. Pursllii Wood. Nearly smooth, erect; lvs. pinnatifid, the upper sessile, lobes 

5—7, oblong, acute ; rac. 9-15-flowered ; pedicels longer than the lance-linear, ciliate 
sepals ; fls. light blue, 5— 6". River bottoms, 111., Ky., to Ga. 8—12'. May, June. 

2 Cm Jtimbriatus Mx. Pubescent ; stems clustered, assurgent ; leaves pinnate, with 

5— *" roundish or oblong-obtuse lobes ; pedicels as long as the oblong-spatulate, ob- 
tuse sepals ; corolla white, 4—5". Mountains, Tenn., Va., to Ga. May. 

5. FHACELIA, L. Cal. not appendaged. Corolla tubular-bell-ibrm, 
lobes entire, imbricate in bud, tube appendaged within. Sta. 5, generally 
exserted. Ov. and caps, hispid, ovoid, 4-oo-seeded. — Herbs hispid, with 
alternate leaves and 1- sided racemes. May, June. 

§ Capsule 4-seeded. Corolla tube evidently appendaged within Nos. 1 — 3 

§ Eutoca. Caps, (or ovary) 8- GO-seeded. Cor. obscurely appendaged. ..(a) 

a Seeds or ovules 6 — 8. Racemes simple. Native South Nos. 4 — 6 

a Seeds or ovules 20 or more. Rac. forked or corymbed. Gardens. (I). .Nos. 7 — 9 

i P. bipiiinatifida Mx. Stem hairy, suberect, much branched ; lvs. cut-pinnatifid, 

long-petioled, segm. again incised ; rac. forked or simple, loose ; corolla twice longer 

than calyx, 6", blue. © Hilly woods, 111. to N. C. and Ala. 1— 2f. 

Z P. tanacetifolia. Hispid or hairy, tall, with pinnatisect leaves, long, detse ra 

cemes, corollas blue, and long, exserted stamens. California. 1 — 2f. 

3 P. congesta. Hoary-pubescent ; lvs. pinnate with very unequal alternate-cut lfts. 

racemes loose, spicate ; flowers small, blue ; stamens little exserted. California. If. 

4 P. parviflora Ph. Stems smoothish, weak; lvs. all petiolate, pinnatifid or 3-fid. 

lobes distant, small ; fls. 4 // , pale ; sep. smoothish. © Shady banks, Pa., and S. W. 

5 'P. inaculata Wood. Erect, branched, sparingly hirsute ; lvs. pinnatifid, 5-7-lobed, 

lower petiolate, upper sessile ; lis. 7", violet-blue, 10-spotted around the yellow throat ; 
sepals bristly-ciliate, linear-oblong. © Stone Mountain, Ga., and W. 6 — 12'. 

6 P. pusilla Buckley. Pubescent; leaves sessile, pinnatifid, lobes abruptly pointed; 

fls. pale-blue or white ; sepals linear-oblong ; stamens exserted. Prairies, Ala. 

7 P. Franklinii Gray. Soft-hairy, erect ; lvs. bipinnatifid with crowded lobes; ra- 

cemes short, dense, crowded, with blue fls. Isl. Royal (Porter) to Oreg. ! Cultivated. 

8 P. viscida. Viscid with glandular hairs, ovate, coarsely-toothed leaves, and long, 

revolute racemes, uncoiling as the large (9") purple-blue flowers expand. Cal. If. 

9 P. Menziesh. Lvs. linear, entire, or the lower with few linear-oblong lobes ; flow- 

ers sessile, light-blue, in short spikes. Oregon. 

6. WHITLAVIA, Harvey. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. tubular-campanulate, 

the 5 lobes abruptly spreading, throat slightly contracted. Sta. exserted. 

Capsule oo-seeded. (5) From Texas and California. 

W. aBANDTPLORA. Some viscid, with broad, ovate, petiolate, coarsely-toothed leaves, 
loose racemes of large (10 deep-blue (or white) bell-shaped flowers. June— October. 

7. HYDROLEA, L. Sep. 5. Cor. rotate-campanulate, 5-lobed, bear- 
ing the 5 stamens. Styles 2, distinct. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, the pla- 
centae large, with oo minute seeds. — Herbs with entire leaves and cymes 
of blue flowers. July — September. 

1 H. corymbosa Macbride. Not spiny, some hairy above ; l\s. lance-ovate, sessile ; 
branchlets corymbed, each with a terminal, showy, azure flower. Ponds, S. 1— it. 



256 Order 94.— POLEMGNIACE^E. 

2 H. quadri^alvis Walt. Spiny, hispid ; leaves lanceolate, petiolate ; cymes 4-i 
flowered ; cor azure-blue, 5— 6" broad ; sep. ovate. Slow waters, S. C, and W. 8f. 

8. WIGANDIA, H. B. K. Cor. funnel-form.— Herbs with large leaves. 

W. Cakacasana. Half-shrubby, with ovate-cordate, doubly-crenate, variegated, ample 
leaves, stinging hairs, and revolute spikes of small flowers. S. Am. Greenhouse. 

Order XCIV. POLEMONLACEJE. Phloxworts. 

Herbs with alternate or opposite leaves and 5-parted, regular, showy 
flowers. Corolla monopetalous, the lobes convolute, rarely imbricate in 
83stivation. Stamens 5, adherent to the corolla tube, and alternate with its 
lobes. Ovary 3-celled. Stigma 3-cleft. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, loculi- 
cidal. Seeds few or many, albuminous, attached to a permanent colu- 
mella. Fig. 46. 

I. POLEMONIEjE. Sepals united at base. Lobes of the corolla convolute in bud... (a) 

II. DIAPENSIE/E. Sepals distinct, oval. Lobes of the corolla imbricated in bud Diapensia. 7 

a Stamens unequal, included in the tube of the salver-form corolla Phlox. 1 

a Stamens unequal, in the tube of the funnel-form (scarlot) corolla Collomia. 2 

a Stamens equal and protruded from the corolla tube. Seeds CO ...(h) 

b Leaves undivided, opposite. Corolla wheel-funnel-form, dentate Fenzlia. 3 

h Leaves variously divided. Ovary and pod 00 -seeded. ..(c) 

c Stamens equal and straight. Corolla of vai-ious forms Gilta. 4 

c Stamens declined in the bell-form corolla. — d Low herbs Polemonhjm. 5 

— d Climbing shrubs Cob^ea. 6 

1. PHLOX, L. Phlox. Lychnidea. Calyx prismatic, deeply 5-cleft. 
Corolla salver-form, the tube more or less curved. Sta. very unequally in- 
serted, and included in the tube. Caps. 3-celled, cells each 1-seeded. — A 
highly ornamental North American genus. Lvs. mostly opposite, sessile, 
simple, entire. Fls. in terminal cymes, corymbed or panicled. Fig. 46. 

* Lobes of the corolla rounded and entire at the end. . .(1) 

1 Panicle of cymes oblong or pyramidal, many-flowered Nos. 1, 2 

1 Panicle of cymes corymbed, level-topped, flowers fewer... (2) 

2 Plants glabrous. Calyx teeth shorter than its tube Nos. 3, i 

2 Plants hairy. Calyx teeth attenuated, longer than the tube. . .(3) 

3 Leaves narrow, linear, or nearly so Nos. 5, 6 

3 Leaves broad, ovate or lanceolate, &c Nos. 7, 8 j8, 9 

* Lobes of corolla notched or bifid at the end. — 4 Leaves distant Nos. 8, 10 

— 4 Leaves imbricated No. 11 

1 I*. paniculata L. Smooth, erect ; leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at 

each end ; fls. numerous, in a terminal panicle, pink-purple, varying to white ; calyx 
teeth setaceous-pointed. % Shady banks, Penn., W. and S. 2 — 3f. July — Sept. t 
0. acuminata, Lvs. ovate-acuminate, downy beneath ; stem hairy. 

2 P. maculata L. Stem roughish, purple-spotted, upright ; leaves thickish, lanceo- 

late, the upper ovate-cordate ; fls. many, purple, in an oblong panicle ; calyx teeth 
lanceolate, acute. % Moist fields, Penn. to Car., and W. 2— 3f. June— August. 

0. g-racilior. Tall, slender, rough : leaves lance-linear and linear. Ga. (Feay). 

y. suaveolens. Smooth; flowers white, sweet-scented. Gardens. 

3 P. Carolina L. Ascending, often branched ; leaves lanceolate, rounded at base, 

pointed ; fls. rose-purple, in small, dense cymes. % Prairies, woods, Pa., W and 8 
9'— 2f. May — July.— 3. ovata has roughish stems and ovate leaves. 



Order 94.— POLEMONIACE^E. 257 

4 P. glaberrima L. Slender, erect ; leaves oblong- to lance-linear, taper-pointed, 

thick, with rolled margins ; calyx teein sharp-pointed ; corollas pale-pink, few. U 
Pi airies and barrens, Wis. to Ga. 1 — 3f. June, July. 

5 P. pilosa L. Ascending, slender, glandular-hairy above ; lvs. lanceolate to linear, 

attenuate to an acute apex ; corymbs loose ; calyx teeth bristle-pointed, much longer 
than the tube ; corolla small. 2f Wis. to N. J., and S. May, June. 
/3. Floridtina. Leaves oblong-lanceolate ; calyx teeth lance-setaceous. Fla. 

P. involucrata Wood. Hoary-pubescent, branched and ascending at base ; lvs. 

linear-oblong, rather obtuse, clasping, flat, the floral similar and closely subtending 
the dense corymbs as if involucrate • calyx teeth linear or subulate-spatulate ; flowers 
purple to carmine. U Dry soils, S. 6 — 12'. May, June. 

7 P. reptans Mx. Assurgent, with creeping stolons ; lvs. obovate to ovate, obtuse, 

fls. few : sep. linear-subulate ; cor. blue-purple, u Hills, Ind. to Pa., and S. 9'. Jn. 

8 P. divaricata L. Low, diffuse, downy ; lvs. ovate to lance-oblong, acute ; flowers 

grayish-blue, lobes notched ; sep. lin. -subulate, u N. T. to Wis., and S. If. Apr., May. 
j3. JLaphamii. Leaves ovate ; corolla lobes obtuse, entire. Wis. (Lapham). 

9 P. Drummondii Hook. Upright, forking, glandular-hairy ; lvs. lanceolate to ob- 

long, mostly alternate ; sepals lance-setaceous, revolute ; flowers in dense corymbs, 
all shades in the gardens, white to purple, with a star. ® Ga. ! to Texas. 

10 P. bifida Beck. Low, assurgent, diffuse ; lvs. lance-ovate to lance-linear ; fls. few, 
sepals linear, petals deeply bifid, purple, li 111. to Mo. : rare. 6 / . April. 

IIP. subulata L. Moss Pink. Procumbent, much branched and very leafy, in 
tufts ; leaves rigid, linear to subulate, fascicled ; flowers pink to white, covering the 
tufts in May. 5 — 8'. Penn., S. and W., and in gardens. 

2. COLLOMIA coccinea. @ From Chili, lias bright carmine-red fis 
in ht>»ds subtended by broad bracts. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, often 3-cleft at apex, alter- 
nate. Pods 3-seeded. 10—15'. June, July. 

3. PENZLIA dianthoides. (£) California. A small pink-like herb, 
3—6', with exquisitely beautiful flowers, V, solitary, pink with 5 purple dots around a 
yellow eye, and the 5 lobes evenly notched at the end. Leaves linear, opposite. 

4. GILIA, R & P. Cal. teeth acute. Cor. funnel-form, the tube short 
or long, bearing the equal sta. more or loss exserted and not declined. Pet 
entire. Pod co-seeded. — Herbs with elegant, showy flowers. 

§ Ipomopsis. Corolla tube long exserted, in thyrse-like racemes. Tall No. 1 

§ Leptosiphon. Corolla tube long, slender, in involucrate heads. Low No. 2 

§ Eugilia. Corolla tube included in the calyx, scattered or capitate Nos. 3, 4 

1 G. coronopifolia Pers. Standing Cypress. A splendid herb 2 — 4f, plume-like in 

form, closely beset with delicate pinnatifid lvs. and bearing at top a long (If) thyrso 
of bright red flowers (15"). © Sandy banks, S. C. to Fla., and W. July— Sept. + 

2 G. androsacea. Strict, simple, downy ; lvs. opp., digitately 5-9-cleft into very nar- 

row segments ; cor. V or more long, lilac, purple or white. @ Cal. 6 — 12'. May, Jn. 

3 G. tricolor. Diffusely branched ; lvs. 2-3-pinnatifid ; flowers many, 3-colored, limb 

lilac, throat purple, tube yellow. A great favorite, from California. 

4 G. capitata, with the blue 6" flowers at length in round dense heads. Cal. and Oreg. 

5. POLEMONIUM, L. Greek Valerian. Calyx and corolla bell- 
form, with suberect segments. Stamens equally inserted, declined, hairy at 
base. Capsules 3-valved, 3-celled. — Herbs weak, with alternate pinnately- 
divided leaves and terminal cymes, blue to white. 

1 P. reptans L. Diffusely branched ; leaves 7-il-foliate, leaflets acute ; fls. nodding 
pod cells 2- or 3-seeded. u Damp uplands, N. Y. to Wis., and S. 1— Ifrf. May. 



258 Order 95.— COXVOLVULACE^. 

% P. cceruleum. Tall, with erect branches ; leaflets 11—17, pointed ; fls, erect ; seeds 
00 . Swamps, Vt., N. Y., N. J. (Dr. Howe, Prof. Porter). 2— 3f. Often cultivated. 

6. COB2EA scandens. Calyx large and leaf-like. Cor. large, throat 
ample, limb spreading, dull purple. Leaves pinnatisect, ending in a tendril. Coarse 
climbers, from Mexico. The lower leaf-segments resemble stipules. 

7. DIAPENSIA, L. Cal. of 5 oval sepals, closely subtended by bracts. 

Corolla bell-forrn, imbricated in the bud. Fil. flat, arising from the sinusea 

of the corolla, anth. cells diverging at base and the dehiscence transverse. 

Caps. 3-celled, oo-seeded. [^ Prostrate, with densely imbricated, entire 

leaves and solitary terminal flowers. 

§ Diapensia proper. Anthers without awns. Flowers pedicellate No. 1 

§ Ptxidanthera. Anthers with the lower valve awned. Flowers sessile No. 2 

1 I>. liappoiiica L. A little tufted shrublet, with fleshy, evergreen, obtuse leave6, 

and the tiny white fls. raised on pedicels 1' long. White Mountains. 2— 3'. July. 

2 D. ~ba.rbula.ta Ell. Prostrate, creeping, forming dense beds, with short branches - 

flowers terminal, sessfle ; anth. short-awned at base. Barrens, N. J., and S. 3-6'. Jn. 

Order XCV. CONVOLVULACEJE. Bindweeds. 

Chiefly twining or trailing herbs, sometimes parasitic, sometimes shrubby. 
Learns (or scales when leafless) alternate. Flowers regular, pentamerous 
and 5-androus. Sepals imbricated. Corolla monopetalous, 5-plaited or 
lobed, convolute in bud. Ovary free, 2-(rarely 3-)celled or falsely 4-celled, 
or of 2 distinct, 1-ovuled pistils. Capsule 2-6-seeded. Embryo large, coiled 
in mucilaginous albumen. Figs. 48, 65, 81, 82, 209-10, 262. 

II' CUSCUTINE^E. Leafless, twining, orange-yellow parasites Cuscuta. 11 

V TJICHONDREiE. Leafy. 2 distinct ovaries with 2 distinct styles Dichondra. 10 

I tONVOLVULE^E. Leafy. Ovary 1. Capsule dehiscent. Seed-lobes leafy... (a) 
u Styles united into one. ..(b) 
a Styles 2 or 3, distinct or nearly so. Stamens included. . .(at) 

b Ovary and pod 4-celled. — c Stamens exserted. Flowers small Quamoclit. i 

— c Stamens included. Flowers large Batatas. 

b Ovary and pod 3-celled. Stigma capitate, granulate Ph abbitis. 3 

b Ovary and pod 2-celled. . .(d) 

d Stigma 1, capitate. — e Stamens included IpoiifflA. 4 

— e Stamens exseited Calonyction. 5 

d Stigmas 2, — x ovate, flattened. S. F.<v Jacqukmontia violacea. 

— x linear-terete. Calyx not bracted Convolvulus 6 

— a; oblong-terete. Calyx in 2 large bracts Calystegia. 7 

z Styles each bifid. Peduncle very short Fvclvulus. & 

z Styles each simple. Peduncles longer than the leaves .Stylisua. 9 

/ 

1. QUAMOCLIT, Tourn. Cypress- vine. Sep. 5, mostly mucroa ate. 

Cor. tubular-cylindric, with a salver-form border. Sta. exserted. Sty^e 1, 

stigma capitate, 2-lobed. Ov. 4-celled, cells 1-seeded. j? From Tropical Am. 

1 Q. vulgaris Choisy. Cypress-vine. Lvs. pinnatifid to the midvein, negm. linear, 
parallel, acute; ped. 1-flwd. ; sep. ovate-lanceolate; cor. scarlet. (I) An exceedingly 
delicate vine, in gardens, and often escaped S. July, Aug. § 

3 Q. coccinea Moench. Leaves cordate, acuminate, entire or angular at base ; pod 

elongated, about 5-flowered ; calyx awned ; flowers light scarlet, limb nearly entire 
V broad. ® Along rivers, S. and W. June— Aug. § t 



Order 95.— CONVOLVULACE^l. 259 



\ 



2. BATATAS, Rumph. Sweet Potato. Cal. of 5 sepals. Cor. cam- 
panulate, with a spreading limb. Stam. 5, included. Style simple, stigma 
capitate, 2-lobed. Capsule 4-celled, 4-valved, with 4 erect seeds. J? Herbs, 
or shrubby, with milky juice. 

1 JB. Uttoraiis Chois. Creeping, sending out runners ; lvs. smooth, thick, sinuate 

with 3—5 rounded lobes and cordate at base ; ped. 1-flowered, as long as the leaf ; sep. 
abrupt-pointed ; seeds tomentous ; corolla white, u Coast sands, S. Aug. — Oct. 

2 B. maerorhiza Wood. Creeping or twining ; lvs. cordate, lobed or entire, soft- 

downy beneath ; ped. 1-5-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; cor. purple ; seeds viL- 
lous. u Sands, S. C. to Fla. Root very large. (Ipomoea Michauxii Swt.) 

3 IS. edulis. Sweet Potato. Lvs. 3-5-lobed or angled, lobes acute ; ped. 3-5-flowerec 

as long as the petioles, ii W. Indies. Extensively cult, for its sweet tubers. Purple. 

3. PHARBITIS, Chois. Morning Glory. Calyx 5-sepalled. Cor. bell- 
funnel-form. Sty. single, stig. capitate, granulate. Ov. 3-(rarely 4-)celled, 
cells 2-seeded. Jp Beautiful, cultivated and spontaneous. 

1 P. purpurea Wood. Twining stem clothed with reversed hairs ; lvs. cordate, en- 
tire ; ped. 2-5-flowered ; corolla large, dark purple, varying to blue, flesh-color, &c , 
appearing _i long succession, in fields and gardens. June, July. § 

5J P. Nil Chois. Some hairy ; leaves cordate, 3-lobed ; ped. 1-3-flowered, shortei 
than the petioles ; sepals ovate, long-pointed, corolla tube white, border indigo (nil) 
blue. Gardens, and in fields. July, Aug. § 

3 P. hedekacea, from S. Am., differs from P. Nil in the middle lobe of its lvs., which is 

ovate, and contracted at base ; ped. 1-flwd. ; cor. 2' or more broad, varying in purple 
and blue, blue and white, pink and white, &c. — The hybrid P. eimbata has a purple 
star with a white border and leaves scarcely lobed. ® 

4 P. Learii, from Mexico, has ped. longer than the cordate, velvet-silky leaves, each 

bearing a cluster of magenta-blue-red flowers. Greenhouse. U. 10 — 15f. 

\ 

4. IPOMCBA, L. Cal. 5-sepalled. Cor. bell-funnel-form. Sta. included. 

Style 1, stigma capitate. Ov. and capsule 2-celled, cells 2-seeded. — Herbs, 
shrubs, or trees. Our species are herbs creeping or climbing. 

* Flowers capitate, involucrate, small, blue. Sepals hairy "No. 1 

* Flowers separate.— a Sepals bristly ciliate, capsules somewhat hairy Nos. 2, 3 

—a Sepals glabrous.— b Flowers purple. Maritime Nos. 4, 5 

—b Flowers white, rarely yellow. . .Nos. 6 — 8 

1 1. tamnifolia L. Hairy; leaves ovate, cordate, acuminate, large, equalling tho 

peduncles ; fls. crowded, 9", witb linear bracts and sepals. ® Ga. to La. Jl. — Sept. 

2 T. commutata R. & S. Smoothish ; lvs. cordate, entire or 3-lobed ; ped. as long 

as the petioles ; flowers 2—5, purple to pink, 18" ; sep. 5". ® Fields, S. July— Oct. 

3 I. lacuuosa L. Puberulent ; lvs. cordate, entire or angular-lobed ; ped. J- as long 

as the petioles ; flowers 1 — 3, white, with a purplish rim, 1', sepals | as long. (5) Dry 
fields and hills, Penn. to HI., and S. 2— 6f. August, September. 

4 I. Pes-Caprae Sw. Eoughish ; leaves roundish, emarginate or 2-lobed, thick ; ped. 

as long as the petioles ; fls. 1—5, purple, 3' long. Coasts of Ga. and Fla. June + . 

5 I* sagittifolia (Mx.) Glabrous ; lvs. cordate-sagittate ; ped. as long as the petiole, 

much shorter than the one large (3') purple flower, u Marshes, S. June + . 

6 I. sinuata Ort. Lvs. palmately 7-cleft, varying to sinuate-lobed ; segments pinna- 

tifid ; ped. 1- or 2-flowered ; corolla white, V. u Ga., Fla. 20f. July— October. 
T I. ciliolata Pers. Leaves cordate, entire, acuminate ; ped. 1-flowered, 2-bracted 

above ; corolla large, yellow ; sepals S" long, u N. Car. and Tenn. 
8 I. pandnrata Meyer. Wild Potato. Leaves broad-cordate to panduriibrm; ped. 



260 Order 95.— CONVOLVULACE^E. 

1-6-flowered, longer than the petioles ; sepals i as long as the corolla ; corolla * 
white with a purple centre. 11 N. Y. to 111., and S. July, August. 

5. OALONYCTION speci6sum (or Ipomoea Bona-nox), Good-night, 

is a tall climber of the W. Indies and S. Fla., often cultivated in the greenhouse. Flow* 
ers 4 — 7 on each long peduncle, very large, funnel-form, white. 

6. CONVOLVULUS, L. Bindweed. Sep. 5. Cor. bell-form. Style 

1. Stigmas 2, thread-form, often revolute. Ovary and capsule 2-celled, 4- 
eeeded. — Herbs or shrubs, twining or erect. 

1 C arvensis L. Prostrate or climbing ; leaves arrow-shaped to ear-shaped ; ped. 

bearing 1 small rose-white flower and 2 bracts, if Fields : rare. June. § 

2 C. tkicolok. Stem weak, 1 — 3fhigh; leaves lance-obovate, sessile, shorter than the 

1 -flowered ped. ; corolla yellow in centre, white next, border blue. ® Europe. 

7. CALYSTEGIA, Br. Calyx 5-parted, included in 2 leaf-like bracts. 
Cor. bell-form, 5-plicate. Style 1. Stigmas 2, obtuse. Capsule 1 -celled, 4- 
seeded. — Herbs, with the flowers solitary. 

1 C. spithamaea Br. Erect or assurgent, 6—8' (a span) high ; leaves lance-oblong, as 

long as the peduncles ; flowers white, y. Can. to Penn., and W. June. 

2 C Sepium Br. Rutland Beauty. Glabrous, twining ; lvs. cordate-sagittate, lobes 

truncate ; bracts cordate ; flowers many, large, white with a reddish tinge. 2f Hedges, 
thickets, Can. to Fla. 6— lOf. May— July. 

/3. Catesbeiana, Pubescent, with small leaves and short peduncles. S. 

•y. f paradox a, Tomentous ; bracts linear, remote from the flowers. (Pursh.) 

8. EVOLVULUS, L. Sep. 5. Cor. bell-, funnel-, or wheel-form. Sty. 

2, each bifid. Ovary and capsule 2-celled, 4-seeded. — Herbs diffuse. 

E. sericeus Swtz. Stem dividing at base into simple, filiform, procumbent branches ; 
leaves lance-linear, sessile, 3-veined, silky beneath, 9" ; ped. 1 — 2", 1-flowered ; co- 
rolla wheel-form, 5", white. U Prairies, Ga., Fla., to La. If. 

9. STYLISMA, Raf. Sepals 5, equal. Corolla bell-form. Stamens 
included. Styles 2, rarely 3. Stig. capitate. U Slender creepers. 

I S. liuinistrata (and aquatica) Walt. Hairy or smoothish ; leaves oval, oblong, or 
linear, obtuse or retuse both ways, on short petioles ; ped. longer than the leaves, 3- 
(1 — 5-)flowered ; bracts minute ; styles less than i united ; corolla 6—9", white. 
Sandy soils, Va. to O., and S. 2— 5f. Lvs. 12 — 18". (S. evolvuloides Choisy.) Jn.-Sept 

2, S. Pickering!! (Torr.) Leaves linear, narrowed to subsessile base ; bracts leafy, 
equalling the flower ; styles more than i united, otherwise as No. 1. N. J. to N. C. 

10. DICHONDRA, Forst. Sep. 5, obtuse. Corolla bell-form, 5-eleft. 

Pistils 2, distinct. Capsules 2, utricular, 1-seeded. U Prostrate. 

D. repens Forst. Lvs. round-cordate or reniform, the petiole longer than the blade 
or the 1-flowered peduncles ; calyx villous, larger (3") than the whitish corolla (2 // ). 
Wet grounds, S. 3—12'. March— May. 

11. CUSCUTA, Tourn. Dodder. Fls. 5-(rarely 4-)parted. Corolla 

g'.obular-bell-form. Sta. appendaged with scales or fringes at base. Styles 

2. Caps. 2-celled, 4-seeded. ® Stems yellow to orange, thread-form, with 

minute scales for leaves, twining against the sun and living on other plants. 

§ Stigmas filiform as well as the styles. Capsule regularly circumscissile. .No 1 
§ Stigmas capitate. Capsule indehi scent or bursting irregularly. . . (*) 



Order 96.— SOLANACEJiJ. 261 

* Sepals distinct, with imbricated bracts added. Flowers sessile.. Nos. 2, 3 

* Sepals united, bracts few and scattered. Flowers pedicellate. . . (a) 

a Corolla cylindrical, withering on the top of the capsule. Nos. 4— G 

a Corolla bell-shaped, persistent at the base of the capsule., .(b) 

b Lobes of the corolla acute or acuminate Nos. 7, 8 

b Lobes of the corolla obtuse Nos. 9 — 11 

1 CMSpilinum Weih. Flax D. Fls. sessile in small, dense, remote heads ; calyx 5- 

{.-arted, scarcely shorter than the globular corolla or capsule. Flax fields. Jn. § Eur. 

2 C. glomerata Choisy. Fls. in compact masses surrounding the foster stem while 

its own filiform stems decay ; sepals 1", with many squarrous bracts ; corolla white, 
2", tube-bell-form, 5-lobed. On the Composite, &c, W. and S. 

3 C. compacta Juss. Fls. in large (1 — 20 masses, with thiek stems ; sep. and 3—5 

bracts minute (f0 ; cor. slender, with 5 oblong lobes. N. Y., W. and S., on shrubs. 

4 C. tenuiflora Eng. Pale, much branched, on high plants; fls. short-pedicelled ; 

cor. tube slender, twice longer than the calyx or its own short obtuse lobes ; capsulo 
often but 1- or 2-seeded. Wet grounds, N. J., Pa., to 111., and W. 

5 C. inflexa Eng, Fls. pedicelled, mostly 4-parted ; cor. fleshy, its lobes erect arid 

inflexed, margins crenulate ; capsule brown, capped with the dead corolla. Prairiee 
and open woods, 111. to Va. and Ga. On Hazel, Khus, &c. 

6 C. decora Chois. Fls. pedicellate, 5-parted, large (li'O, fleshy, white ; cor. broad- 

bell-form, lobes acute ; capsule enveloped by the dead corolla. Wet, 111. to Fla. 

7 C ch.loroca.rpa Eng. Low, branching, orange ; fls. 4-parted, short-pedicelled, 

1", bell-form, the lobes of cal. and cor. acute ; caps, large, greenish. Wis. to Del., & S. 

8 C. arvensis Beyr. On low plants ; flowers small Q"), 5-parted, pedicellate ; corolla 

tube shorter than its pointed lobes, or the rounded sepals. N. Y. to HI., and S. Jn., Jl. 

9 C. obtusiflora H. B. K. Low, bright orange ; fls. pedicell., dotted with red glands 

(8. glandulosa) ; sep. round-obtuse ; caps. 1\". Mostly on Polygonum. Ga., S. and W. 

10 C. Gronovii Willd. Stems thick, often high-climbing; fls. mostly 5-parted, al 
length densely panicled ; corolla tube bell-form, longer than the calyx, its lobes ob 
tuse, entire, spreading. Common in all the country. Flowers If. 

11C. rostrata Shutt. Fls. large (2 — 3"), in loose cymes ; corolla deeply bell-form., 
lobes obtuse ; capsule 2 — 3", with a 2-pointed beak. Mountains, Md. to S. Car. 

Order XCVI. SOLANACE^E. Nightshades. 

Plants herbaceous, rarely shrubby, with a colorless juice and alternate 
leaves often in pairs. Flowers mostly regular, often extra-axillary, 5-parted, 
on bractless pedicels. Corolla valvate or plicate in the bud, and often con- 
volute. Calyx persistent. Stamens 5, adherent to the corolla tube, alter- 
nate with its lobes ; anthers 2-celled. Fruit a 2 -(rarely 3- or more)celled 
capsule or berry. Seeds 00, with a curved embryo in fleshy albumen. 
Figs. 66, 113, 168, 260, 483-4. 

I NOLANE.33. Ovaries few or 00 , distinct, simple. Corolla funnel-bell-form. Nolana. 1 

§ S0LANEJ3. Ovary 1, compound, 2-(or more)celled...(*) 

* Corolla wheel-form, the tube very short Anthers convergent. . .(b) 

* Corolla bell-form, the broad tube including the erect anthers... (c) 

* Corolla runnel-form, tube long and — a the limb somewhat unequal. . .(d) 

— a the limb quite regular. ..(c) 

6 Stamens connate, opening by slits inside. Berry torous Ltcofkbsicdm. 2 

b Stamens connivent, opening by terminal pores. Berry round Solanum. 3 

6 Stamens connivent, opening by slits. Berry dryish, angular Capsicum. 4 

c Corolla bluish. Berry dry, enclosed in the enlarged calyx Nicandra. S 

c Corolla yellowish. Berry juicy, enclosed in the enlarged calyx Physalis. 6 

c Corolla purplish. Berry blackish, sitting on the open calyx. Atropa f 



262 Order 96.— SOLANACE^E. 

d Stamens exserted, decimate. Capsule opening by a lid Htoscyamus. 8 

d Stamens included, unequal. Capsule opening by valves Petunia. 9 

e Stamens exserted, growing to the summit of the tube Neirembergia. 10 

e 8tamens exserted, growing to the bottom of the tube Lycium. 11 

e Stamens included. — x Flowers 3' — 12' long. Calyx prismatic Datura. 12 

— x Flowers l' — 4/ long. Calyx terete Nicotiana. 13 

— a; Flowers 6 — 10" long. Calyx terete, short Cestrum. 14 

— x Flowers h" long. Leaves very small Fabiana. 15 

1. NOLANA, L. Calyx 5-parted. Cor. showy, fimnel-bell-form. Ova- 
ries 3 — 40, distinct, 1-6-eelled, becoming as many drupes around the base 
of the style. ^ b From S. America, with blue flowers. 

1 N. atrxplicifolia. Stems procumbent ; leaves thick, entire, ovate to spatulate, ob 

tuse ; flowers solitary, supra-axillary, with a yellow tube, azure-blue border, and 
white zone, numerous all Summer. 

2 N. prostrata. Leaves ovate-oblong, tapering both ways ; calyx segments triangu 

lar-arrow-shaped ; corolla blue with dark-purple streaks. Otherwise as No. 1. 

2. LYCOPERSICUM, Tourn. Tomato. Calyx 5-6-00 - parted. Cor. 
rotate, with a short tube and a plicate-valvate limb. Stamens 5-6 - Go, ex- 
serted, anth. connate at apex, longitudinally dehiscent on the inner face. 
Berry fleshy, 2-3-00 - celled. Ped. extra-axillary, co-flowered. 

Ii. esculenttjm Mill. Hairy ; st. herbaceous, weak ; lvs. unequally pinnatifid, segments 
cut ; corolla many-lobed ; fruit torulous, fwrowed, smooth. ® A coarse, strong- 
scented herb with yellowish flowers and splendid fruit. 

3. SOLANUM, L. Potato. Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Cor. rotate, 
subcampanulate, tube very short, limb plicate, 5-cleft, lobed or angular. 
Anth. erect, connivent, distinct, opening at the top by 2 pores. Berry 2- 
celled, subglobous or depressed. Seeds go. — Herbs or shrubs. Peduncles 
terminal, becoming lateral by the extension of the axis. Figs. 260, 483-4. 

§ Prickles none. Anthers obtuse. . . (a) 

a Herbs, with the flowers and fruit in clusters Nos. 1, 2 

a Shrubby climbers, with clustered flowers and fruit Nos. 3, 4 

a Shrubs erect, with orange or scarlet berries Nos. 5, 6 

§ Plants armed with prickles. Anthers linear-oblong, pointed., .(b) 

b Flowers 5-parted. Calyx open in fruit. Anthers equal Nob. 7—9 

b Flowers 5-parted. Calyx closed on the fruit. Anthers unequal Nos. 10, 11 

b Flowers 6-9-parted. Calyx open with the large fruit Nos. 12, 13 

1 S. tuberosum L. Common Potato. Subterranean branches bearing tubers ; leaves 

pinnatifid unequally and interruptedly; corolla 5-angled, ped. jointed. S. America. 
Cultivated since the 17th century. Many varieties. 

2 S. nigrum L. Nightshade. Smoothish ; leaves ovate, toothed, wavy, or entire ; 

umbels lateral, drooping, flowers small (2 — 3"), whitish ; berries black, as large as a 
peppercorn. Weed in old fields. 2— 3f. Summer. § Europe. 

3 S. Dulcamara L. Bittersweet. Stems shrubby, slender, climbing ; leaves cordate, 

entire or with 1 or 2 pairs of lobes at base ; clusters terminal and lateral, corolla pur- 
p.e, with 5 green spots ; fruit red. July. § Europe. 

4 S. jas.minoides. Climbing high, smooth, lvs. ovate, entire ; clusters blue-wh. Brazil. 

5 S. Pseudo-Cafsicum. Jerusalem Cherry. Erect, like a dwarf tree ; leaves oblong- 

lanceolate, smooth, shining ; flowers solitary, white, berries scarlet, as large as cher- 
ries. Mauritius. 2 — 4f. Handsome. 

6 S. iiAciNiATtJM. Shrub erect, smooth ; lvs. pinnatifid ; fls. blue ; fr. orange. Australia. 



Order 96.— SOLANACE^E. 263 

7 S. Carolinense L. Horse Nettle. Prickles large, yellow, scattered on the stem, 

petioles, and veins ; leaves angular-lobed, acute ; flowers white, 10 — 15", racemed ; 
berries yellow. Roadsides, N. Y., S. and W. 1— 2f. June. 

8 S. Virginianum L. Hairy and prickly ; leaves deeply pinnatifid with angulai 

sinuate lobes ; flowers pale-violet, 15", in leafy racemes. Va., and S. July. 

9 S. mammosum L. Apple-of-Sodom. Villous and with scattered spines ; leaves 

roundish-ovate, subcordate, lobed ; berries inversely pear-shaped. (5) Waste grounds, 
Ga., Fla., and W. Flowers violet, 15". Fruit yellow. 

10 S. rostratum. Hoary-tomentous and very prickly; leaves doubly sinuate- lobed * 
flowers yellow, 12 — 15" ; fruit closed in the burr-like calyx. ® Kansas 

IIS. heterodoxubl Very hairy and prickly ; leaves doubly pinnatifid, lobes runci- 
nate ; flowers violet-blue. (5) From Texas. Fruit black. 

12 S. Melongena (or esculentum). Egg Plant. Prickly; lvs. ovate, wavy or sinuate ; 
flowers violet ; fruit very large, glossy-purple, prized as a great delicacy. E. India.- 
A variety has white fruit exactly imitating a goose-egg. 

1 3 S. Texanum. With scarlet fruit depressed-globous and lobed. From Tex. Mex. 

4. CAPSICUM, Tourn. Pepper. Calyx erect, 5-cleft. Cor. rotate, 

tube very short, limb plaited, 5-lobed. Anth. connivent. Fr. capsular, dry, 

inflated, 2-3-celled. Seeds flat, very acrid. — Herbs or shrubs, with hot and 

acrid taste. Leaves often in pairs. Ped. axillary, solitary. 

C. annuum. Bed or Cayenne P. Herb with angular, branching stem, smooth ovate 
entire leaves and large roundish or lance-form red fruit. (J) Many varieties. 

5. NICANDRA, Adans. Apple of Peru. Cal. 5-cleft, 5-angled, the 

angles compressed, sepals sagittate. Cor. campanulate. Sta. 5, incurved. 

Berry enveloped in the persistent calyx. (D Peruvian. Summer. 

N. ph.ysaloid.es Adans. Herb smooth, with ample ovate-oblong, sinuate-angled lvs. ; 
flowers solitary, axillary, white, with blue spots. Gardens and fields. 2— 5f. § 

6. PHYSALIS. L. Ground Cherry. Calyx 5-cleft, persistent, at 
length inflated. Cor. bell-rotate, tube very short, limb obscurely 5-lobed. 
Sta. 5, connivent. Berry globous, enclosed within the 5-angled calyx. — 
Herbs (rarely shrubs) with angular branches. Leaves alternate or un- 
equally twin. Flowers solitary, nodding, extra-axillary, all Summer. 

§ Anthers yellow. Ped. elongated. Fruit edible, not filling the calyx. ..(a) 

a Corolla yellow with brown-purple in the centre Nos. 1 — 3 

a Corolla yellow in centre as well as border Nos. 4, 5 

§ Anthers blue or violet. Ped. shorter than the petioles. . .(b) 

b Peduncles near V long. Berry not filling the closed calyx Nos. 6 — 8 

b Peduncles 2 — 3" long. Berry filling the open calyx No. 9 

1 P. viscosa L. Viscid-pubescent, diffuse ; leaves ovate to oblong, mostly abrupt at 

base and bluntly toothed ; corolla 8 — 10"; fruiting-caiyx 1}'. U Dry soils. If. 

2 P. Pennsylvanica L. Puberulent, decumbent ; leaves ovate to lanceolate, re- 

pand-toothed or entire, base obtuse or acute ; corolla slightly spotted, 6—8" ; fruit- 
calyx rounded, V. ii Dry soils, Penn., S. and W. 6 — 15'. 
/3. lanceolata. Pubescent ; leaves tapering and acute both ways. S. 

3 P. angustifolfa N. Glabrous ; leaves lance-linear, entire, thickish ; fruit-calyx 

wing-angled, V ; corolla 10—12". % Wet sands, Fla. 6—12'. 

4 P. nyctaginea Dun. Pubescent; leaves small, elliptic-ovate, bmnt-toothed ; 

calyx hairy ; corolla small (5—6"), wholly yellow. South. 6 — 12'. 

5 P. AUsekengi L. Strawberry Tomato. Pubescent, erect ; leaves deltoid-ovate, 

acuminate, repand ; calyx reddening in fruit, il Gardens and fields. 1— 2f. 



264 Order 96.— SOLANACE^E. 

6 P. pubescens L. Viscid-tomentous, decumbent ; leaves ovate or cordate, base t a 

equal, repand ; corolla spotted, 6" ; fruit-calyx 5-angled. ® Damp. S. and W. 9—18'. 

7 P. angulata L. Smooth, erect; lvs. ovate to oblong, acutely toothed ; cor. small 

(3 — 6") ; fruit-calyx ovoid-conic, longer than its stalk. (I) Dry fields. 

8 P. Liin.kla.iia Nees. Smooth, diffuse, 2f or more ; leaves lance-oblong, attenuate 

both ways, subulate-toothed ; corolla 6" ; fruit-calyx iy. (5) S. C, Ga. (Dr. Feay). 

9 P. Pliiladelpliica Lam. Smoothish, erect ; lvs. obliquely ovate, pointed, angu- 

lar-repand ; corolla 9", spotted and striped ; berry large, red. ® M. and W. t 

7. ATROPA, L. Deadly Nightshade. Calyx 5-parted. Cor. cam- 
panulate, linib 5-cleft, valvate-plicate in bud. Stam. 5, distant, included. 
Berry globous, 2-celled, sitting on the enlarged calyx. U Herbs of lurid 
colors. Leaves often twin. 

A. Belladonna.— Europe. Leaves ovate, entire, large. Berries dark-purple, handsome 
but poisonous, like the whole plant. Medicinal. 

. 8. HYOSCYAMUS, Tourn. Henbane. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft. Cor. 

funnel-form, one of the 5 obtuse lobes larger. Sta. 5, decimate. Stigma 

capitate. Capsule ovoid, 2-celled, opening with a lid near the summit. — 

Coarse herbs, native in Eastern countries. 

H. niger L. Branched, very leafy, viscid-hairy and foetid ; leaves sinuate-lobed, clasp- 
ing ; corolla straw-color, netted with purple, in one-sided spikes. (§) In old fields, 
and rubbish. 2f. Poisonous— medicinal. July. 

9. PETUNIA, Juss. Cal. segments oblong-spatulate. Cor. funnel- oi 
salver-form, tube cylindric, limb spreading, slightly unequal. Sta. 5, in- 
serted in the middle of the tube, unequal, included. Caps. 2-celled. Seeds 
minute. South American herbs. Leaves alternate, entire, the floral twin. 
Flowers solitary, large, all Summer. Fig. 66. 

1 P. nyctagintfloba. Erect, diffusely branched, viscid-hairy; flowers white, tube 

slender, thrice lonser than the calyx, limb spreading H — 3'. % 

2 P. vioLAcmA. Prostrate at base, then erect, viscid-hairy; flowers violet-purple, tube 

inflated, twice longer than the calyx. By admixture numerous varieties, single, 
double, striped, &c, are raised. 

10. NIEREMBERGIA, Ruiz & Pav. Cal. curved, 5-cleft. Cor. fun- 
nel-form, tube long and slender, limb ample, spreading, plicate, slightly 
unequal. Sta. 5, inserted in the throat, unequal, connivent, anth. hid be- 
neath the stigma. Capsule 2-celled, oo-seeded. — South American, chiefly 
herbs, creeping, with elegant, solitary, extra-axillary flowers. 

N. gracilis. Stems very slender and much branched ; lvs. linear to spatulate ; flow- 
ers 1/ or more, white, lilac, purple, with a yellow eye. 

11. LYOIUM, L. Matrimony Vine. Cal. 2-5-cleft. Cor. tubular, 

bell- or funnel-form, 4- or 5-lobed. Sta. 4 or 5, exserted. Berry 2-celled, 

3eeds several, "jp J> Often spiny. Leaves alternate, entire, often clustered. 

Flowers small, solitary or in pairs. 

L. Barbarnm L. Branches spiny, slender, pendulous or climbing ; leaves lanceo- 
late ; corolla greenish-purple, 5-parted ; calyx 3- or 4-toothed ; berries small, orange 
red. From Barbary. Planted for arbors, walls, &c. 



Order 96.— SOLANACE^E. 265 



- V 



2 L. Carolinianuni Mx. Branches rigid, spiny, upright ; ivs. fleshy, club-shaped, 
clustered ; flowers small, 4-parted, purple. Salt marshes, S. 3f. 

12. DATURA, L. Thorn Apple. Calyx large, tubular, inflated, de- 
ciduous, or spathe-form. Cor. funnel-form, limb plicate in bud, with 5 oi 
10 cuspidate angles. Sta. 5. Caps. 2-celled, 4-valved, cells 2-parted. ©^ 
Coarse, foetid, poisonous, with large, often handsome flowers. Fig. 168. 

§ Calyx deciduous, its base persistent. Flowers suberect. @.. .(a) 

a Limb of the corolla 5-toothed. Pods erect Nos. 1—3 

a Limb of the corolla 10-toothed. Pods drooping Nos. 4, 5 

§ Calyx persistent, splitting and spathaceous. Flowers erect. ® No. 6 

§ Calyx persistent, often splitting. Flowers pendulous. Tree-like Nos. 7 — 

1 I>. Stramonium L. Jimson Weed. Stem forked ; lvs. 'large, ovate, with unequal 

sides and angular teeth ; corolla cream-white, 2' long. Waste grounds. 3f. § 
0. Tdtula. Stem purple ; flowers bluish-white ; stem 3 — 4f. S. and W. § 

2 D. qtjebcifoeia. Leaves sinuate-pinnatifid ; flowers white, 5' broad. Mexico. 2f. 

3 I>. FASTtrdsA. Stem dark purple, with whitish, shining dots ; lvs. lance-ovate ; cor 

violet without, white within, single or double, 7' long. (T) Egypt. Splendid. 

4 I>. Metel. Villous-pubescent ; lvs. ovate ; flowers white, 4' broad. Mexico. 3 — 4f. 

5 I>. meteloides. Smoothish, slender; leaves ovate-oblong; flowers pure white oi 

tinged with blue, 5' broad. Very fine. From Mexico. 

6 D. CERATOCAUiA. Stem terete, thick, purple ; leaves lance-ovate ; corolla thrice 

longer (5—7') than the calyx, tube incurved, limb 10-toothed. Cuba. 

7 I>. akbobea. Leaves lance-ovate, downy; calyx spathaceous, entire ; corolla 8 — 10' 

long, white, green-veined ; anthers distinct. Peru. Flowers often double. 

8 I>. suaveolens. Leaves ovate-oblong, entire ; calyx 5-toothed ; corolla 9 — 12' long 

sweet-scented, white ; anthers cohering. Mexico. 

9 I>. san guinea, has flowers 8' long, limb red, tube yellow, with purple veins. Peru. 

13. NIOOTIANA, Tourn. Tobacco. Calyx urn-shaped, 5-toothed. 
Cor. funnel-form, 5-lobed. Sta. 5. Caps. 2-celled, 2-4-valved. (i) Coarse 
narcotics, with large, entire leaves and terminal fls. Jn. — Aug. Fig. 113. 

1 N. rustics L. Viscid-pubescent ; lvs. petiolate, ovate ; corolla tube cylindric, lobes 

round-obtuse, greenish-yellow. Weed in N. Y., &c. 1 — l^f. § 

2 N. Tabacum. Virginia T. Viscid-pubescent; leaves lanceolate, sessile and decur- 

rent ; corolla tube inflated in throat, lobes acute, rose-color. 4 — 6f. 

3 N. longiflora. Branches spreading ; upper leaves sessile, cordate-lanceolate ; flow- 

ers racemed, white-purple-yellow, tube slender, 4'. Hardy South. 

14. OESTRUM, L. Calyx often colored, 5-cleft. Cor. tabular-funnel- 
form, tube clavate, limb 5-cleft or 5-parted, plicate in bud. Sta. 5, included, 
adnate to cor. below. Style 1. Berry few-seeded. +> S. American, with 
entire leaves and brilliant flowers in clusters, fragrant. 

§ Habeothamnus. Corolla clavate, red or purple, limb suberect Nos. 1, 2 

§ Eucestkum. Corolla club-funnel-form, yellow-orange, limb spreading Nos. 3, 4 

1 C. elegans. Lvs. lance-ovate ; corolla purple, shining, 9"; calyx purple, 3". 5 — 6f. 

2 C fasciculatum. Lvs. broad-ovate ; corolla scarlet, 9" ; calyx reddened, 3". 5 — 6f. 

3 C. AUEANTiAcinvi. Leaves lance-ovate ; corolla tube inflated, orange-colored, h". 4f. 

4 C. Parqtji. Leaves narrow-lanceolate ; corolla dull yellow, 6", tube terete. 

15. FABIAN A imbricata, Ruiz & Pav., is a fine little shrub resembling 
a Tamarix, with small (6 // long) ovate leaves covering the numerous branches, and smal 
violet-white flowers, t Chili. 



266 Order 97.— GENTIANACE^E. 



Order XCVII. GENTIANACE^E. Gentianworts 

Herbs smooth, with a colorless, bitter juice, with entire, exstipulate 
leaves. Flowers regular, mostly centrifugal in inflorescence and convolute 
in the bud. Calyx persistent. Corolla withering, its lobes alternate with 
the stamens. Ovary free, 1-celled, with 2 more or less projecting parieta, 
placentas. Fruit a 2-valved, septicidal, oo-seeded capsule, rarely baccate 
Seeds with a minute, straight embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen. Fig 1 40 

I. GENTIANEiE. Corolla convolute (in No. 8 imbricate) in the bud. Leaves opposite. . .(b) 

II. MENYANTHE^E. Corolla valvate-induplicate in the bud. Leaves alternate or radical. ..(a) 

a Petals beardless or nearly so. Leaves simple, floating Limnanthemum. 1C 

a Petals bearded inside. Leaves trifoliate, erect Menyanthes. 9 

b Sepals only 2. Corolla 4-parted, tubular-campauulate Obolaria. 8 

b Sepals as many as the petals, more or less united. . .(c) 

c Corolla lobes furnished each with a spur in the middle of the back Halenia. 7 

c Corolla lobes furnished each with a large central gland Frasera. 6 

c Corolla lobes plain, without spurs or glands... (d) 

d Leaves reduced to scales. Corolla deeply 4-parted B artonia. 5 

d Leafy.— e Style none, stig. sessile. Corolla tubular.. Gentiana. 4 

— e Style present. — x Corolla tube longer than the limb Erythr^ia. 3 

—x Corolla tube shorter than the limb Eustoma. 2 

— x Corolla wheel-form, tube none S^bbatia. ] 

1. SABBATIA, Adams. American Centaury. Calyx 5-12-parted. 
Cor. rotate, 5-12-parted. Sta. 5 — 12, anth. soon recurved. Style 2-parted 
Caps. 1-celled. (T)(D Slender, with very beautiful flowers, in Summer. 

§ Lapith^ea. Corolla 7-12-(mostly 9-)parted, rose-red Nos. 1, 2 

§ Sabbatia proper. Corolla 5-(rarely 6-)parted. . .(a) 

Flowers white but ) — x paniculate or scattered Nos. 3, 4 

drying yellowish ' — x in a level-topped cyme. Branches opposite Nos. 5, 6 

a Flowers rose-red. — b Branches opposite Nos, 7, 8 

— b Branches alternate Nos. 9, 10 

1 S. cliloroid.es Ph. Simple or forked ; flowers 1 — 5, pedunculate, 20" ; petals ob- 

lanceolate, 10" ; sepals linear-spatulate, 6" ; leaves lanceolate to oblong. Wet 
grounds, Plymouth, Mass., E. I., and S. 1 — 2f. t 

2 S. gentiaiioid.es Ell. Strict, subsimple ; leaves linear, exceeding the internodes ; 

flowers sessile, 2-bracted, solitary, or several together; petals obovate, 10"; sepals 
lance-subulate, 4". Wet barrens, Ga., Fla., and W. 1— 2f. 
j3. Boykinii (Gray). Leaves lance-oblong, at least the lower. Ga. 

3 S. calycosa Ph. Eigid, divaricately-forked ; flowers few, distant ; sepals ob'anceo- 

late (5—8"), as long as the petals ; leaves oblong, 3-veined. Va., and S. If. 

4 S. paniculata Ph. Stem much branched, terete, with 4 thread-like ri%es • 

branches mostly opposite ; leaves small, oval, oblong to linear ; panicle diffuse; sc 
pals subulate, 3" ; petals 6". Low grounds, Va., and S. 1— 2f. 
£. JElliottii. Branches alternate ; leaves mostly linear: petals 7 or 8". 

5 S. lanceolata (Walt.) Corymb ously -branched and 4-angled above; leaves ovate 

to lanceolate, 3-5-veined ; flowers 6-parted, V broad. Barrens, N. J. to Fla. 2f. 

6 S. macropliylla Hook. Stem terete throughout, corymbed at top ; leaves erect, 

thick, ovate, acuminate, 3-5-veined; flowers small (£' broad). Fla., La. 

7 S. annularis Ph.. Stem with 4 winged angles, corymbous-panicled ; leaves ovate, 

5-veined, clasping ; flowers 15—18 ' broad, with a greenish star. Wet meadows, 
N. Y. to TU., and S. 10—18'. 

8 S. bracliiata Ell. Stem obtusely 4-angled, panicled ; leaves lance-linear to linear 



Order 97.— GENTIAJXACE^E. 267 

lowest ovate ; flowers 15", the star purple, bordered with green ; petals oblong-obo- 

vate, obtuse. Prairies, Ind. to Va., and S. If. 
8 S. gracilis Salisb. Very slender, diffuse ; leaves oblong to linear-filiform ; flowers 

distant; pet. elliptic, obtuse, 5" ; sep. filiform, 4". Wet, Mass. to Pla., and La. 2f. 
0. stellaris. Suberect, the flowers larger (13" broad), the star yellow. 
10 S. campestris. Low (6 — 10'), erect ; lvs. ovate to oblong; fls. few, 15" broad, che 

star yellow ; calyx tube 5-winged ; sepals as long as the broad petals. La. 

2. EUSTOMA, Don. Calyx 5- or 6-parted, with subulate segments. 
Cor. wheel-funnel-form, 5-6-parted. Sta. shorter than the style. — Herbs 
glaucous, with few large splendid blue flowers. 

1 E. Russellianum. Stem 1 — 2f, forked ; lvs. ovate, cuspidate, subconnate ; fls. long- 

stalked, expanding 3—4', petals oval. (I) Ark. (Mr. Robertson). 

2 E. exaltatum, taller, with flowers 2' broad, grows in S. Fla. (Chapman). 

3. ERYTHRiEA, Renealm. Calyx 5-4-parted, angular. Cor. funnel- 
form, 5-4-parted, tube slender. Anth. 5-4, exserted, spirally twisted. Style 
slender, (i) Stem squarish, 3 — 10'. Leaves connate at base. 

1 E. ramosissima, |3. Jfluhlenbirg-ii (Griseb.) Stem 1-3-times-forked into a loose 

cyme ; leaves ovate-oblong ; flowers pedicellate, bright purple, 4". L. Is. to Va. : rare. 

2 E. spicata Pers. Stem forking, erect ; leaves oval to lanceolate ; fls. sessile, 8", 

spicate on the long branches, rose-white. Nantucket to Md. § Europe. 

3 E. Centaiirium Pers. Erect; lvs. oblong, acutish at each end; flowers subses- 

sile in the loosely corymbed cymes, rose-purple, 6". Oswego, N. Y. August. § 

4. GENTIANA, Tourn. Gentian. Calyx 5- or 4-parted or entire. 
Cor. tubular, limb 5- or 4-cleft, closed or open. Sta. 5 or 4. Stig. 2, style 
or very short. Capsule oblong, 1-celled, seeds numerous and minute. — 
Herbs with showy flowers in August to October. 

§ Fls. 4-parted, fringed, sky-blue ; no crown or folds. © Nos. 1, „ 

§ Fls. 5-parted, blue, pedicellate, clustered ; no fringe or folds. © No. 3 

§ Fls. 5-parted, corolla with folded appendages between the lobes. 71 .. .(a) 

a Flower solitary, terminal, somewhat stalked. Leaves linear No. 4 

a Flowers clustered, sessile,— b ochroleucous or whitish Nos. 5, 6 

— b blue ; the corolla always closed No. 1 

— b blue ; the corolla open or expanding. . .Nos. 8 — 1C 

1 G. crinita Froel. Fringed Q. Stem and branches erect ; leaves lanceolate, acute ; 

petals obovate, finely fringed at margin. ® Moist soils, Can. to Ga., and W. If. A 
beautiful and interesting plant. 

2 G. detonsa L. Stem and few branches strict ; leaves lance-linear ; flowers solitary, 

long-stalked, petals crenate-ciliate. © N. Y. to Wis. If. 

3 G. quinqueflora L. St. 4-angled ; lvs. ovate to lanceolate, acute ; fls. 7—8", pedi- 

cellate, clustered ; sepals subulate, very short, or (in |3. parriflbra) lance-linear, 4' ; 

corolla segments bristle-pointed. © Fields and woods. If. 
1 G. aiigustifolia Mx. Slender, erect ; fl. 18 — 20" long ; lvs. linear ; sepals linear, 

7 — 10" ; corolla blue, lobes ovate, the cleft folds much shorter. N. J. to Fla. If. 
/3. viridiUbram Flower nearly sessile, 15", greenish white, folds very short. S. 
5 G. ochroleuca Froel. Lvs. smoothish, oval to elliptical, acutish both ends ; calyx 

segments lance-linear, nearly equalling the 20" corolla. Pa. (Prof. Porter) to Fla. It 
8 G. alba Muhl. Very smooth, stout ; lvs. lanceolate, the broad base clasping ; fla 

2' long, calyx segments ovate, very short. Woode, prairies, M. and W. 11 — 2f. 
,7 G» Andre wsii Griseb. Closed Blue G. Simple, smooth : leaves oval-lanceolate 



268 Order 97.— GENTIANACE^E. 

cluster dense, terminal; calyx segments ovate-oblong, 3 — 4"; corolla 18", Inflated, 
never opening, folds as long as segments. Woods, N. Eng. to Fla. 2f. 

8 Cr. Saponaria L. Subsimple, stout, smooth ; leaves oblanceolate to lance-oblong, 

3-veined ; calyx segments linear, 6— 8" ; corolla 2', folds much shorter than the open 
erect lobes. N. J., Pa., to HI., and S. 2f. Leaves 2—3'. 

9 G. linearis "Wood. Simple, slender ; lvs. lance-linear to linear, l-(rarely 3-)veined; 

calyx segments subulate, 4 — 1" ; corolla folds subentire, much shorter than the erect 
or spreading lobes. N. Eng. (rare) to Iowa and Ky. 1 — l£f. July — Sept. 

10 G. pnberu'la Mx. Slender, rough or puberulent ; leaves 1', oval to ovate, very 
rough-edged, clasping, acute ; calyx segm. lanceolate, 5" ; corolla subcampanulate, 
15". lobes very acute, folds short, cleft. Prairies, W. and S. 9— 18'. 

5. BARTONIA, Mulil. Screw-stem. Fls. 4-parted, persistent. Cor. 
subcampanulate, pet. slightly united. Stig. thick, some bifid. Sds. very oc 
and minute. U Slender, erect, with scale-like lvs. and small white fls. 

1 B. verna Muhl. Low, simple, 3—5', clustered ; ped. 1-ftowered, petals 3", oblong, 

obtuse, sepals 1", acute. Bogs and barrens, Va. to Fla. March. 

2 B. tenella Muhl. Branched above, very slender, 5 — 12' ; ped. opposite, erect, sub- 

equal, 4" ; petals pointed, 1", sepals nearly as long. Wet. Mass. to Fla. August 
/3. brachiata. Pedicels bent outward and upward, some alternate. S. 

6. FRASERA, Walt. Columbo. Fls. mostly 4-parted. Pet. united 
at base, oval, spreading, each with 1 or 2 bearded glands in the middle. 
Sty. 1, stig. 2, distinct. Caps, compressed, i-celled. Seeds few, large, ellip- 
tic, margined, if Showy and tall, with opposite or verticillate leaves. 

F. Caroiinensis Walt. Smooth, 4 — 9f high 1 paniculate above ; lvs. oblong, sessile, 
in 4's — 6's ; petals greenish with blue dots, and a large purple gland. Rich soils, 
N. Y., S. and W. A stately plant, and a good tonic. June, July. 

7. HALENIA, Borkh. Felwort. Flowers 4-parted, broad bell-form. 

Each petal prolonged at base into a spur, which is glandular at the end 

Stigmas 2, sessile. — Flowers panicled. 

H. deflexa Griseb. Erect, branched, lower leaves oblanceolate, upper lance-ovate, 
3-5-veined ; spurs slender, curved outward, half as long as the 4" greenish-yellow 
petals. @ N. Eng. (rare) to Wis. 18'. August. 

8. OBOLARIA, L. Pennywort. Calyx of 2 wedge-oblong sepals. 

Corolla tube-bell-form, 4-cleft. Sta. on the corolla. Stigma sessile, bifid. 

Seeds oo, veiy minute. U Flowers sessile, pale. 

O Virginica L.— Woods, N. J., W. and S. Stem 4— 8 / , subsimple. Leaves roundish, 
sessile, thick, crowded above, sepals similar. April, May. 

9. MENYANTHES, Tourn. Buck Bean. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. rotate 

or funnel-form, limb spreading, 5-lobed, villous within, no glands at the 

base. Stamens 5. Style 1, stigma bifid. Capsule 1-celled. — Bitter herbs, 

actively medicinal. Leaves trifoliate, nearly radical. 

HI. trifoliata L.— In muddy places, Penn. to Cal., and N. 8—12'. Petioles long and 
round. Scapes bearing racemes of handsome, flesh-colored flowers. May. 

10. LIMNANTHEMUM, Gmel. Floating Heart. Cal. 5-parted 
Cor. rotate, each seg with a glandular scale at base. Sty. short or 0, stig 



Order 99.— APOCYNACE^E. 269 

2-lobed. Caps, opening by decay. £? Stagnant water. Pet. long, bearing an 
umbel of small white fls. below the roundish leaf-blade, also oblong tubers. 

1 L, lacuiiosum Griseb. Leaves small (1 — 20, smooth, round-reniform ; seeds 

smooth and shining. N. Eng. to Fla. (Villarsia lacunosa Vent.) 

2 L.. trachyspermum Gray. Lvs. large (3 — 50, dotted and pitted beneath; seeds 

murieate about the margins. Md. to Fla. and La. (Menyanthes, Mx.) 

Order XCYIII. LOGANIACE^E. 

Herds or shrubs with opposite leaves, stipules between the petioles or at 
least a ridge, and with 4- or 5-parted regular gamopetalous flowers. Ovary 
superior, stigmas as many as the cells. Fruit a 2-celled capsule, or a 1-2- 
seeded drupe. Seeds winged or peltate, with albumen. Fig. 47. 

* Delicate, twining shrubs, with large yellow flowers. S Gelsemium. 1 

* Low herbs. — x Flowers scarlet, tubular, with one style Spigelia. 2 

— x Flowers small, white, 5-parted, in 1-sided racemes Mitreola. • 3 

— x Flowers small, white, 4-parted, in axillary cymes Polypremum. 4 

1. G-ELSEMIUM. Juss. Yellow Jessamine. Cor. bell-funnel-form 

with 5 short rounded lobes. Sta. 5, now longer and now shorter than the 

style (dimorplious). Caps, flattened, twin, cells each with 4 — 6 winged sds 

*> Yery slender, with numerous flowers. The stipules a mere ridge. 

G. seinpervirens Ait.— Woods and banks, Va., and S., overrunning bushes and low 
trees. Leaves thick, shining, lanceolate. Flowers V. March — May. 

2. SPIGELIA, L. Pink-root. Calyx seg. linear-subulate Cor. nai- 

rowly funnel-form, limb 5-cleft. Anth. 5, convergent. Caps, twin-lobed, 

few-seeded. — Herbs, with the flowers sessile in terminal spikes. Fig. 47. 

S. Marilandica L. Stem square, erect, simple; leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate; 
spike scorpoid, uncoiling as the 3 — 8 handsome flowers expand ; corolla 1$ — 2' long 
% Thickets, Pa. to HI., and S. June. Medicinal. 

3. MITREOLA, L. Corolla tubular, short, 5-cleft, hairy in the throat. 
Sta. 5, included. Ovary 2-celled, styles 2, united only at top with 1 stigma. 
Capsule 2-horned, go -seeded. (5) Flowers in several scorpoid spikes at 
top of a long terminal peduncle. June — August. 

1 M. petiolata T. & G. Branching ; leaves ovate to lanceolate, tapering at base to 

a petiole ; raceme loose-flowered. Va., and S. 1 — 2f. 

2 OT. sessilifolia T. & G. Nearly simple ; leaves oval to elliptical, sessile, shorte/ 

than the internodes ; raceme close-flowered. S. C. to Fla. 10 — 18'. 

4. POLYPREMUM, L. Calyx seg. 4, subulate. Corolla broad bell 
form, lobes a little unequal, obtuse, throat bearded. Stamens 4, included 
Stigma subsessile. Capsule ovoid. ® Smooth, diffusely branched from 
base, with linear-subulate leaves. Flowers sessile. 

P. proc ikiiibens L.— Dry fields, Va., and S. 6—12'. In dense patches. May— Sept. 

Order XCIX. APOCYNACE^E. Dog-banes. 
Plant with an acrid, milky juice, entire, exstipulate, mostly opposite lvs 



270 Order 99.— APOCYNACE^E. 

Flowers 5-parted, regular, the calyx persistent, the corolla twisted in aesti. 
vation. Stamens 5, with distinct filaments, anthers filled with granular pol- 
len. Ovaries 2, distinct, but their stigmas blended into a head-shaped mass 
Fruit 1 — 2 follicles, or capsular or baccate, with albuminous seeds. 

% Herbs erect, native. — a Corolla bell-form, whitisb. Leaves opposite Apocynum. 1 

— a Corolla salver-form, blue. Leaves alternate Amsonia. 2 

§ Shrubs twining.— 6 Native. Flowers small, yellowish Porstekonia. 3 

§ Half-shrubby, cultivated, trailing or erect. Corolla wide-spread Vinca. 4 

§ Shrubs twining. — 6 Cultivated. Flowers large, white Echites. 5 

% Shrubs erect. — c Leaves opposite or in 4's, Corolla yellow Allamanda. 6 

— c Leaves opposite or in 3's. Corolla roseate Nerium. 7 

— c Leaves alternate. Flowers 3". Fruit a drupe. S. Fla Vallesia. 

1. APOCYNUM, Tourn. Dog's-bane. Cor. bell-form with short lobes. 
Sta. included, alternating with 5 glandular teeth on the base of the corolla. 
Ovaries 2. Stigma connate. Follicles slender, distinct. Seeds coinous. U 
Leaves entire, mucronate, opposite. Flowers pale, in cymes, June — Aug. 

1 A. androssemifolium L. Leaves ovate ; cymes terminal and lateral ; cor. 3", 

with red stripes, tube longer than the calyx, lobes spreading. Hedges and fields. 3f. 
A handsome plant, smooth or downy. 

2 A. caiina bin run L. Leaves oval to lance-oblong, often downy beneath ; cymes 

terminal; corolla 1", tube not longer than the calyx, lobes erect. In shades. 2 — 4f 
Pods W long. (A. hypericifolium Ait.) 

2. AMSONIA, Walt. Calyx segment pointed. Cor. tube hispid, fun- 
nel-form, limb in 5 linear segments twisted in bud. Style 1. Ovaries 2, 
connate at base, follicles 2, erect, slender. Seeds not comous. U Leaves 
alternate, entire. Clusters terminal, blue. 

1 A. Tabernseinontana Walt. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; sepals lance- 

acuminate ; corolla 8", livid blue. Damp grounds, W. and S. 2f. May, June.— 
Varies with leaves lance-elliptic, and sepals acute. 

2 A. ciliata Walt. Leaves more or less crowded, linear or filiform, the margins cili- 

ate ; cluster long-stalked, corymbed, or soon panicled ; corolla glabrous outside. 
Sands, S. : common. 1— 2f. April, May. 

3. FORSTERONIA, Meyer. Corolla funnel-form, deeply 5-cleft, twisted 

in bud. Anthers adherent to the stigma. Stigma 2-lobed. Follicles 2, 

spreading, seeds comous. "£ Leaves opposite. 

F. diflormis DC. Climbing; leaves round-oval to lance-oval, cuspidate-pointed; 
cymes axillary and terminal, stalked ; calyx segments ovate, long-pointed ; corolla 
3 — 4", pale yellow. Swamps, Va., and S. May— August. 

4. VINOA, L. Periwinkle. Cor. funnel- or salver-form, convolute, 
witt tl e 5 lobes oblique, orifice 5-angled. Two glands at base of the ovaiy. 
Follicles 2, erect, slender. [^ £> Lvs. opposite. Flowers solitary, axillary. 

1 V, minor. Procumfoent ; weaves elliptic-lanceolate, not ciliate ; sepals lanceolate ; 

flowers scentless, violet, purple, or white. May, June. Europe. 

2 V. major. Decumbent ; leaves ovate, ciliate at edges ; sepals long, bristle-pointed. 

In shades, forming loose masses, leaves often silver-edged. Europe. 
21 V. rosea. Erect, soft-downy; leaves oval, obtuse; flowers large, roseate, often 
white or white-edged, perpetual. From Madagascar. 



Order 100.— ASCLEPLADACE^E. 



271 



5. ECHITES, Br. Cor. funnel- or salver-form, not appendaged, lobes 
convolute, bearing the subsessile anthers in the throat ; 5 glands at base of 
ovaries. Foil. 2, slender. Sds. comous. £ J> Lvs. opp. (Mandevilla, Lindl.) 

E. suaveolens. Climbing ; leaves cordate-ovate, acuminate, shorter than the axillary 

or terminal racemes ; flowers fragrant, 2'. S. America. 
E. umbellata Jacq. and E. Andrews!! Chapm. are indigenous in S. Fla. 

6. ALLAMANDA cathartica. Shrub from Guyana, with slender 
oranches, oblong thin-pointed leaves, and bright-yellow flowers 2-J — 3'. Cor. funnel-bell- 
form, lobes 5, rounded, throat appendaged. Ova. 1, becoming a prickly, 1-celled capsule. 

7. NERIUM, L. Oleander. Corolla salver-form, convolute, throat 
crowned with 5 cleft scales. Anth. arrow-shaped, tipped with a long hairy 
bristle. 5 Lvs. lanceolate, acute both ways, thick and leathery, in 2's or 3's. 

1 N. Oleander. Leaves lanceolate ; scales of the crown each of 3 or 4 pointed unequl 
teeth ; fls. clustered, inodorous, often double, 2'. Palestine. 5— lOf, very handsome. 

SJ N. odorum. Leaves linear-lanceolate ; scales of the crown each 4-7-cleft ; appenda- 
ges of the anthers exserted ; flowers fragrant. India. 



Order C. ASCLEPIADACE^E. Asclepiads. 

Plants (chiefly herbs in the United States) with a milky juice, often 

twining. Leaves opposite (rarely whorled 
or scattered), without stipules, entire. 
Flowers generally umbellate, 5-parted, re- 
gular, the sepals and also the petals united 
at base, both valvate in aestivation. Sta- 
mens united, adherent to and covering 
the fleshy mass of the two united stig- 
mas. Pollen cohering in masses. Ovaries 
2, forming follicles in fruit. 




Fig. 530.— 1. Asclepias cornuti. 2. A flower, the 
petals and sepals reflexed, and the corona erect. 
3. One of the segments of the corona with the 
horn bent inwardly. 4. A pair of pollen masses 
suspended from the glands. 5. A mature follicle. 
6. Vertical section of P. pbytolaccoides showing 
the two ovaries. 7. Lobe and horn of the corona 



§ Stems erect, leafy, herbaceous... (a) 
§ Stems climbing, often shrubby . . (c) 
§ Stems low, leaves fleshy, all radical. . .Stapelia. 

a A little horn in each hood of the crown. Petals reflexed Asclepias. 

a No horns in the cr iwn.— b Petals reflexed or spreading Acerates. 

—b Petals erect Podostigma. 

c Corolla salver-form, white, the crown in the bottom of the tube Stephanotis. 

c Corolla wheel-form, flattish, the lobes spreading. . .(n) 

c Corolla segments erect, crown 5-leavcd,— d each leaflet 2-awned Enslekia. 

— d leaflets awnl&ss Metastelma. 



^72 Order 100.— ASCLEPIADACE^E. 

n Crown double, the outer a ring, the inner 5-leaved. S. Fla Sakcostemma. 

n Crown simple,— vc deeply 5-parted. Leaves linear Seutera. \ 

— x of 5 awned scales. Leaves ovate Periploca. -j 

— x a ring 5-10-lobed, or merely wavy. . .(y) 

y Anther slits vertical, pollinia pendulous. Leaves thin Vincetoxicum. 7 

y Anther slits horizontal, pollinia spreading. Leaves cordate Gonolobus. 8 

y Anther slits vertical, pollinia erect. Leaves thick Hoya. 11 

1. ASCLEPIAS, L. Milk-weed. Silk-weed. Calyx and cor. segm. 
soon reflexed. Staininal crown of 5 distinct hoods (cucullate leaflets), each 
w ith a little curved horn from within. Anth. consolidated with the stig., 
forming a 5-angled truncate mass (antheridium), opening by 5 chinks. 
Pollen masses (pollinia) 5 pairs, hanging vertically by a pedicel from a cleft 
gland. Follicles 2, lance-shaped, seeds comous. if Erect, with the flow- 
ers in simple umbels which are between the petioles or terminal. Jn. — Aug. 

* Flowers whitish, greenish, or purple in various shades. . . (a) 

* Flowers orange-colored or scarlet. Leaves narrowly lanceolate Nos. 15—17 

a Leaves ovate to lanceolate, narrowed to a petiole . ..(b) 

a Leaves ovate-oblong to cordate, sessile or clasping Nos. 12—14 

a Leaves linear, very narrow. . .(x) 

b Both crown and corolla greenish-purple. Pods woolly-spiny Nos. 1, 2 

b Both crown and corolla pure purple. Pods smooth Nos. 3, 4 

b Crown white ; corolla white tinged with pink. Flowers small Nos. 5—7 

b Crown white ; corolla greenish-white. — c Umbels pedunculate Nos. 8, 9 

— c Umbels subsessile. S Nos. 10, 11 

x Leaves all opposite, or rarely the highest alternate Nos. 18, 19 

x Leaves mostly verticillate or scattered. Flowers greenish Nos. 20, 21 

1 A. Corn uti Dcsn. Leaves oblong-ovate, downy beneath, acutish at base and short- 

stalked, longer than the many-flowered umbels ; hoods ovate ; horns acute. Road 
sides and hedges. 2 — 4f. Leaves 5—8'. Flowers 6' / . 

2 A. SuJliva ittii Eng. Leaves ovate-oblong, smooth both sides, nearly sessile , 

hoods obovate ; horns blunt ; flowers 9". Ohio to 111. July. 

3 A. purpurascens L. Simple; leaves ovate to elliptical, acnte mucronate ; um 

bels subsolitary. terminal ; peduncle 1 — 2'; pedicels 1'; horns horizontal. N. Eng 
to N. Car., and W. 3 — 4f. Flowers large (6"), dark purple. Hoods lance-ovate. 

4 A. incarnata L. Branching above ; leaves lanceolate ; umbels many or few, some 

what panicled ; flowers small (3") ; ped. j — 2'. Wet places. 3 — 5f: common. 
|8. puic.hr a. Hairy ; leaves lance-oblong or -ovate. Very handsome, t 

5 A. ovalifolia Dcsn. Low, downy; lvs. ovate, acutish; umbels subsessile, 10-15- 

flwd. ; pet. oval ; hoods yellowish, obtuse, longer than the horns. W. (A. Vaseyi C-B.) 

6 A. perennis Walt. Branched at base, half-shrubby, smooth; leaves thin, lanceo- 

late, pointed both ways, long-stalked, exceeding the small white umbels ; hoods 
shorter than the horns. Low grounds. W. and S. 2f. (A. parviflora C-B.) 

7 A. quadrifolia Ph. Simple, smooth ; leaves ovate, acuminate, some of them in 

whorls of 4; umbels few, loose-flowered, long-stalked. Dry woods. 2f. 

8 A. variegata L. Simple, smoothish ; leaves oval to lance-oval, short-pointed, 

acute at base ; umbels densely OC-flowered. small 0/ — 18" diam.) ; hoods orbicular. 
/3. nivta, Lvs. elliptical, pointed both ways ; umb. 10-15-flwd. N. J., W. & S. 1 — 3f. 
A. pliytolaccoid.es Ph. Tall, simple ; leaves broadly ovate, pointed both ways, 

glaucous ; umbels lateral, with about 20 drooping fls. ; peduncles and pedicels 1 — 3' 

long; hoods truncate, with 4 unequal teeth; horns esserted. Damp shades. 4 — 5f. 
10 A. toinentosa Ell. Woolly, stout ; leaves lance-oblong, wavy, cuspidate ; umbelg 

lateral, with many laree flower? : hoods obovate. truncate. Barrens. S 






Order 100.— ASCLEPIADACE^E. 273 

1 1 A. obovata Ell. Tomentous ; leaves obovate, obtuse, mucronate ; umbels 10-14 
flowered, lateral ; fls. large, yellowish-green : hoods elongated. Gravels, Ga., Fla. 

12 A. rubra L. Simple, glabrous; lvs. ovate, long and acutely pointed, subsessile; 
umbels panicled above, few ; flowers red-purple ; boods acute, some longer tban the 
slender exserted horns. Barrens, N. J., and S. 2— 3f. Leaves 3 — 5'. 

1 3 A. obtusifolia Mx. Simple, smooth ; leaves oblong to oblong-ovate, subcordate, 
obtuse-mucronate ; umbels 1 — 3, terminal, pedunculate, 15-25-flowered ; hoods tiun 
cate, shorter than the sickle-shaped horn ; flowers 6", red-green. M., W., S. 3f. 

I 1 A. amplexicaulis Mx. Simple, flexuous, glaucous; lvs. ovate, cordate-clasp- 
ing, obtuse, not mucronate ; ped. lateral and terminal, with 00 dull-purplish flow- 
ers ; pedicels slender ; hoods ovate, including the horns. Copses, S. 1 — 2f. 

15 A. tuberosa L. Butterfly-weed. Stem ascending, hairy, umbellate branched; 
leaves sessile, alternate, lance-oblong ; umbels many, erect ; flowers bright orange- 
red ; hoods oblong ; horns suberect. Dry fields. Root tuberous. Stem 2f. t 

16 A. paupercula Mx. Smooth and virga'ce ; leaves linear and oblong-linear, 4 — 6' 
long ; umbels with few large yellow-red flowers at the naked summit. N. J., and S. 

1 7 A. Curassavica L. Half-shrubby and branching at base ; branches terete, leafy 
to the top ; leaves lance-linear ; umbels with few large scarlet flowers. S. Fla. Cult. 

I 8 A. cinerea Walt. Stem wiry, simple, naked above ; leaves linear-filiform, 1 — W y 
erect ; umbels terminal, several, bracteolate, 3-5-flowered ; peduncles 4— 6" ; pedi- 
cels 6— 8" ; corolla ashy-purple, 3— 4". Damp barrens, S. C. to Fla. 2— 3f. 

1 9 A . viridula Chapm. Stem and leaves as in No. 18 ; umbels 6-12-flowered, yellow- 
ish green, shorter than the leaves. Fla. 

20 A. Micnauxii Dcsn. Stems diffuse; leaves linear, 3 — 4', scattered; umbels 00- 
flowered, often panicled, mostly shorter than the lvs. ; fls. 3", fragrant. Sands, S. If. 

21 A. verticillata Ell. Simple, slender, erect; leaves linear, very narrow, generally 
verticillate / umbels small, many, lateral, 1' diameter, pedunculate. Swamps. 21. 

2. ACER ATE S, Ell. Hoods of the crown destitute of a horn. Other 

wise nearly as in Asclepias. if Flowers greenish. June — August. 

§ Acerates proper. Umb. lateral ; pet. reflexed ; crown adnate to anth. . .Nos. 1 — 3 
§ Ananthekix. Umbels terminal ; pet. spreading ; crown free from anth. .Nos. 4. 5 

1 A. viridiflora Ell. Stout, whitish-downy ; leaves thick, oval, obtuse, petiolate, 

varying to elliptic-lanceolate, or even to orbicular (Ga., Prof. Pond) ; umbels small, 
dense, subsessile. Sands. 2f. Leaves exceedingly variable. 

2 A. long'ifolia Ell. Rough-puberulent, simple ; leaves alternate, lance-linear to 

linear ; umbels lateral, pedunculate, densely many-flowered ; flowers small, 3", crown 
stipitate. Prairies, W. 2 — 3f. Peduncles 1'. 

3 A. lanuginosa Dcsn. Low, stout, hairy; leaves lanceolate; umbel 1, on the 

naked summit of the stem, dense ; crown sessile. Prairies, Wis. If. 

4 A. conni vens Dcsn. Strict, half-shrubby ; leaves oval-oblong ; umbels 7-12-flwd., 

along the naked summit of the stem ; pet. 5", oval, with a short cusp ; hoods conni- 
vent over the anthers. Barrens, Ga., Fla. 2f, Leaves 20— 30". 

5 A. paniculata Desfn. St. angular ; lvs. lance-oblong, obtuse; umbels clustered 

at the leafy top, 5-9-flowered ; pet. large, half-erect, 7" ; pods glabrous, seeds with 
long silky tufts. Ga. to 111. and Kan. (Rev. J. H. Carruth.) 

3. PODOSTIGMA, Ell. Cor. seg. 5, erect, oblong. Crown stipitate, 

hoods without horns. Follicles 2, long, slender, smooth. % Low and 

simple, with opposite leaves and supra-axillary few-flowered umbels. 

P. pubescens Ell.— Wet grounds, S. A curious plant, with linear-oblong leaves and 
3—5 umbels of yellowish-green flowers, in May, June. If. 

4. ENSLENIA, Nutt. Cor. 5-parted, segments erect ; hoods or scales 

18 



274 Order 100.— ASCLTPIADACE^E. 

of the crown 5, free, each terminated by 2 filiform, flexuous lobes. Pol 
linia oblong, pendulous. Stig. 5-angled, conical. Follicles cylindraceous, 
smooth. !? A twining herb, with opposite, cordate leaves, and cream - 
white flowers in small lateral corymbs. 
E. albida N.— W. and S. : common. 6 — lOf. Clusters 5-8-flwd., fragrant. July, Ang. 

5. METASTELMA, Br. Cor. somewhat bell-form, segments incurved 

at apex. Crown of 5 distinct scales. Stigma flat. Pods smooth, slender, 

seeds comous. "£> Lvs. cuspidate, smooth. Umb. of few small flowers, 

in. Fraseri Dcsn. Leaves oval; umbels sessile; pet. ovate, ciliate, as ong as the 

linear crown-scales. In Carolina (Fraser, in DC). 
ML. Sclilectendalilii and other species grow in S. Fla. (Dr. Chapman.) 

6. SEUTERA, Reich. Sepals 5, lanceolate. Cor. rotate, segm. acute. 

Crown on the base of the sessile anthers, of 5 retuse segments. Pollinia 

ovoid, pendulous. Stigma bifid. Pods smooth, seeds comous. j? Leaves 

linear, fleshy. Umbels few-flowered. 

S. muritima Dcsn.— Salt marshes, S., twining on the rushes, &c. Leaves opposite. 
1'. Umbels 7-10-flowered. Pet. greenish, crown short, white. June — October. 

7. VINCETOXICUM, Mcench. Calyx and cor. 5-parted, wheel-form. 
Crown a fleshy, 5-10-lobed disk. Anth. tipped with a membrane. Pollinia 
and fruit as in Asclepias. U J? Flowers small, in dense clusters. 

I V. nigrum Moench. Herb somewhat twining, with lance-ovate, attenuately-acute 
leaves and small blackish clusters in the axils. Gardens and fields : rare. 

"I V. scoparium (N.) Shrubby at base, much branched ; leaves thin, linear, V ; clus 
ters short-stalked, downy, with few green flowers ; pods slender, V. Fla. 

8. GONOLOBU8, Mx. Corolla subrotate, 5-parted, convolute in bud. 
Crown a small, fleshy, undulate-lobed ring, attached to the throat of the 
corolla. Anth. opening transversely beneath the stigma. Pollinia 5 pairs, 
horizontal. Pods turgid, seeds comous. "£> Leaves cordate. Umbels few- 
flowered, short, extra-axillary. Flowers brownish. 

* Gonolobus proper. Cor. rotate, flat, lobes linear to oblong, smoothish. . .Nos. 1—3 

* Chthamalia. Corolla bell-form, small (woolly), lobes ovate, \" long No. 4 

1 G. macrophyllus (and lsevis) Mx Smooth, or with minute down and scattered 

hairs ; leaves short-pointed, base-lobes open ; umbels 5-flowered, buds conic-pointed ; 
pet. linear-subulate, 4" ; pod smooth, ribbed. Shady banks, Va. to Ky., and S. 3— 5f. 

2 G. obliquus Br. Hirsute with spreading, unequal hairs ; leaves acuminate, base- 

kices closed and some oblique ; umbels 2-5-flowered, buds oblong, pet. linear-oblong 

6" ; pod muricate, ribless. Banks, O. to Pa. and Ga. 3 — 5f. 
I G. hJrsutus Mx. Hirsute; leaves acuminate; umbels 5-8- flowered, buds ovoid. 

petals oblong, 3", yellow, downy ; pod muricate. Woods, South. 4 — Sf. 
4 G. prostratus Ell. Branches from base, prostrate, 6 — 12'; leaves small (1'), reni- 

form-cordate ; umbels sessile, 3-5-flowered ; corolla segments ovate, I", veiy woolly 

inside, dark purple. Sands, Ga. (Dr. Feay). (Chthamalia pubera Dcsn.) 

9. PERIPLOOA, L. Cor. rotate, flat, 5-parted. Crown 5-cleft, tipped 
with 5 filiform awns. Filaments distinct, anthers cohering. Pollinia 5, 
each 4-lobed, single. Follicles 2, smooth, divaricate. Seeds comous. *? 



Outran 101.— uLEACftM. 275 

1*. Orseca L. Leaves ovate, acuminate, 3 — V; flowers panicled on a long peduncle; 
petals very hairy, linear, obtuse, purple. Gardens, &c. 10— 15f. August. § 

10. STEPHANOTIS, Pet.-Th. Sepals distinct. Cor. salver-form, limb 
5-lobed, convolute in bud, tube including the 5-leaved crown in its en- 
larged base. "J? Leaves thick, veiy smooth. 

S. floribunda. Leaves oval ; flowers 5—8 on each peduncle, white and fragrant, tube 1*, 
limb L}' broad. Greenhouse plant, from Madagascar. 

11. HOYA, Br. Wax-plant. Sepals 5. Corolla rotate, flat, valvate in 
bud. Crown of 5 depressed, spreading segm. Pollinia fixed by the base 
connivent. Pods smooth, seeds comous. "£> Smooth, fleshy. 

H. carnosa. Brancldets puberulent; leaves oval-oblong; flowers in dense umbels, 
pink-colored, wax-like. Greenhouse plant, from E. India. 

12. STAPELIAj L. Carrion-flower. Calyx 5-parted. Cor. rotate, 

fleshy, 5-cleft. Crown double, of 2 rings entire or lobed. Pollinia eeect 

Pods erect, smooth. — Fleshy, leafless, cactus-like plants, from S. Africa, 

with large, dark-red fo&tid flowers, in the greenhouse. 

S. htrsuta, with erect, dull-green 4-sided branches, toothed on the angles, and flowers 
3—4' broad, with purple, ciliate, lance-ovate petals. 

Order CI. OLEACE^E. Oliveworts. 

Trees and shrubs, with opposite, simple or compound leaves, and regula? 
4^8-parted diandrous flowers. Corolla rarely wanting, its divisions mon 
in number than the stamens. Ovary free, 2-celled, with 2 (rarely 1 or oo 
ovules in each cell. Fig. 16. 

[. JASMINE^E. Corolla 5-8-parted. Ovary cells each with 1 eroct ovulo Jasminuh. 1 

II OLEACE.33 proper. Corolla valvate, 4-parted or 0. Ovary cells 2- or 00 -ovaled. . .(*) 

* Flowers perfect, corolla present. Leaves simple... (a) 

* Flowers imperfect, inconspicuous, often apetalous...(c) 

o Flowers yellow. Ovary with many ovules in each cell Forstthia. 2 

a Flowers white, or lilac. Ovary cells 2-ovuled. ..QA 

b Stamens exserted. Fruit a fleshy drupe or berry OlbA. 3 

b Stamens included. — x Corolla salver*form, tube longer than lobes Sybctga. 4 

— x Corolla funnel-form, tube shorter than lobes Ligustrum. 5 

—x Corolla lobes long, linear, drooping Chionanthus. 6 

c Leaves simple. Corolla 0. Fruit a fleshy drupe Fokestiera. 7 

e Leaves pinnate. Corolla 0, or present. Fruit a winged samara Fraxinus. S 

1. JASMINUM, L. Jessamine. Calyx 5-8-lobed. Cor. salver-form, 
limb 5-8-cleft, convolute in bud. Sta. included. Berry double, 2-seeded. 
"£ J) Petioles jointed. 

§ Leaves opposite, unifoliate. Flowers white, 8-10-parted Nos. 1, 9 

§ Leaves opposite, 3-9- foliate. Flowers white, 5-parted Nos. 3—5 

§ Leaves alternate, 3-7-foliate. Flowers yellow, 5-parted Nos. 6, 1 

1 J. SajCBAc. Scarcely climbing ; leaves ovate ; petals 8, rounded, fragrant. India. 

2 J. LAURiFOLixrM. Climbing ; leaves lanceolate ; pet. 9 or 10, linear, fragrant. India. 

3 J. Azoricum. Diffuse ; leaflets 3, ovate, shining ; flowers very fragrant. Azores. 

4 J", officinale. Climbing; lfts. 7, lanceolate ; sep. linear, equaLing cor. tube. Aeia 



"216 Order 101.— OLEACE^l. 

5 J. grandiflorum. Climbing ; leaflets 9, oval, some confluent, the odd one pointed , 

sepals thrice shorter than the corolla tube ; petals oval. India. 

6 J", revolutum. Not climbing ; lfts. ovate, pointed; pet. roundish, recurved. Asia. 
T J» odoratissimum. Climbing ; lfts. oval, obtuse ; fls. less fragrant than No. 6. Azores 

2. FORSYTHIA, Vahl. Calyx very short, deciduous. Cor. subcain- 
panulate, lobes long, twisted in bud. Sta. inserted in the base of the tube, 
included. Seeds oo in the 2-celled pod. +) Leaves opposite or in o's, ap- 
pearing after the yellow flowers. 

1 F. vrRioissiMA. Branches erect, strict, covered with flowers in early Spring, eacli 

flower separate, pedicellate, lateral ; leaves lanceolate. China. 

2 F. suspensa. Branches weak, pendulous ; leaves ovate ; flowers scattered. Japan. 

3. SYRINGA, L. Lilac. Calyx small, persistent, many times shorter 
than the tube of the salver-form corolla. Sta. included. Pod 2-celled, 
valves bearing the septum in the middle, seeds 4. J) Leaves opposite. 

1 S. vulgaris. Common. L. Leaves cordate-ovate, entire, glabrous ; flowers lilac to 

lilac-purple, in a dense thyrse, very fragrant. A beautiful shrub, from Hungary ; vary- 
ing with flowers bluish, or white. April — June. 

2 S. Persica. Persian L. Leaves lanceolate, acute, smooth, often pinnately cleft; 

thyrse loose, smahVr, white, or lilac-blue. Persia. 

3 S. vxllosa. Chinese L. Leaves elliptic, acute, hairy beneath. N. China. 

4. OLEA, Tourn. Olive. Calyx short. Corolla tube short, limb 4 
parted, spreading. Stamens 2, inserted in the base of the tube, exserted. 
Ovary with 4 suspended ovules, ripening only 1 or 2 seeds. Drupe fleshy, 
°ily- h h Leaves opposite. Flowers white. 

* Racemes axillary, shorter than the coriaceous leaves Nos. 1 — 3 

* Racemes in a large terminal panicle. (Visianiapaniculata C-B) No. 4 

1 O. Americana L. Leaves oblanceolate to elliptic, entire, smooth, shining, at- 

tenuated to a petiole ; raceme compound, scarce longer than the petiole ; flowers 
dioecious ; drupes globular. Swamps, N. J. to Fla. 15 — 20f. 

2 O. Europjsa. Leaves lanceolate, mucronate ; racemes longer than the petioles ; 

drupes oval. Europe. Cultivated in California, rarely far South. 20 — 40f. 

3 O. fragrans. Shrub ; leaves lance-oblong, serrate ; flowers small, white, very fra- 

grant, in axillary corymbs, white-red ; styles 2. China. (Osmanthus.) 

4 O. cxavata. Shrub with ovate entire leaves and many small flowers in large pani 

cles ; style 1, club-shaped, exserted like the stamens. China. Hardy S. 

5. LIGUSTRUM, L. Privet. Prim. Cal. minutely toothed. Cor. 

funnel-form, 4-lobed. Sta. subincluded. Sty. very short. Berry 2-celled, 2- 

4-seecled. Sds. angular. J> With simple lvs. and term, panicles of white Ite. 

I,, vnlgare L. Leaves lanceolate to obovate, 1 — 2', obtuse or acute, thick but decidu- 
ous ; flowers small, in small thyrses ; anthers partly exserted, but shorter than trie 
ovate corolla lobes. Planted in hedges. May, June. § Europe. 

6. CHIONANTHUS, L. Fringe Tree. Cal. short, 4-parted. Cor. 
tube very short, including the 2 stamens, the limb of 4 linear lobes. 
Style very short. Drupe fleshy, with a bony 1-seeded nut. ^>+> "With 
opposite leaves and white flowers in panicles. 

C. VirginicusL. Leaves oval to oblong ; panicle with filiform branches and pedicels : 



Order 101 .— OLEACEJBj. 277 

petals very narrow, drooping, 10". A highly ornamental shrub or small tree, in 
woods, S. Penn., and S. April — June. 

7. FORESTIERA, Poir. Dioecious, apetalous ; buds oo-flowered. 
$ Flowers sessile, crowded, each flower a pair of stamens surrounded by 
a calyx of 4 sepals. 2 Flowers pedicellate, umbellate, no calyx, an ovary 
tipped with a slender style and capitate stigma, cells 2, ovules 4. Drupe 
1-seeded. ^ J> Leaves opposite, simple. Flowers minute. 

I F. acuminata Poir. Glabrous ; leaves lance-elliptic, pointed both ways, serru 
late, petiolate ; drupe linear-oblong, pointed. Streams, 111. to Ga. 15f. 

i P. llgustriiia Poir. Some downy ; leaves ovate to oblong, obtuse, attenuate to a 
petiole, serrulate ; drupe oval-oblong. Banks, Ga., Fla. 

3 P. porulosa. Poir. Smooth ; leaves lance-oblong, obtuse, sessile, dotted and rusty 
beneath ; drupe round-ovoid. Coast of E. Ga. and Fla. 

8. FRAXINUS, Tourn. Ash. Fls. $ § ? or $ $. Cal. 4-tootkecl 
rarely 0. Cor. of 2 or 4 oblong or linear petals, or 0. Sta. 2. Stig. bifid. 
Samara 2-celled, flattened, winged at apex, 4-ovuled, but 2-seeded. ^> £> 
Leaves opposite, odd-pinnate, petiolate. Flowers racemed or panicled 
Wood valuable for timber. April, May. Fig. 16. 

§ Native species, all dioecious and apetalous, in woods, &c. . .(a) 

<$ European species, polygamous, planted for shade, &c Nos. 1, * 

a Calyx persistent at the terete base of the samara No. 3 

a Calyx persistent at the narrow, flattened base of the samara Nos. 4—6 

a Calyx none, the samara naked <u the broad base Nos. 7, 8 

i P. Oknus. Flowering Ash. Lfts. 7 — 9, lanceolate, serrate above ; buds pubescent ; 
panicles dense ; petals 2 or 4. linear-oblong, white ; fruit lance-linear. Parks. 

2 F. excelsior. European Ash. Leaflets 11—13, lance-oblong, serrate ; racemes short, 

dense ; fruit linear-oblong, notched at end ; pet. and calyx 0. A tall tree, in parks, 
&c. |8. pendula, the Weeping Ash, is one of its varieties. 

3 F. Americana L. White Ash. Leaflets 7 — 9, ovate, acuminate, subentire, shining ; 

panicles loose ; fruit calyculate, the seed portion terete, half as long as the oblong 
wing. A forest tree 40 — 80f. Timber excellent. 

4 P. pubescens Walt. Bed Ash. Leaflets 7 — 9, lance-ovate, acuminate, subserrate, 

petioles and branchlets velvety-pubescent ; fruit calyculate at the acute base, gradu- 
ally widened into the oblanceolate wing. Wet woods. 30— 60f. 

5 P. viridis Mx./. Green Ash. Lfts. 7—9, lance-ovate, serrate, long-pointed, bright 

green, and, with the petioles and branchlets, glabrous / fruit calyculate, spatulate, 
obtuse, the seed portion as long as the wing. Woods, W. and S. 15— 25f. 

6 P. platycarpa Mx. Leaflets 5 — 7, elliptical, acute, obscurely serrate, some downy , 

fruits broadly-spatulate, attenuate to the calyculate base, some of them (especially in 
|3. tripterii) with 3 angles winged ! Va., and S. 

7 P quadraugulata Mx. Blue Ash. Leaflets 7—9, short-petiolulate, lance-ovate, 

auiminate, sharply serrate ; branchlets square or acutely 4-angled ; buds velvety ; 
fruit oblong, winged to the base. Woods, W. 60 — 80f. 

8 F. sambucifolia Lam. Black Ash. Leaflets 7—11, lance-ovate, sessile, serrulate, 

pointed ; fruit oblong with equal ends, notched at apex. Swamps, Cftn. to Pa. and 
Ky. 40— 70f. Wood used for hoops, baskets, &c. 



278 Order 102.— ARISTOLOCH1ACEJ3. 



Cohort 3. APETAL^E, 

On Monochlamydeous Exogens. Plants with no corolla, 
the calyx or perianth green or colored, consisting of a single 
series of similar organs, or often wholly wanting. 

Order CII. ARISTOLOCHIACE^E. Birthworts. 

Low herbs or climbing shrubs, with alternate leaves and perfect flowers. 
Perianth tube adherent to the ovary, brown or dull, valvate in the bud. 
Stamens 6 to 12, epigynous and adherent to the base of the styles. Ovary 
6-celled, becoming a 6-celled, many-seeded capsule or berry. Seed albu- 
minous, embryo minute. Figs. 24, 333. 

1. ASARUM, Tourn. Wild Ginger. Calyx bell-form, regular, 3- 
cleft. Sta. 12, placed upon the ovary, anth. adnate to the middle or sum- 
mit of the filaments. Style very short, stigma 6-rayed. Fruit fleshy, 
6-celled, crowned with the calyx. U Acaulescent, with creeping rhizomes 
and 1 or 2 leaves on each branch. Flowers solitary. 

§ Leaves in pairs. Calyx lobes pointed, reflexed. Ovary wholly adherent No. 1 

§ Leaves solitary. Calyx lobes obtuse, suberect. Ovary partly free Nos. 2, S 

1 A. Canadense L. Lvs. 2, broad-reniform, on long, opposite, radical petioles with 

the flower between ; sepals greenish-purple, pointed, reflexed ; filaments extended 
above the anthers. Rich shades. The root is a popular remedy. May, June. 

2 A. Virgrinicum L. Leaf orbicular-ovate, glabrous, coriaceous, deeply cordate, 

entire, obtuse ; flowers subsessile ; calyx short, smooth outside ; segments obtuse, 
dull purple. Rocky soils, Va., Ky., and S. April. 

3 A. arifolium Mx. Leaf broadly hastate with a deep sinus ; fl. 7— 9", tubular, soon 

urceolate. lobes short and obtuse. Rich soils, Va., and S. March — May. 

2. ARISTOLOCHIA, Tourn. Birthwort. Calyx tubular, tube vari- 
ously bent and inflected above the ovary, limb irregular. Anth. 6, subses- 
sile on the style. Stig. 6-lobed. Caps. 6-celled, oo-seeded. 2f. Caulescent, 
with alternate leaves and lateral lurid purple flowers. 

§ Stem erect. Calyx tube sigmoid (i. e., twice bent like the letter S) Nos. 1, 2 

§ Stem climbing, woody. Calyx tube recurved, once bent upward. May, Jn. .Nos. 3, 4 

1 A. serpentaria L. Virginia Snake-root. Stem flexuous ; lvs. petiolate, oblong 

or ovate, thin, cordate, acuminate ; ped. radical, many bracted ; cal. tube smoothish, 
contracted in the midst. Thickets, Pa., S. and W. 8 — 13'. June, July. 
8. hasthta. Leaves narrowly oblong, auricled at base, short-stalked. S. 

2 A. reticulata N. St. very flexuous ; lvs. oval, cordate-clasping, with decussating 

lobes, strongly reticulated ; flowers radical, small {b"). La. If. 

3 A. Siplio L'Her. Dutchman's Pipe. Lvs. glabrous, ample, round-reniform ; ped. 

1-flowered, with 1 clasping bract ; flowers 1^, bent like a siphon or tobacco-pipe, 
limb spreading. A vigorous climber, 30 — 40f, in hilly woods, Pa. to Ky., and S. t 

4 A. tomentosa Sims. Leaves downy or hairy beneath, round-cordate, very veiny; 

ped. solitary, 1-flowered, bractless; flowers 20", tube yellowish, limb purple, reflexed. 
throat nearly closed. Banks, HI., and S. 30 — 40f. May. 



Order 103.— HYCTaGINACEJE 279 



Order CIII. NYCTAGINACE^. Marvelworts. 

Herbs (shrubs or trees) with tumid joints, entire and opposite leaves 
Flowers generally surrounded with an involucre (calyx-like when the flowej 
is solitary). Calyx a delicate, colored, funnel-form or tubular perianth, 
deciduous above the 1-celled, 1-seedecl ovary, leaving its persistent base to 
harden and envelop the fruit (achenium) as a kind of pericarp. Stamens 1 to 
several, definite, slender, hypogynous, exserted, unequal. Embryo coiled 
around the copious white albumen. Figs. 143, 207. 

§ Involucre just like 9 calyx, including one flovrer Mirabilis. 1 

§ Involucre 5-lGaved, including many flowers in an umbel-like head Abronia. 2 

§ Involucre 5-lobed, including 3—5 flowers Oxyeaphus. 3 

§ Involucre 0. — x Herbs, with minute flowers in little clusters Boerhaavia. 4 

— x Shrubs. Flowers dioecious, cymous. S. Fla Pisoxia. 

/ 

1. MIRABILIS, L. Marvel of Peru. Four-o'clock. Involucre 
calyx-like, 5-lobed, 1 -flowered, lobes acuminate. Perianth (calyx) tubular - 
funnel-form, limb spreading. Sta. 5, and style more or less exserted. Fruit 
(as in all the genera) an achenium invested in the permanent base of the 
calyx. U Cultivated. Leaves ovate, more or less cordate, acuminate. 

1 M. Jalapa. Erect, glabrous ; flowers 3—6 in each terminal fascicle, short-stalkea 

opening at about 4 o'clock p. m., and remaining in bloom all night, infinitely variout 
in color. Peru. 2f. Summer. 

2 JH. dichotoma. Erect, glabrous ; flowers sessile, mostly yellow, smaller than in M 

Jalapa ; limb 6". Mexico. 2f. Summer. 

3 M. longiflora. Weak, diffuse, viscid-pubescent ; lower leaves long-petioled ; flow- 

ers sessile, tube 6' long, hairy, border 1', white. Mexico. 

2. ABRONIA, Juss. Involucre 5-leaved, surrounding an umbel-like 
head of many small flowers on a long peduncle. Perianth salver-form, 
limb 5-lobed, corolla-like, deciduous. Sta. 5, and style included. If Fleshy 

1 A. umbellata. St, prostrate ; lvs. ovate, long-petioled ; umbellate heads compact ; fle 
rosy-lilac or pink, the lobes obcordate. Sandy sea-coasts, California. 1 — 2f. 

1 A. fragrans. Stem ascending ; leaves lance-ovate, long-stalked ; umbels loose, fls. 
and involucre white, tubes near 1'. Dalles, Oregon. 

3. OXYBAFHUS, Valil. Invol. 5-cleft, containing 3—5 fls., persistent. 
Perianth tube very short, limb bell-form, plicate, deciduous. Sta. 3, and 
style exserted. Fruit obovoid, ribbed. U Flowers small, purple. 

1 O. nyctagi liens Sweet. Smoothish, erect, forked ; lvs. broad-ovate to lanceolate, 

subcordate, acute ; ped. solitary ; involucre 3-5-flowered. Banks, W. June — Aug. 
I D. angustifolius Sweet. Bushy, with alternate branches; lvs. lanceolate, acute 

both ways, subsessile, 1 — 2' ; ped. \ — ¥, axillary ; involucre cup-shaped, hispid, 3 

flowered ; ovary hispid. Dry soils, S. 2— 3f. June— July. 
3 O. drbidus Sweet. Stem with strict slender branches, or simple ; leaves linear 

oblong, petiolate, the upper often bract-like ; ped, half as long (6" — 1') as the leaven, 

involacre hairy, 3-flowered. S. 1— 2f. May. 

4. BOERHAAVIA, L. Involucre 0, bractlets deciduous. Perianth 
funnel- or bell-form, colored, 5-lobed, upper half deciduous, lower persist- 



280 Ordek 104.— polygon ace^e. 

ent. Sta. 1 — 4. Fruit 5-ribbed, truncate at apex, 1-seeded. (T) Leaves 

petiolate. Flowers very small. 

B, erecta L. Glabrous ; lvs. ovate, wavy, pale beneath ; clusters 3-6-flwd., distant in 

a strict panicle with filiform branchlets. Sands, S. 2— 4f. June— Sept. 
R. liirsuta, and B. viscosa, grow in S. Fla., according to Dr. Chapman. 

Order CIV. POLYGONACE^E. Sorrelworts. 

Herbs (rarely shrubs) with alternate leaves and mostly sheathing stipules 
(pchrece) surrounding the stem above each tumid joint. Flowers mostly 
perfect. Perianth (or calyx) 3-6-cleft, mostly colored, imbricated in bud 
and persistent. Stamens 4 — 15. Ovary 1-celled, free, with a single, erect 
ovule. Styles or stigmas 2 or 3. Fruit a 3-angled achenium enclosed in 
the calyx. Seed erect, albuminous, with a curved embryo. Figs. 147, 
151-4, 286, 304, 313, 337, 521. 

§ Ochrea?, or sheathing stipules, present at each joint. ..(b) 

§ Ochreae none. — a Flowers in involucrate umbels, 6-sepalled Eriogonum. 1 

— « Flowers in bracted racemes, 5-sepalled. Stems with tendrils Bfunnichia. 2 

b Sepals 4, equal by pairs. Stamens 6. White Mountains: rare Oxyria. 3 

b Sepals 6, all similar. Stamens 9. In gardens: common Rheum. 4 

b Sepals 6, the 3 inner increasing, tuberculate Rumex. 5 

b Sepals 5 (in one Polygonum 4 irregular). . Ac) 

c Sepals all or the 3 inner fvinged. Pedicels solitary Thysanella. 6 

c Sepals all entire, — x opcj, or 3 closed on the fruit. Pedicels solitary Polygonella. 7 

— x closed on the angular fruit. HerTjs Polyconum. 8 

— x open at base of fruit. Pedicels fascicled Fagopyrum. 9 

— x combined with the round fruit. Trees. Fla CoccoLOnus. 

1. ERIOGONUM, Mx. Fls. many in each common 5-toothed involu 
ere. Cal. deeply 5-cleft. Sta. 9, sty. 3. Ach. 3-angled or 3-lobed. — Herbs 
clothed with down or wool. Lvs. alternate, exstipulate, mostly at the base 
of the stem, the upper bract-like, often whorled at the forks of the umbel 
late inflorescence. Very abundant in the Pacific States. June — Aug. 

1 13. tomentosiim Mx. Lower lvs. crowded, oblong-obovate, rusty-white beneath, 

the upper whorled in 3's ; involucre sessile ; calyx colored, ii Dry soils, S. 2 — 3f. 

2 E. longif olium N. Lower lvs. crowded, oblong-linear, white beneath, the upper 

scattered ; involucre pedunculate ; calyx green, woolly. Fla., and W. 2 — 4f. 

2. BRUNNICHIA, Banks. Calyx colored, 5-parted, lobes oblong, at 

length increased and closed on the obscurely 3-angled achenium. Fil. 8, 

capillary, styles 3, slender, stigmas entire. "£> Tendrils from the ends of 

the branches. Flowers racemed, greenish. 

B, cirrliosa Banks. — A smooth, shrubby vine, 10— 20f, on river banks, Car. to Fla., 
and W. Leaves cordate to ovate, entire. Sheaths obsolete. May. 

3. OXYRIA, K. Br. Mountain Sourel. Cal. herbaceous, 4-sepalled, 
the 2 inner sepals erect, larger, the 2 outer refiexed. Ach. lens-shaped, 
thin, girt with a broad, membranous wing. Sta. 6, equal. Stig. 2, sessile, 
penicillate. if Low, nearly acaulescent, alpine plants. 

O. reniformis Hook (or digyna Camp.) Root leaves on long stalks, reniform ; ontei 

sepals i as long as the inner ; fruit orbicular. White Mountains, and N. 3 — 4'. Jane. 



Order 104.— POLYGONACE^E 281 

4. RHEUM, L. Rhubarb. Calyx colored, 6-sepalied, persistent, Sta 
9. Sty. 3, very short, spreading, stig. rnultifid, reflexed. Acli. 3-angled, 
the angles margined. U Flowers fasciculate in racernous panicles. 
R. Ehaponticum L. Pie-plant. Leaves smooth, cordate-ovate, very large (1 — 2f), 

the petioles juicy and pleasantly acid, of equal length ; stems nollow, 3 — 4f, panicle? 

bursting from large white bracts. Siberia. 

6. RUMEX, L. Dock. Sorrel. Calyx of 6 sepals nearly distinct, 
the 3 inner (valves) larger, petaloicl, connivent over the achenium, 1 or 
more of them usually bearing a tubercle or grain on the back, the 3 outer 
green. Sta. 6. Styles 3, short, stigmas penicillate-fringed. Ach. and seed 
3-angled, embryo lateral. — Weed-like herbs with small, greenish flowers 
often whorled, in racemes or panicles. May — July. (See Addenda.) 
§ Docks. Flowers all or mostly perfect. Valves bearing grains on the back. . .(*) 
§ Sorrels. Flowers dioecious. Valves grainless. Leaves acid (hastate; Nos. 11, 12 

* Valves entire, or merely angular. . .(a) 

* Valves conspicuously toothed on each side near the base Nos, 8 — 1C 

a Pedicels in fruit 2 — 5 times longer than the subcordate valves Nos. 1 — 3 

a Pedicels in fruit shorter or not longer than the valves . . . (b) 

b Leaves flat, all tapering to both ends Nos. 4, 5 

b Leaves wavy, the lower cordate or subcordate Nos. 6, 7 

1 R. crispus L. Yellow D. Root fusiform, yellow ; lvs. lanceolate, wavy, acute, the 

lower oblong, subcordate ; ped. twice longer than calyx ; valves broad -ovate, cordate, 
each bearing a grain ; rac. long, some leafy, il Fields. 2 — 3f. § Europe. 

2 R. verticillatus L. Water D. Leaves acute at each end, lance-oblong ; rac. leaf 

less, dense ; ped. 7 — 9" long, deflexed ; valves broad-ovate, eacn bearing a large grain. 
U In muddy places. 2f. Whorls 10-30-flowered. 

3 R. Hydrolapathum Huds. Great Water D. p. orbicultitus. Tab (3— 51' ) ; lvs. 

lance-obl., acute both ways, erose-crenulate, the lower very long; pan. naked, dense* 
ped. 5—6" ; valves round-ovate, obtuse, all grain-bearing. is. Pools, M. and N. 
y. Floridanus. Valves deltoid-ovate, obtusely-pointed. Fla. 

4 R. altissimus Wood. Peach-leaved D. Tall (3 — 6f); leaves entire, lance-elliptl 

cal, acute both ways ; rac. leafless, panicled, slender; valves broadly subcordate, one 
of them grain-bearing, one obscurely so. and one naked. % Wet, M. and W. (R. 
Britannicus Meisn. nee Linn, who says " valves all grain-bearing.") 

5 R. sallcifolius Weinm. Pale D. Lvs. lin. -lanceolate, attenuate-acute both ways ; 

pan. leafy at base ; ped. very short ; valves all grain-bearing, is. Coast, N-E. 3f. 

6 R. conglomeratus Murr. Lvs. oblong to lanceolate, lower subcordate ; whorls 

mostly axillary ; valves oblong-ovate, all grain-bearing, is. Wet. N. 2 — 31'. § 

7 R. sanguineus L. Lvs. as in No. 6, mostly with red veins; pan. leafy at base, 

whorls distant ; valves oblong-obovate, one or two grain-bearing, is Fields. § 

8 R. obtusifolius L. Lower leaves ovate-cordate, obtuse, upper narrow, acute ; 

panicle leafy, whorls distant ; valves hastate-ovate, one chiefly grain-bearing, all with 
some bristle-shaped lateral teeth, is Fields, &c. 2— 3f. § Europe. 

9 R. maritimus L. Golden D. Low (If ) ; leaves lance-linear, the lowest cordate. 

wavy ; whorls crowded ; valves rhomb-ovate, pointed, each with 4 lateral awns and a 
large grain, yellowish. Ql) Brackish waters, Mass. to Car. 

10 R. pulcher L. Lower lvs. cordate, some fiddle-shaped, upper lanceolate ; whorle 
distant, leafy ; valves strongly toothed, unequally grain-bearing. S. § 

1 1 R. Acetosella L. Sheep Sorrel. Leaves oblanceolate, the base lobes conspicu- 
ous ; valves not increasing in fruit. A common weed. 6' — If 

12 R. hastulatus Baldw. Leaves with small auricles or none, glaucous ; valves In 
creasing to round-cordate in fruit ; ped. iointed. Mo. to Ga. . rare. 



282 Order 104— POLYGONACE^E. 

6. THYSANELLA, Gray. Fls. ^2. Cal. colored, 5-parted, lobes 
all erect, tiie 2 outer cordate, the 3 inner smaller, pectinate-fringed. Sta. 
8. Styles 3. Achenia 3-angled, acuminate. — A smooth, erect herb, with 
the habit of Polygonella. (Polygonum, Ell.) 

T. fimbria t a Gr.— Pine-barrens, Ga., Fla. Stem branched, 2 — 3f. Sheaths bristle- 
fringed. Lvs. linear, 1—2'. Fls. rose-white, in crowded, panicled spikes. July — Oct. 

7. POLYGONELLA, Mx. Calyx colored, 5-sepalled, persistent. Sta. 
8, included. Styles 3 or almost 0. Ach. 3-cornered, naked or enclosed in 
the 3 inner sepals enlarged and become scarious valves. Embryo straight, 
—Herbs or delicate shrubs, with very narrow leaves and the small flow- 
ers solitary in each ochrea. 

§ Fls. dioecious. Pedicel 1". Filaments all filiform. S tig. nearly sessile.. .Nos. 1 — 3 
§ Fls. all 5 . Pedicel 2". Th*e 3 inner filaments dilated. Styles manifest. . .Noe. 4, 5 

1 P. parvifolia Ms. Shrubby, branches strict, leafless above ; lvs. linear-cuneate , 

panicle oblong ; inner sepals equalling the acute achenia. S. 1 — 2f. 

2 P. gracile N. Annual, glaucous ; branches filiform ; leaves spatulate ; 3 inner sepals 

exceeding the pointed achenia. Dry sands, S. 2 — 3f. 

3 P. Croomia Chapm. Shrubby ; branches slender ; leaves linear (2 — 3") ; 3 valvee 

unequal, 2 roundish, 1 oblong, exceeding the achenia. Uplands, S. 

4 P. Meisneriana Shutt. Shrubby, very leafy, leaves linear, filiform, 6 — 10", ever- 

green, ochrea tipped with a white membrane ; 2 outer sepals reflexed. Uplands, Ga., 
Ala., Fla. 1— 2f. A delicate bushy shrub. 

5 P. artlculata Meisn. Annual, strict, with erect branches, which are soon nearly 

naked ; leaves linear, caducous from the tops of the truncate sheaths ; sepals flesh- 
colored, expanding. Dry. IT. J., and W. : rare. 

8. POLYGONUM, L. Knot-grass. Calyx of 5 sepals, rarely fewer, 
colored or greenish, similar, imbricated in bud, at length all connivent, 
persistent. Sta. 8, rarely fewer. Sty. 2 or 3, mostly 3, short filiform. Ach. 
3-cornered or lens-shaped, enclosed in the 'dry, withered calyx. Embryo 
curved, lateral, lying in a groove at one angle of the albumen. Herbs with 
ochreate-jointed stems and small, white, red, or greenish fls. June — Sept 

§ Stems armed with retrorse prickles. Lvs. cordate-sagit. Echinocaulon. .Nos. 21, 22 

§ Stems unarmed, twining. Leaves cordate-hastate. Tiniaria Nos. 18 — 2C 

§ Stems erect or decumbent, unarmed. Leaves hardly ever cordate. . .(*) 

* Calyx unequally 4-cleft. Styles 2, long deflexed. Tovaria No. 17 

* Calyx equally 5-parted. Styles erect. . .(a) 

a Sheaths salver-form. Stamens 7. Style 2-parted. Tall. Ambltogonum.. .No. 18 
a Sheaths subcylindrical. Stamens 5, 6, 8. Styles 2 or S . . [b) 

b Flowers in leafless, terminal, spike-like racemes. Persicaria. . . (c) 
b Flowers axillary, or seldom forming a leafy raceme . .(e) 

C Raceme 1, dense. Stem at base or rhizome decumbent Nos. 14, 15 

c Racemes several. Sheaths naked, not fringed Nos. i2, 13 

c Racemes several. Sheaths bristly, fringe-ciliate . . . id) 

d Style 2-(or 3-)cleft. Achenia flat or lens-shaped ... .Nos. 9 — 11 

d Style 3-cleft. Achenia sharply 8-corr. ered Nob. 5 — 8 

e Achenium protruding beyond the lalyx, 3-angled Nos. 3, 4 

e Achenium included in the ealyx, 3-angled Nos. 1, S 

I P. ayiculare L. Bird's K. Doorweed. Procumbent, diffuse ; leaves lance-ellii> 



Order 104.— POLYGONACE^E. 283 

tic, acntish, 1' ; flowers 2 or 3 together, subseseile, reddish ; achenia striate, dull, 
enclosed ; stamens 5—8. ® A common weed, 6 — 16'. In rich shady soils it arises to 
/3. ertctuni) with larger oval leaves and pedicellate flowers. 
& P. tenue Mx. Slender, rigid, erect, with long simple-angular branches ; lvs. lineai, 
erect ; sheaths bristle-fringed ; flowers solitary ; achenia shining. Dry. I — If. 

3 P. maritimum L. Prostrate, diffuse, glaucous, with very short joints and swell- 

ing torn sheaths ; lvs. fleshy, oblong, 1 — 6" ; fls. sessile, at length spicate ; fruit little 
exserted, smooth and shining. (T) Sandy coasts, Mass. to Ga. I — If. 

4 P. ramosissimum Mx. Erect or ascending, much branched, striate ; lvs. linear 

oblong, 1 — 2' ; flowers greenish, pedicellate ; fruit \ exserted, olive-green, shining;, 
\\". (T) Sandy shores, R. I. to Mich, and Md. 2— 3f. 

5 P. hlrsutum Walt. Densely hirsute with spreading tawny hairs, erect; lvs. lan- 

ceolate ; sheaths fringed ; flowers white, in 2 or 3 slender spikes. (§) S. 2 — 3f. 

6 P. hydropiperoid.es Mx. Mild Water-pepper. Stem smooth, slender, sheaths 

long, close, fringed and hispid ; lvs. linear-lanceolate, not acrid ; spikes erect, slen- 
der, loose at base ; calyx glandless , achenia shining. 
j8. setacea the leaves and stem above are more or less hispid, if. Wet. 1 — 3f. 

7 P. acre H. B. K. Water Smartweed. Glabrous, virgate, slender ; sheath loose, 

bristle-fringed; lvs. lanceolate, acrid; spikes filiform, erect; flowers reddish-green, 
dotted like the leaves ; fruit shining. (5) Wet places. S. and W. 2 — 5f. 

8 P. tinctorium. Madder. Lvs. oval ; spikes oblong, dense, roseate. China. 1 — 2f. 

9 P. Hydropiper L. Water Pepper. Glabrous ; sheaths bristly-ciliate ; lvs. lanceo- 

late, very acrid, finely punctate ; spikes nodding, loose, slender, greenish ; calyx 
punctate ; stamens mostly 6 ; achenia roughened, black. ® Damp. 1 — 2f. § 

10 P. Careyi Olney. Stem erect, 3 — 5f, bristly and much branched; leaves lanceo 
late, some hispid ; stipules tubular-truncate, ciliate ; spikes dense, purplish, nodding 
on long hairy peduncles. ® Swamps, N. Eng. to Penn. (See p. 44T.) 

11 P. Persicaria L. Smart-weed. Glabrous, erect; leaves lanceolate, usually 
marked with a brown spot ; sheaths fringed ; spikes dense, erect, oblong ; stamens 
6 ; style 2-cleft ; achenia shining. ® Waste grounds : common. 1 — 2f. § 

12 P. Pennsylvanicum L. Branches above and pedicels glandular-hispid; leaves 
lanceolate ; spikes erect, oblong, crowded, rose-colored, showy ; achenia lens-shaped, 
with flat sides. ® Margins of waters. 2 — 4f. 

]3. densiflorum. Smooth ; racemes slender ; achenia truly lens-shaped. South. 

1 3 P. incarnatum Ell. Smoothish ; leaves lanceolate ; branches and ped. glandu 
lar-dotted ; spikes linear, nodding, becoming long ; achenia lens-shaped, with con 
cave sides. (D Ditches and pools, W. and S. 2 — 3f. 

1 4 P. amphiMum L. Stem prostrate and rooting below, ascending ; leaves thick 

smooth, lance-oblong, variable ; spikes oblong, ovoid or dense ; stamens 5 ; style %■ 

cleft. Pools and swamps. 3 — 4f. Spike V or more. 
j3. terrestre. Plant more or less hirsute ; spikes elongated. 
I 5 P. viviparum L. Low, simple, erect from a creeping rhizome ; leaves lance 

linear, with rolled edges ; spike 1, linear, u White Mountains, and N. 
1 6 P. orientale L. Prince's Feather. Tall, erect, branched ; leaves large, with 

hairy salver-form sheaths ; stamens 7 ; styles 2 ; spikes large, red, nodding, showy. 

(D Fields and gardens. 3— 8f. § 
1 7 P. Virginianum L. Stem simple ; leaves lance-ovate, acuminate ; flowers re 

mote, 1 from each sheath, in a slender raceme, greenish, if Shades. 3 — 4f. 

18 P. convolvulus L. Knot Bindweed. Prostrate or climbing, roughish , sheathe 
naked ; leaves hastate, pointed ; flowers in axillary fascicles or in interrupted ra» 
cemes ; fruit exserted, dull, blackish. (T) Fields. 2 — 4f. § 

1 9 P. cilinode Mx. Climbing ; sheaths ciliate at base ; leaves deeply cordate, 
pointed ; racemes paniculate, loose ; achenia shining. Hedges. 3 — 8f. 

20 P. dumetornm L. Hedge Bindweed. Climbing high; ioints not ciliate ; Loavw 



284 Order 106.— CHENOPODIACEiE. 

cordate-hastate, with acute lobes ; outer sepal keeled and winged on the back; fruit 

smooth, black. Thickets. 3— 12f. §. — A native form, 
/3. scandens^ has the raceme panicled and the sepals with very broad wings. 
$1 1*. sag'ittatum L. Scratch-grass. Climbing, 3— 5f, rough backwards; leaves 

lance-sagittate ; flowers in small heads, whitish ; stamens 8 ; style 3. (T) Wet. 
22 I*, avifolium L. Rough with reversed prickles, 3— 5f ; leaves hastate, apex and 

lobes pointed ; flowers racemed ; stamens 6 ; styles 2. Wet. 

9. FAGOPYRUM, Tourn. Buckwheat. Calyx colored, equally 5- 
p*ted, persistent, unchanged. Stamens 8, alternate with 8 honey-glands. 
Styles 3, with capitate stigmas. Ach. 3-angled, much exceeding the calyx. 
@ Leaves cordate-hastate. Flowers rose-white, in panicled racemes. 

1 F. esculentwm Moench. Smoothish ; leaves with obtuse lobes ; flowers showy, 

numerous, sought by bees : achenia ovoid-triangular, wingless, black. Fields. 2 — 4f. § 

2 F". Tahtaricum. India Wheat. Glabrous ; leaves broader than long, lobes actitish ; 

racemes axillary and terminal, scarcely panicled ; achenia lance-triangular, angles 
•unuate-dentate, rather obtuse ; calyx minute. Tartary. Cultivated. 

Order CV. PHYTOLACCACE^E. Pokeworts 

Herbs with alternate, entire leaves and perfect, 5-parted flowers. Calyx 
free. Stamens 5 — 30, alternate with the sepals when of the same numher 
Ovary of 1 to several carpels, each 1-ovuled. Styles and stigmas as many 
as carpels Fruit baccate or acheniate. Seeds erect, with the embryo 
coiled around the albumen. 

§ Styles and carpels 5— 12. Fruit baccate. Leaves exstipulate Phytolacca.) 

§ Style and carpel 1. Leaves with stipules.— a Berry globiTiar, .smooth Rivina. 2 

— a Achenium with 2 bonks Petiveria. 3 

1. PHYTOLACCA, Tourn. Poke. Garget-weed. Calyx 5-parted. 
Stamens 5 — 25. Styles 5 — 12. Berry depressed-globular, with as many 
seeds as styles. — Herbaceous. Kacemes terminal, soon opposite the leaves. 

P. decandra L. Stem stout, purplish, tall ; leaves ovate ; flowers with 10 stamens 
and 10 styles ; berries black, full of crimson juice. Hedges. 5 — 8f. July + . 

2. RIVINA, Plum. Calyx 4-parted, 3-bracted. Sta. 4 or 8. Berry at 
last dry, 1-seeded, embryo a vertical ring. Shrubby, with racemes termi- 
nal, soon lateral. 

R. lsevis L. Branching, smooth, 6 — 8f; lvs. ovate; fls. rose-white, in long racemes 
slamens 4. Fla., and W. Herbage bright-green. 

3. PETIVERIA alliacea L. Half-shrubby, 2— 3f, with obovate-ob 
iaae leaves and spicate flowers. Grows in S. Car. (Michaux), and S. to the tropics. 

Order CVL CHENOPODIACE^E. Chenopods or Goose-foots. 

Herbs chiefly weed-like and homely, more or less fleshy, with alternate 
exstipulate leaves. Bracts not scarious. Flowers greenish, regular. Calyx 
imbricated in bud. Stamens as many as, and opposite to the calyx lobes, oj 
fewer, Ovary 2-styled, 1-celled, becoming a t-seeded, thin utricle or cary- 
opsis. Embryo coiled or spiral. 



Order 106.— CHENOPODIACE^E. 



285 



QfipSt^lP i^V C Y*iiitf \*^ti~rl!iiiM *' Flower of Chenopodium 

"L /W^rmA ^r^lV. I/^VI \ ^iHi 'If all)um - 2 - Calyx, &c, re- 

\ 'f w/ v\^ Yv (JP iftfiki moved, showing the ovary and 

^*^|m^ \1&\ ** rJw^^^l ^ stamens. 3. Seed cut across, 

if ^^\ If /^^^\^\ \ s5L iw ^ Qv 4 " branch OI " Salicornia herba- 

^fe '^If 2 ^^^o 4^%/f ^[/*\f 'V 6. Ovary of a flower. 

§ Leaves flat, neither fleshy nor spiny. Embryo a ring around copious albumen. . .(«> 

§ Leaves none, or linear and fleshy or spinescent. Embryo a spiral or folio. Albumen 0. . .(y) 

a Stems twining and climbing. Flowers white, in racemes Boussingaultia. 1 

a Stems erect. Flowers greenish, all similar and perfect. . .(b) 

a Stems erect. Flowers greenish, of two sorts, monoecious or dioecious.,, (x) 

6 Seed horizontal.— c Pericarp rough and corky. Calyx ribbed Beta. 2 

— c Pericarp thin, in a calyx bordered all around . . Ctcloloma. 3 

— c Pericarp thin, in a y ain, unbordered calyx Chenopodium. 4 

h Seed vertical.— d Fruit smooth, sepals distinct, mostly fleshy Blitum. 6 

— d Fruit in a veiny, wrinkled calyx. Leaves pinnatifid Roubieva. 5 ' 

— d Fruit axillary to a bract, no calyx. Leaves linear Corispermum. 10 

x Fruit enclosed in a hardened calyx without bracts. Cultivated eSpinacia. 9 

x Fruit naked (no calyx) between two bracts. Leaves oval or triangular. . . Atriplex. 7 

y Embryo folded, not spiral. Stems jointed, leafless Salicornia. 11 

y Embryo a flat spiral, horizontal. Leaves acute Chenopodina. 12 

y Embryo a conic spiral. Sepals appendaged. Leaves spinescent Salsola. 13 

i. BOUSSINGAULTIA, Kunth. Mexican Vine. Cal. corolla-like, 
open, 5- or 6-parted, with several imbricated bracts. Stig. 3, club-shaped. 
Pericarp thin. ^ Twining to the right. Leaves thick, petiolate. Flow- 
ers in many spike-like racemes. S. America. 
B. baselloides. Leaves broadly cordate-ovate, acuminate, if Arbors. 15f. 

2. BETA, Tourn. Beet. Cal. 5-cleft, persistent. Sta. 5. Ovary half- 
adherent. Stig. 2. Utricle depressed, corky, enclosed in and consolidated 
with the ribbed calyx. — Herbs with fleshy roots, furrowed stems, alternate 
leaves, and greenish, spicate flowers. 

B. vulgaris. Glabrous ; leaves large, wavy, acute both ways ; spikes in a large pani 
cle the second year. © S. Eur. Cultivated for its root, which is commonly red. 

p.Cicla. ticarcity. Leaves roughish ; root slender, whitish ; flowers in 3's. 
y.Rapa. Turnip Beet. Eoot napiform, white or red, very sweet. 
^.Jf£ang-el»wurtzel, Eoot very large, mostly white. Cultivated for stock. 

3. OYOLOLOMA, Moquin. Calyx 5-cleft, lobes strongly keeled, at 
length appendaged outside with a circular membranous border or crown, 
Sta. 5, styles 3. Utricle depressed, enclosed. ® With furrowed stems, 
alternate lobed leaves, and small sessile flowers. 

C. plcityphyllum Moq.— Banks of the Mississippi, 111., and W. 1— l|f, white-downy 
above. Leaves lance-oblong, sinuate-toothed or lobed, 2'. Flowers at length in 
email panicles. July— Sept. 

4. CHENOPODITJM, Tourn. Pigweed. Goosefoot. Calyx bract- 
less, 5-cleft, lobes often keeled, never appendaged, more or less enclosing 
the fruit. Sta. 5, styles 2. Utricle depressed, membranous, seed mostly 



286 Order 106.— CHENOPOD1ACEJ3. 

horizontal, lenticular. Weeds often glaucous or glandular, with alternate. 

often rhombic lvs., and the minute fls. in panicled spikes. June — Aug. 

§ Plants ill-scented, smooth, never glandular. Embryo a complete ring. . .(*) 
§ Plants glandular-puberulent, green, aromatic. Embryo a half ring. . .(b) 

* Herbage glaucous or whitish, covered with mealiness Nos. 1 — S 

* Herbage green, rarely purplish, not glaucous or mealy. . .(a) 

a Leaves entire, ovate-oblong, on slender petioles , No. 4 

a Leaves toothed or lobed, petiolate Nos. 5— 7 

b Flowers glomerate, axillary, in spike-like racemes Nos. 8, 9 

b Flowers cymous, innumerable, in long raceme-like panicles No. 10 

1 C. glaucum L. Prostrate or ascending, branched ; leaves ovate to oblong, obtuse, 

sinuate-angled or -dentate ; racemes simple ; seed partly enclosed. ® Mass. tu Pa 
rare. If. Leaves 1 — 2', whitish beneath. § Europe. 

2 C. album L. Common P. Erect, loosely branched, striate ; lvs. rhombic ovate, 

sinuate-toothed to subentire ; racemes some panicled ; seed wholly enclosed. (5) The 
commonest of weeds, 2 — 7f, often striped with purple. 

3 C. Boscianum Moq. Erect, branched; lvs. small, lance-linear, entire, canescent 

beneath ; seed partly enclosed. ® Shades, Pa. (Prof. Porter), and S. 2f. 

4 C. polyspermum L. Ascending, branched from base ; lvs. ovate to oblong, en- 

tire, bright green ; racemes spike-like, strict ; fruit partly enclosed. Rare. § Eur. 

5 C. h^bridum L. Leaves ample, subcordate, deeply sinuate-angled, with pointed 

lobes ; racemes leafless ; seed rugous, dull. (I) Common, 2 — If. § Europe. 

6 C. murale L. Ascending; leaves ovate-rhombic, acute at base, unequally and 

acutely toothed; seed acute-edged, dull-rugous. (T) Rare. 12—18'. § 

7 C. urbicum L. Erect ; leaves as in No. 6, but slightly mealy ; racemes strict, 

dense, in an erect narrow panicle ; seed blunt-edged, shining. (I) 2 — 4f. § 

8 C. ambrosioid.es L. Mexican Tea. Branched; leaves oblong to lance-linear, 

attenuate both ways, sinuate-toothed to entire ; spikes dense, leafy, seed shining, 
obtuse-edged ; fruit wholly enclosed. (?) 1 — 2f. § Mexico. 

9 C. anthelminticum L. Worm-seed. Subsimple ; leaves ovate-oblong, deeply 

sinuate-serrate or pinnatifid ; racemes spike-like, long ; styles mostly 3 ; fruit as in 
No. 8. U Waste grounds. 1— 3f. § Mexico. 
IOC Botrys L. Oak-of- Jerusalem. Leaves oblong, obtuse, sinuate-subpinnatifid ; 
branches strict, panicles slender, spirally twisted. ® Sands, &c. 1 — 2f. Plants 
strongly aromatic of turpentine. 

5. ROUBIEVA, Moq. Calyx 5-toothed. Sta. 5. Styles and stig. 3. 
Seed lens-shaped, quite vertical, enclosed in the veiny rugous calyx, if 
Pubescent, much branched. Leaves pinnatifid. 

R, multifida Moq.— Roadsides about New York. Prostrate and ascending. 1— 2f. 
Flowers minute, in numerous panicled racemes. Leaves V. § S. America. 

6. BLITUM, Tourn. Blite. Calyx 3-5-sepalled, mostly becoming 

juicy and berry-like in fruit, enclosing the utricle. Sta. 1 — 5. Styles 2. 

g) Leaves petiolate. Flowers glomerate. 

§ Heads forming a dense terminal spike. Calyx dry No. 1 

§ Heads axillary, some spicate above. Calyx thickened Nos. 2, 3 

1 B. Bonus-Henrlcus Reich. Goo J King Henry. Subsimple, ascending, mealy ; 

leaves triangular-hastate ; stamens 5. Waysides, N. : rare. § Europe. 

2 B. maritimum N. Much branched ; leaves lanceolate, attenuate to both ends 

stamen 1 ; seed shining. Marshes, R. I., N. Y., and N. J. 1— 2f. August. 

3 B. capitatum L. Strawberry B. Branched ; leaves triangular-hastate gloiuer 

ate fruit reddened like strawberries, insipid. Va., and N. 1— 2f. June. 



Order 106.— CHENOPODIACE^. 287 

7. ATRIPLEX, Gsert $ Bractless. Calyx 3-5-sepalled. Sta. 3—5. 

$ Ovary 2-styled, with no stain., enclosed between 2 leaf-like bracts, with 

or without a calyx. — Herbs or shrubs, often mealy or scurfy, with oppositi 

or alternate hastate leaves and glomerate-spiked green flowers. 

§ Leaves partly opposite. Bracts triangular-ovate Nos. 1, 5 

§ Leaves all alternate. — x Bracts rhombic, canescent, toothed No. 8 

— x Bracts round-ovate or -cuneate Nos. 4, 5 

1 A., li aetata L. Slender, weak, green : leaves petiolate, hastate, remotely-toothed ; 

flowers single in the slender spikes, bracts triangular-ovate, denticulate. N. Eng. to 

S. Car., coastward. 1— 3f.— |8. Purshiana is scurfy. 
Z A. littoralis L. Erect with many strict branches ; leaves short-stalked, lanceolate 

to linear, subentire ; flowers glomerate, forming interrupted spikes; bracts hispid, 

triangalar-hastate, denticulate. Lake shores, N-W. 

3 A. rosea L. Canescent, ascending, branched ; lvs. ovate to oblong, sinuate-toothed ; 

glomerules axillary, bracts rhombic, toothed. Albany, N.Y. (Prof. Porter). 2f. § Eur. 

4 A. hortensis. Garden Orache. Erect, branched ; lvs. triangular-hastate or -oblong, 

subentire, bright green ; bracts roundish, entire. Asia. 

5 A. arenaria N. Sand Orache. Mealy-canescent, branched ; leaves oval to oblong, 

entire, short-petioled ; bracts broad-cuneate, united, denticulate. (I) Sea-beaches, 
Mass. to Fla. (Obione, C-B.) 6— 12'. July— Sept. 

9. SPINACIA, Tourn. Spinage. Dioecious, bractless. $ Cal. 3-5- 
sepalled. Sta. 4 or 5, exserted. ? Calyx tubular, 2- or 4-toothed, soon 
hardening and enclosing the compressed achenium. Styles 4. ® Leaves 
petiolate. Flowers green, axillary. June, July. 

S. oleracea. Leaves hastate-lanceolate to arrow-shaped ; fruit-calyx solitary, 3-angled 1 
armed with 2 or 4 slender prickles, or unarmed. ® Gardens. 1 — 2f. 

10. CORISPERMUM, Juss. Calyx 1-2-sepalled or 0. Stam. 1—5. 

Styles 2, short. Pericarp oval, flat and thin, adnate to the seed, vertical. 

(T) With narrow, sessile leaves, and sessile, solitary, axillary flowers. 

O. hyssopifolium L. Hairy or glabrous, much branched; flowers in many bracted 
spikes, bracts ovate, subulate-pointed ; leaves V and less ; fruit a pellucid disk. 
Sandy lake-shores, Buffalo, and W. § 

11. SALICORNIA, Tourn. Saltwort. Samphire. Flowers 2 or 3 
together, sunk in the cavities of the jointed stem. Calyx bladder-like, 
denticulate, enclosing the compressed vertical fruit. Stamens 1 or 2. 
Styles 2. Embryo folded. — Seaside, jointed, fleshy herbs almost leafless, 
with opposite branches. 

1 S. herbacea L. Suberect; spikes elongated, green ; joints truncate and bractless ; 

middle flower largest. (5) Salt marshes. 8— 12'. August. 

2 S. Virginica L. Erect ; spikes short, soon red ; joints short, tipped with 2 acute 

bracts ; flowers all alike. % Salt marshes. 6 — 9'. Sept. (S. mucronata C-B.) 

3 S. fruticosa L. Prostrate, with ascending branches ; spikes slender, joints tipped 

with 2 obtuse bracts. %. Sandy beaches. (S. ambigua C-B.) 

12. CHENOPODINA, Moq. Glasswort. Calyx bracteolate, cup- 
shaped, 5-parted, fleshy in fruit with the seed horizontal. Sta. 5. Stigma 
sessile. Embryo a flat spiral. — Smooth seaside fleshy plants, with alter- 
nate sessile leaves and axillary flowers. (Suaeda, Forsk.) 



288 Order 107.— AxMARaNTACE^E 

Ci marititna Mnq. Diffusely branched ; lvs. linear, 2' and less, semiterete ; flower) 
minute, green, clustered, sessile ; seed black, shining. ® Marshes. August. 

13. SALSOLA, Gcert. Saltwort. Fls. $ sessile. Sep. 5, transversely- 
winged on the back. Wings enlarged and scarious in fruit. Sta. 5. Styles 
2. Utricle depressed, horizontal. Embryo cochleate. — Seaside fleshy 
plants, with terete leaves and axillary, whitish flowers. 

S. Kali L. Branches diffuse on the sand, rigid, with crowded subulate leaves, each 
tipped with a spine ; flowers solitary, wings purplish ; seed with a thin testa and 
green embryo coiled like a snail-shell. (5) 

Order CVII. AMARANTACEJE. Amaranths. 

Herbs similar to the last Order, but with an imbricated involucre ot 3 
diy, scarious bracts added to the flowers. Sepals 3 — 5 (rarely but 1), per- 
sistent and often colored, unchanged in fruit. Stamens 3 — 5. Ovary com 
pressed, 1-celled, l-oo - ovuled. Style 1. Fruit a utricle, caryopsis or 
berry. Seed vertical, albuminous. Embryo annular. 

§ Anthers 2-celled. Ovary with many ovules. Cultivated Celosia. l 

§ Anthers 2-eelled. Ovary 1-ovuled. Leaves alternate. ..(*) 
§ Anthers 1-celled. Ovary 1-ovuled. Leaves opposite. . .(a) 

* Flowers monoecious or polygamous, all with a calyx and stamens Amaranths. 2 

* Flowers dioecious, the pistillate with neither calyx nor stamens Acnida. 3 

a Sterile stamens none. — (Flowers white, paniculate) Iresine. 4 

a Sterile stamens none. — (Flowers crimson, Ac. Capitate. Cultivated) Gomphrena. 5 

a Sterile stamens 5, the 5 fertile in a tuhe. — x Heads axillary Telanthera. 6 

— x Spikes terminal and axillary Froelichia. 7 

1. CELOSIA, L. Cockscomb. Fls. perfect, 3-bracted. Calyx of 5 se- 
pals. Sta. 5, anth. 2-celled. Stig. 2 or 3, recurved. Utricle circumscissile, 
many-seeded, more or less enclosed in the calyx. — Herbs or shrubs, smooth, 
erect, with alternate leaves and brilliant, scarious flowers. 

I C. crist at A. Leaves lance-ovate; spikes ovoid-pyramidal, varying in cultivation to 
fantastic shapes, crimson or even white. ® E. India. 2 — 4f. 

2. AMARANTUS, Tourn. Amaranth. Fls. $ $ $ or <? , 3-bracted. 
Cal. of 5 or 3 sepals. Stamens 3 — 5, rarely 2, anth. 2-celled. Stig. '2 or 3. 
Fruit a 1-seeded utricle, circumscissile, or tearing, or not opening. (T) 
Coarse weeds, with alternate petioled lvs. and minute fls. in clusters. Aug. 

§ Amarantus proper. Utricle thin, regularly circumscissile. Not spiny.. .(3) 
§ Euxolus. Utricle somewhat fleshy, indehiscent, or tearing open. ..(c) 

x Flowers 5-parted, in long panicled spikes,— b crimson-tinged Nos. 1, 2 

— b green Nos. 3, 4 

2 Flowers 3-parted, in separate, axillary, dense glomerules Nos. 5, 6 

c Spines 2 in each axil. Bracts not longer than the 5 sepals. No. 7 

c Spines none. — x Bracts longer than the 3-5-sepalled calyx Nos. S, 9 

—x Bracts shorter than the 5-sepalled calyx Nos. L3, 11 

1 A., liypocliondriacus L. Prince's Feather. Smoothish; leaves lance-oblong, 

on long stalks, some reddened ; spikes very obtuse, the terminal one much the 
largest ; flowers deep purple. Fields and gardens. 3 — 6f. § Mexico. 

2 A. paniculatus Moa. Prince's F. Pubescent, pale-yreen ; leaves lance-ovate 



Order 107.— AMARANTACE^E. 289 

spikes slender, acutish, crowded, all nearly eqnal, reddish-green, or in /3. sanguineus^ 
crimson ; bracts short-awned. Fields and gardens. 2 — 3f. § Mexico. 

3 A. retrollexiis L. Pubescent, erect, stout ; leaves ovate or subrhombic, obtuse- 

pointed ; panicle of thick, crowded, dense spikes ; bracts awned, longer than calyx. 
A common weed in gardens and fields. 2 — 4f. Plant green or glaucous. § 

4 A. hybridus L. Erect, glabrous, green ; leaves ovate, bright green ; panicle 

loose ; spikes terete, obtuse ; calyx shorter than the awned bracts. § Mexico. 

5 A. albus L. White Pigweed. Whitish, diffusely spreading; leaves long-petioled, 

rhomb-ovate, very obtuse : glomerules remote, in pairs, 4- or 5-flowered : common. § 

6 A. melancliolicus. Love-lies-bleeding. Erect, usually dark-purple ; leaves lance- 

oblong, obtuse, emarginate ; glomerules dark-purple. Asia. 2 — 4f. 
0. tricolor. Leaves variegated with purple, green, and yellow. 

7 A. spinosus L. Much branched; leaves rhomb-ovate, obtuse, with 2 spines in 

each axil ; spikes panicled, erect, acute ; bracts equalling the sepals ; utricle falling 
without opening. Waysides, Penn. to Fla., and W. § 

8 A. lividus Moq. Erect, smooth, livid-purplish ; lvs. elliptic, obtuse, emarginate ; 

spikes slender, rigid, acute ; sepals thrice longer than bracts ; fruit rugous. § 

9 A. deflexus L. Ascending, ashy-green, branches deflexed ; leaves rhomb-lanceo- 

late, obtuse ; spikes thick, obtuse ; sepals longer than bracts ; fruit smooth. § 

10 A. viridis L. Erect; livid-purple; leaves long-petioled, ovate ; spikes panicled, 
rather loose and long ; sepals twice longer than the bracts. Waste grounds, S. 

1 1 A., pumilus Raf. Diffuse or prostrate ; leaves subsessile, obovate ; flowers in ax- 
illary, sessile glomerules ; fruit twice longer than the calyx. Sandy sea-coasts. 

3. ACNIDA, L. Water Hemp. Fls. $ $ , 3-bracted. $ Calyx of 5 

equal, erect sepals. Stamens 5, antli. 2-celled. ? Cal. 0. Ovaiy 1-ovuled, 

with 3 — 5 stig. Utricle 1-seeded, naked. ® Glabrous, tall, branched, with 

long-stalked, entire leaves and fls. small, green, in slender spikes. Jl. — Oct. 

§ Acnida proper. Utricle indehiscent, longer than its stigmas No. 1 

§ Montelia. Utricle circumscissile, shorter than its stigmas No. 2 

1 A. caiinatoSiia L. Leaves lanceolate to linear, pointed, 2—8' ; $ spikes numerous, 

rather dense, 2 -4' ; ? spikes interrupted ; panicle leafy ; fr. 1^', obovoid, bracts J as 
long. Salt marshes 3 — 8f. The two sorts quite dissimilar. 

2 A. taniarisciiia. Leaves lance-oval, 1 — 5' ; spikes interrupted and leafy at base, 

or throughout ; $ bracts longer than the ovary. Wet shores, E. and W. 1 — 6f. The 
t plant scarcely differs from $ No. 1. 

4. IRE SINE, Br. Fls. $ ? or £ , 3-bracted. Calyx of 5 erect sepals. 

Sta. 5, anth. 1-celled. Stigmas 2 or 3. Utricle valveless, included in the 

calyx. — Leaves opposite, petiolate. Flowers minute, scarious, white, in 

dense spikes or heads. September, October. 

I. celosioides L. Branches opposite, strict ; leaves ovate-lanceolate ; flowers in nu- 
merous delicate panicled spikes. ® Banks, W. and S-W. 2 — 4f. 

5. GOMPHRENA, L. Globe Amaranth. Fls. 3-bracted. Cal. 5- 
sepalled, erect. Fil. 5, 3-cleft at apex, middle tooth bearing the 1-celled 
anth. Stig. capitate. Fr. as in Iresine. Tropical plants. Lvs. opposite. 
Flowers in heads. 

G. slobosa. Trichotomously much branched ; leaves oblong, entire ; flowers fadeless 
bright purple, in heads V diameter. (T) E. India. 1— 2f. 

6. TELANTHERA, Br. Fls. 3-bracted. Cal. of 5 sepals. Stamens 5, 



290 Order 108.— LAUHACE^E. 

with 5 intervening sterile filaments, anth. 1-celled. Stig. capitate. Fr. at 
in Iresine. Leaves opposite. Heads axillary and terminal. 

T. polygonoides Moq. Procumbent, diffuse, hairy ; leaves oval, obtuse, attenuate 
to a winged petiole ; flowers silvery whitish, u Waste grounds, S. 

7. FRCELIOHIA, Mcench. Fls. 3-bracted. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft at 

apex. Sta. 5, connate into a tube, with 5 sterile filaments. Anth. 1-celled. 

Stigmas capitate or tufted. Utricle enclosed in the hardened calyx. (I) 

Hairy or woolly stems, long-jointed. 

F. Floridana Moq. Nearly simple, strictly erect; leaves linear; flowers in short 
dense, cottony spikes. River banks, W. and S. 1— 3f. July, August 

Order CVIII. LAURACE^E. Laurels. 

Trees and shrubs aromatic, mostly with alternate, simple, punctate leaves. 
Flowers with a colored perianth of 4 — 6 slightly united, strongly imbri- 
cated sepals. Antliers 2- or 4-celled, opening upward by as many recurved, 
lid-like valves. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, free, in fruit a berry or a drupe. 
Seed without albumen. 

g Flowers perfect. Stamens 12, the 3 inner sterile. — a Evergreen trees Persea. 1 

— a Leafless vines. S. Fla Casstta. 

S Flowers dioecious. Stamens 9, all fertile. Leaves deciduous... (*) 

* Involucre none. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved. Leaves lobed Sassafras. 2 

* Involucre 4-leaved. Anthers 2-celled, 2-valved. Leaves entire Benzoin. 3 

* Involucre 4-leaved. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved. Leaves entire Tetranthera. 4 

1. PERSE A, Oaert. Red Bat. Bay Galls. Fls. 5 , umbellate, with 

no involucre. Cal. of 6 sepals. Sta. 12, the 3 inner sterile, reduced to mere 

glands, anth. 4-celled (2 cells above and 2 below). Drupe oval, seated on 

the persistent calyx, containing 1 large seed. ^> 

P. Carolinensis Mx. Tree 30 — 40f, often but a shrub, with lance-oblong, entire, firm 
leaves, 6' ; umbels small, on ped. 1 — 2' ; drupe oval, blue. Swamps, Va. to Fla. 
Bark deep-furrowed ; wood fine, rose-colored. April, May. 

2. SASSAFRAS, Nees. Sassafras. Fls. $ ?. Calyx 6-parted, de- 
ciduous. $ Sta. 9, the 3 inner with a pair of glands at base, anth. 4-celled. 

$ Sta. 6, all sterile. Ov., style, and stig. 1. Drupes ovoid, blue, on thick 

red pedicels. ^ Flowers yellow, appearing before the leaves in Mar. — Jn. 

S. officinale Nees. Shrub or small tree, 10 — 20f ; leaves of two forms — ovate and en- 
tire, or 3-lobed, cuneate at base ; flowers handsome, in racemes or corymbs. Fields 
and woods. Bark pleasantly aromatic. 

3. BENZOIN, Nees. Spice Wood. Flowers $ $ , with 4 involucrate 
scales. Cal. 5- or 6-parted. $ Sta. 9, the inner 3 glandular at base, anth. 
2-celled. $ Sta. 15 — 18 rudiments. Drupe obovoid, red. £> +> Lvs. entire. 
Fls. yellow, in small lateral clusters before the leaves. (Lmdera, Thunb.) 

1 B. odoriferum Ne<ee. Shrub 6 — 12f; leaves lance-obovatc, acute at base; buds 

and pedicels smooth. Moist woods : common. May. 
3 IS. melissaefolium Nees. Shrub 2 — 3f ; leaves lance-oblong, abrupt or cordate 

at base ; buds and pedicels villous. Swamps. S. February, March 



Order 110.— SANTALACE^E. 291 

4. TETRANTHERA, Jacq. Pond Spice. Fls. as in Benzoin, but 

the anthers are 4-celled and 4-valved as in Sassafras. Drupe globular 

(red). J) Flowers yellow, precocious. February, March. 

F» geniculate Nees. Shrub 8— 15f, with branches and branchlets very crooked and 
divaricate. Leaves small, oval to oblong. Swamps, S. 

Order CIX. LORANTHACEJE. Loranths. 

Shrubby plants, parasitic on trees, with thick, opposite, exstipulate leaves. 
Flowers mostly diclinous, an adherent calyx of 2 — 8 lobes, with stamens of 
the same number, opposite the calyx lobes. Ovary 1-celled, becoming a 
fleshy fruit with one albuminous seed. (See Addenda.) 

PHORODENDRON, N. Mistletoe. Fls. $ ? , in jointed spikes, 
mostly 3-lobed. $ Anth. sessile on the base of each lobe, the 2 cells di- 
vergent. ? Stig. sessile (no stamens). Fr. a pulpy, viscous berry. — Herb- 
age yellowish-green. Stems brittle, woody, firmly engrafted on the limbs 
of oaks, elms, &c. 

P. flavescens N. Stems much branched, 1 — l^f ; leaves wedge-obovate, thick, entire, 
as long as the spikes ; berry white, pellucid, sticking to the limb which it touches 
until it takes root. 

Order CX. SANTALACE^E. Sandalworts. 

Trees, shrubs, and herbs, with alternate, undivided leaves, with the calyx 
tube adherent to the ovary, limb 4-5-cleft, valvate. Stamens as many as 
the sepals, and opposite to them. Ovary 1-celled, with a free central pla- 
centa bearing at top 2—4 suspended ovules, but in fruit drupaceous, 1- 
seeded, crowned with the persistent calyx. 

§ Half-shrubby. Anthers connected to the sepals by a tuft of hairs Comandra. 1 

§ Shrubs. Anthers free.— * Flowers 4-parted, with 4 petals in the $ flowers Buckleta. 3 

— * Flowers 5-parted, all apetalous. Leaves alternate Ptbulabia. 3 

1. COMANDRA, K Bastard Toadflax. Calyx tube adherent, 
limb 4- or 5-parted. Anth. 4 or 5, connected as above mentioned. Fil. on 
a 5-lobed perigynous disk. — Smooth plants, with herbaceous branches and 
whitish flowers in small umbels. 

1 C. uinbellata N. Flowers perfect ; branches strict, corymbed above ; leaves on- 

lanceolate, subsessile ; umbels 3-flowered, exceeding the leaves ; connecting hairs 
yellow. Kocky woods. If. Leaves scattered, 9". June. 

2 C Darbya A. DC. Flowers dioecious; branches short, leafy; leaves elliptical, 

mostly opposite ; umbels 5-fiowered, shorter than the leaves ; connecting hairs white. 
Woods, S. : rare. 1— 2f. The fertile plant unknown. 

2. BUCKLEYA, Torr. Fls. $ ? , the ? with a double calyx, the in- 
ner (corolla) caducous, and without stamens. Sty. 4-lobed. $ Calyx sin- 
gle, 4-lobed, with 4 stam. Fruit oblong, 10-furrowed, 1 -seeded. +) Leaves 
subsessile, entire. Sterile flowers clustered, fertile solitary. 



292 Order 112.— EL^AGNACE^E. 

B. distycliopliylla Torr.— Mountains of E. Tenn. Shrub 10 — 20f ; leave? ovato 
acuminate ; fruit 8 — 9" long, resembling that of Forestiera. 

3. FYRULARIA, Mx. Oil-nut. Fls. $ ? . Calyx 5-cleft, half-adhe- 
rent by the 5-toothed disk. Style 1, stigmas 2 or 3. Drupe pear-shaped, 
1-seeded, with the albumen very oily. J> 

P. p libera Mx. Shrub 4— 6f, spineless, with oval-oblong leaves and small greenish 
flowers in terminal racemes ; drupe 7 — 9". Mountain streams. Pa., and S. May. 

Order CXI. THYMELACE^E. Dapknads. 

Shrubs with a very tough, acrid bark, entire leaves and perfect flower, 
with the calyx tubular, colored, the limb 4-(4- or 5-)parted, regular, the 
tube bearing the stamens, as many or usually twice as many as its lobes, 
and free from the ovary, which is 1-celled, 1-ovuled, the suspended seed 
with little or no albumen. 

1. DIRCA, L. Leatherwood. Cal. colored, tubular, limb obscurely 

4- toothed. Sta. 8, exserted. Stjde 1. Berry 1-seeded. 5 Fls. opening 

before the oblong-obovate, alternate leaves, 3 from each bud. 

D. palustris L. Sbrub 3— 5f, along streams, with very tough bark ; flowers 4", yel- 
lowish, in April, May ; berry oval, small, red. 

2. DAPHNE, L. Cal. colored, funnel-form, limb spreading, 4-parted. 
Anthers 8, subin eluded. Stigmas capitate. Berry fleshy, 1-seeded. & 
Native of the Old World. 

1 D. Mezereum. Shrub 1 — 8f, with very smooth lanceolate leaves appearing later than 

the lateral clusters of rose-purple, sweet-scented flowers. 

2 I>. odora. Shrub 2 — 3f ; leaves lance-oblong, evergreen ; clusters terminal, roseate, 

very fragrant. Greenhouse. 

3 I>. Laureoia. Shrub 1— 5f, hardy, with large oblanceolate, shining, evergreen leaves 

and axillary clusters of greenish flowers. 

Order CXII. EL^EAGNACE^E. Oleasters. 

Shrubs or trees usually with the leaves covered with a silvery scurf, en- 
tire. Flowers mostly dioecious, the calyx free, entire, persistent, becoming 
in fruit pulpy and berry-like, enclosing the 1-celled, 1-seeded achenium 
Embryo straight, with little albumen. 

* Flowers perfect. Stamens 4. Leaves alternate, petiolate, entire Eleagnus. 1 

* Flowers dioecious. Stamens 8. Leaves opposite, after the flowers Shephkvdia. i 

* Flowers dioecious. Stamens 4. Leaves alternate, after the flowers Hippophjl S 

1. EL5IAGNUS, L. Oleaster. Cal. 4-cleft, colored within. Sta. 4, 
alternate with the sepals. Achenium enclosed in the mealy, 8-furrowed 
calyx tube. ^> +> With silvery foliage. 

1 E. argentea Ph. SUverberry. Shrub 8— 12f; leaves broadly or narrowly elliptical, 

acute, 1 — 2' ; flowers axillary, deflexed, canescent. Dakota, and W. 

2 E. hortensis. Tree with narrow-lanceolate, acute leaves ; flowers axillary, erect— 

Also, K. latifolta, with eversn*een leaves, is cultivated. 



Order 113.— EUPHORBIACEJS. 293 

2. SHEFHERDIA, K Fls. $ ? . Cal. 4-cleft. Sta. 8, with 8 glands. 
$ Calyx tube closely investing the ovary, limb 4-lobed. Sty. and stig. 1. 
Berry globular, fleshy. £> Spinescent. 

1 S. Canadensis N. Shrub 6— 8f; leaves elliptic-ovate, clothed beneath with stel- 
late hairs and rusty scales, nearly smooth above. Banks of streams, N. Clusters 
subsessile. Berry sweetish. 

% S. akgentea N. Buffalo Berry. Tree 12 — 18f; leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse, both 
surfaces smooth and covered with silvery scales. Fruit the size of a currant, scar- 
let, well-flavored. Missouri. 

3. HIPFOPHiE rhamnoides. Shrub with lance-linear leaves, silvery 
white beneath, and a crowd of yellow, acid drapes. Europe. 

Order CXIII. EUPHORBIACE^E. Spurgeworts. 

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, usually with a milky, acrid juice. Flowers dicli- 
nous, sometimes enclosed in a cup-shaped involucre. Calyx inferior, some- 
tunes wanting. Corolla scale-like or colored, often wanting. Ovary free, 
sessile or stipitate, 2-, 3-(or more)-carpelled ; styles distinct or united. Fruit 
of 2, 3 (or more) 1-2-seeded carpels (rarely of 1 carpel) united to a common 
axis, at length separating. Embryo in fleshy albumen. Fig. 142. 

547. Head or capitulum of Euphor 
bia corollata. 8 The involucre tubt 
J cut open, showing the monandrous, 
jl staminate flowers surrounding the 
550 /^ pistillate. 9. One of the $ flowers, 
»vith a toothed bract at base. 50 Cross-section of the ovary, showing the 3 one-seeded 
sells or carpels. 

> Cells of the ovary 1-ovuled ; fruit cells or carpels l-seeded...(*) 

• Cells of the ovary 2-ovuled ; fruit cells or carpels each 2-seeded. . .(x) 

* Flowers in a cup-shaped involucre, the $ many, each merely a stamen, the ? 

only 1, — an ovary exserted on a pedicel Euphorbia. 1 

• Flowers not in an involucre, 8 » all apetalous, with a calyx only. . .(a) 

a Stigmas and carpels 6 — 9. Fruit fleshy, apple-like. Trees. S. Fla. ...Hippomanb MancineUa. 
a Stigmas and carpels 3. Fruit dry, capsular. ..(6) 
6 Stamens erect in the bud, 2 — 1 in number. . .(c) 
b Stamens erect in the bud, 8 — <X> i» number. . .(d) 
I Stamens inflexed in the bud. $ Flowers usually with small petals. . .(e) 

e Staminate calyx imbricated in bud. Anthers pendulous. Tree. S. Fla Sebastiania lucida. 

e Stam. calyx imbricated in bud. Anthers erect. Flowers in spikes Stillingia. 2 

c Stam. calyx valvate in bud Flowers in racemes. Plant downy.. Tragia. 3 

d Flowers in cymes, with white, imbricated sepals. Stinging Jatropha. 4 

i Flowers in small spikes with large bracts. Sepals valvate Acalypha. 5 

d Flowers in long interrupted spikes. Sepals 3, valvate in bud Mercurialis. 6 

d Flowers in panicles. Leaves palmately lobed, glabrous Ricinus. 7 

« Ovary 3- or 2-celled and -seeded. Plants hairy, downy, Ac Qroton. 8 

e Ovary 1-celled and -seeded. Plants silvery-scurfy Crotonopsis. 9 

• Calyx 5-6-parted ; stamens 3, united. Flowers axillary, small Phyllanthtts. 10 

* Calyx 4-parted ; stamens 4, distinct, large. Flowers in bracted spikes Pachysa^dra. 11 

x Calyx 4-parted ; stamens 4, distinct. Fls. axillary. Shrub. Lvs. opposite.... Buxcs. 12 

1. EUPHORBIA, L. Spurge. Fls. monoecious and achlamydeous, 
several in an involucrate cluster, simulating one flower (see figures). In- 




294 Okdek 113.— EUPHORBIACE^E. 

volucre calyx-like, 4- or 5-lobed, often with 4 or 5 large glands. $ F1& 
9 or more, each a stamen with a bract. ? Flower central, a 3-celled, 3- 
ovuled ovary on a pedicel. Styles 3, 2-cleft. Caps. 3-lobed, separating 
into 3 nutlets. — Plants with a milky juice. 

§ Shrubs of the greenhouse, with scarlet bracts or involucres Nos. 33—35 

§ Herbs, erect, without stipules. Leaves alternate or opposite. . .(a) 
§ Herbs, mostly prostrate, diffuse. Leaves all opposite, oblique at base, 
6mall, furnished with small stipules at base. Glands of the involucre 

4, usually white-margined. ® May — Nov (x) 

a Glands of the involucre 5, bordered with white petaloid appendages., .(b) 
a Glands of the involucre 4 or 5, crescent-shaped or 2-horned. . .(c) 
a Glands of the involucre 1 — 5, neither white nor horned. . .(d) 

b Heads pedunculate. Branches regular. Leaves oblong to linear Nos. 1, 2 

b Heads pedunculate. Branches irregular. Leaves oval or ovate Nos. 3, 4 

b Heads nearly sessile. Leaves with broad white margins No. 5 

c Umbel of many rays. Stem leaves narrow, alternate. Seeds smooth. 2{...Nos. 6, 7 

e Umbel of 3 rays, and forked. Stem leaves alternate, thin Nos. 8, 9, 10 

c Umbel of 3 or 4 rays, and forked. Stem leaves opposite, thick No. 11 

d Inflorescence a simple terminal cluster. Leaves toothed or lobed. ...Nos. 12, 13 

d Inflorescence a forked cyme, peduncles in the forks. Lvs. entire Nos. 14, 15 

d Inflorescence a compound umbel. Heads terminal. . .(e) 

e Seeds reticulated or wrinkled. Leaves serrulate Nos. 16, 17 

e Seeds smooth and even,— A; in a rough, warty fruit Nos. 18—20 

—k in a smooth and even fruit Nos. 21—63 

x Leaves serrulate or serrate. Seeds roughened with wrinkles or pits. . .(y) 

y Stems ascending or erect. Plants smooth or smoothish Nos. 24—26 

y Stems flat on the ground, spreading, mostly hairy Nos. 27, 28 

x Leaves entire. Seeds smooth and even. Plant glabrous Nos. 29—32 

1 E. corollata L. Flowering S. Erect, glabrous, or subglabrous ; umbel 3-7-rayed, 
rays 3- and 2-forked ; lvs. oblong to oblong-linear, obtuse, those of the umbel whorled 
or opposite ; involucre glands obovate, petaloid. ii Dry fields, 1 — 2f. July, Aug. 
/3. ang-usti folia. Leaves oblong-linear ; umbel becoming irregular. S. 

t E. Curtisii Eng. Smooth, slender, branched from base, divisions about 3-forked, 
then 2-forked ; leaves opposite or in 3's, linear-oblong or linear ; heads minute ; in- 
volucre glands narrowly white-bordered. U Barrens, S. If. (E. discoidalis Chapm.) 

3 E. pubentissima Mx. Hairy, 2 or 3 times forked ; leaves oval or ovate-oblong, 

petiolate or subsessile, scattered, the floral much smaller ; heads minute ; involucre 
glands minutely white-margined, entire. Dry. S. If. (E. panicnlata Ell.) 

4 E. mercurialiiia Mx. Stem naked below, leafy, and 3- or 2-forked above, pubes- 

cent ; leaves oval or ovate, petiolate, mostly opposite ; involucre lobes crenulate, 
white. Tenn. : rare. 8 — 10 / . Too near to the preceding. 

5 E. marginata Ph. Leaves lance-oblong, sessile, the floral crowded, and with a 

broad white margin ; umbel 3-rayed, capitate. ® Ky., and W. If. t 

6 E. Cyparissias L. Lvs. linear, much crowded, the floral broad-cordate, all sessile ; 

umbel of many simple rays ; glands lunate. i[ Fields and gardens. If. § 

7 E. Esula L. Lvs. lance-linear, the floral broadly cordate ; umbel of many lorked 

rays, and scattered branches below ; glands 2-horned. Fields : rare. § 
S E. .Peplus L. Leaves round-cuneate, the floral ovate ; umbel of 3 (rarely 5) forked 

rays ; carpels doubly wing-keeled on the back. Fields, N. Eng. : rare. § Europe. 
9 E. Oliiotica Steud. Smooth, erect from a decumbeut branching base ; Ivb. mostly 

floral, reniform, sessile, the pairs appearing orbicular ; carpels not winged ; glands 2 

homed, u Woods, Ohio, W. and S. If. (E. commutata Eng.) 



Order 113.— EUPHORBIACE^. 295 

10 E. tetrapora Eng. Leaves linear-spatulate, the floral larger, tiAnsvevsely ovate ; 

umbel 3-rayed ; seeds 4-pitted on the inner face. (1) Ga. to La. 10'. 
HE. Liathyris L. Caper S. Stout, 2 or 3f high ; leaves sessile, lance-linear, all 

opposite ; umbel 4-rayed, then forked ; glands horned. Gardens, and §. 

12 E. heterophylla Mx. Stem with scattered branches, 1— 3f ; leaves ovate, or 
einuate-lobed, or panduriform, all petiolate and scattered, the upper stained red on 
the margins ; gland 1, sessile. Iowa to Ga. June, July. 

1 3 E. dentata Mx. Stem 8' — 2f, hairy, with opposite branches ; leaves opposite, 
ovate, dentate, petiolate ; heads subsessile ; seed tubercled, round and black ; gland 
1 or more, stalked. ® Shades, Penn. to Iowa and La. 

14 E. Ipecacuanhas L. Root long, stems clustered, slender, diffusely forked ; lvs. 
opposite, all oblong to linear, obtuse, sessile ; heads on filiform pedicels ; seed white, 
compressed, pitted. % Sands, coastward. 8 — 12'. (E. gracilis Ell.) 

1 5 E. nudicaulis Chapm. Slender, forking above ; leaves minute (i"), obovate, 
the upper opposite ; heads minute, glands margined, greenish. %. Fla. 

1 6 E. Helioscopia L. Stout ; umbel 5-rayed, rays trifid, and forked ; lvs. cuneate 
to obovate, whorled above ; glands round, stalked. ® Waysides, N. § 

1 7 E. dictyosperma F. & M. Slender ; umb. once or twice 3-forked, then 2-forked ; 
floral leaves roundish-ovate, subcordate, cauline oblong-spatulate to obovate ; fruit 
warty, seeds reticulated. (5) Ky., and S-W. (E. Arkansana C-B.) 

18 E. Darlingtonii Gray. Tall (2— 3f ) ; umbel 5-8-rayed, rays forked or trifid; 
leaves entire, oblanceolate, the floral oval. % Woods, Perm., and S. 

19 E. platyphylla L. Erect, 8 — 16'; umbel 5-rayed; leaves lance-oblong, subcor- 
date, serrulate, the floral triangular-ovate. (5) Lake shores, N. § 

20 E. obtusata Ph. Erect, 1 — 2f ; umbel 3-rayed, rays trifid or forked ; leaves all 
sessile, serrulate, obtuse, the floral roundish-cordate, the lower oblanceolate ; fruit 
very warty. ® Woods, Va., and W. 

21 E. inundata Torr. Smooth, erect; umbel 3-rayed, and forked; leaves entire, 
sessile, lanceolate to oblong-ovate ; glands round, entire ; seeds globous. u Wet 
barrens, Fla. 6 — 12'. Heads on slender peduncles. Root woody. 

22 E. sphserosperma Shutt. (E. Floridana Chapm.) Lvs. lance-linear to cordate- 
ovate ; heads green, glands crenate. Otherwise like No. 21. u Dry. Fla. 1— 2f. 

23 E. telepliioides Chapm. Plant some fleshy, 2—5' high ; lvs. ovate, large on the 
stem, small on the umbel. Otherwise like No. 22. u West Fla. May, June. 

24 E. hypericifolia L. St. 1— 2f ; lvs. 6 — 12", oval-oblong, serrate all around ; sds. 
oval, obtusely 4-angled, wrinkled and tubercled, black. ® Fields : common. 

25 E. glyptosperma Eng. St. 5 — 10';' lvs. 4 — 6", linear-oblong, serrulate toward the 
apex ; stip. fringed ; sds. ovoid, obtuse-angled, wrinkled, amber-color. Wis., and S-W. 

26 E. maculata L. Hairy; leaves oblong, serrulate, often with a brown spot ; stip 
minute ; seeds sharply angled, obscurely wrinkled, reddish. Sandy fields : common. 

2,7 E. humistrata Eng. Hairy; lvs. elliptic-obovate, serrulate at apex, rarely spot- 
ted ; stipules fringed ; seeds obtuse-angled, oval, roughened, brownish. Banks, W. 

28 E. serpyllifolia Pers. Smooth; lvs. obovate-oblong, serrulate at apex, seldom 
spotted ; stipules fringed ; seeds acutely 4-angled, cross-wrinkled. Banks, W. 

29 E. polygonifolia L. Lvs. oblong-linear; glands of in vol. not appendaged; seeds 
large {V long), ovoid, smooth and whitish. Sandy sea and lake coasts. 

SO E. Geyeri Eng. Leaves oblong-obovate ; glands with narrow appendages ; seeds 
small {\"), ovoid, acute, obtusely 3-angled, ash-colored. Sandy soils, N-W. 

31 E. serpens H. B. K. Lvs. round-ovate, very small (1— 2") ; stip. triangular ; glands 
scarcely appendaged ; pod acutely keeled, seeds ovoid-3-angled. HI. to La. 

32 E. cordifolia Ell. Lvs. 4 — 6", cordate-oval; glands conspicuously white-appen 
daged ; pods and seeds as in No. 31. Fields, South. Spreading If. 

33 E. splendens. Shrubby and fleshy, thorny; lvs. ovate, acute both ways; ped. ax 
Ulary ; floral leaves in pairs, broader than long, scarlet, Madagascar. 



296 Order 113.— EUPHOKBXACEJS. 

34 E. fdxgens. Not spiny ; lvs. lanceolate, pointed both ways, floral lvs. sc on falling, 
lobes and appendages of the involucre red and purple. Mexico. 

35 E. ptrLCHEKEiMA (or Poinsettia). Floral leaves lanceolate, of a brilliant red, lowei 
leaves wedge-oblong, often fiddle-shaped, all pointed. Mexico. 

/ 

2. STIIiLINGIA, Gard. Fls. 8 , in a terminal, dense spike, apetalom 

$ Calyx cup-form, lobed and crenulate. Sta. 2 or 3. Fil. exserted, with 
short, 2-lobed anthers. 2 Calyx 3-lobed. Style trifid, with 3 diverging, 
simple stigmas. Capsule 3-lobed, 3-celled, 3-seeded. — Plants smooth, erect, 
with alternate leaves. Fertile flowers at the base of the sterile spike. 
Bracts of the spike biglandular at base. May — Sept. 

1 S. sylvatica L. Herbaceous ; stems clustered ; leaves subsessile, lance-linear to 

lance-oblong, and obtuse to acuminate, crenate-serrulate ; spikes yellowish, longer 
than the leaves ; glands cup-shaped, u S. 1 — Cf. 

2 S. aquatica Chapm. Shrubby ; stem single ; lvs. short-stalked, lanceolate, acute, 

sharply serrulate ; spikes shorter than the leaves ; glands peltate. Fla. 3 — 6f. 

3 S. ligustrina Mx. Shrubby ; leaves lance-ovate, petiolate, entire ; stipules ovate ; 

spikes shorter than the leaves ; sta. 3. Swamps, S. 6— 12f. (Sebastiania, Muller.) 

4 S. sebifera L. Tallow Tree. Tree 30 — 40f ; lvs. long-petioled, rhomboidal, acumi- 

nate, entire ; fruit rough, blackish, seeds white. S. §. (Exccecaria, Mul.) 

3. TRAGIA, Plum. Fls. 8 . Cor. 0. $ Calyx 3-parted. Sta. 2 or 3, 
distinct. § Calyx 5- to 6- to 8-parted, persistent. Style 3-cleft. Stig. 3. 
Fruit 3-lobed, 3-celled, separating into 3 bivalve, 1-seeded nutlets. U !? 
Homely weeds. Lvs. mostly alternate, pubescent, stipulate. Fls. small, 
racemed. May — August. 

1 T. macrocarpa Willd. Slender summits of the branches twining ; lvs. cordate- 

ovate, acuminate, serrate ; rac. long (3 — 4') ; fr. 5 — 6". Copses, Ky., and S. 2 — 4f. 

2 T. urticaefolia Mx. Erect, hairy, sparingly branched ; leaves deltoid-lanceolate, 

truncate at base, sharp-serrate ; fruit very hairy. Dry. S. 1 — 2f. 

3 T. innocua Walt. Erect, branched, puberulent ; leaves ovate-oblong, varying to 

linear, coarsely few-toothed or entire. Dry. S. If. (T. urtns L., but it does no< 
sting as Linnaeus supposed.) 

4. JATROPHA, L. Spurge Nettle. Fls. 8 , in forked cymes ; the 

fertile generally in the forks. Calyx colored, imbricate in bud. Corolla 

present or not. Sta. 10 — 30, monadelphous. Styles 3, forked. Prd 3-car 

polled. U Leaves palmi- veined, stipulate. 

J. urens, |3. stimulbsa Mul. Low, hispid with bristly stings ; leaves half 3-5-lobed, 
cordate, lobes lanceolate, serrate ; sepals white, oval, spreading ; corolla 0. Sandy 
woods, S. : common. Stings white, ¥ long. March — July. (Cnidoscolus, Pohl.) 

5. ACALYPHA, L. Three-seeded Mercury. Fls. 8 , in short clus- 
ters or little spikes, surrounded bv a large cut-toothed bract. Cor. 0. $ 
Calyx 4-parted. Sta. 8 — 12, monadelphous, with halved anthers. ? Calyx 
3-parted. Styles 3, each 2- oo - eleffc. Fr. 3 nutlets. (D Weeds resembling 
Nettles, with stalked alternate leaves (and +> tropical). Summer. 

1 A. Virginica L. Leaves lance-ovate, obtusely pointed, obscurely serrate, equal 
ling their petioles (1 — 2') ; sterile spikes hardly exserted. Dry. 10—20'. 
3. g*r«c?7tenf «. Leaves narrower, on shorter stalks : $ spikes exserted 



Okder 113.— EUPHORBIACE^E. 297 

2 A. Carollniana Walt. Lvs. ovate, cordate, closely and strongly serrate ; i spikea 
axillary, ? terminal, fruit soft-echinate, bracts with linear lobes. W. and S. 

6. MEROURIALIS, Tourn. Fls. 8 , apetalous, axillary, in bractless 

spikes or fascicles. Calyx 3-parted. Sta. 10 — 20, anth. 2-cellecl, extrorse. 

Fruit 2-carpelled, 2-seeded. — Herbs with opposite, petiolate leaves. 

OK. annua Willd. Lvs. lanceolate, &c, thrice longer than the stalks ; branches oppo 
site ; t spikes long, interrupted, seeds oval, pitted. (D Waysides, S. : raie. § 

7. RICINUS, Tourn. Castor Oil Plant. Fls. 8 , apetalous. Calyx 
3-5-parted, valvate in the bud. $ Sta. go, with irregularly united fila- 
ments. ? Style short, stigmas 3, 2-parted, plumous, colored. Capsule 
echinate, 3-lobed, 3-celled, 3-seeded. — Herbs or shrubs. 

It. communis L.— A stout ® herb with peltate, palmi-lobed leaves, 4—12', divided into 
lance-sbaped lobes. Southward it becomes a shrub, or tree 10 — 20f. Cult, for its seeds. 
yielding the castor oil, or for the ornament of its splendid foliage. E. India. 

8. OROTON, L. Fls. 8 . Calyx 4-8-parted. Petals hypogynous, 4—8'. 
mostly minute, often (especially in the $ ) wanting. $ Disk with 4 — 6 
lobes. Sta. 5 or more, anthers inflexed in the bud. ? Ovary 3-celled, 
styles 3, 1-3-times forked. Fruit 3-carpelled, 3-seeded. — Plants glandular, 
clothed with scurf or stellate hairs. Leaves alternate. 

§ Downy. Fertile calyx 5-parted, with 2 styles, and pendulous No. 1 

§ Hairy or scaly. Fertile calyx 5-parted, with 3 styles, each 2- or 3-cleft Nos. 2 — 1 

§ Densely woolly. -Fertile calyx 8-parted. Styles 3, each twice 2-cleft Nos. 5, 6 

1 C. monanthogyims Mx. Stellate-downy, di- and tri-chotomously branched ; lvs. 

ovate or subcordate, silvery beneath , fls. in the forks. (T) Prairies, HI., and S. If. 

2 C. glaiitlulosus L. Hispid, tri-(or 4-)chotomously branched ; lvs. clustered at the 

forks, lance- to linear-oblong, serrate, with 2 concave glands at base ; fls. in clusters, 
the sterile 4-parted, 8-androus. (T) A straggling weed, W. and S. 1 — 2f. 

3 C. argyranthemus Mx. Clothed with silvery glandular scales, branched at base ; 

lvs. oval to oblong ; fls. in a hd. or spike, silvery all over, all 5-parted. % Ga., Fla. If. 

4 C maritimus Walt. Half-shrubby, bushy, trichotomously branched, tomentous; 

lvs. broad-oval, silvery beneath; flowers in dense heads on long stalks ; etaui. about 
10 ; stigmas 18—20. Drifting sands, sea-coast, S. 2— 3f. July— Oct. 

5 C. capitatus Mx. Lvs. ovate to oblong, long-petioled, obtuse; ? cal. large (7") 

?-8-cleft ; styles 3, each 4-parted to base ; seed double-convex. W. and S. 
C C, Elliottii Chapmn. Lvs. lance-oblong, short-petiolate, acutish ; $ cal. 6'' diam. 
5-8-cleft ; styles 3, each 4-cleft to the middle ; seeds plano-convex. @ S. 2 — 3f. 

9. CROTONOPSIS, Mx. Fls. 8 , minute, in spikes. Calyx 5-parted. 
$ Petals 5, spatulate. Sta. 5, distinct. ? Petals 0, 5 scales instead. Stig. 

3, each bifid. Ovary and pod 1-celled, 1-seeded. ® Slender, silvery-scurfy 

with small, alternate leaves. Upper flowers sterile. 

C. linearis Mx.— Sandy swamps, N.J. to 111., and S. Stems as slender as Flax, re- 
peatedly trifid and forked, 1 — 2f. Leaves linear-oblong, 6—10". June— Sept. 

10. PHYLLANTHUS, L. Flowers 8 , axillary- Calyx in 5 or 6 seg- 
ments. Petals 0. Stam. 3, very short. Styles 3, bifid. Ovules and seeds 
2 in each 2-valved carpel. — Leaves alternate, in 2 ranks. 

P. Carolinensis Walt. St. slender, with alternate branches ; lvs. oval, 6 — 10", the 
ramial much smaller ; flowers subsolitary. (l) Pa. to HI., and S. 6—18'. June^ — Aug 



298 Order 114.— URTICACE.E. 

11. PACHYSANDRA, Mx. Flowers 8 , apetalous, in bracted spikes 
Calyx 4-parted. $ Filaments 4, long-exserted, flat. ? Styles 3, recurved 
Capsule 3-horned, 3-celled, cells 2-seeded. U Prccunibent stems from 
long creeping root-stocks. Leaves alternate. 

P. prociunbens Mx. Lvs. ovate to obovate, coarsely toothed, clustered above the 
spikes, which are all near the base of the stem, Va. to Ky., and S. March — May. 

12. BUXUS, L. Boxwood. Flowers 8 , axillary. $ Calyx 3-leaved, 

petals 2. Sta. 4. 9 Cal. 4-sepalled. Pet. 3. Sty. 3. Caps, with 3 beaks 

and 3 cells. Seeds 6. £> ^ Leaves opposite, ovate, entire, smooth. 

B. sempervtrens. A tree of slow growth, fine-grained wood, in Europe. The dwarfed 
varieties are planted in gardens for edgings. 

Order CXIV. URTICACE^. Nettleworts. 

Plants of various habit, with stipules (which are often early deciduous) 
and with small inconspicuous, mostly diclinous flowers. Calyx regular, 
free from the 1-celled ovary. Stamens as many as the calyx lobes and op- 
posite to them. Fruit a 1-seeded samara, drupe or achenium, separate or 
aggregated. The following groups have usually been regarded as Orders 

$ ULMACEyE. Trees with colorless innoxious juice. Flowers habitually perfect, not 

in aments. Fruits separate. No albumen. (Figs. 181, 256, 295, 31G, 382, 509). . .(a) 
§§ ARTOCARPEiE. Trees with milky poisonous juice. Flowers diclinous, in aments 

or heads. Fruits aggregated. Seed albuminous. (Figs. 195-6, 298, 349). ..(6) 
S§§ URTICEJ3. Herbs. Flowers diclinous, not in aments. Filaments crenulate. 

Fertile calyx 3-5-parted. Embryo straight. (Fig. 503). ..(c) 
>§§§ CANNABINE/E. Herbs. Flowers diclinous. Filaments straight. Fertile calyx 
of 1 sepal, spathe-like. Embryo curved or coiled. (Fig. 213). . .(d) 

a Flowers appearing before the leaves. Fruit a samara winged all around Ulmus. 1 

a Flowers icith the leaves. Fruit wingless,— x a dry nut from a 1-celled ovary. .. Planera. 2 

— x a sweet, fleshy drupe Geltis. 3 

b Flowers enclosed within a hollow receptacle, both kinds together Ficus. 4 

S Flowers external. — y Fertile aments globular. Branches thorny Maclura. 5 

— y Fertile aments globular. Plants thornless Broc3SONkti.A 6 

— y Fertile aments oblong, fruit sweet, juicy Morus. 7 

c Herbs with stinging hairs. — z Stamens 4. Leaves opposite Urtica. 8 

— z Stamens 5. Leaves alternate Laportea. 9 

« Herbs stingless. — n Stamens 3. Fertile calyx 3-sepalled Pii.ea. 10 

— n Stamens 4. — o Flowers in slender spikes Boshmeria. 11 

— o Flowers in involucrate clusters Parietari^. 12 

d Herbs twining. Fruit in an imbricate strobile-like ament Humulus. 13 

d Herbs erect. Fruit a 2-valved caryonsis in axillary Dairs Cannabis um. 14 

1. ULMUS, L. Elm. Fls. $ . Calyx 4-9-cleft. Stam. 4—9, fil. long 
and slender. Styles 2. Ovary 2-celled. Samara flat, 1-seeded. ^ Fls. 
yellowish, or reddish, in precocious clusters. Figs. 181, 256, 295. 

* Samara fringed .vith hairs, hanging on slender ped., 2-beaked Nos. 1—3 

* Samara not fringed, nearly sessile,— a; slightly notched at apex Nos. 4, 5 

— x cleft down to the seed Nos. 6, 7 

1 U Americana L. White Elm. Lvs. oval, acuminate, doubly serrate ; flowers in 
,oose, umbel-like clusters ; fruit oval, 6'', its 2 beaks with points incurved and meet- 
ing. A majestic tree, with ascending branches and often long pendulous " weeping' 1 
branchlets. Native, and everywhere cultivated. 



Order 114— URTICACE^. 299 

2 i. racemosa Thomas. Cork Elm. Smaller tree, wilh rigid branches , branchlett 

downy, often with wing-like corky ridges ; flowers 2 — 4 in each fascicle, which ar« 
arranged in racemes. N. H. to Wis., and S. 20 — 30f. 

3 U. Floridana Chapm. Tree 30— 40f, with brittle branches, smooth lvs. thick, 

awte ; fruit orbicular, 2 — 3'', its teeth broad and erect. W. Fla. 

4 U. alata Mx. Winged Elm. Whahoo. Tree, with its branchless here and there 

winged with 2 corky ridges; leaves lance-oblong, acute, 1— 2^' ; flowers race me J ■ 
fruit downy all over, with its 2 beaks slender. 111. to Ya., and S. 

5 U. fulva L. Red Elm. Slip2)e?y Elm. Tree 20— 40f; buds covered with fnlvona 

down ; leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate ; flowers reddish, 7-parted, sessile ; fruit or- 
bicular. Low grounds. Valued for its very mucilaginous liber. 

6 U. cajhpestris. English Elm. A stately tree, 50 — 70f, with rigid branches and dense 

foliage ; leaves small, ovate ; stamens 5 ; fruit nearly orbicular. Europe. 
/3. subekosa. Branchlets with thick corky wings ; stamens mostly 4. Europe. 

7 U. Montana. Scotch Elm. Witch Elm. Large tree, with ample obovate, cuspidate 

leaves, rough above, downy beneath ; flowers 5-parted ; fruit oblong, 1'. Europe. 

2. PLANERA, Gmel. Fls. 3 5$. Cal. lobes and sta. 4 or 5. Stig. 2, 
oblong, diverging ; ova. 1-celled, fruit 1-seeded, wingless, indehiscent. ^> 

P. aqnatica Gm. Tree 30— 40f, elm-like, with small smooth, ovate, acute, serrate 
leaves and axillary flowers in clusters of 2 — 5 ; nut roughened. Swamps, S. 

3. CELTIS, Tourn. Nettle Tree. Sugar-berry. Fls. 3 S $ , the 
S 6-parted and the $ 5-parted. Sty. 2, elongated, spreading. Drupe glo- 
bular, f) +) Leaves mostly oblique at base. Flowers subsolitary. Fig. 316. 

1 C occidentalis L. Tree 30 — TOf, with wide-spread branches ; lvs. ovate, subcor- 

date, acuminate, serrate, rough-hairy beneath ; ped. longer than the petiole ; sepale 
triangular-ovate, erect, white ; drupe 3", dark purple. Woods, &c. 

j8. crassifblia. Leaves cordate, thick, mottled with dark and light green. 

y. integ-ri folia. Leaves smooth, subentire ; bark smooth. W. and S. 

2 C. pumila Ph. A straggling ehr'ib. 3 — lOf, with broad-ovate, acute, smooth, ser- 

rate leaves ; calyx of 6 oblong-linear spreading segments, 2". Woods, S. 

4. FICUS, Tourn. Fig. Banian. Fls. 8 , minute, fixed upon the 
inner surface of a hollow receptacle. $ Calyx 3-parted, sta. 3. $ Calyx 
5-parted, ovary 1, seed 1. Fruit (syconus) composed of the enlarged, fleshy 
receptacle enclosing the numerous dry, imbedded achenia. Fig. 195. 

1 F. Carica. Common Fig. Leaves cordate, 3-5-lobed, repand-dentate, rough and 

downy; fig pear-shaped. From Asia. A shrub in our conservatories, a small tree S. 

2 F. elastica. India-rubber Tree, in the greenhouse, with a straight, simple trunk, 

and very large (S— 100, shining, thick, oblong leaves. E. India. 

3 F. Repens. Creeping on walls, &c, with ovate, cordate, acute, serrate lvs. E. India 

4 F. Indica, the Banian (§ 207), with many trunks, may grow South. 

5. MAOLURA, K Osage Orange. Flowers $ $ , the $ racemous, 
calyx 4 parted. $ Flowers in a dense globular head. Calyx 4-sepalled, 
fleshy, finally embracing the obconic achenium, all ripening into a globu- 
lar sorosis, resembling an orange. Style terminal. ^ Juice milky. Leaves 
alternate, entire. Branches with sharp spines. Fig. 298. 

M. aurantiaca. Lvs. shining, ovate-oblong, thickish, pointed ; fruit yellow wnen 
ripe, lactescent, pendulous. Arkansas. Planted for hedges. May, June. 

6. BROUSSONETIA L'Her. Paper Mulberry. Fls. $ $ in amente, 



300 Order 114.— URTICACE^E. 

the $ cylindric, the $ globular, style lateral, ovary becoming a fleshy club 

shaped 1-seeded fr. protruding from the tubular, 3- or 4- toothed calyx. ^> 

B. PAPYRirERA. Tree with a low bushy head, of rapid growth, with rough and downy 
leaves, ovate or variously lobed ; fruit dark red, hispid. Japan. Fig. 349. 

7. MORUS, Tourn. Mulberry. Fls. 8 , in aments, the $ loose, the ? 
dense and spike-like. Cal. 4-parted, sta. 4, sty. 2. Achenium compressed^ 
enclosed in the fleshy calyx, the whole spike thus constituting a compound 
berry (sorosis). ^ Leaves alternate, broad, often palmately lobed. Fig. 196. 

1 If I. rubra L. Tree or shrub, 15— (50f; roots yellow; leaves rough and downy, sub- 

cordate, serrate ; fertile spikes cylindric ; fruit dark red, very sweet . 

2 Ifl. alba. Chinese M. Shrubs (here), with smooth and shining, cordate, unequally 

serrate leaves ; fruit whitish. Introduced for silkworms. 

3 Ifl. nigra. Tree for ornament and shade, from Persia, with rough, ovate or lobe* 1 

leaves ; fertile spikes oval ; fruit reddish-black, acid. 

8. URTICA, Tourn. Nettle. Fls. 6> , sometimes $ $ . $ Calyx 4 
sepalled. Ovary a cup-shaped rudiment. Sta. 4. ? Sepals 4, the outer 
pair minute, the inner at length surrounding the shining, compressed 
achenium. Stig. 1, sessile. — Herbs with stinging hairs. Leaves opposite. 
Fls. green, in axillary or sub terminal clusters or racemes. Summer. Fig. 503. 

§ Clusters compound, longer than the petioles. Perennials Nos. 1, 2 

§ Clusters simple, shorter, or not longer than the petioles. Annuals Nos. 3, 4 

1 XJ. proeera Willd. Stem tall (3 — 6f ), slightly hispid, with few stings ; leaves lance 

ovate, 5-veined, uncinate-serrate ; spikes panicled above. Waste places : common. 

2 XJ. dioica L. St. 1 — 3f, very hispid and stinging ; leaves ovate, deeply serrate, the 

slender point entire ; spikes clustered in the axils. Wastes: common. § 

3 U. urens L. Low (If), hairy ; lvs. broadly ovate, coarsely serrate, 5-veined ; clus 

tcrs pedunculate, loose, by pairs in each axil. Waste grounds, E. § 

4 U. cliamredrioid.es Ph. St. 1— 2f, with scattered bristles ; leaves ovate, crenate 

serrate ; clusters capitate, 1 or 2 in each axil, spiked above. Ky., and S. 

9. LAPORTEA, Gaudich. Wood Nettle. Fls. in axillary panicles, 

the $ calyx 5-parted, the ? of 4 sepals, the 2 inner larger. Sta. 5. Stig. 

subulate. Achenium flat, ovate, very oblique. U Hairs stinging. Lvs. 

ample, ovate, petiolate. 

Ii. Canadensis Gaud. Leaves 3—5', acuminate, serrate ; flowers minute, green, in 
panicles, 1—2', the lower sterile. Damp woods. 2 — 6f. 

10. PILEA, Lindl. Richweed. Fls. in dense axillary clusters, the i 
with 8 or 4 sep. and sta. ? Sepals 3, unequal, oblong. Sta. 3 rudiments 
Achenia roughened, erect, ovate, (i) Smooth, stingless. Stipules united. 

P. pumila Gray. Stem succulent, weak; leaves rhomb-ovate, crenate-serrate, lon^- 
stalked ; flowers green, in short clusters. Moist shades. 3—18'. July, Aug. 

11. BGEHMERIA, Jacc False Nettle. $ Calyx 4-parted, with 
lanceolate, acute segments, stamens 4. $ Calyx tubular, truncate, or 4- 
toothed, persistent and closely investing the ovate, pointed achenium. — 
Herbs or shrubs, stingless. Flowers minute. 

B. cylindrica Willd. Erect, simple; leaves generally opposite, on long petioles 



Order 116.— CALLITRICHACE^E. 301 

ovate, acuminate, dentate ; upper spikes interrupted, leafy at top, sterile, lowoi 
dense, fertile, u A coarse weed in swamps. 2— 3f. Spikes 1 — 6'. July, August. 
0. lateriflora has narrower leaves, shorter stalks, all alternate. 

12. PARIETARIA, Tourn. Pellitory. Fls. polygamous, in clus- 
ters, surrounded by a many-bracted involucre. $ Cal. 4-sepalled. Sta. 4, 
at first incurved, elastically expanding. $ Stigma tufted. Ach. polished, 
enclosed within the persistent, 4-lobed calyx. — Herbs weed-like, with al- 
ternate leaves. Clusters of green flowers axillary. 

1 P. Pennsylvanica Muhl. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, veiny, tapering to an obtuse 

point, entire ; involucre longer than the flowers. (T) Eocky shades. 6 — 12'. 

2 P. Floridana N. Leaves round-ovate, obtuse, entire, on long petioles ; flowers 

as long as the involucre, (g Damp sands, S. 10'. (P. debilis Forst. ?) 

13. HUMULUS, L. Hop. Fls. $ 2 , the $ panicled, with 5 sep. and 
sta. Anth. with 2 terminal pores. ? Aments with large imbricated, en- 
tire, 1-flowered bracts. Cal. of 1 sepal, investing the achenium. Styles 2 
Embryo coiled. |? Twining with the sun. Leaves opposite. Fig. 213. 

H. lupulus L.— Eich alluvion, along streams, and extensively cultivated. Sterna 
10 — 20f. Leaves cordate, 3-5-lobed, rough, on long stalks. Bitter, narcotic. July. 

14. CANNABIS, Tourn. Hemp. Flowers $ ? , the 6 with 5 sep. and 
sta., in panicles. ? In spikes. Cal. a single spathe-like sepal enfolding the 
2-valved cariopsis. Embryo curved. (D Leaves opposite, digitate. 

C. sattva L. — Fields, waste grounds. Tall, erect, 4— 8f. Leaves petiolate, regularly 
formed of 5—7 lanceolate-serrate leaflets. Cultivated S-W. June. § 

Order CXV. SAURURACE^E. Saururads. 

Herbs with jointed stems, alternate, entire leaves furnished with stipules. 
Flowers in spikes, perfect, naked, having neither corolla nor calyx. Sta- 
mens definite. Ovaries 3 — 5, more or less united. Fig. 15. 

SAURURUS, L. Lizard-tail. Inflorescence a terminal spike of 1- 
flowered scales. Sta. 6, 7, 8 or more Ovaries 4. Berries 4, 1-seeded. if 
Stem angular. Leaves cordate, acuminate, petiolate. 

S. eernuus Willd.— Common in marshes, 1 — 2f. Leaves 4—6'. Spikes slender, re- 
curved at the more slender top, its flowers whitish. July, August. 

Order CXVI. CALLITRICHACE^. Starworts. 

Herbs aquatic, small, with opposite, simple, entire leaves. Flowers axil- 
_ary, solitary, veiy minute, polygamous, achlamydeous, with 2 colored 
bracts. Stamen 1, rarely 2 ; filament slender ; anther 1-celled, 2-valved, 
reniform. Ovary 4-celled, 4-lobed ; ovules solitary. Styles 2 ; stigmas 
simple points. Fruit 1-celled, 4-seeded, indehiscent. Seeds albuminous. 

CALLiTRICHE, L. Character the same as that of the order. & 
Very delicate. 



302 Order 119.— EMPETRACEJE. 

* Stems short (6"- 20, spreading on moist grounds. Leaves reniform Nob. 1, 2 

* Stems (3—16') growing in water. Fruit sessile.— x Leaves of two kinds.. . Nos. 8, 4 

— x Leaves all linear No. 5 

1 C. Austinli Eng. Lvs. obovate, 1—2" ; fruit depressed, 4-lobed all around, its pedi- 

cel and stig. nearly as long, lobes narrowly winged. N. J. (Porter), N. Y., and W. 

2 C. peploid.es N. Lvs. elliptical, 1" ; fruit roundish, 4-lobed above, sessile, its stiff' 

mas twice as long, lobes not winged. Tenn. to La. (Hale). 1— 2 / . 

3 C. verna L. Floating lvs. 3", rosulate, obovate, narrowed below, the submersed 

leaves 6", oblong-linear ; fruit oval, emarginate, longer than its stigmas. Pools, 

4 C. heteropliylla Ph. Floating leaves spatulate, attenuate below, 4 — 6", the snb- 

mersed linear, 6 — 9"; fruit globous, obcordate, its stigmas rather longer. Pools. 

5 C. antnmnalis L. Leaves all submersed, 3—5", linear, obtuse at both ends ; fruit 

rounded, its lobes slightly united, winged ; styles slender. Lakes and rivers. 

Order CXVII. PODOSTEMIACE^E. Threadfoots. 

Herbs aquatic, with the habit of seaweeds, with alternate, dissected 
leaves, with flowers minute, perfect, naked or with 3 sepals. Stamens 1 or 
many, hypogynous. Ovary compound, 2-3-celled, with as many stigmas, 
and numerous ovules. Fruit a many-seeded capsule, ribbed and some- 
what pedicelled. Albumen none. 

PODOSTEMUM, L. C. Rich. Threadfoot. River Weed. Fls. 

axillary, solitary. Sta. 2, fil. united below. Ovary oblong-ovoid. Stig. 2, 

sessile, recurved. Caps. 2-celled. Seeds minute. — Small, submersed £?, 

adhering to stones and pebbles. 

P. ceratopliyllum Mx. Leaves alternate, repeatedly forking into linear, thread- 
form segments ; stem a few inches long, in running water : common. 

Order CXVIII. CERATOPHYLLACE^E. Hornworts. 

Herbs aquatic, with whorled, dichotomously dissected leaves. Mowers 
8 , sessile, axillary, minute, with neither calyx nor corolla. Involucre 8- 
12-cleft. Anthers (12 — 24) sessile. Fertile flower a simple 1-celled ovary 
with one ovule. Cotyledons 4. 

CERATOPHYLLUM, L. Hornwort. Character that of the order, x? 

C deraersum L. Stem floating or prostrate, 8—16', with numerous branches and 
whorls ; leaf-segment filiform, sharply toothed. Pools. 

Order CXIX. EMPETRACE^E. Crowberrtes. 

Heath-like shrubs, with evergreen, linear, exstipulate leaves, and small, 
imperfect flowers. Calyx of 4 — 6 hypogynous, imbricated scales, the inner 
often colored and petal-like. Stamens 2 — 4, with compound pollen. Ovary 
free, 2-9-celled, 2-9-ovuled. Fruit fleshy, with as many seeds. In Batis 
the drupes are consolidated. 

• Stamens 3. Stigmas 6-9-rayed. Berry 6-9-seeded Empktrum. 1 

• Stamens 3. Stigmas 3 or 4. Style slender. Drupe 3- or 4-seeded Corkma. 2 

Stamens 2. Stigmas 4. Berry 2-seeded. Shrub erect ....Ceratiola S 

Stamens A. Stigma 1. Berry 4-seeded. Prostrate .Batis. 4 



Order 121.— JU GLAND ACE^E. 303 

1. EMPETRUM, Tourn. Crowberry. Fls. $ $ . Perianth consist- 
ing of 2 series of scales, the 8 inner petaloid $ Sta. 3, anth. pendulous on 
long filaments. $ Stig. subsessile, 6-9-rayed. Drupe globular, with 6- -9 
seed-like nutlets. £> Alpine. 

E. nigrum L. A small prostrate shrub, 1 — 4f; branches closely beset with oblong 
linear leaves with rolled edges, 2 — 3" ; berries black, eatable. High mountains of 
N. Eng., N. Y. May, June. 

2. COREMA, Don. Perianth of 5 or 6 bractlets, the 3 inner sepaloid 
$ Sta. 3, exserted. ? Ovary 3- or 4-celled. Style filiform, 3- or 4-cleft, 

with narrow stigmas. Drupe globular, minute, with 3 or 4 seeds. ^ 

C. Conradii Torr. Shrublets diffusely branched, 6—12', with nan-owly linear leaves, 
2— 3 // ; flowers in terminal clusters, with brownish scales and purple stamene. 
Sandy barrens, N. J. and N-E., forming blackish tufts. April. 

3. CERATIOLA, Mx. Sand-hill Rosemary. Fls. <? , of 6—8 imbrir 

cated, concave, fimbriate scales, the 2 or 4 inner membranous. 6 Sta. 2, 

exserted, anth. 2-celled, roundish. $ Ovary 2-celled. Style short. Stig. 

4 or 6, spreading, toothed. Drupe 2-seeded. J> Branches whorled, erect. 

C. ericoides Mx.— Sandy places, Ga., Fla. 3— 6f. Leaves whorled, crowded, linear- 
terete, 5— 6". Flowers reddish, followed by yellowish drupes. March, April. 

4. BATIS, P. Br. Fls. S 5 , in cone-like spikes. 6 Calyx of 2 unequal, 

united sepals. Pet. 4, clawed. Sta. 4, anthers introrse, exserted. $ A 

mass of 4-celled ovaries only, becoming a sorosis of 4-seeded drupes. 5 

B. maritima L.— Salt marshes, Fla. Stems prostrate, 2 — 3f; leaves club-shaped 
fleshy, 1'. Spikes 5", fleshy. Petals white. June — September. 

Order CXX. PLATANACE^E. Sycamores. 

Trees with a watery juice, alternate, palmate leaves, and sheathing, sca- 
rious stipules. Flowers monoecious, in globular aments, destitute of both 
calyx and corolla. Sterile. — Stamens single, with only small scales inter- 
mixed. Anthers 2-celled, linear. Fertile. — Ovary terminated by a thick 
style with one side stigmatic. Nut clavate, tipped with the persistent, re 
curved style. Seed solitary, albuminous. Fig. 288. 

PLATANUS, L. Plane Tree. Button Wood. Sycamore. Char 

acter of the genus the same as that of the order. The S and 5 flowers 

in separate aments. 

P occidentaiis L. Tree in hard, gravelly soil, 50 — 80f. The trunk grows to great 
size, ana hollow ; bark whitish ; leaves large, angularly lobed and toothed ; stipules 
oblique ; balls pendulous, solitary. May. 

Order CXXI. JUGLANDACE^E. Walnuts. 

Trees with alternate, pinnate, exstipulate leaves and monoecious flowers. 
Sterile flowers in aments, with an irregular perianth. Fertile, solitaiy oi 
clustered. ? Calyx regular, 3-5-lobed, tube adherent to the partly 2-4- 
eelled ovary. Fruit a tryma (§ 157), with a fibrous epicarp (shuck) and a 



304 Order 122.— C UPULLFEILE. 

bony endocarp (shell). Seed large, orthotropous, exalbuminous, with lobed, 
often sinuous, oily cotyledons. 

• Sterile aments solitary, simple. Epicarp persistent on the tryma Juglahs. 1 

• Sterile aments clustered, lateral. Epicarp 4-vaIved and separating Carta. 3 

1. JUGLANS, L. Walnut. $ Fl. a calyx, scale-like. 5- or 6-parted, 
with about 20 stamens. $ Fls. terminal, 4-parted, with 4 greeuish petals 
and 2 fringed stigmas. Tryma with a spongy epicarp closely investing 
the very rough endocarp. ^ Leaflets many. Pith in transverse plates. 

1 J. cinerea L. White W. Butternut. Tree 40— 50f, with a large but short trunk, 

and wide- spread branches ; leaflets 15 — 17, lanceolate ; fruit oblong-ovate, viscid- 
hairy. Good for its fruit and handsome wood. April, May. 

2 J. nigra L. Black W. Tree 60— 90f, with a long, straight trunk; leaflets 15—21, 

lance-ovate, subcordate ; fruit globous, glabrous, uneven, the kernel edible. Tho 
wood is dark-purple, used in cabinet-work. April, May. 

3 J. REGtA, from Persia, but called English walnut, has 7—11 leaflets, and a smooth- 
ish endocarp (shell) with a rich kernel. Rarely cultivated. 

2. CARYA, N. Hickory. $ Calyx scale-like, 3-parted, with 4 — 6 
stamens. $ Calyx 4-cleft, no petals. Stig. 2-lolwd, lobes bifid. Epicarp 
4-valved, disclosing a smooth, even nut. ^> Timber very strong. Leaves 
and both kinds of flowers from same bud, in March — May. 

§ Leaflets 13 — 15, scythe-shaped. Nut oblong, thin-shelled, very sweet No. 1 

§ Leaflets 7 — 11. Nut with a tender shell and very bitter kernel Nos. 2, J 

§ Leaflets 5 — 9. Nut roundish, hard-shelled, sweet and eatable.. .(*) 

* Valves of the epicarp distinct to the base. Bark with loose plates Nos. 4, 5 

* Valves of the epicarp united below. Bark continuous, firm Nos. 6 — 8 

I C. olivaeformis N. Pecan Nut. Tree 60 — 90f; leaflets falcate, 5 — 6'; $ amenta 
separate to base ; nut with its kernel loose in the thin, oblong shell. River bottoms, 
Ind., 111., and S. Bark at length shaggy. 

54 C. amara N. Bitter Nut. Tree 20 — 40f ; leaflets about 9, ovate-oblong, sharply 
serrate ; fruit roundish, valves half-united ; nut white. Moist. 

3 C. aquatica N. Tree 30 — 40f; leaflets about 11, lanceolate, oblique, subentire ; 

fruit pedunculate, ovate, with a thin, reddish shell. Swamps, S. 

4 C. alba N. Shagbark. Tree 40— 50f, with a rough, shaggy bark ; leaflets 5, the two 

lower much smaller ; fruit and nut roundish, squarish, with a thin shell and very 
sweet meat : common. Fruit and timber excellent. 

5 C. sulcata N. Thick-shellbark. Tree 40 — 80f, with shaggy bark; leaflets 7 or 9, the 

odd one subsessile ; fruit large, oval, 4-furrowed ; nut pointed at each end, 1J — 2' 
long, with thick shell. Common West. 

6 C. tomentosa N. Mocker Nut. Tree 40— 60f ; bark rugged, but not shaggy ; leaf- 

>.ts 7 — 9, odd one stalked, all and the petiole rough-downy ; aments hairy ; nut with 

a very thick shell and small kernel. 
J € porcina N. Pignut. Tree 60— lOOf; leaflets 5 or 7, nearly glabrous ; fruit ovate 

to pyriform, with a bitterish kernel : common. (C. glabra Torr.) 
8 C. microearpa N. Tree 60— 80f ; leaflets 5 or 7, glabrous ; aments glabrous ; fruit 

roundish-ovoid, as small as a nutmeg. Woods, N. Y., and S. 

Order CXXII. CUPULIFER^E. Mastwobts. 

Trees or shrubs. Lecmes alternate, simple, straight-veined, with decidu 
oils stipules. Flowers 8 , the sterile in aments which are racemed or capi- 



Order 122.— CXJPULIFER^. 305 

tale. $ Calyx scale-like or regular, with 5 — 20 stamens inserted at its 
base. ? Calyx adherent to the 2-3-celled, 2-6-ovuled ovary. Fruit a 1- 
celled, 1-seeded nut, solitary or several together, invested by an involucre 
which forms a scaly or echinate cupule. Seed destitute of albumen, filled 
by the embryo with its large cotyledons. Figs. 1-4, 182, 256, 277, 218-22, 
338-40, 381, 386, 435, 507, 511. 

§ Sterile flowers in aments, fertile, solitary, or few together. . .(*) 

* Involucre of many scales, valveless, cup-like, partly enclosing the 1 nut Quercus. 1 

* Involucre of prickly scales, 4- valved, enclosing 2 or 3 nuts Castanea. 2 

* Involucre of soft, prickly scales, 4-valved, enclosing 2 nuts Fagtts. 3 

* Involucre of 2 or 3 large, lacerated, united scales, valveless, with 1—2 nuts Cortlus. 4 

§ Sterile flowers and fertile, both kinds in pendulous aments. . .(*) 

* Involucre scales in pairs, with their edges united, inflated Ostrta. 5 

* Involucre scales in pairs, distinct, 3-lobed, becoming leaf-like Carpinus. 6 

1. QUEROUS, L. Oak. $ Fls. in loose aments. Calyx mostly 5- 
cleft. Sta. 5 — 10. ? Fls. in clusters or scattered. Ov. 3-celled, 6-ovuled 
(Fig. 162), with 3 stig., but in fruit a 1-seeded nut (acorn) seated in a scaly 
cup or involucre, ^t)^- noble genus. In many oaks the fruit is (2), that 
is, 2 years in ripening, known by its occupying the old wood below the 
leaves of the season. 

§ Leaves mostly entire, the ends subequal, petioles very short.. .(*) 

* Peduncle longer than the oblong acorn. Leaves evergreen. Fruit ® No 1 

* Peduncle shorter than the acorn. Fruit (§). — x Lvs. downy beneath. . .Nos. 2, 3 

— x Lvs. smooth both sides... No. 4 

§ Leaves 3-lobed and dilated above, awnless when mature. Fruit (2) Nos. 5, 6 

§ Leaves 3-9-lobed or pinnatifld, broad, lobes setaceously awned. Fruit ©...(*) 

* Lvs. at base cuneate, short-pet., 3- or 5-lobed. Shrubs or small trees. .Nos. 7 — 9 

* Leaves at base abrupt or truncate, mostly long-petioled, 7-9-lobed.. .(a) 

a Nut one-third immersed in the saucer-shaped, fine-scaled cup. ..Nos. 10, 11 
a Nut near half immersed in the hemispherical, coarse-scaled cup ... (6) 

b Leaves cinereous-downy beneath, acorn also downy No. 12 

6 Leaves (except when young) glabrous both sides Nos. 13, 14 

§ Lvs. 5-9-lobed, divisions obtuse, never bristle-awned. Fr. (T), sessile... Nos. 15 — 18 
§ Lvs. 9-25-toothed, downy beneath, awnless. Acorn (5), sweet, eatable. . .Nos. 19, 20 

1 Q,. virens Ait. Live Oak. Tree 40— 50f, often much smaller, very valuable for tim- 

ber ; leaves small, firm, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, downy and pale beneath, rarely a few 
sharp teeth ; nut oblong-obovoid ; ped. 1'. Va., and S. 

2 Q,. cinerea Ph. Upland Willow O. Shrub 4— 20f ; lvs. as in No. 1, but more downy 

beneath ; nut roundish, in a saucer-shaped cup. Barrens, Va. to Fla. 

3 Q. Imbricaria Mx. Laurel O. Shingle O. (Fig. 338.) Tree beautiful, 40— 50f, with 

dense dark-green foliage ; lvs. 3 — 5', lance-oblong, wavy, 6hining above ; nut round- 
ish, in a shallow cup. Common W. and S. Makes poor shingles. 

4 Q,. Phellos Ii. Willow O. Tree 30 — 60f, with poor timber ; lvs. linear-lanceolate, 

entire, 3 — 4', glabrous ; acorn roundish, 6", in a shallow cup. Borders of swamps, 
N. J. to Ky. and Fla. Young shoots with toothed leaves. 
/3. laurifblia. A large handsome tree ; lvs. 3 — 5', often with a few teeth. B. t 

5 Q,* aqoatica Mx. Water O. Tree 20— 40f, of rounded form and dense, shining 

foliage ; leaves wedge-obovate, entire or obscurely 3-lobed above, attenuate to base, 
short-petioled ; nut round-ovoid. Swamps, Md. to Fla., and cultivated. 

6 Q.. nigra L. Black-jack. Barren 0. Iron O. Tree small and gnarled, with dark 

massy foliage ; leaves short-petioled, wedge-form, mostly with 3 subequal rounded 
lobes at apex, eubcordate at base, rust-downy beneath. N. Y., W. and S. 



306 Order 122.— CUPULIFEB^E. 

7 Q. triloba Mx. Downy Black-Jack. Tree of rapid growth, 20 — :J0f ; leaAcs oblong 

cuneiform, acute at base, rusty-tomentous beneath ; lobes at apex often toothed 
bristle-pointed ; nut depressed. Barrens, N. J. to Fla. 

8 Q. Catesbaei Mx. Tvrkey 0. Tree 20 — 25f ; leaves large, very irregular, glabrous, 

cuneate at base, lobes deep, narrow, with bristle-pointed, divaricate teeth ; cup large, 
half covering the ovoid, mealy nut. Barrens, South. 

9 Q. ilicifelia Wang. Scrub 0. Bear 0. Shrub 3— 7f, straggling; lvs. petiolate, obo 

vatc, angularly 5-(3-7-)lobed, 3 — 4', whitish-downy beneath ; acorn small (5—6"), cup 
very shallow. Barren tracts : common. Animals feed on the acorns. 
|3. Georg-iana, Leaves smaller and smoother, of the same form, on Stone Mt. ! 

10 Q. rubra L. Bed 0. Tree 50 — 70f, wide and high ; leaves long-stalked, glabrous 
sinuses rounded, shallow, lobes 7 — 9, with bristle-pointed teeth ; acorn 1', ellipsoid 
i immersed in the shallow cup. Wood reddish, coarse : common. 

11 Q. palustris Mx. Pin O. (Figs. 1-4.) Sinuses deep and broad, lobes oftener 5 
petioles long (1 — 2'), toothed as in Q. rubra ; acorns 7 — 8" ; nut ^ immersed in the 
cup. Tree 60 — SOf, with a light open foliage, in wet, cool soils. 

12 Q,. falcata L. Spanish 0. Tree 60— 70f; lvs. long-stalked, obtuse at base, ashy- 
tomentous beneath, lobes 5—7, narrow, simple or toothed, more or less falcate ; acorn 
globular, 4—5", in a shallow subsessile cup. Va. to Fla. 

13 Q. cocci ilea Wang. Scarlet O. Trees very large (80f) ; lvs. much like Q. rubra, 
but changing to scarlet in Autumn, while that becomes red-brown ; acorn 7 — 8", nut 
\ — \ immersed in the cup. In young shoots the leaves almost lose their lobes and 
teeth, but keep their bristles. Not rare. 

0. tinctoria. Black 0. Leaves oftener obovate in outline ; bark black and bitter. 

14 Q,. Leana N. Lea's O. Leaves oblong, blunt at base, margin with a few angular, 
very irregular lobes : acorn roundish, in a hemispherical cup. Bare. Ohio (Clark), 
Bl. (Wolf). A hybrid ? but very constant. 

15 Q. alba L. Write 0. (Fig. 339.) Lvs. short-petioled, acute at base, oblong, sinu 
ate-pinnatifid, lobes subequal, obtuse ; acorn sessile ; nut oblong-ovoid, ^ immersed 
in the tubercled cup. Timber very useful. 

16 Q,. obtusiloba Mx. Iron 0. Post O. Tree middle size, wide-spreading ; leaves 
cuneiform at base, downy beneath, deeply sinuate, the 3 upper lobes dilated, each 2- 
lobed ; nut oval, half immersed, sweet. Timber good. 

17 Q,» macro carpa Mx. Moss-cup 0. (Figs. 340, 435.) Leaves deeply and lyrately 
sinuate-lobed (most deeply in the middle) ; cup very d.ee]),fri?iged with the pointed 
scales, nut £ or more immersed, 1'. Common. W. and S. 

18 Q. lyrata Walt. Over-cup O. Tree large ; leaves acute at base, whitish beneath, 
with 7—9 triangular acute lobes ; cup rugged with the scales, nearly or quite inclu- 
ding the round nut. Swamps, S. 

19 Q. bicolor Willd. Swamp White O. Tree handsome, 70f; leaves obovate, acute 
and entire at base, white-downy beneath, with 9 or more obtuse teeth or lobes ; 
acorns in pairs on long (1 — 2') peduncles. Low woods. 

20 Q,. Prinus L. Swamp Chestnut 0. Tree 50 — 70f, with large (1') sweet acorns ; 
leaves 4 — 7', obovate, crenate-undulate, downy beneath, with straight, strong veins ; 
fruit ped. shorter than the petioles ; nut $ immersed. (Q. monticola.) 

0. acuminata. Leaves oblanceolate, pointed, teeth sharp ; fruit subeeesile 
y. prinoides. Shrub 3 — 4f ; fruit crowded, sessile ; leaves small. 

2. CASTANEA, Tourn. Chestnut. Sterile flowers in long, slendei 
aments, fertile fls. few, 3 together, in an involucre. Cal. 6-lobed or parted, 
Sta. 8 — 20. 2 Ovary 3-6-celled, with as many stigmas. Fr. a prickly in- 
volucre (burr), 4-valved, enclosing 1 — 3 coriaceous 1-seeded nuts. ^>$ 
Leaves acuminate, expanding before the flowers. Fig. 381. 
1 C. vesca L. Tree 50 — 80f, with a large straight trunk. Lvs. 6 — 9 / long, lance-obiong, 



Order 123.— BETULACE.E. 307 

Serrate, smooth ; nnts mostly 2 or 3 together ; amenta 6— !K, yellowish, in July, the 
brown nuts ripe in October. In woods. 
3 C piimila Mx. Chinquapin. Shrub 6 — 12f, much branched; leaves obovate to 
oblong-ovate, downy beneath ; nut solitary. N. J., W. and S. 

3. FAGUS. Tourn. Beech. Sterile flowers in capitate aments, sus- 
pended by a slender peduncle, fertile 2 within an involucre. Calyx 5- or 
6 cleft or lobed. Stam. 5 — 12. ? Ovary 3-celled with 3 stigmas. Fruit 
a pair of 1-seeded, sharply 3-angled nuts in a prickly involucre. ^ Leaves 
plicate in bud. May. Figs. 182, 256, B. 

1 F. ferruginea Ait. Tree 50— 80f, with a smoothish ash-colored bark ; lvs. ovato 

to oval, short-petioled, pointed, regularly and remotely toothed, hairy when young. 
Timber fine-grained. Hardly distinct from 

2 F. stlvatica, the European Beech, which has broader leaves, and is occasionally 

cultivated, especially the variety with purple leaves. 

4. OORYLUS, Tourn. Hazel-nut. Sterile flowers in a cylindrical 
ament, fertile flowers in a capitate one. Calyx represented by 2 scales in 
the axil of a bract. Stam. 8, with half-anthers. ? Ovaiy adherent, 2- 
ovuled, 2-styled. Nut bony, roundish, 1-seeded, enclosed in a many-cleft 
involucre. ^ Leaves acuminate, expanding after the flowers. May. 

1 C. Americana Walt. Shrub 5—1 Of; leaves roundish, cordate; involucre bell-form, 

much wider than the nut, coarsely toothed. Thickets : common. 

2 C. rostrata Ait. Shrub 3 — 6f; leaves ovate to oval ; involucre bottle-shaped, longer 

than the nut, 2-parted, with toothed segments. Thickets. 

3 C. AvellJLna. Filbert. Shrub 3 — lOf ; leaves as in No. 1 ; invciucre not larger than 

the large rounded nut. From Europe, rarely cultivated. 

5. OSTRYA, Michl. Lever- wood. Hop Hornbeam. $ Aments 

cylindrical, hairy. Calyx a scale, with 8 1-celled bearded anthers. ? 

Aments loose, flowers in pairs under each deciduous scale; ovary with 2 

stigmas, enclosed in a sac (involucre), which in the hop-like fruit is inflated, 

ovoid, and much larger than the nut. ^ Wood very hard and strong. 

O. Virgiaica Willd. Small tree 20— 30f; leaves elliptical, acuminate, serrate; bnds 
acute ; fertile ament oblong, pendulous, 2'. Woods. April, May. 

6. CARPINUS, L. Hornbeam. Iron-wood. $ Aments long, cylin- 
dric. Calyx a roundish ciliate scale, with 8 — 14 stamens, slightly bearded. 
$ Aments loose, with large oblong 3-lobed bracts, each 1-3-flowered. Calyx 

6-toothed. Stigmas 2. Nut ribbed. ^ April, May. 

C. Americana L. Tree small, 12— 20f ; leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, serrate : 
bracts of the fertile aments becoming leaf-like, 1' long. In woods. 

Order CXXIII. BETULACE^E. Birchworts. 

Trees or shrubs with bark in thin layers, leaves alternate, simple, straigni 
veined, and with deciduous stipules. Flowers 8 , 3 together, in the axil of 
each 3-lobed bract of the ament. Calyx 0. $ Stamens distinct, definite. 
Anthers 2-celled. ? Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled, becoming in fruit a thin, 1« 
celled, 1-seeded nut. Figs. 163-4, 283, 296, 3^7, 312, 437. 



308 Order 124.— MYRICACE^E. 

1. BETULA, Tourn. Birch. $ Fls. in clustered, drooping, slendei 
aments, bracts peltate, deeply 3-parted. Calyx a scale, sta. 4. ? Amenta 
oblong-ovoid, bracts 3-lobed, 3-flowered. Calyx 0. Ovary tipped with 2 
styles. Nut flattened, winged. ^ +) Buds sessile. Flowers yellow, pre- 
cocious, in Spring. Figs. 163-4, 437. 

* Trees with a yellowish bark, smoothish leaves, and short, erect, 9 aments No. 1 

* Trees with a reddish-brown bark and ovate-oblong, suberect, 9 aments Nos. 2, 3 

* Trees with a white bark, long-stalked leaves, and drooping 9 aments Nos. 4, 5 

* Shrubs with brownish bark, roundish leaves, and short, erect, 9 aments Nos. 6, 7 

I B. lutea Mx. f. Yellow B. A forest tree 40— 80f, known at sight by its silver-yel- 
low bark ; leaves ovate, deeply and doubly serrate ; $ aments 2 — 4', drooping, the ? 
ovoid-oblong, 1/, erect. Can. to N. Car. (B. excelsa C-B. not of Ait. ?) 

% B. lent a L. Black, Sweet, or Cherry B. A noble tree, about 60f ; lvs. cordate-oval, 
acuminate, sharply serrulate; $ aments 3 — 4', 9 aments erect, pedunculate, much 
shorter. Woods, Can. to Ga. Timber rose-colored. Cambium (§ 418) sweet and spicy. 

3 B. nigra Ait. lied B. Tree 30— 50f, the bark loose and torn ; leaves rhomb-ovate, 

acute both ends, repand and serrulate, small, petioles hairy ; $ aments 2—3', droop- 
ing, 9 oval, sessile, erect, 6". Swamps, Mass. to Fla. Twigs very slender. 

4 B. populifolia Ait. White B. Tree 30 — 40f, trunk white, twigs brown ; leaves 

deltoid (Fig. 307), lobed and serrulate, acuminate. Thickets, Me. to Pa. 

5 B. papyracea Aft. Paper, or Canoe B. Tree 50 — 70f, trunk white, branches brown; 

lvs. ovate, acuminate, doubly 6errate ; 9 aments 1' long. Mt. woods, Can. to Ta. 
/3. minor. Shrub 6 — 9f, with smaller and merely acute leaves. White Mountains. 

6 B. pumila L. Dwarf B. Shrub 2— 7f, branches (not glandular) and young leaves 

downy; lvs. rounded to obovate, serrate, 6 — 16". Swamps, Ct. to Pa. (Prof. Porter). 

7 B. glandnlosa Mx. Shrub 1 — 4f, upright, branches glabrous, dotted with wart 

like glands ; leaves round-obovate, glabrous, crenate, 9". Mts., N. and N-W. 
£. rotundifolia. Shrublet prostrate, 6 — 12' ; lvs. orbic. White Mts. (B. nana C-B.) 

2. ALNUS, Tourn. Alder. $ Flowers in cylindric, drooping aments, 
oracts peltate, with 5 scales and several flowers beneath. Calyx ^-parted, 
sta. 4, anth. 2-celled. $ Aments ovoid, bracts cuneate, truncate, thick, 
2-flowered. Calyx of 4 scales, persistent. ^ +> Buds peduncled. 

* Pis. developed before the lvs. in early Spring. Fruit almost wingless Nos. 1, 2 

* Fls. developed with or after the leaves. Fruit winged, No. 3, wingless, No. 4 

1 A. incana Willd. Speckled, ox Black A. Stems 8 — 20f ; leaves obtuse at base, broad 

oval or ovate, sharp-serrate and some lobed, glaucous-downy beneath ; stipules lance 
oblong. Thickets by streams, N. Eng. to Wis. and Can. 

2 A. serrulata Ait. Smooth A. Stems in clumps, straightish, 10— 15f; lvs. obovate, 

pointed, doubly serrulate, smooth ; stipules elliptical, obtuse. Swamps. 

3 A. viridis DC. Mountain A. Shrub 3 — 4f; lvs. oval, acute, clammy; stip. broad- 

ovate ; fertile aments on long stalks, oval. Streams in mountains, northward. 
1 A. maritima Muhl. Tree 20f; leaves glabrous, ovate to obovate, cuneate, serru- 
late ; fertile aments ovoid-oblong, V '. River banks, Del., and S. 

Order CXXIV. MYRICACE^E. Galeworts. 

Slvnib8 with alternate, resinous-clotted, often fragrant leaves, with the 
flowers monoecious or dioecious, both kinds in scaly aments, and destitute 
of corolla or calyx. $ Stamens 2 — 8. $ Ovary 1 -celled, with 1 erect ovule. 
Stig. filiform. Fr. dry or drupaceous, indehiscent. Seed with no albumen, 



Order 125.— SALICACE^. 309 

1. MYRICA, L. Candleberry Myrtle. Fls. $ $ , the $ in eylin 
drical aments ; anth. 4 — 10 in each scale, large, 2-celled. ? Aments ovoid, 
ovary 1 to each bract, in a cup of 3 — 5 scales, stigmas 1 — 4, spreading. 
Drupes covered with wax or resinous dots. £> Leaves undivided. 

* Stigmas 2 or 4. Fruit small (1—3"), ovoid Nos. 1—3 

* Stigma solitary. Fruit large (6"), oblong (Leitneria, Chapm.) No. 4 

1 in. cerifera L. Bayberry. Shrub 3 — 4f; lvs. 1—2', oblong to oblanceolate, entire 

or a few remote teeth above ; stam. about 6 ; aments 6 — 9" ; drupe oval, 2", covered 
with white wax (bayberry tallow). Coasts, Can. to Fla. 

/3. Carolintnsis. Lvs. large (3—5'), evergreen, tapering to the petiole. M. and S. 

y. pumila. Leaves linear-oblanceolate, acute at each end. 1 — 3f. S. 

2 HI. Gale L. Sweet Gale. Shrub 3 — 4f ; leaves wedge-oblong, obtuse and serrulate 

at apex, 1—H' ; aments 4—8" ; nuts crowded, 1", reddish. Shores. 

3 M. inodora Bartr. Shrub 6— 16f, with whitish bark ; lvs. thick, evergreen, 1—2', 

oblong, obtuse, entire, with rolled edges ; drupe 3", ovoid, black. Fla. 

4 M. Floridana (Chapm.) Shrub 2 — 6f, with brown bark ; lvs. oblanceolate, acute. 

entire, long-stalked, deciduous ; drupe oblong, greenish, 6". Mid. Fla. ! 

•A. COMPTONIA, Sol. Sweet Fern. Fls. 8 , the $ in cylindric 
aments, with reniform pointed bracts and 3 — 6 stamens. 5 Aments glo 
bular. Ovary surrounded by 6 linear scales longer than the bracts. Nut 
ovoid. b Leaves pinnatijid, narrow, fern-like, stipulate. 

C asplenifolia Ait.— Dry hills, Can. to Va. Shrub 2f, with brown twigs, the verv 
fragrant leaves 3— & long, with 20—30 wing-like lobes. Stipules pointed. 

Order CXXV. SALICACE^E. Willow-worts. 

Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple leaves and deciduous or persisteni 
stipules. Flowers $ $ , both kinds in aments, one under each bract of the 
ament. Calyx none or cup-form and entire. Ovary 1-2-celled, with 2 short 
styles. Fruit a capsule, 2-valved, oo-seeded. Seeds with a tuft of hairs 
coma) and no albumen. Figs. 17-20, 200, 287. 

1, SALIX, Tourn. Willow. Osier. Aments cylindric, bracts imbri- 
cated, entire, 1-flowered, no calyx, but a little nectariferous gland instead. 
$ Sta. 2 — 7. ? Ovary ovoid-acuminate, stigmas 2, short. Caps. 1-celled, 
the valves revolute when open. Seeds oo. b t) b Branches mostly long 
and slender. Leaves mostly narrow and pointed, and with stipules. Nos. 
4, 10, and 21 are used in basket-making. 

§ Stamens 3 — 10. Aments with the leaves, scales green-yellow, caducous Nos. 1 — 3 

§ Stamens 2, the filaments united. Aments precocious, scales black No. 4 

$ Stamens 2, rarely 3 (1 in No. 13), the filaments distinct. . .(*) 

* Scales yellow-green. Am. with the lvs. — a Ov. subsessile, glabrous. Trees. ,.3-7 

—a Ovaries stalked. Shrubs Nos. 8, 9 

* Scales of the ? aments brownish or blackish, persistent. . . (b) 

b Ovaries and pods sessile. Shrubs Nos. 10, 11 

b Ovaries and pods stalked, and glabrous. Aments wi'h the lvs Nos. 12, 13 

6 Ovaries and pods stalked, and downy or silky. . .(c) 

c Aments appearing with the leaves. Shrubs Nos. 14 — 10 

e Aments appearing before the subentire hairy leaves Nos. 17 — 19 

Am. before the serrate, smooth or downy long.petioled lvs Nos. 20, *21 



310 Order 125.— SALICACE^l. 

1 S. lucida Muhl. Shining W. Tree small, handsome, 5— 15f; branches green ; Ivb, 

smooth and shining, lance-ovate, acuminate with a long point ; stip. serrate ; stam. 
mostly 5. Along streams, especially northward and northwest. Often cultivated. 

2 S» pentandea. Bay W. Tree 20 — 40f, very elegant, in shrubberies ; lvs. lance-ovate, 

cuspidate-pointed, shining ; twigs reddened ; aments yellow ; sta. 5 + . Europe. 

3 S. nigra Marshall. Black W. Shrub 10— 20f; leaves linear-lanceolate, attenuate to 

both ends ; stip. small, caducous ; branches pale yellow; stamens 3 — 5. Common. 

4 S. purpurea L. Shrub 6— lOf, with long, slender, olive-colored twigs ; leaves very 

pmooth, oblanceolate ; 1 filament with 2 anthers. Low grounds t 

5 S. fragilis L. Crack W. Bedford W. Trees call (60— 80f ), of quick growth, with 

greenish divergent twigs brittle. at base (like many other species) ; leaves lanceolate ; 
stifles caducous ; stamens 2, rarely 3. Often planted in parks. § Europe. 

/3. iiecipiens, A smaller tree, with red polished twigs and upper leaves obovate. 

y. Htissellihna^ has long-pointed, serrate, bright lvs. with conspicuous stipules. 

6 S. alba L. White W. Yellow W. Large trees, with straight branches and yellowisL 

tough twigs ; lvs. lanceolate with a straight point, and silky-whitish, especially be 
neath ; stigmas subsessile, 2-lobed. Common, of rapid growth. § 

0. vitelline/ j has shining, yellow branches, with narrower leaves. 

y. co-rulea, leaves bluish, nearly or quite smooth beneath. By rivers. 

7 S. Babylonica L. Weeping W. Tree of large size, with long, slender, pendeni 

branches ; lvs. linear-lanceolate, acuminate ; stipules roundish ; ? aments 1 — 2' long, 
the $ unknown in U. S. — /3. annularis, leaves curled into a ring. Not drooping. 

8 S. lonjrifolia Muhl. Shrub diffuse, 2— lOf, with whitish twigs; lvs. long, linear, 

pointed both ways, remotely toothed, hairy. River banks, N. Eng., and W. 

9 S. myrtilloides L. Shrub low, erect, glabrous; lvs. elliptic-oblong, entire, acute 

or obtuse Mountain bog?, N. and N-W. (S. pedicellaris Ph.) 

10 S. viiiiintilis L. Basket Osier. Stems long, straight, slender, 10— 12f; lvs. lanc/v 
linear, long, pointed, silky-canescent beneath ; aments precocious. Wet. 

IIS. lierbacea L. Arctic W. Low, creeping, 1—2' high ; lvs. round-oval, cordate, 
serrate, glabrous ; aments few-flowered, terminal. Summits of White Mountains. 

12 S. cordata Muhl. Shrub 6— 8f, with smooth, green branches ; lvs. lance-oblong 
cordate, acuminate, smooth ; stipules large, serrate. Wet grounds. 
/3. mtfricoiiles. Leaves not cordate, with 2 glands at base, glaucous beneath. 
y. atu/ttstula. Leaves lanceolate, acute at base ; stipules much smaller. 

J 3 S Cutleri Tuckm. Low, prostrate; lvs. elliptic to obovate, shining above; eta 
men single ; aments pedunculate, dense. White Mountains. (S. uva-ursi C-B.) 

14 S. vagans, /3. rostrdta (Andersson). Shrub 3— 12f, with straight, erect, yellowish 
branches ; leaves lance-ovate to lance-obovate, acute, subentire, glaucous-downy be- 
neath ; slip, toothed; fertile aments becoming long and loose; ovaries long-pointed 
(rostrate). Dry grounds, Penn., N. and W. (S. livida Wahl.) 

1 5 S. argyrocarpa And. Shrub low, creeping ; leaves lance-oblong or -linear, glau- 
cous beneath with appressed silvery hairs ; pod short-conical, silvery-silky, style 
slender. White Mountains. Young plants all silvery. (S. repens C-B.) 

1 1> S. chlorophylla And. Shrub low, spreading ; lvs. glabrous, glaucous beneath ■ 
lanceolate to oblanceolate, subentire ; fruit very short-stalked ; style very long, stigma 
entire ; stipules 0. White Mountains, and N. (S. phylicifolia C-B.) 

I 7 S. tristis Ait. Sage W. Small downy shrub with a profusion of small naked 
aments ; leaves lance-linear to oblanceolate ; stipules minute, caducous. Dry fields. 

1 8 S. humilis Ma,«h. Shrub 4— 8f, with brown twigs ; lvs. oblanceolate ; stip. lunate, 
subdentate, shorter than the distinct petioles. Dry. (S. Muhlenberghiana Barr.) 

19 S. Candida Willd. Shrub 4— 6f, handsome, all whitish; ^aves linear-lanceolate, 
very long ; stipules lanceolate, as long as^ the petioles. In da, j woods. Common. 

20 S. discolor Muhl. Shrub 7— 15f; branches greenish-bro\n ; leaves lance-oblong 
remotely toothed, glaucous beneath ; stipules lunate, toothed or entire ; ov. conical, 
densely silky ; stigmas long, linear. Swamps. (S. eriocephalus Mx.) 



Order 126.— CYCADACE^E. 311 

21 S. petiolaris Sm. Shrub 4— 15f, twigs long, slender, tough, purplish or yellow- 
ish ; lvs. linear-lanceolate, smooth, glaucous beneath ; stipules lunate, dentate: ova- 
ries ovoid, densely silky, stigmas very short. Sandy banks of streams. 
/3. sericea, Lvs. grayish-silky beneath ; stigma sessile ; stipules deciduous. 

2. POPULUS, Tourn. Poplar. Aspen. Aments cylindric, scares 
lacerate-fringed. Cal. an oblique, disk-like cup, its margin entire. $ Sta 
8 — 80. ? Ova. free, stig. very large, 2-lobed. Caps. 2-valved, 2-ceiled. ^ 
Large trees, with soft, light wood. Leaves broad, on long, often com- 
pressed petioles. Aments lateral, before the leaves. 

§ Buds not viscid. Leave? lobed, always white-downy beneath No. 1 

§ Buds not viscid. Leaves round-ovate, soon glabrous and green Nos. 2 — 4 

§ Buds viscid with a resinous varnish. Leaves always glabrous. . .(x) 

x Leaves ovate, whitened beneath. Stamens 20—30 Nos. 5, 6 

x Leaves deltoid or deltoid-ovate Stam. 6 — 30. Petioles compressed.. Nos. 7 — 9 

1 P. alba. Abele P. Silver-leaf P. Tree rapidly growing, and spreading by the roots ; 

leaves cordate, lobed, dark green above, very white beneath. Europe. 

2 P. tremuloid.es Mx. American Aspen. Tree 25 — 40f; bark smooth, greenish; 

lvs. roundish-cordate, abruptly pointed, dent-serrate ; petioles compressed, rendering 
the leaves tremulous in the slightest breeze. Woods : common. 

3 P. lieteropliylla L. Cotton-wood. Tree 40 — 60f, with smooth greenish bark ; lvs. 

roundish, cordate or ovate, serrate, white-downy when young ; buds very downy, 
short, obtuse ; stamens very many ; seed with much cotton. Wet woods. 

4 P. grandidentata Mx. Tree some 40f. with smoothish gray bark ; lvs. round- 

ovate, acute, with large unequal sinuate teetb, villous when young ; buds subpubes- 
cent ; petioles compressed. Woods. Common northward. 

5 P. Jmlsamifera L. Balsam P. Tacmehac. Tree 40 — 80f, with rough bark; lvs. 

ovate, acuminate, with appressed serratures ; buds very fragrant. Wet. N. 

6 P. candicans Ait. Balm-of-Gilead. Tree 30— 50f ; lvs. ovate, cordate, acuminate, 

serrate ; petiole hairy ; buds full of fragrant resin. Woods, and cultivated. 

7 P. angulata Ait. Western Cotton-wood. Tree -40— 80f, branches acutely angular 

or winged ; leaves deltoid-ovate, or broad-cordate : buds little viscid. S. and W. 

8 P. Canadensis Desf. Necklace Cotton-wood. Tree 40 — SOf; young branchlets an 

gular ; lvs. deltoid to oval, acuminate, erose-denticulate, eubcordate ; ament scales 
not hairy. By rivers and lakes, N. and W. (P. monilifera Ait.) 

9 P. nigra, j3. betulifblia. Black P. Tree with an ovoid form, 30 — 40f ; young 

branches and lvs. pnbes. ; lvs. deltoid-rhombic, pointed, crenate-serrate. N. Y. : rare, t 
y. dilatata, Lombardy P. Tree very tall, pyramidal in form ; lvs. deltoid. Com. 

Class II. GrYMNOSPEBM^E. 

Pistils none, or represented by open scales, with ovules in 
their axils. Stigma none, but the pollen applied directly to the 
ovules, which become naked seeds, destitute of a true pericarp. 
Flowers always diclinous. Cotyledons often more than 2. (§ 510.) 

Cohort 4. CONOIDE^E. Equivalent to the Class. (§ 515.) 

Order CXXVI. CYCADACE^E. Cycads. 

Threes of low stature, simple trunks with their mtemodes undeveloped 
and the surface scarred with the fallen leaves. Leaves pinnate, parallel- 



312 Order 127.— CONIFERS. 

veined, circinnate. Flowers dioecious, naked, in cones, $ antlier covermg 
the under surface of the connectile. ? Scales peltate, bearing naked 
ovules dorsal or marginal. 

1. CYOAS revoluta, from Japan, hardy South, has a short thick trunk, 
crowned with numerons pinnate leaves, 4 — 5f long, with innumerable linear 1-veined 
leaflets rolled at the edges. Fruit in an oblong spadix. 

2. ZAMIA integrifolia. Coontie. Florida Arrow-root. Stem 
corm-like, abounding in starch. Leaves 3 — 5f long, leaflets 3—5', lance-oblong, jointed to 
the rachis, entire, QO-veined ; fruit in a large oblong cone. S. Fla. 

Order CXXYII. CONIFERS. Conifers. 

Trees or shrubs mostly evergreen, abounding with a resinous juice. Leaves 
ocattered or fascicled, mostly linear, parallel or fork-veined. Flowers $ ? 
or s , destitute of corolla or calyx, in aments and cones. $ Stamen 1, or 
several united. ? Ovary, style, and stigma wanting. Ovules 1 — oo at the 
base of the carpellary scale. Fruit a strobile (cone) with the scales woody 
and distinct, or baccate with the scales fleshy and coherent. Figs. 107, 166, 
194, 216, 256, 293, 299, 352-3, 473-4, 491. See Hoopes' Book of Evergreens. 

§ ABIETINE^E. Scales of the cone each with a bract beneath it. Seeds 2, winged. . .(*) 
§§ CUPRESSINE.E. Scales braotless. Seeds 1—9, mostly with 2 wings. ..(**) 

* Leaves evergreen, linear, 2 — 6 together in each fascicle Pinus. i 

* Leaves evergreen, linear, solitary, scattered Abies. 2 

* Leaves in fascicles of many together, — a evergreen Cedrus. 3 

— o deciduous Larix. 4 

** Cones baccate, consisting of the fleshy coherent scales Junipertjs. 5 

** Cones dry, scales imbricated. — x Leaves lance-linear Cunninghamia. 6 

— x Leaves scale-form, opposite, 4-rowed Thuya. 7 

** Cones dry, scales valvately closed. — y Lvs. scale-form, opposite, 4-rowed. ..Cupressus. 8 

— y Lvs. linear, alternate, deciduous Taxodium. 9 

—y Lvs. alternate, evergreen, t Sequoya. 10 

1. PINUS, L. Pine. Fls. <? , the $ in clustered aments. Stamen 1, 
with a 2-celled anther. $ Aments of many open imbricated carpellary 
scales, each with a bract at the back and 2 inverted ovules at base within. 
Cone woody, persistent two years, the scales often thickened and awned 
at the tip. Seeds nut-like, winged. Cotyledons 3 — 12. 5 Fascicles of 
2 — 5 linear-filiform leaves, sheathed at base. 

§ Leaves in 5^.— x Scales spineless, hardly thickened at end Nos. 1—3 

—x Scales ending with a cap and a spine No 4 

§ Leaves in 3's. — y Cones oblong, with small recurved spines Nos. 5, 6 

— y Cones ovoid, with weak or strong spines Nos. 7 — 9 

§ Leaves in 2's. — z Scales tipped with spines or prickles Nos. 10—13 

— z Scales spineless.— a Trees native Nos. 13, 14 

— a Trees European Nos. 15, 16 

1 P. strobus L. White Pine. A majestic tree, 100— 170f, in the forests ; lvs. needle- 

shaped, 4— &, not rigid ; cones oblong, 5 — 7', pendulous. Woods, Penn., N. and N-W 
Timber of great value in architecture. 

2 P. excelsa. BJwtanP. Lvs. glaucous, 5 — 7' ; cones cylindric, 6 — V ; nuts winged. Asia 



Order 127.— CONIFERS. 313 

3 P. cembra. Stone P. Leaves 2 — 3' ; cones ovate, erect ; seeds hard, wingless. Alpa 

4 P. aristata. Colorado P. Leaves 1— 1$', crowded; cones oval, 2£'. Tree 40— 50f. 

5 P. anstralls Mx. Long-leaved P. Tree 60— lOOf, very resinous ; leaves 10—15', 

crowded ; cones lance-oblong, nearly as long as the leaves. Stands in extensive- 
forests, South. Very valuable for turpentine, timber, or fuel. 

6 P. Taeda L. Loblolly P. Tree 50— 90f; leaves 6— 1C, with long sheaths; cones do- 

flexed, half as long as the leaves, with small but strong spines. S. 
x 7 P. serotlna Mx. Pond P. Tree 30— 50f ; leaves 5—8', rigid ; cones broadly ovoid, 

polished, nearly spineless, as large as a goose-egg. Wet lands, S. 
z-8 P. rigida Mill. Pitch P. Tree 30— 70f, with very rough bark ; leaves rigid, 4 — 6', 

with short sheaths ; cones clustered, ovoid-conic, 2—3'. Sandy barrens. 
9 P. fonder6sa. Tree 50— lOOf in California, with sturdy trunk, smoothish bark, 

heavy wood ; leaves 9 — 12' ; cones 3i', conical, with short strong spines. 
^10 P. mitis Mx. Yellow P. Spruce P. Tree of slow growth, 30— 60f ; lvs. covering 

the branchlets, some of them in 3's, mostly in pairs, 3 — 5', slender ; cones 1^ — 2', 

ovoid-conic, clustered. In dry lands. Timber very valuable. 

11 P. pungens Mx. Tree with crooked branches, 20— 30f; leaves stout, crowded, 
about 2' ; cones ovoid, 3', with stout spines 3" long. Mountains, Penn., and S. 

12 P. inops Ait. Jersey P. Scrub P. Tree 15— 25f, rough and crooked ; lvs. rigid, 
obtuse, 2 — 3' ; cones ovoid-oblong, 2 — 3', with straightish prickles. Barrens. 

^13 P. reslnosa Ait. Norway P. Red P. Tree 60f, bark smoothish ; lvs. slender, 5 — 6', 
sheaths 6-12" ; cones conic with a rounded base, half as long as the leaves. Dry woods, 
Penn. to Wis., and N. Timber compact, moderately resinous. 

14 P. Hudsonica Poir. (P. Banksiana Lamb.) A straggling pine 5— 25f; lvs. rigid, 
curved, 1', the cones longer (11—20, recurved, smooth. Rocks, Me., W. and N. 

1 5 P. Larico. Corsican Pine. A large tree of rapid growth, very handsome in parks ; 
leaves slender, bright green, wavy, 4 — 6' ; cones 2 — 3'. Branches whorled. 

/3. Austriaca. Austrian P. Leaves more rigid, of a rich dark-green color. 

1 6 P. sylvestris. Scotch P. Tree of rapid growth, perfectly hardy ; lvs. 2 — 4', twisted, 
rigid, bluish green ; cones ovoid-conic, 2 — 3'. Common in Europe. 

2. ABIES, Tourn. Spruce. Fir. Hemlock. $ Amenta clustered 
with the old lvs. $ Am. solitary, cones with thin, flat, spineless scales, per 
sistent one year. Seeds winged. Cotyledons 3 — 9. ^ Lvs. solitary, not 
sheathed, scattered over the branches, linear, short, mostly petioled. 
\y~ § Fir. Cones erect, the scales deciduous. Lvs. flat, spreading two ways. . .(%) 
§ Spruce. Cones nodding. Lvs. 4-sided or ensiform, pointing all around. . .(a) 

§ Hemlock. Cones hanging. Leaves flat, mostly spreading two ways Nos. 1 — 3 

a Cones oval, 1 — 2' long, the scales nearly entire. Native, t Nos. 4, 5 

a Cones oblong, 3—8' long, the scales erose-dentate. Cultivated Nos. 6, 7 

x Bracts conspicuously exserted, much longer than the scales Nos. 8—10 

x Bracts shorter than the scales or rarely a little exserted Nos. 11 — 13 

1 A. Canadensis Mx. Common H. Tree 50 — 80f, very beautiful when young ; lv* 

short-linear (6—8"), glaucous beneath ; cones ovoid, terminal, as long as the leaves, 
scales concealing the bracts. Rocky woods : common N. 

2 A. William sonii (or Pattoniana). Large tree in Oregon, very fine and hardy here, but 

rare ; leaves yellowish, 6 — 8", the cones three times longer, bracts concealed. 

3 A. DouGLASsn. A huge tree in Oregon, handsome ; cones with long, 3-forked bracts. 

4 A. nigra Mx. Double S. Tree pyramidal, 60— 80f ; leaves 6— 7", dark green ; cones 

ovoid, 1 — 2, scales erose-denticulate. Damp mountain woods, northward. 

5 A. alba Mx. Single S. Tree 30— 80f, subpyramidal ; leaves 6 — 9", glaucous ; concja 

deciduous, cylindrical, 2', with the scales entire. Rocky woods : common. 

6 A. Picea (or excelsa). Norway S. A stately tree with dense dark-green, foliage : ly§, 

9 — 12" ; cones 5 — 8' long, light brown, scales notched. Very common. 



314 Order 127.— CONIFERS. 

7 A. MENzrEsn. Tree 50 — 70f in Oregon ; lvs. f, silvery-glaucous ; cones 3 — 4', many. 

8 A. bracteata. Tree lOOf in California ; leaves 2 — 3', silvery-glaucous beneath ; conca 

4', bracts 3-lobed, middle lobe much exceeding the scale, and recurved. 

9 A. pectinata. Tree from Europe, 80f; leaves 9", obtuse, glaucous beneath ; cones 

4 — 7', brown when ripe, bracts fringed, the cuspidate point spreading. 
j3. Cephalonica, from Greece, bracts linear-oblong, toothed, reflexed. 
y. Nordmannia, from Crimea, bracts with an entire recurved point. 

10 A. Fraseri Ph. Double Balsam F. Tree small (15 — 30f); bark smooth, blistered 
as in the next ; leaves 8 — 10", seeming 3-veined beneath ; cones 1—2', oblong ; bracts 
denticulate, long-pointed, reflexed. White Mountains ! and Alleghanies. 

1 1 A. balsamea Marsh. Balsam F. Tree 30 — 50f, with smooth bark filled with 
blisters (reservoirs) of balsam ; leaves 8 — 10", obtuse, silvery beneath ; cones cylindri 
cal, 3 — 4' x 1', bracts concealed or slightly exserted. Damp woods. Cultivated. 

12 A. Sibirica (or Pichta). Small tree from Asia ; leaves 1'; cones ovoid-conic, 3 — 4'. 

13 A. grandis. Tree 200f in Oreg. ; lvs. V — 18", bifid, silvery beneath; cones oblong, 4'. 

3. CEDRUS, Link. $ Am. solitary, terminal. ? Cones persistent two 
or three years ; scales persistent, close-pressed ; bracts concealed adnate to 
the scales. 5 Leaves sessile, fascicled as in Larix, rigid, evergreen. 

1 C. Libani. Cedar of Lebanon. Tree with wide-spread branches ; leaves 9 — 15", dark 

green, acute ; cones oval, obtuse, brown, 3 x 2', scales very many. 

2 C Deodara. Huge tree in the Himalayas ; lvs. 1 — 2', light glaucous ; cones ovoid, 4'. 

4. LARIX, Tourn. Larch. Tamarack. $ Anthers 2-celled, cells open- 
ing lengthwise, with simple pollen grains. $ Cones erect, oval or round- 
ish, scales colored, persistent. Seeds with a proper wing. ^ Leaves 
deciduous, acerous, soft, scattered, and in axillary, many-leaved fascicles. 

1 Li. Americana Mx. A splendid tree 70— lOOf, with straight axis and horizontal 
branches ; leaves filiform, very slender, 1 — 2', in bunches of 12 — 20; cones deep pur 
pie, 6 — 10", scales few, with inflexed edges. Woods northward. Common in cult. 
/3. pemUita, Branchlets slender and drooping. Exquisitely beautiful. 

% Li. Europ^ea. Large tree ; lvs. flattened, linear-spatulate ; cones 1 — 1^' long. 

5. JUNIPERUS, L. Juniper. Fls. $ ? , aments very small, roundish. 
$ Scales peltate, each with 4 — 7 anther-cells beneath. $ Scales few, united 

at base, 1-2-ovuled, forming a sort of berry in fruit. Cotyledons 2. ^ 5 
Leaves subulate or scale-like, pungent, opposite or whorled. 

§ Lvs. scale-form, opp., 4-rowed, and subulate in 3's, not jointed, nerveless. . .Nos. 1 — 3 
§ Lvs. all subulate and in 3's, divaricate, jointed to the stem, 1-nerved Nos. 4 — 7 

1 J. Virginiana L. Bed Cedar. Tree of middle size, dark green ; early lvs. very 

slender, 3 — 4", little divergent, in 3's, later ones 1— 2", scale-form, 4-rowed, opposite, 
appressed ; cones or berries small, blue-white, on short branchlets. Rocky soils. 

2 J* saoina, £. procumbens Ph. Shrub trailing ; lvs. opposite, obtuse, a gland in 

the middle, imbricated in 4 rows ; fruit larger (3"), nodding, dark purple. Rocks, N. 

3 J. Bermadiana L. Late branchlets very slender, covered with scale-form, pun- 

gent lvs. in 4 rows, divergent, 1" ; fr. brown, no bloom, 2 // , subsessile. Fla. 15--20f. 

4 J. communis L. Common J. (Fig. 353.) Tree or shrub ; leaves in 3's, crowded, 

pungent-acuminate, O-S", fruit small (2"), subsessile, dark-purple, sweetish. Wood*. 
£. alpina. Shrub trailing ; leaves more crowded, less spreading, curved. N. 
y. oblonga. Branchlets drooping ; leaves lance-linear, glaucous ; fruit clustered. 

5 J. RfGEDA. Weeping J. Branchlets drooping ; lvs. channelled on the upper side. Japan, 

6 J. Oxycedrus. Shrub 10-12f, from Eur., is known by its red-brown berries 3-4" long! 

7 Jo drupacea. Shrub from Syria, 8 — 12f, with berries dark-purple, as large as a plum 



Order 128.— TAXACE^E. 315 

6. OUNNINGHAMIA Sinensis. Tree from China, 30-40f, very 
unique. Heaves 1— If, lance-linear, stiff and pungent, in 2 rows. Cones ovoid, li', witb 
toothed and pointed scales (or bracts ?) each 3-seeded. 

7. THUYA, Tourn. Arbor Vit^. Fls. 8 , on different branches, ter- 
minal. $ Anther-cells 4 on each imbricated scale. ? Scales few, in pairs, 
opposite, imbricated, each 2-6-ovuled. Seeds winged, f) 5 Leaves scale- 
form, opposite, imbricated in 4 rows. 

1 T. occidentalis L. Tree branched from base to summit; leaves rhombic- ovate, 

tubercleA on the back ; cones oblong, scales not reflexed, each 2-seeded. On rocky 
banks, common N., now very frequent in cultivation. Many varieties. 

2 T. (THUYOPSIS) dolabrata. Tree from Japan, 40— 60f, with ovate scale-form lvs., 

not appressed ; cones small, roundish, each scale 5-seeded. Rare. 
8 T. (BIOTA) orient axis. Shrub light green, or yellowish ; ramifications vertical j 
cones broad, with thick scales and horn-like reflexed points. China. 

8. OUPRESSUS, Tourn. Aments 8 , small, roundish. fc Scales each 
with 2 — go erect ovules. Cone globular, the scales angular, peltate, val- 
vately closed until ripe. ^> Leaves scale-form, flat, imbricated as in Thuya, 
often with a tubercle on the back. Cypress. 

1 C sempervtrens. Cone large, oval, 1', scales O0-seeded ; lvs. minute, ovate, obtuse. 

very closely imbricated. Cultivated South. Tree strict, conical, 20 — 401. 

2 C thyoides L. White Cedar. Tree pyramidal, filiform branchlets square ; leaves 

minute, lance-ovate, close, the tubercle manifest. Swamps. Cones small as peas. 

3 Ci Lawsonh. Splendid tree from Oregon ; branchlets flattened, feather-like, bluish- 

green ; leaves lance-ovate, tubercled ; cones li". Becoming common. 

9. TAXODIUM, Rich. Bald Cypress. Fls. 8 , sessile, small, round- 
ish, the $ in spikes, ? in pairs below. Cone globular, the scales peltate, 
angular, thick, firmly closed till ripe, with 2 angular seeds at base. Coty- 
ledons 6 — 9. J> With deciduous, linear, 2-rowed leaves. 

T. distichum Rich. Tree 100— 125f, trunk 6— 9f diam. ; large conical excrescencea 
grow up from the roots ; lvs. light-green, scattered, in 2 rows on the slender branch- 
lets. Swamps, Va., and S. Timber valuable. 

/ 10. SEQUOYA, Endl. Red-wood. Cones roundish, with peltate trape- 
zoid, 5-seeded scales, valvately closed. Seeds winged both sides. 5 I m_ 
mense, Californian. Leaves linear or subulate, alternate. 

1 S. sempeevirens, Tree 200f, with a diam. of lOf ; bark blackish, with rose-purpi& 

wood almost imperishable ; cones globular, 1' ; leaves of 2 kinds. 

2 S. gigantea. Tree 300f, with a diam. of 20f (often larger!); bark cinnamon color, 

wood dull red ; cones oval, near 2' ; leaves mostly subulate. Rarely planted. 

Order CXXVIII. TAXACEJ3. Yews. 

Trees or shrubs, with the general habit of the Pines, bui with no cones, 
nor even the carpellary scale. Flowers consisting simply of anthers or an 
ovule involucrate with bracts. Fruit a nut-like seed, naked, or in a cn$> 
ifbrm dry or pulpy disk. Cotyledons 2. Fig. 166. 



316 Order 129.— PALMACE^E. 

• Loares lineai. Anthers 5 — 8 on each scale. Seed sitting in a fleshy cup T im?. 1 

• Leaves lance-linear. Anther? 4. Seed fleshy-coated or dry, not in a cup Torreta. 2 

• Leaves linear to ovate, 1-veinevl Anthers 2. Seed inverted, in a shallow cup Podocakpds. 8 

• Leaves flahelliform, fork-veined. Anthers 2. Seed erect, in a deep cup Salisburia. 4 

1. TAXUS, Toum. Yew. Flowers axillary, the $ in aments. Stam. 
or bracts peltate, . r :-8-lobed, with 5 — 8 anther-cells. $ Flower solitary. 
Ovule erect, becoming a nut-like seed, sitting in a deep fleshy cup-shaped 
disk. ^> *) Leaves rigid, alternate, in 2 rows. 

1 T. Canadensis L. Dwarf Y. (Fig. 166.) Shrub low or prostrate, branches as. 

cending; lvs. raucronate, revolute-edged, 9 — 12'' ; stam. with 5 anther-colls ; fruit de- 
pressed-globous, a black seed in an amber-colored cup. Rocky soils, northward. 

2 T. baccata. English Y. Tree of low stature, widely spreading ; lvs. falcate, acute, 

flat, 10 — 12" ; stam. with 6 — 8 anther-cells ; fruit oblong-bell-form. Europe. 

3 T. brevifolla N. Tree 15 — 50f, branches ascending; lvs. 7 — 10", very narrow; sta. 

with 6 anther-cells ; fruit oval. Fla. ? and Oreg. The species are all closely related. 

2. TORREYA, Am. Flowers axillary, the $ many in the ament, 
bracts in 4 rows. Stamens with 4 anther-cells. ? Ovule with few bracts, 
becoming drupe-like, at length a dry ovoid bony nut or seed, f) +> Leaves 
rigid, alternate, 2-rowed, pungent, lance-linear. 

T. taxifolia Arn. Tree 15 — 30f, with erect strict form, dark green ; lvs. 1 — H' long, 
2-ranked as well as the branchlets ; fruit smooth, glaucous, ovoid, 9 — ll". Fla. t 

3. PODOCARPUS, L'Her., contains some rare evergreens with remark- 
ably large leaves (2 — 3' long). As yet very sparingly cultivated. 

4. SALISBURIA adiantifolia (or Ginkgo biloba). Tree 40— 80f, from 
Japan, strict and pyramidal. Lvs. fan-shaped, 2-lobed, fork-veined and petiolate, in struc- 
ture much >ike the Maidenhair Fern. The flowers and fruit are seldom seen. 

PROVINCE, ENDOGENS, 

The Monocotyledonous Plants. Stems without the distinc- 
tion of bark, wood, and pith, endogenous in growth (§ 421). 
Leaves mostly parallel- veined and alternate. Flowers 3-parted 
(rarely V). Embryo with one cotyledon. (Prov. Acrogens, 360.) 

Class III. PETALIFEILE. Endogenous plants having 
flowers either with a whorled perianth or without one, but 
never glumaceous. (Class IV. G-lumifer^e. Page 355.) 

Cohort 5. SPADICIFLOK^E. Flowers crowded on a 
thickened or club-shaped rachis (spadix), mostly naked 
rarely with a scale-like perianth. (Cohort 6, p. 322.) 

Order CXXIX. PALMACEJE. Palms. 

Trees or shrubs, chiefly with unbranched trunks growing by the terminal 
bud. Leave* large, plaited, on sheathing petioles, collected in one terminal 



Order 130.— ARACE^E. 317 

cluster. Flowers perfect or polygamous, on a branching spadix Dursting 
from a spathe. Perianth double, 3-merous, hexandrous, ovaries (and styles) 
3, distinct or commonly united into 1, each 1-ovuled. Fruit fleshy, 1-3- 
seeded. Fig. 508. 

• Flowers all perfect. Ovaries and styles united into 1. Berry single Sabal. 1 

* Flowers perfect and staminate. Ovaries and styles distinct. Drupes 3 Chaslbrops. 3 

1. SABAL, Adans. Palmetto. Fls. $ , sessile, complete. Sepals 3 
united, petals 3, subdistinct. Sta. 6, fil. distinct. Ovaries 3, soon united, 
Sty. 1. Fr. a dryish 3-seeded berry. J> +> Caudex (§ 227) procumbent oi 
erect, beset with the persistent bases of the petioles. Lvs. palmately fan- 
shaped, many-cleft. Flowers small, greenish. June — Aug. 

1 S. Palmetto Loddig. Caudex erect, 20 — 50f, usually enlarged above ; the majestic 

ivs. are 6 — lOf long, all from one terminal bud ; spadix much shorter than the leaves, 
spathe double ; berry globular. Along the coast, Fla. to S. C. 

2 S. Adansoni Guern. Caudex prostrate ; lvs. rigid, longer than the even-edged 

petioles ; spadix slender, much branched, as high (3 — 4f ) as the leaves ; style thick, 
obtuse ; berry depressed. Along the coast, in low grounds, S. 

3 S. serrulata R. & S. Caudex creeping; petioles aculeate-serrate; spadix thick. 

2— 3f ; style subulate ; berry oblong-ovoid. Barrens, S. C. to Fla. 
/3. minima. Every way smaller ; leaves about T-cleft. E. Fla. 

2. CHAM2EROFS, L. Blue Palmetto. Fls. $ and $. Perianth 
as in Sabal. Sta. 6 or 9, connate at base. Ovaries 3, distinct, stig. sessile. 
Berries 3, 1-seeded. Palms acaulescent. Petioles aculeate. Spadix dense- 
flowered, flowers yellowish. June — Aug. 

C. Hystrlx Fraser. Caudex low, making offsets at base ; leaves 3 — 4f, the petiolCH 
spiny in the axils ; drupes ovoid, hairy, in masses. Clay soils, Ga., Fla. 

Order CXXX. ARACE^E. Aroids. 

Herbs with a creeping rhizome or corm, an acrid or pungent juice, leaves 
often veiny, and the flowers mostly diclinous and naked. Inflorescence a 
spadix, dense-flowered, naked or mostly surrounded with a large spathe. 
Perianth none, or of 4 — 6 scales. Anthers extrorse. Ovary free, stigma 
sessile. Fruit baccate or diy, seeds albuminous. Figs. 432, 436. 

• House, or greenhouse plants, usually with very large leaves. . .(y) 

• Wild native plants, growing in water or damp places. . .(a) 

a Spadix growing to the spathe. $ Flower solitary. Floating Pistia. i 

o' Spadix free, enveloped in the spathe... (c) 

o Spadix naked, destitute of a spathe. — b Leaves ensiform Acorus. 7 

— b Leaves oval, &c Orontittm. 8 

s Flowers covering only the base of the spadix. Perianth Aris-sma. 2 

e Flowers covering the whole spadix, or all but the base, and. . .(d) 

d Monoecious. Spathe involute. Stamen around a shield Peltandra. 3 

d All perfect. — x Perianth 0. Spathe open, white. Swamps Calla 4 

— x Perianth regular. Spathe shell-form Symplocarpxts 5 

y Spadix naked at the top. Spathe yellowish. Leaves peltate Colocasia. 8 

y Spadix naked at the top. Spathe yellowish. Leaves not peltate Philopendro*. 9 

y Spadix covered with flowers. Spathe white.— a Leaves green only Richardia. 10 

— z Leaves variegated Caladhtk. 11 



318 Order 130— ARACE^E. 

1. PISTTA, L. Spathe tubular at base, spreading above. Fls. 8 , few, 

the upper $ in an involucre, of 3 — 8 anther-cells. ? Fl. solitary, ?f a 1- 

celled ovary and thick style. Berry several-seeded. £? 

P. «*patlmlata Mx. Floating free in still water ; leaves 1—2', obovate-spatulate, rosu- 
late, the veins lamellated beneath ; spathe white. E. Fla. 

2. ARISiEMA, Mart. Dragon-root. Indian Turnip. Spathe con- 
volute at base. Spadix with a long naked summit, flower-bearing at base. 
$ Fls. above the fertile, each merely a duster of 4 or more stamens. ? 
Ovary 1-celled, stig. flat. IJerry red, 1- or few-seeded. U Root tuberous. 
Scape sheathed with the petioles. 

1 A. tripliyllum Torr. Jack-in-the-pulpit. Stem a large corm fiercely acrid ; scape 

round, thick, 8 — 12' ; leaves 2, trifoliate ; leaflets oval, pointed, sessile ; spathe 
striped, inflected over the club-shaped spadix. Rocky woods. April + . 

2 A. qninatnm Wood. Leaves 1 or 2, with very long sheaths, one or both quinate ; 

leaflets oval to lance-oval, acute, or obtuse, cuspidate, narrowed to a petiolule. Ga. 
to Car., in hilly woods. 1— 2f. (A. polymorphum Buckley.) 

3 A. Dracontinm Schott. Green Dragon. Leaf mostly 1, pedate, with 7— 11 lance 

oblong leaflets ; spadix subulate, longer than the spathe. Bogs. 2f. 

3. PELTANDRA, Raf. Spathe convolute. Spadix staminate above, 
pistillate below. Anth.-cells 8 — 12, opening at top, adnate to a thickened 
peltate connectile. Berries 1- go -seeded. U Leaves sagittate, the long 
petioles sheathing the scape. May, June. 

1 P. "Virginica Raf. Leaves sagittate-hastate, the base lobes long and turned out- 

ward ; spathe green, 4 — 6' long ; berries green, 1-3-seeded. Marshes. 9 — 18'. 

2 P. glauca Feay. Leaves sagittate- cordate, lobes rounded ; spathe white and open 

at the top, 3' ; berries OO-seeded, red. Coast ward, S. (Xanthosoma, Sch.) 

4. CALLA, L. Spathe ovate, spreading, white. Spadix covered with 
the naked fls. Perianth 0. Fil. 6, slender, with 2-celled anthers. Berry 
<-ed, depressed, 3-6-seeded. ux; Rhizome creeping. Leaves cordate. 

C. palustris L. — Shallow waters, Pa., and N. Scape 4—6'. Leaves 2—3'. July. 

5. SYMPLOCARFUS, Salisb. Skunk Cabbage. Spathe shell-form, 
thick, close to the ground in early Spring, preceding the leaves, incurved 
at base and apex. Spadix oval, covered with the dull purple, perfect fls. 
Perianth 4-parted. Berries 1-seeded. U£? Leaves all radical, very large. 
S. foetidus Salisb.— Swamps, meadows : common. Leaves cordate-oval, 12—20'. 

6. ORONTIUM, L. Golden Club. Spathe 0. Spadix cylindrical, 
f ello v, crowning the naked scape. Perianth 4-6-sepalled. Sta. 4 — 6. Fr. 
l dry atricle, 1-seeded. TLJXff Leaves lanceolate, all radical. 

O. aquaticum L.— Pools and brooks. If. Very smooth. Scape thickened upward, 
green at base, white above, the summit (flowers) golden yellow. June. 

7. AOORUS, L. Sweet Flag. Spathe 0. Spadix cylindric, sessile 1 
issuing from the side of a leaf-like scape. Perianth 6-sepalled. Sta. 6. Ova 
and fruit 3-celled, capsular, oo-seeded. U Rhizome thick, aromatic. Lvs 
all radical, linear-ensiform like the scape 



Order 132.— TYPHACE.E. 319 

A. Oalamus L. Scape ensiform, continued long and leaf-like above the green, dense- 
flowered spadix. In wet soils. 2— 3f. Eoot tastes warmly pungent. June, July. 

8. COLOCASIA antiquorum, from Egypt, &c, has large (2 — 3f ) ovate- 
sagittate, peltate, repand leaves, on petioles longer than the scape. Spathe erect, much 
longer than the spadix. Cultivated for food, and for ornament. 

9. PHTLLODENDRON GRAJSTDirdLiUM. Stems rooting, running or 
climbing. Leaves very large (2 — 4f), opaque, strongly veined, cordate-sagittate, acute, 
entire. Petioles terete, red-spotted. Spathe yellowish. S. America. 

10. RIOHARDIA Africana (Kunth, Calla ^Ethiopica L.). Known 
everywhere as the Egyptian Calla, but native of the Cape of Good Hope : is a grand 
house-plant, 2 — 4f, with large hastate-cordate leaves, round scapes, a large milk-white 
spathe rolled in at base and back at apex, surrounding a yellow cylindric spadix. 

11. CALADIUM Bf color. Roots tuberous. Lvs. radical, peltate, has- 
tate-cordate, short-pointed, variegated with crimson or purple at the centre, or pellucid 
at base, or white-spotted. A splendid leaf-plant. Panama ! 

Order CXXXI. LEMNACEJ3. Duckmeats. 

Herbs minute, stemless, floating free upon the water, and consisting of a 
leaf-like frond, or a tuft of leaves, with one or more fibrous roots. Flowers 
bursting from the substance of the frond, or axillary, enclosed in a spathe, 
the sterile consisting of 1 or 2 stamens, the fertile of a 1-celled ovary. Fruit 
a utricle, with 1 or more seeds. Ernb. straight, in fleshy albumen. Fig. 516 

1. LEMNA, L. Duckmeat. Fls. from a chink in the edge of the 

frond, 2 sterile, each a single recurved stamen, with 1 fertile, — an ovary 

with style and stigma. Ovules and seeds 1 — 7. ® U Fronds 1 — 7" long 

"Roots hair-like. Flowers rarely seen. 

§ Ovule solitary. Frond with a single root. (Lemna proper) Nos. 1 — 3 

§ Ovules 2. Frond many-rooted. (Spirodela, Schleiden) No. 4 

1 L. trisulca L. Fronds oblong, as long (2 — 3") as their stalks, proliferous from 

their sides, thin, obtuse. Pools of clear water, in patches. 

2 Li. perpusilla Torr. Fronds thin, 3-veined, round-obovate, 1 — 2", in groups of 

3 — 7 ; style slender ; seed round-oblong, erect. Ponds, N. Y., W. and S. August. 

3 Ii. minor L. Fronds thick, veinless, obovate or roundish, 1 — 2", single or in groupe 

of 2 — 4 ; style short ; seed ovoid, half-erect. Stagnant waters : common. 

4 Li. polyrrhiza L. Fronds oval, 2 — 3", thickish, 5-7-veined, purplish beneath, each 

with a bundle of black roots beneath. Stagnant waters : rare. 

2. WOLFFIA, Horkel. Fls. from the centre of the minute frond, 2 

only ; $ flower a stamen with a 1-celled anther. $ Ovary with a veiy short 

style, ovule and seed 1. ® Fronds J — J", rootless, separate. 

W, Columbiana Kareten. Frond round-oval. Floating, with Lemna, seemiDg men* 
epecks of green — the least of all flowering plants. Not rare. 

Order CXXXII. TYPHACE^E. Typhads. 

Herbs growing in marshes and ditches,, with rigid, ensiform, sessile leaves 
Flowers monoecious, arranged on a spadix or in heads, with no spathe 



320 Order 133.— NAIADACE^E. 

Perianth of a few scales, or a tuft of hairs, or 0. Stamens 1 — 4, with long 
slender filaments. Ovary with 1 pendulous ovule. Seed albuminous, with 
an axial embryo. Fig. 211. 

1. TYPHA, L. Cat-tail. Reed-mace. Spadix long, cylindric, dense, 
sterile above. $ Sta. 3 together, united into a common filament $ Ova. 
pedicellate, surrounded at base by a hair-like pappus or calyx, if Fls. very 
numerous, packed solid in the large brown terminal spadix. 

1 T. Iatifolia L. Leaves linear, flat, exceeding the stem ; spadix cylindric, the 

sterile and fertile contiguous. Tall and smooth, 3 — 5f, in swamps. 

2 T. angustifolia L. Leaves linear, channelled, exceeding the stem; spadix cylin 

dric, the sterile some remote from the fertile, Swamps. 2 — 4f. 

2. SPARGANIUM, L. Burr Reed. Spadices or globular heads 
many, the lower fertile, consisting of sessile pistils, each with 3 — 6 sepals, 
and forming 1-seeded nuts. Sterile heads a mass of stamens with scaler 
intermixed. U £? August. 

* Stigmas mostly 2. Stems of the inflorescence branching, erect No, 1 

* Stigma always single. Stem subsimple, erect or floating Nos. 2, 3 

1 S. eurycarpnm Eng. Stout, 1— 3f; 1 vs. very long, carinate beneath ; fruit heads 
1', nuts large, obpyramidal, truncate, sessile ; sterile heads numerous. Borders of 
rivers and ponds, !SI Eng. to Pa., and W. (S. ramosum C-B.) 

1 S. simplex Huds. Erect, slender, 1— 2f; leaves triangular at base, long and nar- 
row ; sepals spatulate, denticulate ; nuts beaked and stiped ; heads 6—8" broad, the 
t more than the ? . Ponds and bogs, N. and W. 
/3. natang. Leaves floating, flat ; stigma shorter than the style ; heads few. 

3 S. minimum Bauhin. Slender, weak, simple, erect or floating; leaves narrow, 

flat ; heads few, axillary, small (3—4") ; fruit scarcely beaked, sessile. Streams, N 
Eng., and W". (S. angustifolium C-B.) 

Order CXXXIII. NAIADACE^E. Naiads. 

Water plants with jointed stems, and sheathing stipules, or sheathing 
petioles. Flowers perfect or diclinous, naked or with a 2-4-parted peri- 
anth. Stamens definite. Ovaries free, sessile, 1-ovuled. Stigma simple, 
often sessile. Fruit indehiscent. Seed without albumen, with a straight 
or curved embryo. 

• Flowers axillary, sessile, the staminate reduced to a single stamen. . .(a) 

a Fertile flowers reduced to a single pistil, with 2 or 3 stigmas. Leaves opposite. ..Najas. 1 

a Fertile flowers with about 4 pistils in a cup, with as many stigmas Zannichellia. 2 

• Flowers spadaceous, or 2 — 20, sessile on a spadix or spike. ..(b) 

b Flowers monoecious, seated in 2 rows on the side of a linear, flat spadix Zostera. S 

b Flowers perfect, naked, 2 — 5, 4-merous. Fruit raised on slender stipes Ruppia. 4 

b Flowers perfect. Perianth 4-sepalled. Stamens 4. Pistils and achenia 4 Potamogeton. 5 

1. NAJAS, L. Water Nymph. $ Fl. a solitary stamen, in a little 

hooded spathe. $ Fl. a naked pistil with 2 — 4 subulate stigmas. Fr. a 

little 1-seeded, drupe-like nutlet. £? Entirely submersed. Lvs. opposite, 

linear, broader at base, toothed. Flowers axillary. 

1 N. major All. Stem frail and slender, 1 — 3f ; leaves 1' and less, crowded above with 
conspicuous spinulous teeth ; nutlets ovoid, H" long. N. Y. (Clinton). 



Order 138.— HAIADACEJE. 321 

2 N. In die a Cham., £. ^racillima. Stems filiform, forking ; leaves opposite and in 

3's, very narrowly linear, remotely spinulous-serrate. N. Y. and Pa. (Porter). 

3 N. flexilis Rostk. Leaves narrowly linear, in 3's, 4's, and 6's, minutely serrulate, a£ 

well as their abruptly-widened sheathing base, 3 — 12". Ponds : common. 

2. ZANNICHELLIA, Micheli. Horn Pondweed. Fls. 8 , both kinds 

together in the same axil. $ Sta. 1, with a slender fil. ? Cal. of 1 sepal, 

cor. 0. Ova. 4 or more, each with a style and stig. Fr. 4 or more oblique 

achenia. zz Submersed, with filiform branches, and linear, entire leaves. 

Z. palustris L. Stems round, leafy, 1 — 2f ; leaves opposite, grass-like, 2 — 3'; anther 
4-celled ; achenia 4 — 6, toothed on the back. Pools and ditches : rare. 
/ 

3. ZOSTERA, L. Sea Wrack. Spadix linear, leaf-like, bearing the 8 

fls. in 2 rows on one side. Perianth 0. $ Anther ovoid, sessile, opening 

lengthwise, with hair-like pollen. ? Ova. as long as the anther, style bifid. 

Utricle 1-seeded. U zz Stipules united into a sheath. Leaves grass-like.. 

Z. marina L. Rhizome creeping, sending up long simple stems ; lvs. alternate, rib- 
bon-like, 1— 5f long ; spadix 2', in a spathe at base of a leaf. Grows in the sea, along 
shore, Me. to Ga., and is washed up by the waves. 

4. RUPPIA, L. Ditch-grass. Fls. § , 2 together on a spadix arising 
from the sheath of a leaf. Perianth 0. Anthers 2, large, sessile, 2-celled. 
Ovaries 4, fruit 2 — 4 dry drupes on pedicels. UZZ A grass-like plant, all 
submersed but the flowers. Flower-stalk at length very long. 

R. maritima L. Stems filiform, branched, 2 — 5f ; leaves linear- setaceous, 2 — 6', on 
inflated sheaths ; flowers arising to the surface. Seas, and lakes (Hankeneon), E, 

5. POTAMOGETON, Toum. Pond-weed. Fls. g on a spadix aris- 
ing from a spathe. Cal. 4-sepalled. Anth. 4, alternate with sepals. Ova. 4. 
Ach. 4, sessile, flattened on one or two sides. Seeds curved or coiled. ZZ 
Mostly U , only the spadix with its 3 — 10 small green fls. arising to the sur- 
face of the water. Lvs. stipulate, the upper often opposite. Fr. July, Aug. 

§ Leaves of two kinds, the floating oval-elliptical, coriaceous, petiolate ; 
stipules free from the petiole, connate ; submersed leaves thin. . .(*) 

* Submersed leaves linear or reduced to mere petioles Nos. 1 — 4 

* Submersed leaves lanceolate, rarely lance-linear Nos. 5 — 8 

§ Leaves all similar, submersed, mostly thin and membranous ... (a) 

a Leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong, petiolate or merely sessile Nos. 9, 10 

a Leaves oval or oblong, broad and clasping at base Nos. 11 — 13 

a Leaves linear ©r setaceous. — x Stipules 0, or adnate to the leaf Nos. 14, 15 

— x Stipules free.— y Stems flat Nos. 16, 17 

— y Stems filiform Nos. 18—20 

P. natans L. Subsimple ; floating lvs. 2 — 3', lance-oblong, narrowly obtuse, on Blen- 
der (2—6') petioles ; stipules, long, linear ; lower lvs. few, linear, 2 — 6' ; spikes 1 — 2', 
on thick peduncles much longer ; fruit turgid, 3-keeled. Ponds and ditches. 

2 P. Claytoni Tuckm. Simple ; floating leaves lance-oblong, about 15-veined, 1 — 1J', 

longer than their petioles, opposite ; lower lvs. linear, 3-veined, 3 — & x 1", spikes and 
their peduncles near V ; fruit orbicular, 3-keeled. Stream? and ponds : common. 
/3. heterophfillus. Petioles and peduncles longer than tne leaves (2— 3')- Mass. 

3 P. hybridns Mx. Stems branching, filiform ; floating lvs. oval, 5-7-veined, 7 — 10" 

their petioles shorter, subopposite ; spikes and their stalks 4— 6" ; lOTver lve. linear 
setaceous, 1 — 3\ many ; fruit minute, dentate. Common. 

21 



322 Order 134.— ALISMACE^E. 

p. diver sifbliua. Leaves nearly all floating, oval, the lower few and short. 

4 P, Splrillus Tuckm. Very delicate, branched ; floating lvs. oval to lanceolate, 5-9 

veined, 7 — 10", on short broad petioles ; lower leaves narrowly linear, obtuse, 1 — 2 , 
submersed ped. 1-2-flowered ; embryo a little spiral. Streams : rare. 

5 P. gramineus L. Stem mnch branched, terete ; floating lvs. long-stalked, ovate 

to oblong, acutish, 13-veined ; lower leaves lanceolate to lance-linear, pointed, stip. 
obtuse ; fruit small, obtuse-angled. Common, and very variable. 

6 P. fluitans Roth. Lvs. long-stalked, the floating thinnish, opposite, elliptic- oblong, 

the submersed linear-oblong, all acute both ways, 11-21-veined ; fruit acutely 3-keeled 
on the back. In ponds and rivers. (P. lonchitis Tuckm.) 

7 P. pulclier Tuckm. Stem simple ; floating leaves ovate, subcordate, 25-35-veined, 

3—5', alternate ; upper submersed lvs. lanceolate, long-acuminate, undulate, the lower 
oval-oblong ; fruit 3-keeled. Penn., N. J. (Prof. Porter), N. and W. Rare. 

8 P. amplifolf us Tuckm. Stems simple ; floating leaves oval to elliptical, 24 — V 

35-45-veined, on long, opposite stalks ; submersed lvs. larger than the floating, 5 — 7' 
lanceolate, short-stalked, or sessile. Ponds. (P. fluitans C-B.) 

9 P. lucens L. Leaves large, often shining, iance-oval, 3—5' x 1', pointed and mucro- 

nate, on short stalks ; spike 2' ; fruit roundish, slightly keeled. Rivers and lakes. 

10 P. obrutus Wood. Stem simple: leaves all submersed, narrow-lanceolate, 3', ob 
scurely 7-veined, eubsessile, acute ; spike 1', the stalk 2' ; fruit inflated, acutely keeled, 
conspicuously umbilicate both sides. Slow waters. No floating leaves. 

IIP. prtelongus Wulf. St. very long, branched ; lvs. lance-ovate to lanceolate, ob- 
tuse, half-clasping, often large ; peduncle very long (3 — 5') ; fruit sharp-keeled. Rivers. 

1 2 P. perfoliatus L. Stem branched ; lvs. cordate-clasping, roundish to ovate, ob- 
tuse; ped. short, few-flowered ; fruit not keeled. Ponds and slow waters: common. 

13 P. crispus L. Branched below; leaves 3-veined, half-clasping, narrow-oblong, 
obtuse, 1—2', crisp-wavy ; fruit acuminate-beaked. Penn., and E. (Prof. Porter). 

14 P. pectinatus L. Stem flexuous, repeatedly forking; leaves linear-setaceous, 
2—3' ; spike interrupted, on a long filiform peduncle ; fruit large (2"), rough. E. and N. 

15 P. Kobbinsii Oakes. Stem very branching ; leaves lance-linear, crowded, sheath- 
ing the stem with their bases ; spikes on short peduncles. N. and W. 

1 6 P. compressus L. St. branching, flattened ; lvs. linear, QO-veined, 2—4' x 1 — 2" ; 
stip. obtuse ; spike 12-15-flowered, much shorter than the peduncle. Ponds. 

1 7 P. obtusifolius Mert. and Ktch. St. branching, flattened ; lvs. linear, 3-veined ; 
stip. obtuse ; spike 6-8-flowered, as long as the peduncle. Pa., and N-W. 

18 P. pauciflorus Ph. St. slightly flattened, much forked ; lvs: linear, 1— 3"xj — 1"; 
flowers few (3—12) in the spike ; fruit distinctly crested. Rivers, &c. 

19 P. pusillus L. Stem filiform, branched; leaves linear, varying to capillary, 1-3- 
veined ; spikes 3-5-flowered, long-stalked ; fruit not keeled. Shallow waters. 

20 P. Tockermanl Robbins. Very slender and delicate, forked ; lvs. capillary and 
confervoid ; spike 6-9-flowered, on a very long peduncle (5'). Ponds, Pa., and N. 

Cohort 6. FLORIDE^]. 

Endogenous plants with the flowers usually perfect and 
complete, the perianth double, 3-parted, the outer often, and 
sometimes both, green. 

Order CXXXIV. ALISMACE^E. Water Plantains. 

Marsh fierbs, with parallel-veined, petiolate leaves and branching pedun« 
cles. FUnoers perfect or monoecious, with a regular double perianth 



Ordek 134.— ALISMACE^E, 323 

Sepals 3, green. Petals 3, colored or green. Stamens hypogynous. Ovariet 
3 or more, separating into as many distinct fruits. 

§ BUTTOME-iE. Petals colored. Carpels 6—20, each with CO ovules HypbooLHS. I 

§ ALISMEJ3. Petals colored. Carpels many, l-2-seeded...(x) 

S JUNCAGINE^J. Petals green. Carpels 3, each 1-3-seeded. . .(y) 

x Flowers monoecious. Stamens many Sagittaria. 4 

x Flowers all perfect.— z Stamens 9— 24 Echinodoros. 3 

— z Stamens 6. Flowers panicled Alisma. 2 

y Anthers oval. Carpels 1-seeded. Leaves radical Triglochin. 5 

y Anthers linear. Carpels 2-3-seeded. Leaves cauline Schetjchzkria. 6 

1. HYDROCLEIS Htjmboldtii (or Limnocharis), from Brazil, grows 
In pools, like Sagittaria, with long-stalked, oval, 7-veined leaves and large (2—3') orange- 
yellow flowers. Sepals small, Stamens 18 — 24. Ovaries 6. 

2. ALISMA, L. Water Plantain. Sepals persistent. Petals inyo- 

lute in the bnd. Ovaries and styles arranged in a circle, forming many 

flattened achenia. U £7 Acaulescent. 

A. Plantago L. /3. *lmericanum. Lvs. 5-7-veined, ovate or oval, subcordate, pointed ; 
scape many-flowered, fls. whorled, small, rose-white. Pools. 1 — 2f. July, Aug. 

3. ECHINODORUS, Rich. Sepals persistent. Petals imbricate in bud. 

Sta. 6 — oo. Ovaries and styles go, imbricated, forming many flattened, 
beaked achenia. £? Scape creeping or erect. Fls. small, white, whorled. 

1 E. radicans Eng. Leaves large (5 — 12 ; ), 7-veined, cordate, ovate, on long petioles ; 

scape prostrate, running and rooting ; flowers clustered at the nodes, white ; stam. 
18 — 24 ; ovaries very many. %. Swamps, HI. to Ga. June, July. 

2 E. rostratus Eng. Leaves 1 — 3', ovate, cordate, on long petioles ; scapes erect, 

sharply angled ; stamens 12 ; carpels GO, strongly ribbed and beaked. ® West. 

3 E. parvulus Eng. Leaves lance -elliptic, as long as the petioles (10 ; scapes 3-6 

flowered ; stamens 9 ; carpels about 20, beakless ; flowers about 3". ® E. and W. 

4. SAGITTARIA, L. Arkowhead. Fls. 8 or & ? , in whorls of 3 
on the scape, the lower fertile. Petals white, larger than the sepals, imbri- 
cated in bud. Sta. go. Ovaries very oo, crowded in a head. Achenia 
flattened, margined, and beaked, zz Juice milky. Leaves on long radi- 
cal stalks, sagittate to linear. Summer. 

* Leaves mostly arrow-shaped. Filaments slender, elongated Nos. 1, 9 

* Leaves lanceolate to linear, very rarely with narrow, base lobes ... (a) 

a Filaments as long as the anthers. Pedicels all subequal No. 3 

a Filaments thick, shorter than anthers. — x Fertile pedicels very short No. 4 

— x Pedicels subequal Nos. 5, 6 

1 S. variabilis Eng. Scape 1 — 2f, 12-angled ; sterile pedicels twice longer than the 

fertile ; filaments much longer than the anthers ; achenia with a conspicuous averted 
beak. Waters : common. Flowers about V broad. Varies exceedingly 

flj Leaves lanceolate, with lance-linear lobes of the same length. 

j8. obtiisa. Leaves ample (6—10'), broad-ovate, obtuse. Fls, $ S . M., W., Mid 8. 

y. latifblia. Leaves ample, ovate, acute, their lobes ovate, pointed. 

8. gracilis. Leaves and their spreading lobes long, linear, acute. 

£, pubkscens. Plant pubescent all over ; leaves and lobes ovate. 

2 S. calycina Eng. Scape soon procumbent ; pedicels all subequal ; bracts round- 

ish ; calyx closed on the fruit ; filaments as long as the anthers. Waters. Leaves 84 
in No. 1, but sometimes all linear and floating. 



324 Order 135.— HYDROCHARIDACE^E. 

3 S. lanceolata L. Leaves lance-oblong, rarely linear, tapering to the long petiole, 

scape branched; 2— 3f ; achenia obovate-falcate. Swamps, Va. to Fla. 

4 S. heteropliylla Ph. Leaves linear-lanceolate, rarely some of them with 1 or S 

base lobes ; scape simple, weak ; achenia narrow, long-beaked. Common S. and W. 

5 S. graminea Mx. Scape erect, slender, 5— 2(V ; leaves lance-ovate to linear, rarely 

sagittate ; pedicels all equally slender ; achenia beakless ; flowers 8— 9" diameter. 
0. platyphylla. Leaves lance-ovate ; flowers larger, V broad. South 

6 S. pusilla N. Scape shorter than the leaves (2 — 40 ; leaves linear, shorter than the 

petioles ; flowers few, the fertile but one, deflexed ; stamens about 7. N. J., and S. 

7 S. natans Mx. Scape mostly erect, 3—6' ; leaves oval-lanceolate, floating, obtuse. 

3- veined ; lower pedicels longest ; achenia angular, short-beaked. South. 

5. TRIGLOCHIN, L. Arrow-grass. Sepals and petals concave, 
deciduous (green). Sta. 6, very short, anth. large, extrorse. Ova. 1-ovuled, 
3 — G, united and indehisceut in fruit. % Leaves all radical, grass-like 
Scape jointless, and bractless. Flowers small. July. 

1 T. maritimum L. Fruit ovate-oblong, grooved, of 6 united carpels; scape 

longer (9 — 18') than the leaves. Salt marshes and Lake shores, northward. 

2 T. palustre L. Fruit nearly linear, of 3 united carpels; scape scarcely longer 

than the numerous and very narrow leaves. Marshes, N. Y., and N. 6— 12'. 

6. SCHEUCHZERIA, L. Sep. and pet. oblong, acute, persistent. Sta. 
6, with linear anthers. Ovaries 1-2-ovuled, becoming flattened inflated 
capsules, if Leaves cauline, sheathing at base, linear. 

S. palastris L.— A rush-like plant, in swamps, Vt. to HI. (J. Wolf). Eoot-stock hori- 
zontal, fleshy. Stem If. Leaves semicylindric, 4 — 8'. Flowers yellowish green, in a 
bracted raceme. Stamens large, exserted. July. 

Order CXXXV. HYDROCHARIDACE^. Frogbits. 

Aquatic 7ierbs, with parallel- veined leaves and diclinous flowers solitary oi 
spicate. Perianth regular, 3-6-parted, the inner segments petaloid. Sta- 
mens 3 — 12. Ovary adherent, 1-9-celled, with 3, 6, or 9 stigmas. Fruit 
dry or juicy, co-seeded, indehiscent. 

* Leaves all radical, roundish, floating in stagnant waters Limnobium. 1 

* Leaves opposite or verticillate in 3's and 4's on the stems, submersed Ajnacharis. 2 

* Leaves all radical, grass-like, in water Valmsneria. 3 

1. LIMNdBIUM, Rich. Frog's-bit. Fls. a . Spathes subsessile, the 
$ 1-leaved, about 3-flwd., the $ 2-leaved, 1-flwd. Perianth showy, white. 
Sta. 6 — 12 (mere rudiments in $ ). Ov. 6-9-celled, becoming a oo-seeded 
beny. if £? Stoloniferous. Lvs. on long stalks, subcordate. July, Aug. 
L. Spongla Rich.— Lake Ont. (rare), and S. Lvs. 1—H', purplish and spongy beneath 

2. ANACHARIS, Rich. Ditch Moss. Fls. 3 $ ? , solitary. Spathe 
axillary, bifid. Perianth 6-parted, colored, small, the fertile excessively 
produced above the adherent ovary into a capillary tube. Style capillary, 
with 3 large stigmas. Fruit few-seeded U£? Wholly submersed. Aug. 

A. Canadensis Plane. Stems filiform, long, forking; very leafy; leaves linear-ob 
long, serrulate, 5 — 10" ; tube of the dingy- white fls. 3—10' long 1 Streams and bogs 



Order 137— ORCHIDACE^E. 325 

3- VALLISNERIA, Mich. Eel-grass. Fls. $ ? . Spathe ovate, 2- 
•4-parted. $ Spadix or spike covered with minute caked fls. 9 Fl. soli- 
tary, a slender perianth with linear segm. and 3 bifid stig. Fr. cylindrical, 

00 -seeded. HX? Fertile powers on long spiral scapes. July, Aug. 

V» spiralis L. Lvs. 1— 2f long, obtuse, I' wide, scapes of the sterile plants shoit, of 
the fertile filiform, tortuous, 2 — 4f, bearing the single white fi. at or near the surface. 

Order CXXXVI. BUEMANNIACEJ3. 

Sm^ll annual herbs, with naked or scaly stems and scale-like tufted leases. 
Flowers perfect. Perianth tubular, 6-toothed, adherent. Stamens 3 or 6. 
CapsvU 1- or 3-celled. Seeds oo, minute, in a loose testa. 

1. APTERIA, N. Perianth tube longer than the slender teeth, which 

are alternately narrower. Caps, globular, 1-celled. (D Apparently leafless, 

A. se*acea N. Erect, very slender, 4— 6f, with remote subulate scales, and bearing 
above 1 or 2 racemes ; flowers 3— 4", purplish, distant. Woods, Fla., and W. 

2. BURMANNIA, L. Perianth tube scarcely produced above the 
ovary, often 3-winged below, limb with the 3 inner teeth much shorter. 
Capsule prismatic, often 3-winged, 3-celled. (D Leafless. 

1 B« Mflora L. Stems capillary, simple, 2— 3', with scarcely perceptible bracts, ana 

1 or 2 (rarely more) light-blue flowers, 2 — 3" long at top. Swamps, Va., and S. Oct. 

2 B. capitata (L). Stem setaceous, 6—8', simple, bearing at top a dense cluster of 

white flowers, and a few subulate bracts. Uplands, S. : less common. Sept. 

Order CXXXVII. ORCHIDACE^E. Orchids. 

Herbs perennial with fleshy roots, simple, entire, parallel-veined leaves. 
Flowers very irregular, with an adherent, ringent perianth of 6 parts. Sepals 
3, usually colored. Petals 3, odd one (lowest by the twisting of the ovary), 
called the lip, diverse in form from the others, sometimes lobed, often spur- 
red. Stamens 3, gynandrous (consolidated with the style), some of them 
abortive, pollen powdeiy or waxy. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, capsule 3-valved. 
Seeds innumerable. Figs. 71, 105, 240, 247, b. 263, 291, 435. 

§ CYPKIPEDIE.iE. Anthers, the 2 lateral fertile, the terminal petaloid. . .(a) 

a Lip a large, inflated, spurless sac. Petals and sepals spreading Cyfripkotum. 1 

| OPHRYDEJE, Ac. Anthers, only the upper one fertile, 2-celled. . .(6) 

b Lip a large inflated sac, 2-spurred under the apex. Leaf 1 Calypso. 1 

b Lip produced behind into a spur, which is free from the ovary. . .(c) 
b Lip spurless, or the spur adheres to the ovary (except in No. 13). . .(d) 

c Anther fixed ; pollen-masses 2, club-shaped, in 2 separate cells Orchis. S 

e Anther lid-like, on the end of the stigma ; pollen-masses 4 Tipuxa km 4 

d Plants brown and leafless, rarely with radical leaves. . .(e) 
d Plants green and (except No. 16) furnished with leaves... (»0 

e Lip hooded, i. e., its margins involute. Perianth spreading Bletia. h 

€ Lip concave, sessile, often with an adnate spur CorallorhisA. 6 

* Lip concave, raised on a claw. Plant with 1 late leaf Aplectrum. * 

m Lip flat. Flowers obscure, in racemes, nearly bractless.. .(n) 

m Lip flat, expanded and lobed, tubercled at base. Flowers showy Onoidiitii. H 

<n Lip channelled, reflexedL Flowers whitish, in bracted spikes. . .(o) 
m Lip bearded or 3-lobed. Stamen lid-like. Flowers showy. . .(s) 



B2G Order 137.— ORCHIDACE^. 

n Lip entire, dilated. Column minute. (Leaf 1) Microstylis. tt 

n Lip sagittate or cordate. Column elongated. Leaves 2 Lipparis. 10 

n Lip 2-lobed or cleft at apex. Leaves 2 cauline, opposite Listera. 11 

o Lip with 2 lateral callosities, not at all saccate Spiranthes. 12 

© Lip without callosities, saccate, or even spurred at base Goodtera. 13 

x Flowers greenish. Lip posterior, and beardless Ponthieva. 14 

x Flowers purple. Lip posterior, and bearded Calopogon. 15 

x Flowers purplish. Lip anterior (as in most Orchids) ... (y) 

y Column free from the lip. Calyx spreading Pogonia. M 

y Column adnate to the lip below. Calyx erect. Leaves Arethusa. 1* 

y Column adherent to the lip. Calyx spreading. On trees, South Epidendrdm. lb 

1. CYPRIPEDIUM, L. Lady's Slipper. The 2 lower sepals united 
bit": 1 leaf, or rarely distinct. Pet. spreading. Lip inflated, saccate, ob- 
tuse. Column terminated by a petaloid lobe (barren stamen), and bearing 
a 2-celled anther under each wing. 2f With large plaited leaves and large 
showy flowers. May, June. Fig. 71. 

§ Sepals 3, the two lower entirely distinct. Stem leafy No. 1 

§ Sepals 2, the lower composed of two united nearly to the tip. . . (a) 

a Stem a leafless scape, 2-leaved at hase. Flower rose-colored No. 2 

a Stem leafy. — x Flowers solitary or several, white or rose-colored Nos. 3, 4 

—x Flowers 1—3, mostly 1, yellow. Plant pubescent Nos. 5, d 

1 C. arietinum Ait. Ram's Head. Stems usually clustered, 8—12', each 1- or 2- 

flwd. ; leaves elliptical ; upper sep. oblong-ovate, tbe lateral sep. and pet. lin. -lanceo- 
late, lip obconic, as long as the pet. Damp woods, N. Eng. to Wis., and N. Curious. 

2 C. acaikle Ait. Scape 10—14', bearing a single large (2') flower ; lvs. elliptic-oblong ; 

pet. lanceolate, shorter than the large boat-shaped lip. In damp woods. Beautiful. 

3 C. spectabile Sw. Stem leafy, 2f, hairy; lvs. lance-ovate, acuminate; sep. broad- 

ovate, obtuse, the lower (double) one smaller ; lip 2', white-purple. Swamps. Superb. 

4 C. candidum Willd. St. leafy, If; lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acute; fl. 1; sep. sub- 

equal ; lip 1', compressed, white, shorter than the (2') pet. Woods and prairies. 

5 C parviflorum Salisb. St. very leafy, 8—12' ; lvs. lanceolate, acuminate ; sepala 

ovate to lance-ovate ; lip depressed, shorter than the petals. Low woods and prairies. 

6 C. pubescens Sw. Large Yellow L. Stems usually clustered, If or more ; leaves 

broadly lanceolate, acuminate ; sepals lanceolate ; lip compressed laterally, moccasin- 
shaped, shorter than the linear, twisted petals. Woods, meadows, and prairies. 

2. CALYPSO, Salisb. Sep. and pet. subequal, ascending. Lip large, 

inflated, with 2 spurs dependent beneath near the apex. Column petaloid. 

Pollinia 4. U Scape 1-leafed at base, 1-flwd. above, arising from a corm. 

C. borealis Salisb.— Old mossy woods, Vt., N. Y., W. to Oregon 1 Scape 6 — 8' ; leal 
broad-ovate, 1— 2 / ; flowers purple and yellow, H'. Rare eastward. May. 

3. ORCHIS, L. Sepals and pet. similar, some of them ascending and 
arching over the column. Lip turned downward, produced at base into a 
spur which is free from the twisted ovary. Sta. 1, anth. 2-celled, a pollen- 
mass in each cell. — Fls. racemed on the stem or scape. June — August. 
(Includes Habenaria, G-ymnadenia, and Platanthera.) 

* Leaves only 2, — a ovate, nearly as long as scape. Flowers rose- white No. 1 

— a roundish, the scape much longer. Flowers greenish.. .Nos. £, 3 

* Leaf only 1. Flowers greenish-white. Lip entire or 3-lobed Nob. 4, 5 

* Leaves several, clothing the stem more or less ...(b) 

b Lip undivided, — c entire, white or greenish Nob. 6, 7 



Order 137.— OKCHLDACE^E. 327 

—c crenulate or wavy, white or yellow Nos. 8, 9 

— c 3-toothed. Flowers yellowish or greenish Nos. 10 — 12 

— c fringed. Flowers bright yellow or white Nos. 13 — 15 

6 Lip 3-parted, — x segments fringed. Flowers white or greenish Nos. 16, 11 

— x segments fringed. Flowers purple Nos. 18, 19 

— x segments merely toothed. Flowers violet-purple No. 20 

— x segments entire, long, linear-setaceous Nos. 21, 22 

1 ©• spectabilis L. Lvs. rarely more than 2, 3—6' ; scape 4— 6', bearing 1 or 2 lanceo- 

late bracts and 3—5 showy flowers above ; spur clavate. Rocky thickets. Pretty. 

2 O. orbiculata Ph. Lvs. 2, roundish, 3—6', fleshy; scape bracted, 1— 2f; upper 

sepals round, the lateral ovate, half as long as the lip ($—lW). Woods, E. and W. 

3 O. Hookeri Wood. Lvs. 2, round-oval, fleshy, 4—5' ; scape naked, 8—12' ; upper 

sepals ovate, erect, the lateral deflexed and meeting behind ; spur 1'. Woods, N. 

4 O. obtusata Ph. Leaf oblong-ovate, obtuse, 2 — 3', near the base of the stem ; lip 

linear, entire, with 2 tubercles at base, as long as the spur. In mud, N. 

5 O. rotundifolia Ph. Leaf round-ovate, radical; scape few-flowered; lip 3-lobcd, 

obcordate, side lobes falcate ; spur as long as the lip. Penn., and N. 

6 O. hyperborea Willd. Lvs. very erect, lanceolate ; spike long : bracts longer than 

the greenisn flowers ; petals and lip linear, subequal. Shades, northward. 1 — 4f. 

7 O. dilatata Ph. Slender, 8' — 2f; lvs. lance-linear and linear ; spike virgate ; bracts 

short ; flowers white ; lip linear, dilated-rhorribic at base. Swamps, N. 

8 O. nivea Baldw. Very slender, 1— 2f ; lowest leaf linear, 6— W, the others subu- 

late, bract-like ; flowers white, in an oblong spike ; lips oblong. South. 

9 O. integra N. Stem leafy, flexuous, 12—15' ; lvs. narrow-lanceolate ; spike dense, 

oval ; flowers orange-yellow ; lip ovate, longer than sepals. Swamps, N. J., and S. 

10 O. tridentata Willd. St. slender, 12 — 18' ; lowest leaf linear-oblong, obtuse, 6'. 
the others few, small and bract-like ; fls. few, greenish ; lip 3-toothed at ei*d. Woods. 

HO. bracteata Muhl. St. leafy ; lvs. oblong, obtuse or acutish ; bracts 2—3 times 
longer than the small green fls. ; lip 3-(or 2-)toothedat end, lin.-cuneate. Shades. 6—9'. 

1 2 O. flava L. St. leafy ; lvs. oblong to lanceolate ; bracts longer than the yellowish- 
brown flowers ; lip oblong, obtuse, a tooth each side at base, and a tubercle in the 
palate ; spur shorter than the ovary. Alluvial soils. (O. virescens Muhl.) 

1 3 O. cristata Mx. Slender, 1$ — 2f; leaves lance-linear to linear; flowers numerous, 
small, yellow; sep. and pet. roundish, 1— 2" ; spur j- as long as ovary. N. J., and S. 

14 O. ciliaris L. Yellow Fringed Orchis. Stem2f; leaves lanceolate ; flowers large, 
numerous, orange-colored : lip 4" long, twice longer than the linear, notched petals , 
spur V. Swamps. Delicately beautiful. 

15 O. Blephariglottls Willd. White Fringed Orchis. Stem 1— 2f; leaves lanceo- 
late ; flowers pure white ; lip fringed in the middle, 2" long, lanceolate ; spur much 
longer (l'). Swamps, N. Y. to Car., and westward. 

16 O. lacera Mx. Ragged 0. St. smooth, slender, 1— 2f; leaves oblong to linear, 
bracts longer than the flowers ; sepals retuse ; petals emarginate ; flowers 00 ; lip 
segments capillaceons-multifid ; spur as long as the ovary. Meadows. 

IT O. leucopha^a N. White Prairie 0. Lvs. lanceolate, tapering to a narrow ob- 
tuse point ; bracts shorter than the ovaries; fls. about 12; spur yellowish, curved, 
twice longer than the ovary ; petals white. Wet prairies. 

18 O. Psycodes L. Purple Fringed 0. Leaves lanceolate ; lip segments cuneiform, 
scarcely longer than the ovate, crenulate, slightly fringed petals ; spur longer than 
the ovary. Meadows. \\ — 2£f. Flowers light purple. 

19 O. grandiflera Bw. Large Fringed 0. Tall, 2— 3f ; lvs. oval, oblong, and lin- 
ear, obtuse ; lip segments dependent, fan-shaped, twice longer than the fringed pet 
als. Wet meadows, Penn., and N. Superb. (O. fimbriata.) 

20 O. peramtieiia (Gr.) Tall, leafy ; leaves lanceolate to lance-linear; sepals round- 
ovate ; petals denticulate ; lip middle segment 2-lobed, all merely toothed : spur 
'onajer than the ovary. Pa. to Ind., and S. Flowers 20—50, large. 



328 Order 137.— ORCHIDACE^E. 

21 O. MicJiauxii (N:) Very leafy; leaves elliDtic-oval, the upper reduced; flowers 
few, white ; petals 2-parted, the lower divisions linear-setaceous, like those of the 
lip ; spur twice as long as the ovary ; flowers white. South. 

22 O. repens (N.) Stem very leafy from a creeping rhizome ; leaves all lance-linear, 
long ; flowers greenish-yellow, dense in the spike, much smaller than in No. 21, but 
otherwise similar. Pine-barrens, S. August, September. 

4. TIPULARIA, N Sepals spatulate, spreading. Petals lance-linear. 

Lip sessile, 3-lobed, middle .obe linear. Spur filiform, very long. Column 

free. Antli. opening by a lid, with 4 pollen-masses. U Corms several, 

connected by a thick fibre. Leaf 1. Flowers bractless. 

T. discolor N.— Pine woods, Vt. to Ga. Leaf ovate, petiolate, 2—3'. Scape 10—15' ; 
raceme with many small, greenish, nodding flowers. July. 

5. B-LETIA, R. & P. Pet. and sep. subequal, distinct. Lip hooded 
at end (spurless in our species). Column free. Pollinia 8, in pairs, waxy, 
each pair pedicellate, if Flowers racemed, showy. 

1 B. aph^lla N. Leafless ; scape 15 — 30', with few bracts ; racemes long and loose ; 

flowers purplish and yellowish-brown ; lip 3-lobed. Swamps, S. August. 

2 B. verecunda H. K. Leaves all radical, broad-lanceolate; scape 2— 3f; flowers 

purple, large and showy ; lip broad and crisp at the end. Ga., Fla. July. 

6. CORALLORHIZA, Br. Coral-root. Sepals and petals subequal, 
converging. Lip produced behind into a spur, which is adnate to the 
ovary or obsolete. Pollinia 4. U Plants leafless, brown, arising from 
coralline roots, sheathed with bracts. Flowers racemed. Fig. 240. 

* Spur conspicuously prominent, but adnate. Lip 3-lobed No. 1 

' Spur wholly obliterated.— # Lip crenulate, wavy, not at all lobed No. 3 

— x Lip entire, slightly toothed near the base Nos. 3, 4 

1 €. multiflora N. Scape 10— 15', all brownish-purple, bearing 15—20 fls. in a long 

rac. ; lip 3-lobed, white, spotted, 3— 4" ; caps, elliptical, pendulous. Woods, M., N. Jl. 

2 C. odontorhiza N. Scape 9—14', all brownish-purple, bearing 10—20 fls. in a long 

spike ; lip undivided, oval, obtuse, spotted ? caps, roundish, reflexed. Old woods. Jl. 

3 C. innata Br. Scape 5-10-flwd. ; lip oblong, angularly 2-toothed toward the base, 

spotless, white ; caps, elliptic-obovoid, reflexed. Damp woods, N. : rare. 5 — 8'. Jr 

4 C. ITIacrsei Gr. Scape 15-20-flwd., fls. large ; lip oval, obtuse, obscurely auriculatc 

at base ; caps, oval, 6", reflexed ; sepals and petals 6". N. H., N. an<f"W. 10— W. 

7. APLECTRUM, N. Adam-and-Eve. Putty-root. Sepals and 

petals distinct, subequal, converging. Lip unguiculate, 3-lobed, middle lobe 

crenulate. Spur 0. Column free, anth. a little below the apex, pollinia 4, 

lens-shaped, if Root a globous conn. Leaf 1, large, biennial. Scape after 

the leaf, bracted, racemed, and brown, as in Corallorhiza. Fig. 263. 

A., hyemale N. — Woods: rare. Conn near 1' d?am., a new one each year. Leaf ellip- 
tic-ovate, 3—5', green all Winter. Scape 12— l^, with a dozen brownish flowers. 

8. ONCIDIUM, Sw. Lip expanded, lobed, tubercled at base. Perianth 
expanding. Sepals sometimes but 2. Column winged. Pollen masses 2, 
each 2-lobed. U Splendid flowers, tropical, of easy culture in the green- 
house. Flowers large, in open racemes, olive, yellow, &c. 



Order 137.— ORCHIDACEJE. 329 

1 O. Fi/Exudstmi. Scape panicled, arising from the base of a bulb ; leaves lanceolate ; 

lip 2-lobed, spotted, much longer than the other petals. Brazil. 

2 O. luridum. Scape erect, branched ; leaves elliptical ; lip reniform, not longer than 

the wavy, retuse petals ; flowers large, olive-colored. From S. America. 2f. 

3 O. Papelio, has one spotted ovate leaf and large yellow-red butterfly-shaped flowers. 

9. MICRO ST YLIS, N. Sepals spreading, petals filiform or linear, lip 
concave, sessile. Column minute, "with 2 teeth or lobes at tip. Pollinia i 
U Root tuberous, with 1 or 2 leaves and small racemed flowers. 

1 IW op1iioglossold.es N. St. 5 — 9', with a single ovate (2') leaf near the middle , 

rac. 6hort (1'), ped. much longer than the minute whitish flowers. Woods, N. June. 

2 HI. mo no phallus Lindl. St. 2 — (/, 3-angled, with a single ovate leaf ; rac. elonga- 

ted, 20-40-fiowered ; pedicels about as long as the flowers (2 // ). Wood8, N. : rare. Jl. 

10. LIPPARIS, Rich. Tway-blade. Sep. and pet. very narrow. Lip 
spreading, flat. Column winged. Pollinia 4, parallel with each other, with- 
out pedicels or glands. U Root tuberous, with 2 lvs. and a rac. of greenish fis. 

1 Li. lilifolia Rich. Scape about 6'; leaves 2, radical, lance-ovate, 3 — 4'; petals fili- 

form, reflexed ; lip purple, 6", abruptly cuspidate ; pedicels 1/. Damp woods. June. 

2 L. Liceselii Rich. Scape 3 — 5', about 6-flowered ; pedicels 2" ; lip 2", oblong, mu 

cronate, incurved, wavy ; sepals and petals linear. Fields, Can. to Penn. June. 

11. L.ISTERA, Br. Tway-blade. Sep. and pet. subequal, lip pendu- 
lous, 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Column wingless, anth. dorsal, pollen powdery. 
U Root fibrous. Stem (4 — 9') with 2 opposite leaves above the middle. 
Flowers small, racemed. May — July, in damp woods. 

1 Li. cordata Br. Lvs. roundish, subcordate, acute ; fis. 10 — 15, in a short raceme ; 

pedicels length of the ovary ; lip-segnaent linear, length of the sepals. Penn.. and N. 

2 Li. a u straits Lindl. Lvs. ovate ; fis. in a loose raceme ; ped. 3 — 4 times longer thau 

the ovary ; lip-segment linear-setaceous, twice the length of the sepals. N. J., and S. 

3 L. convallarloid.es Hook. Lvs. round-oval; fls. few, loose, on slender pedicels ; 

lip twice the length of the sepals (4"), 2-lobed at the dilated apex. Ga., and N. 

12. SPIRANTHES, Rich. Ladies' Tresses. Spike spiral. Perianth 
ringent, the 3 upper pieces ascending and connivent, lip oblong, recurved, 
channelled, the base embracing the column, and with 2 callous processes. 
Stigma ovate, beaked, 2-toothed at tip. Anthers dorsal, pollinia 2, each 
2-lobed, powdery, if Stem nearly naked, bearing many white flowers, 
bent to a horizontal position. 

* Spike dense, with the flowers on all sides. Lvs. present with the flowers.. Nos. 1—3 

* Spike slender, flowers all in 1 straight or spiral row. — x Lvs. permanent Nos. 4— % 

— x Lvs. evanescent Nos. 7, 8 

1 S. cernua Rich. Leaves lance-linear, the upper bract-like ; spike oblong to cylin- 

dric, 2 — 4' ; lip very obtuse, crenulate-wavy, conduplicate and recurved ; sepals and 
petals not connivent, 4 — 5". Wet. 9 — 29'. Aug. — Oct. 

2 S. Romanzoriana Cham. Lvs. lance-oblong to linear ; spike dense, 1 — 3' ; lip 

muck recurved, ovate-oblong, crenulate-wavy ; sepals and petals all connivent above 
into a galea. Bogs, Me. (Miss Towle) to Lake Superior (Prof. Porter). July, Aug. 

3 S. latlfolia Torr. Loaves nearly radical, 3-5-veined, lance-oblong ; scape bracted. 

4 — 8' ; flowers small (2—3') ; plant glabrous. Meadows, Penn., and N. June, July. 

4 S. odorata N. St. stout, 1— 2f; lvs. lance-oblong; fls. yellowish, fragrant, 6", in a 

spiral row, with leafy bracts ; lip 2-toothed at base. Muddy streams, S. October. 



330 Order 137.— ORCHIDACE^E. 

5 S. graminea Lindl. Lys. below lance-linear to linear, the cauline mere sheatha ; 

spike dense, much twisted ; flowers white, 3— 5", pubescent, scarcely ringent ; lty 
oblong-ovate, crisped, obtuse. Wet meadows. June — Aug. (S. tortilis C-B.) 

6 S. brevifolia Chapm. Lowest leaves elliptical, evanescent, cauline bract-like ; 

flowers 5 — 15, in a nearly straight row, ringent, 3 — 4" ; lip entire. S. 
T S. gracilis Bigel. Lvs. all radical, ovate to oblong, fugacious ; scape very slender, 

8— 18', with a few bracts ; flowers 3 — 4", in a nearly straight row, puse white ; root 

fasciculate ; plant glabrous. Woods : common. July, Aug. 
8 S. simplex Gr. Lvs. all radical, fugacious ; scape 5 — 9\ flowers very small (1— 2") 

in a thin 1-sided spike ; lip obovate-oblong. Dry, N. J. (Porter), and S. 

13. GOODYERA, Br. Rattlesnake Plantain. Spike and perianth 
as in Spiranthes. Lip sessile, concave or sack-like or even spur-like at 
jase, contracted at the end to a reflexed, channelled point, if Root-stock 
creeping, branching. Leaves ovate, on sheathing petioles. 

* Leaves radical, generally netted with white veins. Lip not spurred Nos. 1, 9 

* Leaves cauline, uniformly green. Lip spurred at the base behind No. 3 

1 G. Menziesii Lindl. Lip concave at base, gradually narrowed and folded at apex ; 

leaves elliptic-ovate ; scape 9 — 12' ; spike loose-flowered ; flowers pubescent (as are 
Nos. 2 and 3), suberect. Woods, N. Y. to Mi»h. (Dr. Leidy) and Oreg. ! July, Aug. 

2 G-. repens Br. Lip saccate-inflated at base ; leaves ovate, beautifully netted ; scape 

6 — 12' ; flowers ovoid, nodding, in 1 row, which is more or less spiral ; perianth green- 
ish, about 2" long and nearly as wide. Woods. June, July. (G. pubescens Br.) 

3 Gr. quercieola Lindl. Booting on the bark of Oaks, &c. ; stem leafy ; lvs. lance- 

ovate, thin ; spike glabrous, dense, 6 — 20" ; sheaths and bracts membranous ; lip 
ovate at apex, the spur pouch-like, half as long as the ovary. FJa. to La. 6 — 12'. 

14. PONTHIEVA, Br. Lip on the upper or inner side, ovate, spread- 
ing, and with the other petals inserted into the middle of the column. 
Anthers with 4 pollinia. Otherwise like Spiranthes. 

P. glandulosa Br. Lvs. radical, oblong-oval ; root fasciculate ; scape If, bractea, 
with a spike of many greenish pubescent fls. Woods, S. Sept., Oct. (Cranichis N.) 

15. CALOPOGON, Br. Grass Pink. Sepals and petals similar, dis- 
tinct. Lip on the upper (inner) side (the ovary not twisted), unguiculate, 
bearded. Column free, winged at the summit. U Corm bearing a grass- 
like leaf, and a scape with several showy flowers. 

C. pulcliellus Br. Leaf linear, 8 — 12' by 6", veined ; fls. 3 — 8, large, purple ; lip spat 
ulate, crested with colored hairs, erect over the column. Wet meadows. June, July. 

16. POGONIA, Juss. Perianth irregular, its pieces distinct. Lip ses- 
sile or unguiculate, hooded, bearded inside. Column wingless, free. Anth. 
terminal, lid-form, with 2 pollinia. U 

§ Sepals about equal, and similar to the petals, light purple. Lip scarcely lobed. .Nos. 1, S 
§ Sepals much longer than, and unlike the petals, dark brown. Lip 3-lobed . .Nos. 3, 4 

1 P. ophioglossoides N. Root fibrous ; stem 9— 16', with an oval-lanceolate leaf 

near the middle, and a leaf-like bract near the single large pale-purple flower ; lip 
crested and fringed, as long as the sepals and petals. Swamps. June, July. 

2 P. pendula. Lindl. Three-birds. Root tuberous ; stem 4—8', with 4—8 small scat- 

tered leaves and 3 (1 — 4) drooping bird-like flowers V long. Woods : rare. August. 

3 P. divaricata Br. Stem 1— 2f, erect, with 2 linear-oblong lvs. and 1 terminal larg# 

flower; sepals linear, recurved at apex, 1^' long; petals lanceolate, pink-colored, 
acuminate, 1', lip a little longer. Swamps, Del. to Fla. April, May. 



Oruer 188.— SCITAMIKELE. 331 

4 P. verticillata N. Stem 8—12', bracted at base, bearing 4 or 5 oval lvs. in a whorl 
at the top, with a curious flower ; sepals linear, 2 or 3 times longer than the lanceolate, 
obtuse petals, which are about 9" long. Swamps. June, July. 

17. ARETHUSA, Gron. Fl. ringent. Sep. and pet. similar, cohering 

at base and connivent above. Lip adnate to the column at base, recurved 

and dilated at apex. Anthers terminal, 2-celled, with 4 pollinia. 2+ Stem 

\ow, with sheathing bracts. Flowers purple, beautiful. 

.%, OuTbosa L. Flower single, 1—2', erect, with 2 small bracts at its base ; lip crenu- 
late-wavy, bearded along the middle. Root a corm. Bogs. 6 — 12'. June. 

18. EPIDENDRUM, Swtz. Tree Orchis. Sep. and pet. spreading. 

Lip united with the column forming a tube which is sometimes decurrent 

on the ovary. Anth. terminal, opercular, 4-celled. Pollinia 4. 2f Grows 

on the rough bark of trees. Stems many-flowered. 

E, conopseum H. K. Stems clustered, 5 — S 7 , each with a pair of opposite, lance- 
linear, coriaceous leaves below, and 3—7 purplish fls. 6" broad. Low lands, S Aug . 

Order CXXXYIII. SCITAMINE^. Gingerworts. 

Tropical herbs. Leaves parallel-veined, with the veins diverging from 
the midvein. Flowers irregular and unsymmetrical, with perianth 3-6 
parted and adherent to the 3-celled ovary. Stamens 3 — 6, some of them 
abortive. Styles united. Fruit dry or fleshy. Seeds albuminous. Here 
belong the Cardamoms, Gingers, Bananas, and Arrow-roots. 

§ MUSACE.<E. Anthers 5, each 2-celled. Fruit many-seeded. Filaments 6... (x) 

g ZINGIBEREJ3. Anther 1, 2-celled. Filaments 3, not petaloid. Fruit 00 -seeded. ..(y) 

§ MARANTE^E. Anther 1, with 1 cell. Filaments 3, petaloid. Capsules 1-3-seeded. ..(») 

x Perianth of 2 unequal leaves or lips, the lower 5-toothed. Berry oblong Musa. 1 

x Perianth of 6 very unequal leaves, with large spathes. Fruit capsular .' Strklitzia. 2 

y Perianth tube slender, lower petal lip-like. Stamens and style long-exserted.HEDYCmr/M. 3 

y Perianth short, in spikes, with large bracts. Stamens and style included Alpinia. 4 

z Pistil petaloid, stigma 3-sided. Flowers inconspicuous. Leaves colored Maeanta. 5 

z Pistil petaloid, stigma flat, linear. Flowers red, showy. Caps. 3-seeded Canna. 6 

z Pistil short, twisted, with a large gaping stigma. Fls. small. Caps. 1-seeded Thalia. 7 

1. MUSA sapientum. Banana. Scape 7 — 20f, sheathed below by the 
&talks of the majestic leaves, the summit a nodding spike of pink-colored flowers, be- 
coming a huge cluster of delicious fruits in which the seeds are abortive. 

2. STRELITZIA regiisme. Scape 5 — 8f, with sheathing bracts, upper 
bract spathe-like, horizontal, with a cluster of splendid flowers. Sejjals lanceolate, 3 — 4', 
yellow. Petals hastate, light blue, enclosing the stamens and style. S. Africa. 

3. HEDYOHIUM ANGUSTirdLiUM. Stem 5f, very leafy. Leaves lin- 
ear-lanceolate. Sepals and pet. linear, the .ip jblong all scarlet, in a dense cluster. II, 
CAJtrrarjM has similar leaves, with pink-colored flowers in a loose cluster. E. India. 

4. ALPINIA magntfica, from Mauritius, lOf high, has the flowers in a 
head with many large rose-colored bracts, which are bordered with a white line. A. nu- 
tans, still taller, from E. India, has a drooping raceme of pink-colored bracts and flowers, 
with curled and curved petals. Very splendid. 

5. MARANTA bicolor, from Brazil, is cultivated for the large ovate 
lea v 86i which are beautifully feather-marked with light-green above and purple beneath 



332 Order 139.— AMARYLLIDACE^E. 

6. CANNA, L. Indian Shot. Sepals 3, persistent on the tubercled 
fruit. Petals 6, the innermost 2- or 3-lobed at the end. Stamen petaloid, 
with a half anther on one edge. Stigma petaloid, flat, obtuse. l£ Hand- 
some evergreen herbs, with tall stems and large smooth leaves. 

§ Cobythium. Corolla tube manifest. Petals dilated. Anther wholly adnate. . No. 1 
§ Canna proper. Cor. tube short or 0. Petals narrow. Anther free above. .Nos. 3 — i 

1 C flficcida Rose. Stem 3 — 4f; lvs. lanceolate, 2f, pointed both ways; sep. erect, 

not i the length of the tube of the funnel-form corolla ; petals and filaments obovate, 
thin, flaccid, wavy, yellow, spirally arranged ; stig. spatnlate. Ponds, South. 

2 C Indica. Stem 3 — 6f, leafy ; lvs. ovate, pointed, 1— 2f, abrupt at base ; sep. green, 

6" ; 3 outer pet. erect, green-tipped, the 3 inner recurved or reflexed, the Fth double 
(2-lobed at end), the stamens and style similar (2'), all scarlet. W. Indies. 

3 €. discolor. Stem 6 — lOf; lvs. very large, green and purple; fls. in pairs, crimson. 

4 C. miDirLORA. From Peru. Downy ; sheaths colored at edge ; fls. drooping, 3', red. 

7. THALIA, L. Flowers in a 2-leaved spathe. Cal. 3-sepalled, small. 
Cor. 6-parted, 3 inner pet. very unequal. Sta. 2-parted, the inner segment 
Blender, bearing the -J- anther. Caps. thin, if £? Scape sheathed at base 
by the petioles, tall, paniculate above. Flowers small, purple. 

1 T. dealbata Rose. Plant 4f, covered with a white powder ; lvs. cordate-ovate, on 

loner petioles ; panicles dense, erect, the branches as short as the lanceolate bracts. S. 

2 T. divaricata Chapm. Plant not powdery, 7f; lvs. lance-ovate, rounded at base; 

panicle open, divaricate, branches zigzag, much longer than the linear bracts. Fla 

Order CXXXIX. AMARYLLIDACE^E. Amaryllids. 

Herbs perennial, chiefly bulbous, with linear leaves not scurfy nor woolly. 
Mowers showy, mostly regular and on scapes, with an adherent, 6-parted 
perianth. Stamens 6, anthers introrse. Ovary 3-celled, with styles united 
into 1. Fruit a 3-celled capsule or berry. Seeds 1 to 00, with fleshy albu- 
men. Figs. 58, 86, 486, 495. 

§ Perianth crowned with a firm cup containing the stamens (§§ 78, 79) Narcissus. 1 

§ Perianth crowned with a thin membrane connecting the stamens Pancratium. 2 

§ Perianth not crowned. — a Segments united into a tube above the ovary. . .(&) 
— a Segments distinct down to the ovary. . .(x) 
b Flowers in umbels or solitary on the naked scape... (d) 
b Flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles. Scape bracted . . . (e) 

d Tube long and slender, segments narrow, abruptly spreading Crinum. 3 

d Tube short or long, gradually expanding. Perianth subirregular Amaryllis. * 

e Tube of the perianth straight. Stamens exserted Agave. 6 

e Tube of the perianth curved. Stamens included Polyanthes. 6 

x Perianth irregular. Stems leafy, flowers umbelled Alstrcemeria 7 

x Perianth irregular. Scape naked, with 1 large flower Sprekelia. S 

x Perianth regular. — y Sepals all white, larger than the petals Galanthus. 9 

— y Sepals green-tipped, as large as the petals. Leucojum. 10 

— y Sepals and petals equal, yellow Hypoxis. 11 

1. NARCISSUS, L. Perianth regular, 6-parted, bearing a bell- or 

cup-form crown on the throat. Sta. 6, inserted in the tube, and concealed 

within the crown. U Stems bulbous, scapes bearing a long deciduous 

ppathe with 1 or more yellow or white fragrant flowers. Leaves linear. 

§ Crown longer than the tube of the perianth. Scape 1-flowered Nob. 1, 3 



Ordek 139.— AMARYLLIDACE^. 333 

§ Crown shorter than the tube, — x its border crenated. Flowers 1—5 Noe. 3—5 

—x its border 6-lobed. Flowers 1—3 No. 6 

— x its border entire. Flowers 5 — 20 Nos. 7, 8 

1 N. Pseudo-Narcissus. Daffodil. Scape 2-edged, If; lvs. linear, If; fl. large, ylw. ; 

crown bell-form, serrate-crenate, as long as the pet. Often double : com. Apr., May. 

2 N. Bulbocodium. Hoop-petticoat. Fl. ylw. ; cr. much larger than perianth. Apr., May. 

3 N. Jonquella. Jonquils. Fls. 2 — 5, yellow, frag., small ; crown saucer-shaped, muct 

shorter than the petals ; scape terete ; lvs. half round, If. From Spain. May, June 

4 N. biflorus. Primrose-peerless. Fls. generally 2. cream- wh., crown cup-shaped, ylw. 

5 N. poeticus. Poet's N. Fl. 1, white, crown flattish, very small, pale-yellow, edged 

with crimson, throat yellow. Fl. often double. Scape If. Lvs. fiat. June. S. Eur. 

6 N. odorus. Great Jonquil. Fl. mostly solitary, yellow, powerfully fragrant, crown 

bell-form, 6", the lobes entire ; limb 1' long, tube slender, 9". S. Europe. If. May. 

7 N. Tazetta. Crown yellow, bell-form, half as long as the white or yellow petals, the 

border truncate ; leaves glaucous, fiat. Spain. May, June. Numerous varieties. 

8 N. polyanthus. Crown white, thrice shorter than the ovate white petals, border 

nearly entire ; leaves green, fiat. Spain. Beautiful, but too tender north. 

2. PANCRATIUM, L. Perianth tube produced above the (sessile) 
ovary, long and slender, the 6 segm. long and narrow. Stam. 6, adnate to 
the crown, exserted ; anth. versatile. U Bulb coated, scape solid, 2-edged, 
bearing a bracted umbel of large (white) flowers. (Leaves linear.) 

§ Crown adnate below to the dilated throat and segment of the perianth . . . .Nos. 1, 2 
§ Crown free, funnel-form, throat of perianth not dilated. Tube straight Nos. 3, 4 

1 P. maritimnm L. Plant glaucous ; lvs. longer than scape ; tube 3 — 4', longer than 

the lin. -lanceolate segm. ; crown half-adherent, 12-toothed. Marshes, S. July — Sept. 

2 P. nutans Gawl. Plant green ; lvs. very long (2f ) ; fls. nodding, with a green curved 

tube 2', seg. nearly 3' ; sta. incurved ; crown slightly adherent. S. Car. (Herbert.) 

3 P. rotatnm Gawl. Plant glaucous, 1 — 2f ; lvs. long, strap-shaped, obtuse; tube 3', 

green, shorter than the linear segments ; crown irregularly toothed. S. April, May. 

4 P. coronarium Leconte. Plant green, 2f; lvs. lance-linear, obtuse; tube 3 — 4', 

seg. as long ; crown funnel-form, If, jagged at edge ; sta. 2J'. Wet or dry. South. 

3. CRINUM, L. Flowers nearly as in Pancratium, but destitute of a 
crown, if Bulb coated. Leaves in many rows. Scape solid. 

1 C. Americanam L. Lvs. lin. -oblong ; ova. sessile, 3 — 4 in the umbel : tube green 

and lance-lin., white segm. about equal (40 ; caps. 1-6-seeded. Swamps, Fla., and W. 

2 C AMABms. Bulb stem-like ; lvs. broad-linear ; scape flattened, 3 — 4f, bearing an um- 

bel of 20—30 purple fragrant flowers 9' long ; pet. ligulate, recurved. E. India. 

5 C. ornatum. Bulb globular; lvs. undulate; scape 3f, 10-20-flowered ; fls. white to 

roseate, very large ; segments lance-oblong. E. India. Many varieties. 

4. AMARYLLIS, L. Perianth tube long or short, expanding upward ; 
limb regular or nearly so. Sta. free, anth. versatile. Style long, declinate 
U Bulb coated. Leaves narrow. Scape 1-few-flowered. 

1 A. Ataniasco L. Atamasco Lily. Scape 1-flwd. ; perianth bell-form, erect, 3', pink 

white ; tube slender below, 1' ; filaments included. An attractive flower, in wet clay 
soils,Va. to Fla. Scape terete, 6— 12'. Lvs. linear, If. Mar.-May. (ZephyranthijsHerb.) 

2 A. vittata. Per. 3 — 4^, nodding, white, red striped inside, margins crisped. S. Am. 

3 A. regin^e. Per. nodding, scarlet with a green star, throat fringed ; fls. 2 — 4. S. Am. 

4 A. speciosa. Fls. 2—4, blood-red, erect, 3' long, funnel-form. S. Afr. (Vallota, Hb.) 

5. AGAVE, L. American Aloe. Perianth funnel-form, 6-parted. Sta. 



334 Order 139.— AMARYLLIDACE^E. 

6, exserted, anth. soon versatile. Caps, obtusely 3-angled, oo-seeded. U 
Monocarpic herbs (§ 42). Crown-root with thick fibres, a dense clump of 
thick, rigid, often spiny lvs. Scape bracted, with numerous flowers. July 

1 A. Virginica L. Lvs. lin.-lanceolate, spine-pointed, denticulate ; scape simple, 

4-6f, loosely spicate above ; lis. greenish-yellow, 1', sessile, fragrant. Rocks, Va., and S. 

2 A. Americana. Century Plant. Lvs. glaucous, striped with cream-color in some va- 

rieties, lanceolate, spine-pointed and toothed, very thick and stout, 3— 8f ; scape pro 
duced bit once, after 50—100 years, tree-like, with innumerable flowers. Mexico. 

6. FOLYANTHES (or Polianthes), L. Tu-ber-ose. Perianth funnel- 
form, with a curved tube. Fil. inserted into the throat, included. Ovary 
at the bottom of the tube, its summit free. if. Root an upright rhizome. 

P. ttjberosa. Stem simple, slender, leafy-bracted, 3f, with a spike of rose-white flow- 
ers, 1}', subregalar, of exquisite fragrance. From Ceylon. Aug., Sept. 

7. ALSTRCEMERIA, L. Perianth funnel-form, some irregular, of 6 
leaves distinct to the ovary. Sta. diclinate. Stig. 3-cleft. if Root a rhi- 
zome, bearing tubers. Stems leafy, umbellate at top. 

1 A. psittacina. Erect, 1 — 2f, with remote, lanceolate, sessile leaves ; fls. 6 — 8, in a leafy 

cluster, pedicellate, If : segments spatulate, red, spotted with green. Brazil. 

2 A. Pelegkina. Lvs. sessile, lance-linear, twisted ; fls. 2 — 6, pink-white, purp. -spotted. 

3 A. versicolor. Perianth nearly regular, yellow, with purple spots. Chili. 

8. SPREKELIA, Endl. Jacob^ea Lily. Perianth bilabiate, segments 
distinct to the ovary, the upper 3 spreading. Sta. epigynous, unequal, and 
with the st3 r le decimate, the ends incurved. if Bulbous. Scape hollow, 
1-fiowered. Leaves linear, erect. 

S. formosissima. — A splendid flower from S. America. Scape If. Flower dark red. 

9. GALANTHUS, L. Snow-drop. Petals shorter than the sepals, 
notched or lobed. Sta. epig} r nous, erect, included, shorter than the straight 
style, if. Bulb coated, acrid. Scape 2-edged, solid. Flowers white, pen 
dulous. Pods maturing under ground. 

G. nivalis. Scape 6', 2-leaved ; flower 1, as white as snow, in early Spring. Europe. 

10. LEUCOJUM, L. Snow-flake. Sep. and pet. subequal, often thick- 
ened at apex. Sta. epigynous, included, and style erect. Stig. entire, ob- 
tuse, if Bulb coated. Scape 2-edged, hollow. Flowers drooping. 

1 It. vernxtm. Lvs. linear; scape 1-2-flwd. ; sep. white, tipped with green or yellow 
with divergent veins ; spathe 1 -leaved; seeds straw-color. March, April, 

X Ii. ^ESTivTjM. Lvs. linear ; scape 4-8-flwd., umbellate, 6— 10' ; sepals 6—8", pure whit* 
with green tips ; spathe 1-leaved ; seeds black. May, June. Europe. 

11. HYPOXIS, L. Star-grass. Spathe 2-leaved. Perianth regular, 
rotate. Seeds oo, black, if Small, bulbous, grass-like, with yellow flow- 
ers on filiform scapes. Meadows and copses. 

1 H. erecta L. Hairy ; scape about 4-flowered, shorter than the linear leaves, which 

are 3 — 5" wide ; flowers greenish without, yellow within. June. 

2 H. fillfolia Ell. Smoothish ; scape 2-flowered, shorter than the filiform leaves 

which are not \" wide. Dry soils, S. Flowers rather larger (9— 11">. 



Order 141.— ilemodorace^e. 335 

Order CXL. BROMELIACE^E. Bromeliads. 

Herbs hard, dry, rigid, and often scurfy, with regular double perianths, 
nearly or quite free from the ovary. Stamens 6, anthers introrse. Ovary 
3-celled. Seeds numerous, with mealy albumen. All tropical, and capable 
Df living in air alone. 

1. TILLANDSIA, L. Sepals 3, membranous, convolute. Pet. 3, peta- 
loid, imbricate, spreading above. Sta. hypogynous. Ovary free. Caps, 
with 3 double cartilaginous valves. Seeds slender, on comous stipes. Zf 
Scurfy air plants, with perennial 2-ranked narrow leaves. 

* Sterne rigidly erect. Lvs. linear-filiform. Fls. in bracted spikes, blue Nos. 2 — 4 

*1 T. asneoides L. Long Moss. Stems filiform, pendulous, branched; lvs. linear- 
filiform, curled, 1 — 2' ; fis. solitary, green or gray. Low lands, Va.. and S. Hangs ia 
gray festoons from the branches of every tr je. Used in upholstery. 

2 T. Bartramii Ell. Stems slender, If ; lvs. shorter, smooth ; spike branched, 3 — 4', 

loose-flowered ; pet. spreading at apex, as long as the bracts. Ga., Fla. 

3 T. csespitosa Leconte. Stems in dense clusters, 3 — 6' ; leaves scurfy, much longer, 

erect ; spike 3- or 4-fiowered, 1 — 2' ; pet. recurved, longer than the bracts. E. Fla. 

4 T. recurvata Willd. Scapes filiform, 2-fiowered, 6' ; lvs. scurfy, recurved. E. Fla. 

2. ANANASSA sativa. Pineapple. Raised in hothouses for its 
well-known fruit, which consists of a consolidated abortive flower-spike. From S. Am 

Order CXLI. H^MODORACE^E. Bloodworts. 

Herbs perennial, with fibrous roots, equitant or rosulate leaves, and perfect 
flowers. Perianth regular, 6-parted, scurfy or woolly outside, more or less 
adherent. Stamens 6 or 3, and opposite the petals, antliers introrse. Ovary 
3-celled, 1-styled. Capsule covered with the withered perianth. Seeds 
with cartilaginous albumen. 

5 Ovary wholly adherent. Stamens 3, exserted. Perianth woolly outside Lacnanthes. 1 

S Ovary half free. Stamens 6, included. — x Corymbed perianths woolly all over Lophiola. 2 

— x Racemed perianths rugous-scurfy Aletris. 3 

1. LAONANTHES, Ell. Red-root. Fls. woolly outside, oblong. Sep. 

linear. Sta. 3, and style filiform, exserted. Caps, oo-seeded. if Roots 

fibrous, red. Lvs. ensiform, equitant. Fls. in a dense corymb. July — Sept 

L. tinctoria Ell.— Swamps, R. I. to Fla. Stem strictly erect, \\ — 2f ; leaves mostly 
radical, 3 — 4" wide by 9', or more ; flowers 4— 5", glabrous and yellow inside 

2. LOPHIOLA, Ker. Crest-flower. Fls. woolly outside and in 
side, oval. Sepals oblong. Sta. 6, glabrous, not exserted. Styles sepa- 
rable, conical with the 1 stigma. Seeds white. U Root creeping. Stem 
flexuous, corymbous above, densely clothed with soft white wool. JL, Aug. 

L. a urea Ker.— Sandy swamps, N. J. to Fla. Stem 1— 2£f; leaves mostly radical 
shorter than the stem ; flowers yellowish under the white wool, 2". (Conostylis, Ph.) 

3. ALETRIS, L. Star-grass. Colic-root. Perianths rugous, as if 
scurfy or mealy, tubular, 6-cleft, arranged in a slender raceme. Stylee 



336 Order 142.— IRIDACE^E. 

scarcely united. Ovary adherent at base only, opening at top, ao-seeded 
if Smooth, intensely bitter. Leaves all radical, lin.-lanceolate. Jl., Aug 

1 A. farinosa L. Lvs. rosulate, very acute, many-veined, 3—6' ; scape 2— 3f, simpie: 

rac. about 9'; fls. white, 4 — 5", on very short ped., oblong bell-form. Low grounds. 

2 A. a urea Walt. Fls. yellow. Otherwise scarcely diff. Both plants dry, yellowish. 

Order CXLII. IRIDACEJE. Irids. 

Herbs with corms, bulbs, or rhizomes, equitant, 2-ranked leaves and spatha- 
ceous bracts. Perianth tube adherent to the ovary. Segments in 2 sets, 
often unequal and convolute in bud. Stamens 3, alternate with the petals, 
anthers extrorse. Style 1, stigmas 3, often petaloid. Capsule 3-valved, 3- 
celled, loculicidal. Seeds many, with hard, fleshy albumen. Figs. 85, 169, 
170, 267-8, 282, 351. 

§ Flowers irregular, somewhat bilabiate, nodding Gladiolus. 6 

§ Flowers regular and equilateral, mostly erect. . .(*) 

• Sepals similar to the petals in form, size, and position. . .(a) 

a Stamens monadelphous. Flowers small, blue. Plant grass-liko Sjsyrinchium. 7 

a Stamens distinct. — x Flowers radical, with a very long tube Crocus. 6 

— x Flowers cauline. Style 3-parted at top PardanthOs. 5 

— x Flowers cauline. Style deeply 3 parted.. Schizostylis. 4 

• Sepals larger than the petals, and otherwise dissimilar... (6) 

b Stamens monadelphous. Petals spreading, panduriform Tigrldia. 3 

b Stamens distinct, — z stigmas slender, on a slender style Nemastylis. 2 

— z stigmas petaloid, on a very short style Iris. 1 

1. IRIS, L. Flower-de-luce. Sepals 3, reflexed, larger than the 3 
erect petals. Sta. distinct. Style short or 0. Stig. petaloid, covering the 
stamens. U Mostly from tuberous, horizontal rhizomes, with ensiform 
leaves and large, showy flowers. 

* Species growing wild, all (except Nos. 6, T) in wet meadows or swamps. Apr. — Jn. (§) 

§ Stems leafy, tall (1 — 3f). Tube short ; sepals beardless and crestless. . .(a) 

a Leaves linear, grass-like. Ovary and pod 2-grooved on the sides No. 1 

a Leaves sword-shaped. Fls. blue. Sepals much larger than the petals. . .Nos. 2 — 4 
a Leaves sword-shaped. Fls. tawny or copper-colored. Petals reflexed. . .No. 5 

§ Stems or scapes low (2 — 6'), nearly leafless. Tube long and slender. ..(b) 

b Sepals beardless and crestless. In hilly woods, southward No. 6 

b Sepals beardless, but crested with 3 longitudinal folds Nos. 7, 8 

* Species cultivated for ornament, mostly /rom Europe. . ,{x) 

x Sepals densely bearded. — y Stems very short, 1-flowercd No. 9 

—y Stems tall, leafy, 1-5-flowered Nos. 10 — 13 

x Sepals beardless. — z Root a rhizome. . .Nos. 14, 15.— z Root bulbous Nos. 16—18 

1 I. Virginica L. Boston Iris. Stem slender, 1— 2f, branching leaves 2— 3" wide ; 

fls. 2 — 6, on slender ped. ; sep. narrow, yellow, edged with purple. Mass. to N. J. Jn. 
% I. versicolor L. Blue Flag. Stem flexuous, 2 — 3f ; pet. as long as the stigmas ; 

ovary triangular, with concave sides and rounded angles. Common. June. 

3 1. hexagona Walt. Lvs. longer than the flexuous stem ; tube longer than the 6- 

sided ovary; sepals larger than the petals, blue-purple, crested. S., coastward. 

4 1. tripetala Walt. Lvs. shorter than the slender stem; tube shorter than the 3- 

sided ovary ; sepals many times larger than the petals. S. : rare. Purple. 

5 1. cuprea Ph. Tall and flexuous, 2— 3f ; petals twice longer than the linear stiff 

mae ; capsules sharply 6-angled, shorter than the tube. S. and W. April — July 



Order 142.— IRLDACE^E. 33? 

6 I. verna L. Scape 1-flowered, 3 — &\ shorter than the rigid leaves ; tube, sep., and 

pet. subequa* (2') ; stigmas deeply 2-cleft ; fls. blue, with some yellow. Mar., Apr. 

7 I. cristata Ait. Scape compressed, and, with the lvs., 3 — 5' ; tube longer than th€ 

sepals (2 7 ), which are distinctly crested along the middle. Barrens, Va. to Ga. April. 

8 I. lacustrls N. Like No. 7, but the sep. are longer than the tube, &c. L. Huron. 

9 I. pumila. Dwarf I. Fls. larere. blue-purple ; pet. larger than sepals. In Spring. 3 , 

10 I. Germanica. Flowers many, deep blue, the spathe also colored. Common. 

11 I. sameucina. Fleur-de-lis. Flowers oo, blue- white; segrnen ,s notched. Common. 

12 1. Sctziana. Flower 1, very large, purple and spotted ; petals reflexed. 

13 1. Florentina. Orris-root. With broad leaves and large white flowers. 

14 I. graminea. Linear leaves much longer than the If, 2-flowered scape. Blue. 

15 1. pseud-acorus. Flowers yellow ; petals smaller than the stigmas, 3f. June. 

16 1. Xiphium. Spanish 1. Lvs. subulate ; 2 fls. ; pet. narrow as stig. All colors. l-2f- 

17 1. xiphioides. English I. Leaves subulate ; fls. 2 ; petals broader than the stigmas. 

18 1. Persica. .Persian I. Lvs. linear; scape very short ; petals smaller than the blue 
sepals. — All the above are hardy, except this, which is a house-plant. 

2. NEMASTYLIS, K No tube above the ovary. Sepals spreading, 

iarger tnan the ascending, cucullate petals. Filam. shorter than the anth. 

Style enlarged above, and parted into 6 radiating, subulate stigmas, if 

Bulb ovoid. Lvs. lance-linear. St. very slender, with 1 or 2 bright-blue fls. 

IV. coelestina N. Leaves yery veiny, If; stem 15—20', few-leaved; spathe 2-leaved 
sepals obov&te. 1', I larger thao the hooded petals. Swamps, Fla. to La. 

3. TIGRIDIA, L. Tiger-flower. Spathe 2-leaved. Perianth regu- 
lar, the 3 sepals larger than the 3 petals. Stamens monadelphous, fila- 
ments united into a long tube. If Bulbous. 

T. pavonia. St. simple, flexuous ; leaves ensiform, veined ; fls. inodorous, 5—6' broad, 
ephemeral, several in succession, yellow, with crimson spots. Mexico. 

4. SCHIZOSTYLIS coccInea. Stem 3f. Leaves channelled, lance- 
linear. Flowers concave, regular, 2' broad, in long spikes, crimson to scarlet, the stylee 
slender and nearly distinct. Lately introduced from S. Africa. 

5. PARDANTHUS, Ker. Blackberry Lily. Sepals and pet. sub- 
equal, oblanceolate, spreading. Fil. slender. Style clavate, 3-parted, with 
3 stigmas. Caps, oblong. Seeds black, attached to the column, and re- 
sembling a blackberry after the valves have fallen. U Root a rhizome. 
Stem branching, leafy. July, August. (Ixia, L.) 

P. Cliinensis Ker. — Leaves ensiform, as in Iris; flowers If broad, many, orange- 
yellow, crimson-spotted. Stems 3 — if. Escaped from cultivation. 

6. CROCUS, L. Lvs. radical. Fls. nearly sessile on the bulb. Tube 
very long and slender, bearing the funnel-form perianth above the ground. 
Stigmas 3-cleft. 

1 C. verntjs. Spring C. Stigmas short, wedge-shaped ; leaves linear. The beautiful 

flowers are white, blue, and variegated, — the earliest in the garden. 
% C Suzianus, is golden yellow, with the 3 sepals revolute. Turkey. 
3 C sativus. Saffron. Fall C. Stigmas slender, reflexed ; segments purple. Europe. 

7. SISYRINCHIUM, L. Blue-eyed Grass. Spathe 2-leaved. Seg< 
ments of the perianth flat, equal. Sta. monadelphous Stig. 3-cleft U 



338 Order 144.— SMLLACE^E. 

Grass-like plants, with compressed, winged or ancipital scapes, from 
fibrous roots. June, July. 

R. Bermadiana L. In tufts ; lvs. linear, erect, about as long as the scapes ; spathc 
2-5-flowered, valves unequal ; flowers small, blue ; segments obovate, notched and 
mucronate ; pedicels slender ; pods globular, 8— 12'. 

a. aneeps. Scapes winged, so as to resemble the leaves. 

/3. mucrotiatum. Scapes barely 2-edged, filiform ; spatne pointed. 

8. GLADIOLUS, L. Corn-flag. Spatne 2-leaved. Perianth irregu- 
lar 6-narted, somewhat 2-lipped. Stamens 3, distinct, ascending. Stig. 3, 
broaaei above. Seeds winged. U A large genus of bulbous plants, chiefly 
from S. Africa. Fls. large and splendid. The species are badly confused 

1 G. psittacinus. Spike 8-10-flowered ; flowers scarlet and yellow, spotted, the tube 

as long as the segments. From this is derived many hybrids, as 
0. Gandavensis, variegated with orange, scarlet, and yellow. Common. 

2 G. cardinalis. Spikes few-flowered, the flowers crimson, with a white stripe in th« 

lower 3 segments ; stem branched above, 2f. Not hardy. 

3 G. florebundus. Flowers very large, nearly erect, upper segments broader, pinV 

varying to white ; spike long and crowded. Very delicate. 

Order CXLIII. DIOSCOREACE^E. Yam-roots. 

Plants shrubby, twining, arising from tuberous rhizomes, with broad, 
net-veined leaves. Flowers dioecious, regular, hexandrous, tube adherent, 
limb 6-parted. Ovary 3-celled, 3-6-ovuled, 3-styled. $ Stamens 6, perigy- 
nous. Fruit a capsule, 3- or (by abortion) 1-celled, or a berry. Seeds com- 
pressed, albuminous. 

DIOSCOREA, L. Yam-root. Flowers $ $ . Styles of the fertile 3. 
Cells of the caps. 2-seeded. Sds. membranaceously margined. *> Slender, 
twining with the sun. Lvs. simple, palmately-veined or divided. Flow- 
ers green, inconspicuous, in axillary spikes or panicles. 

1 D. villosa L. Wild Yam. Leaves broadly ovate, cordate, acuminate, 9-11-veined, 

the lower opposite or in i's, upper alternate, petioles long, under surface downy, 
(never villous) ; stem slender, climbing 5— 15f, over bushes, &c. June, July. 

2 D. sativa. Yam. Leaves round-ovate, long-cuspidate, sinuate, cordate, all alter- 

nate, smooth ; stems sometimes prickly. Root large and sweet. S. 

Order CXLIV. SMILACE^E. Sarsaparillas. 

Serbs or shrubs, often climbing. Leaves reticulate- veined. Flowers dioe- 
cious. Perianth free from the ovary, 6-parted, regular. Stamens 6, in- 
serted into the base of the segments. Anthers 1-celled (2-lamellate). Ovary 
3-celled, cells 1- or 2-ovuled. Style 1 or none. Stigmas 3. Berry round- 
ish. Seeds orthotropous, albuminous. Fig. 396. 

SMILAX, L. Green-brter. Sarsaparilla. Character nearly as 
above. *> |? Lvs. palmately-veined, entire, petiolate, with a pair of stipu- 
lar (§ 325, Fig. 396) tendrils. Flowers green or yellowish, small, in stalked, 
axillary umbels. 



Order 145.— ROXBURGHIACE^E. 33fl 

9 Herbs spineless. Lvs. and foetid umbels long-stalked. Berries bluish. .Nos. 12—14 
§ Shrubby vines. Leaves short-stalked. Berries 1-3-seeded... (a) 

a Pubescent, prostrate, spineless. Leaves cordate, evergreen. South No. 11 

a Glabrous, climbing, and more or less prickly (except Nos. 5, 6).. .(b) 

b Lvs. acute at the base, 3-5-veined. Ped. shorter than the pet Nos. 8 — 10 

b Leaves abrupt or cordate at base, 5-9-veined. . .(c) 

e Leaves panduriform, or some hastate. Peduncles elongated No. 7 

c Lvs. ovate or oblong, deciduous.— a; Plants spineless Nos. 5, 6 

—x Prickly. — z Leaves glaucous No. 4 

—z Leaves green Nos. 1 — 8 

1 S. rotundifolia L. Common G. Vine green, strong, and thorny, some 4-angled ; 

leaves round-ovate, 5-7-veined, cusp. -pointed ; ped. a little longer (6 — 7") than tho 
petioles ; berries glaucous-black. Common in thickets. 10 — 30f. June, July. 

2 S. hispida Muhl. Vine terete, hispid below, with weak, slender prickles, nearly 

unarmed above ; leaves thin, deciduous, ovate, cuspidate ; ped. twice as long (1') aa 
the petioles ; berries black. Thickets, N. J., and N. 8 — 12f. June. 

3 S. Walterl Ph. Vine unarmed, or prickly at base ; lvs. cordate-ovate, 3-5-veined; 

ped. as long as the petioles ; berries red, 1-3-seeded. N. J., and S. April — June. 

4 S# glauca Walt. Vine more or less prickly above, angular ; lvs. broad-ovate, glau- 

cous at least beneath ; ped. twice longer than the petiole ; berries black, with a 
bloom ; flowers yellowish white. Thickets, L. Isl. to Ga., W. to Ky. March — June. 

5 S. Pseudo-China L. Koot-stock tuberous ; vine terete ; leaves cordate-ovate to 

oblong, 5-veined ; ped. flat, nearly as long as the lvs. ; fr. black. N. J. to Ky., and S. Jn. 

6 S. sarsaparilla L. Root-stock creeping, long ; branchlets 4-angled ; leaves thin, 

oblong-ovate ; ped. flat, a little longer than the petioles ; fruit red, 1-seeded. S-W. 

7 S. tamnoides L. Vine terete ; branches 4-angular, aculeate ; leaves ovate-cordate 

to fiddle-form, and hastate, cusp.-pointed, rough-edged. N. J., W. and S. 

8 S. auriculata Walt. Vine prickly ; branchlets angular, unarmed ; leaves lancc- 

auriculate-hastate, thick, small, smooth-edged, evergreen ; berries finally black ; 
flowers sweet-scented. S., near the coast. June. (S. maritima C-B.) 

9 S. laurlfolia L. Vine prickly ; branchlets unarmed, zigzag ; leaves thick, ever- 

green, lance-oblong, obtuse, mucronate, 3-veined ; fr. black, 1-seeded. N. J., and S. 

10 S. laneeolata L. Like No. 9, but the lvs. are thin, and berr. 3-seeded. Va., and S. 
IIS. pumila Walt. Lvs. shining above, soft-downy beneath ; ped. as long as the 

petiole (60 ; berries red, 1-3-seeded. Shady, rich soils, S. 1 — 3f. October. 

12 S. herbaeea L. Carrion-Jiower. Stem erect or reclined, terete ; leaves pubescent 
beneath, or nearly glaucous, ovate-oblong, 7-veined, with or without tendrils ; ped. 
longer than the long petioles (3 — 40, 8-20-flowered. Low grounds. 2— 8f. June. 

/3. peduncularis, Ped. very stout and long (6 — 80, 30-50-flowered. 

13 S. lasioneuron Hook. Vine climbing, glabrous ; lvs. all with tendrils, cordate, 
ovate-oblong ; ped. little longer than the petioles (3 — 4'). Thickets, W. lOf. June. 

1 4 S. tamnifolia Mx. Erect or climbing, glabrous ; lvs. 5-veined, cordate-hastate, 
tapering to the obtuse apex ; ped. longer than petioles ; fr. blue-black. N. J., and S 

Order CXLV. ROXBURGHIACE^E. 

Herbs or shrubby vines, with many-veined netted leaves and perfect flow- 
ers. Perianth 4-parted, petaloid, persistent. Stamens 4, hypogynous. 
Ovary free, 1-celled. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds several, on hairy stalks, 
albioiinous. 

CROOMIA, Torr. Fls. very small and few, axillary. Perianth seg. in 
pairs (2 sepals and 2 petals), oval. Ovules 4 — 6, suspended. Seeds 1 — 3. 
U Rhizome creeping. Leaves lance-ovate, cordate. 



340 Order 146.— TRILLIACE^E. 

C. pauclflora Torr.— Woods, Ga., Fla., Ala. Stem simple, If. Leaves about 6, thiti, 
glabrous, pedately arranged, 7-9-veined. Ped. 1'. Flowers 2" wide when open. April. 

Order CXLV1. TRILLIACEJE. Trilliads. 

Herbs with simple stems, tuberous roots, and verticillate, net-veined leaves. 
Fl&wers terminal, 1 or few, perfect, mostly 3-parted. Calyx herbaceous, 
corolla more or less colored. Stamens 6 — 10. Ovary free, 3-5-celled, bear- 
ing in fruit a juicy, oo-seeded pod. Figs. 115. 259, 294. 

5 Leaves in one whorl. Sepals green, petals colored ...Trillium. 1 

§ Leaves in two whorls. Sepals and petals alike greenish Medeola. 2 

1. TRILLIUM, L. Wake-robin. Perianth deeply 6-paited, in 2 dis 
tinct series, outer of 3 sepals, inner of 3 colored pet. Sta. 6, anth. longer 
than the filaments. Stig. sessile. Berry purple, 3-celled, oo-seeded. U 
St. simple. Leaves 3, whorled at the top of the stem, palmi-net-veined. 
Flowers solitary, terminal. In Spring. 

§ Flowers sessile. Petals dark purple, erect Nos. 1, 9 

% Flowers on a peduncle raised above the leaves. . . (*) 

* Leaves petiolate, ovate, rounded at the base. Petals thin, delicate.. . .Nos. 3, 4 

* Leaves sessile, rhomboidal, nearly as broad as long. Petals thickish..Nos. 5, 6 
§ Flowers on a peduncle deflexed beneath the leaves Nos. 7, 8 

1 T. sessile L. Leaves 6essile, roundish-ovate to rhomb-ovate, acute, mottled with 

dark purple ; petals sessile, some spreading, dull purple. Pa., W. and S. 6—12'. 

2 T. recurvatnm Beck. Lvs. ovate to obovate, narrowed to a petiole ; sepals re 

flexed, green ; pet. erect, narrowed at base to a claw, purple, V. Woods, W. 8— MK 

3 T. nivale Rid. Stem 2—4' ; lvs. oval to ovate, distinctly petiolate ; fl. erect, 7—8" 

long ; petals ovate-spatulate, white, half longer than the sepals. Penn. to Wis. 

4 T. erytlirocarpum Mx. Smiling W. Lvs. ovate, rounded at base, acuminate ; 

petals lance-ovate, recurved, twice longer than the sepals, wavy, white, beautifully 
pencilled at base with purple. Woods, Can. to Ga. 8 — 12'. 

5 T. grandiflorum Salisb. Lvs. rhomb-obovate, sessile, conspicuously acuminates 

petals spatulate-obovate, much longer (1| — 20 than the sepals, white, varying to 
rose-color. Damp, rocky woods, M., S., and W. 8— 12'. 

T. erectum L. Bath Flower. Leaves roundish-rhombio, short-pointed, almost 
petiolate, about as broad as long; ped. scarcely erect ; flower nodding; petals oval- 
ovate, much broader than the sepals, dark purple, ill-scented. Woods. 
0. album. Petals white or greenish ; ped. inclined. N. Y. (Hankenson), and W. 

T. cernuuiu L. Leaves nearly as in No. 6 ; ped. more than half the length of the 
leaves, twice that of the flower ; petals flat, not reflexed, white, little larger than 
the sepals ; siigmas as long as the anthers. Woods, ML, S., and W. 1 — lj-f- 
J T. stylosum N. Leaves petiolate, ovate, oval, or elliptic ; ped. not longer than 
the flower, decurved ; petals recurved, much larger than the sepals, white ; sty.ea 
united, as long as the stigmas, shorter than the recurved anthers. South. 10 — 20\ 

2. MEDEOLA, Gronov. Indian Cucumber-root. Perianth deeply 

parted into 6 petaloid, revolute segments. Sta. 6, with slender filaments. 

Stigmas 3, divaricate, united at base. Berry 3-celled, cells 3-6-seeded. U 

Stem simple, arising from a white, tuberous rhizome (which is thought to 

resemble the cucumber in flavor) bearing 2 whorls of lvs. and 1 — 3 term. fls. 

HI. Virginica L.— Damp woods. Slender, erect, 1 — 2f, with cottony wool. Lower 
whorl of 6 — 8, upper of 3 leaves. Flowers pendulo-is, yellowish July. (Figf. 294.) 



Order 147.— LILIACE^. 341 

Order J3XL VII. LILIACEJE. Lilywokts. 

Herbs with bulbous or tuberous stems, parallel-veined, sessile leaves, and 
perfect, regular flowers, with the 'perianth uniformly colored and free from 
the ovary. Stamens 6 (4 in Majanthemum), perigynous. Anthers introrse 
(except in Uvularia). Styles wholly or partly united. Fruit a capsule or 
berry. Seeds albuminous. 

§ LILIACEiE proper. Style entire. Fruit a dry capsule. Plants with a scaly or coated bulb. . .(*) 
§ ASPHODELEiE. Style entire (or 0). Fr. a dry capsule. With a caudex, root-crown, or rhiz. ..<**) 
\ CONVALLARINE^E. Style entire. Fr. a colored berry. Plants with a rhiz. or fibrous roots ... (***. 
§ UVULARIE^E. Style 3-cleft or 3-parted. Fruit a dry capsule. Plants with a rhizwme ... (****) 

* Stem leafy above as well as at the base. Bulbs scaly. . .(b) 

* Stem (scape) sheathed at base, leafless, many-flowered. . .(c) 

* Stem (scape) sheathed at base, — a bearing a single nodding flower Erythronium. 1 

— a bearing a solitary, erect flower Tulipa. 2 

6 Petals equalling the sepals, with a honey-groove at base Lilium. 3 

b Petals equalling the sepals, with a roundish nectary at base Fritillaria. '4 

b Petals much larger than sepals, nectary in the midst, or Calochortus- 5 

c Perianth segments united, forming a tubular flower. . .(e) 
c Perianth segments distinct, not forming a tube. ..(d) 

J Flowers small, in a panicle of racemes, white Nolina. 6 

d Flowers in a simple raceme, mostly blue Scilla. 7 

d Flowers in a corymb, white, with bracts Ornithogalum. 8 

d Flowers in an umbel, white or roseate, with 2 — 4 bracts Allium. 9 

« Limb of the perianth revolute, as long as the tube Hyacinthus. 10 

e Limb of the perianth spreading, much shorter than tube...., Muscari. 11 

•* Perianth segments united more or less into a tube. . .(m) 

•* Perianth segments distinct. — n Flowers racemed, small, yellow Schcemolirion. 12 

— n Flowers panicled, white Yucca. 13 

m Stamens straight, longer than the tubular, flame-colored perianth Tritoma. 14 

m Stamens all curved upward.— o Flowers in an umbel Agapanthus. 15 

— o Flowers cyanic, racemed Funkia. 1G 

— o Flowers xanthic, terminal ... .Hemerocallis. 17 

••* Perianth segments separate, not forming a tube. . .(s) 

*** Perianth segments united. — v Flowers greenish, axillary Polygonatum. 18 

— v Flowers pure white, on a scape Convallaria. 19 

$ Scape leafless, bearing an umbel. Berry blue, 2-celled Clintonia. 20 

« Stem leafy, bearing the flowers solitary or in pairs. Berries red. . .(y) (See p. 447. ) 

» Stem leafy, bearing a white cluster. — x Flowers 6-parted Smilacina. 21 

— x Flowers 4-parted Majanthemum. 22 

y Stems much branched, with filiform branchlets for leaves ....Asparagus. 23 

y Stem forking, with oval leaves. — z Fls. axillary. Berry 00 -seeded Streptopus. 24 

— ^ Fls. terminal. Berrj 3-6-seeded ...Prosartes. 25 

•*** Stem leafy. Flowers solitary, long, yellowish, drooping Uvularia. 26 

1. ERYTHRONIUM, L. Perianth campanulate. Seg. recurved, tfie 
3 inner ones (petals) usually with a callous tooth attached to each side at 
base, and a groove in the middle. Style long. Caps, somewhat stipitate, 
seeds ovate. % Lvs. 2, subradical. Scape 1 - oo-flwd. Flowers nodding. 

1 E. Americanum Sm. Yellow E. Bulb deep in the ground, sending up a scape 
which bears 2 unequal, lanceolate, mottled leaves at the surface of the ground, find 
a handsome drooping yellow flower at top. Woods. 3— 5/. April, May. 
|3. bracteatum. Leaves very unequal ; scape with a bract near the flower. Vt. 

U IS. albidum N. White E. Scape naked, bearing a white drooping flower ; petals 
without teeth, narrowed to the base. Wet meadows, N. Y. to Wis. May, June. 

2. TULIPA, Tourn. Tulip. Perianth campanulate. Sta. short, subu 



342 Order 147.— LILIAOE^E. 

late, antli. broad-linear, deeply emarginate at base. Style very short, stag, 
thick. Caps, oblong, triangular. U Herbs acaulescent, with coated bulbs, 
sessile leaves, and a simple scape bearing a solitary, erect flower. 

T. Gbbnbbiana. Plant smooth ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, near the ground ; segments 
very obtuse, endlessly variegated with red, yellow, and white. Persia. May, June. 

3. LIIiIUM, L. Lily. Perianth bell-form, colored. Sep. 6, gradually 
spreading or recurved, each with a longitudinal honey-groove within from 
middle to base. Sta. shorter than the style, anth. versatile. Style clavate, 
stig. 3-lobed. Caps, subtriangular. Seeds 2-rowed in each cell. U Bulbs 
scaly. Stems leafy. Flowers large, showy. June — August. 

* Native wild Lilies, with yellow, orange, or red, spotted,— x nodding fls.. Nos. 1—3 

—x erect fls Nos. 4, 5 

* Exotic Lilies, cultivated, mostly hardy. Pis. nodding (except Nos. 6, 14) . . . (a) 

a Stems bearing bulblets in the axils. Flowers orange-colored Nos. 6, 7 

a Stems never bulbiferous. — y Fls. white. Lvs. lanceolate, scattered.. .Nos. 8—10 

— y Fls. wh., varieg. and spotted, sweet Nos. 11—13 

— y Fls. yellow or straw-colored Nos. 14 — 16 

— y Fls. red or purple Nos. 17—19 

I L. Canadense L. Yellow L. Leaves mostly in whorls, lanceolate, the veins be- 

neath hairy; ped. terminal, mostly in 3's; sepals gradually spreading, yellow to 
orange, with purple spots inside. Meadows, mostly N. 2 — 5f. 
2, L. superbum L. TurFs-cap. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, the lower 
whorled, upper scattered ; flowers often numerous, orange to red, spotted, the se- 
pals revolute. Wet soils. 4— (if. Flowers 3—30. Plant splendid. 

3 L. Carolinianum Mx. Lvs. 1-veined, oblanceolate, acuminate, tapering to the 

base, the upper whorled, the lower scattered; sepals lance-linear, recurved (not revo- 
lute), deep yellow spotted with purple. Swamps, S. \\ — 3f. Flowers 1 — 3. 

4 Li. Pliiladelpliicum L. Lvs. lance-linear, the upper whorled, lower scattered ; 

fls. 1 — 3 ; sepals erect-spreading, lance-ovate, obtuse or barely acute, clawed, orange 
red, spotted at base, 2+' long. Dry pastures and copses. 15— 20'. 

5 L. Catesbaei Walt. Lvs. all scattered, lance-oblong to linear ; flower solitary; se- 

pals lanceolate, wavy, 3—4', the long claws yellow, lamina and long, thickened acu 
mination scarlet, spotted with purple. Damp barrens, Md., and S. 2 — 3f. 

6 L*. bulbiferum. Fls. erect, rough inside, 2J' ; sep. sessile; lvs. 3-veined. 4f. Italy. 

7 Li. tigrinum. Fls. nodding, spotted ; sep. sessile, 3^', rev. ; lvs. 5-veined. 6f. China 

8 L. candidum. Fls. campanulate, several, smooth inside. From Persia. 3 — 4f. 

9 L. Japcwicum. Fl. solitary, campanulate ; sep. revolute at apex. Japan. 2— 3f. 

10 L. longiflorum. Fls. solitary, tubular-bell-form ; sep. 5 — 6'. From Japan. If 

II L. giganteum. Tall (8f) ; fls. spicate, trumpet-form, white, with carmine lines 

12 L, speciosum. Stem 2 — 3f ; leaves lance-ovate, scattered ; fls. 1 — 3, fragrant ; sepals 
S 7 , revolute, white to roseate, with purple warty spots inside. Japan. Splendid. 

13 Li. auratum. Stem 1— 2f ; leaves lanceolate, scattered; fls. 1 — 3, fragrant; sepals 
&— 7', spreading, white, with a yellow band and purple spots. Japan. " Glorious." 

14 Li. croceum. Lvs. some in 3's, lin. -falcate ; fls. erect, often umbellate, rough inside. 

15 1L. testaceum. Lvs. whorled ? lanceolate, many ; fls. several, large, straw-col. 6f. 

16 La. C6lchicum. Lvs. crowded, lance-lin. ; fls. sev., funnel-form ; sep. recurved. 2f. 

1 7 Li. Pomponittm. Lvs. lin. to subulate, crowded ; fls. small, scarlet ; sep. rough, revol. 

18 Li. Martagon. Lvs. lance-oblong, whorled; fls. panicled, purple to roseate, revo- 
lute, spotted. From Europe. 5f. [not spotted ; sepals reflexed. Palestine. 3f. 

19 L«. Chalcedonicum. Lvs. lance-linear, crowded, erect, rough-edged ; fls. bright red, 

4. FRITILIjARIA, Tourn. Cheqttered Lily. Perianth campaniv 



Order 147.— LILIACE^E 343 

late, with a broad base and nectariferous cavity above the claw of each 
segment. Stamens as long as the petals. Stig. trifid. Caps, coriaceous, 3- 
celled, septifragal. li With coated bulbs, simple, leafy stems, bearing 1 
or more nodding flowers in Spring. 

1 F. imperiaxis. Crown Imperial. Stem 3f, at base invested with long, narrow lvs., 

the middle naked, the summit bearing a raceme of large drooping red flowers beneath 
a crown of bracts. Var. fxava has yellow flowers. Persia. 

2 F. meleaqris. Cliequered L. Stem 1-flowered, with alternate, linear, channelled 

letves ; flower large, nodding, chequered with purple and yellow. Europe. If. 

3 V, Persica. Fls. brownish-purple, in a pyramidal, naked raceme. Persia. 3f. 

5. CALOCHORTUS, Ph. Perianth twisted in aestivation. Sepals 3, 
smaller than the 3 petals, which are bearded within except a central gla- 
brous spot. Style very short, anth. recurved. Seeds 1 -rowed in each cell 
of the capsule. U Californian, bulbous. Leaves narrow. Stem erect. . 

C. splendens. Stem with 3 — 5 large, open, lilac flowers ; pet. each with a brown-yellow 
eye in the middle. 1 — 2f. June. — A splendid flower, yet rare in cultivation. 

O. fulchellus and C. albus, with the petals connivent into pendent globes, the one 
golden yellow, the other satin white, are very beautiful. 

6. NOLINA, Rich. Perianth small, of 6 equal ovate spreading parts, 

longer than the 6 stamens. Stigmas 3, recurved, with a very short style. 

Caps. 3-winged, 3-(or l-3-)seeded. if Bulb coated. Scape widely branched. 

Flowers racemed, white, nearly bractless. 

N. Georgiana Mx.— Sand hills, S. Car. to Fla. Scape 2— 3f, from a large bulb. Leaves 
long, narrow, all radical, recurved and channelled, rough-edged. 

7. SCILLA, L. Squill. Sepals and petals similar, spreading (blue or 
purple). Filaments 6, slender, style thread-club-shaped. Caps. 3-angled, 
3-celled, cells with 1 or several black seeds, if Bulb coated, bearing sev 
eral linear leaves and a scape with a raceme. 

1 S. esculenta Ker. Quamash. Lvs. keeled, flaccid, shorter than the scape ; bracts 
subulate, longer than the pedicels ; filaments filiform ; stigmas 3-toothed ; sepals 
widely spreading, pale blue. Bottoms, W. 1— 2f. May. (Camassia, Lindl.) 

Q, S. Peruviana. Leaves ciliate on the edges, longer than the scape ; flowers stellate, 
in a dense conical corymb, violet-blue, rarely white. Spain. 

H. ORNITHOGALUM, L. Star of Bethlehem. Stem a coated 

bulb. Sep. and pet. similar, white, spreading, 3-7-veined. Fil. 6, subulate. 

Style slender, stigma 3-angled. Caps, roundish, 3-angled. Sds. few, black. 

U Scape with a corymb of bracted flowers, and linear leaves. 

O. umbellatum L. Leaves channelled, as long as the scape (If) ; flowers few, on 
long pedicels, the white sepals each with a green band outside. June. § Europe. 

9. ALLIUM, L. Garlic. Onion. Flowers in a dense umbel, with a 
membranous 2-(l-4-)leaved spathe. Perianth deeply 6-parted. Seg. mostly 
spreading, ovate, the 3 inner somewhat smaller. Ovary angular, stigma 
acute. Caps. 3-iobed. Seeds few, black. Strong-scented, bulbous plants 
Leaves mostly radical. 



344 Order 147.— LILIACE^. 

| Leaves (none at flowering-time) flat, lanceolate. Ovary only 3-ovuled No. 1 

§ Leaves present, flat. — a Ovary 6-ovuled, often with a 6-toothed crest. . . (y) 

—a Ovary QO-ovuled, not crested. Leaves linear No. 5 

§ Leaves terete aud hollow.— x Scape or stem slender, not inflated Nos. 8, 9 

—x Scape inflated in the midst. Cultivated.... Nos. 10, 11 

y Wild native species. Leaves linear and very narrow Nos. 2 — 4 

y Exotics cultivated. Leaves lance-linear or broadly linear Nos. 6, 1 

1 A . tricoccum Ait. Lvs. 5— 8', fugacious, mostly gone in June, when the scape, with 

its rounded umbel of 10 — 12 white fls., appears. Woods, N. Eng. to N. C, and W. If. 

2 A . cernuum Roth. Lvs. very long ; umbel cernuovs, with 12—20 bright roseate fls. ; 

sepals oblong-obovate, acute ; filam. filiform, exserted. N. Y., W. and S. 1J— 2f. Jl. 
|S. stellatum. Umbel mostly erect ; stain, not exserted. Dry, 111., and W. j — \\f. 

3 A. Canadense Kalm. Scape terete; leaves shorter than the scape ; umbel erect, 

capitate, consisting of both (whitish) fls. and bnlblets mixed. Shades. If. June. 

4 A. mutabile Mx. Lvs. lin. -filiform, thin, shorter than the terete scape; unit). 20- 

40-flwd., erect; spathe 3-leaved, purplish ; sep. ovate-lanceolate, longer than the sta., 
white or roseate ; capsule 3-lobed, 3-seeded. Woods, S. 1— l$f. March— May. 

5 A. striatum Jacq. Lvs. linear, nearly equalling the teretish scape ; spatho 2-lvd. , 

fls. 3—7, sep. lance-ovate, green-striped outside ; not garlic-scented. W. and 8. 8 — 12'. 

6 A. sativum. Common Garlic. Bulb consisting of many small ones in a common 

sheath ; stem leafy to the middle ; umbel bulb-bearing ; flowers white. Sicily. July. 

7 A. porkum. Leek. St. compressed, sheathed at base by the channelled leaves ; umb. 

globous, white ; stamens a little longer than the rough-keeled sepals. Europe. July. 

8 A. vineale L. Crow Garlic. Stem and few fistulous lvs. very slender; amb. bulb- 

bearing; stamens alternately 3-cuspidate. Fields, June. It spoils the co^a' milk. 

9 A. schaenoprasnm L. Cives. Scape equalling the terete, filiform, fistulous lvs. ; 

umb. capitate ; sep. longer than the simple stamens, rose-purple. Lake shores, N. % 

10 A. fistulosum. Welsh Onion. Scape inflated in the midst, not taller than the fis- 
tulous leaves ; umbel dense, globular ; stamens exserted. Asia. 18'. % 

11 A. Cepa. Common O. Scape inflated near the base, much taller than the fistulous 
leaves. @ Universally cultivated, and of many varieties. 

0. proliferum. Top O. Umbel producing bulblets instead of flowers. 

10. HYACINTHUS, L. Hyacinth. Perianth tubular-bejl-form, seg- 
ment spreading-recurved. Stam. straight, perigynous. Ovary free. Seeds 
few. U Bulb coated. Scape racemous. 

H. orientaxis. Lvs. thick, lance-linear, half as long as the scape ; flowe/s many, hall 
6-cleft, tumid at the base, blue, varying to purple, red, white, &c. ; stimens deeply 
included. Levant. March, April. Fine for the bulb-glass. 

11. MUSCARI, Tourn. Grape Hyacinth. Perianth-tube ventrieous, 
ovoid, globular or urceolate, limb of 6 very short blunt teeth. Otherwise 
33 in Hyacinthus. 

1 HE. botryoid.es L. Fls. scentless, globular, nodding, blue (&c), 2"; lvs. broad-lin , 
obtuse, longer than the scapes (10'). Gardens and fields. May. § Europe. 

% HI. moschatitm. Fls. musk-scented, oval, nodding, 3 /; , greenish-blue, or livid, with a 
little 6-toothed crown in the throat ; leaves lance-linear, erect. Europe. April. 

3 HI. racemostjm. Flowers fragrant, nodding, dense, ovoid-cylindric, blue with a white 

limb ; leaves linear, flaccid, channelled, recurved. Rare in gardens. 

4 HI. coMosuM occurs in gardens as a monstrosity, with the tall (If) raceme changed to 

a sterile, diffuse, feathery panicle of blue filaments. Showy. 

12. SCHCENOIjfRION, Torr. Stem a tuberous rhizome. Perianth 



Order 147.— LILIACE^E. 345 

yellow, &c Caps, obovoid, obscurely 3-lobed. Flowers racemed. v. 
Otherwise as in Ornithogalum, and too near it. April, May. 
S. crdceum (Mx.) Lvs. narrowly linear, longer than the scape, which is very slender, 
15—20' ; flowers small, about 15 in the raceme, yellow ; sepals ovate, 2". Damp. S. 

13. YUCCA, L. Bear's-gkass. Spanish Daggers. Perianth, per- 
sistent and withering, of 6 sepals, the 6 stamens shorter. Stigmas 3, ses- 
sile. Caps, oblong, 6-sided, the 3 cells partly divided each into 2 by a 
false partition. Seeds oo. U Stem subterranean, or arising into a caudex 
(§ 227), with linear or sword-shaped perennial leaves and a terminal pan- 
icle of white, handsome flowers. 

1 Y. filamentosa L. Beafs-thread. Acaulescent or nearly so ; leaves lance- linear, 

rigid, sharp-pointed, the margin filamentous, i. e., bearing thread-like fibres ; scape 
5 — 8f; flowers numerous, cup-form, 1 \' . Sands, S. June, t 

2 Y. gloriosa L. Caulescent; caudex some 3f; leaves clustered at top, lanceolate* 

stiff, margins very entire ; flowers cup-form, very GO. S. June, July. 

3 IT. aloefolia Walt. Spanish Daggers. Caudex some lOf, often branched, naked 

and scarred ; leaves clustered at top, stout and sharp, serrulate ; flowers white, with 
violet spots ; sepals oblong. Thickets near the coast, S. June — Aug. 

14. TRITOMA, Ker. Perianth tubular, regular, 6-toothed. Stamens 
straight, hypogynous, alternately longer, and with the style exserted. Caps. 

00 - seeded, if Leaves linear, keeled. Scape racemed. 

T. Uvaria. Lvs. in a dense radical crown ; scape 3 — 5f, with a long raceme of innumer- 
able soon-pendent, red, orange, and flame-colored flowers. S. Africa. Aug.— Oct. 

15. AGAPANTHUS, L'Her. Perianth tubular at base, funnel-form, 
free from the ovary, regular. Stam. and filiform style upcurved at the 
end. Caps. 3-angled. Seeds go. U Eoot tuberous. Leaves flat, linear. 
Scape bearing a 2-leaved umbel. Blue. July. 

A. UMBELLATUS. Scape 2f, with the thick radical leaves as long ; flowers many, large, 
the pedicels equalling the perianth. S. Africa. A fine parlor plant. 

r 

16. FUNKIA, Spreng. Perianth funnel-form, deciduous. Stam. 6, hy- 
pogynous, and with the style declinate-curved. Caps, elongated, 3-angled. 
Seeds go, winged at end. % Root fasciculate. Leaves all radical, ovate 
or oblong, veined, petiolate. Scape racemed. Japan. 

1 F. subcordata. White Bay Lily. Lvs. large, ovate, subcordate, veins strongly im- 

pressed ; fis. white, fragrant, horizontal, 5' long, tube longer than the limb. %\i. Aug. 

2 F. ovata Spr. Blue Day Lily. Lvs. broad-ovate, acuminate ; rac. many-flowered 

fls. funnel-form, 2', blue or violet, nodding, tube shorter than the limb. Ohio, §. t 
8 a lbo- margin at a. Has its leaves irregularly margined with white. 

17. HEMEROCALLIS, L. Day Lily. Perianth funnel-shaped, reg- 
ular, ephemeral, limb spreading. Stam. 6, inserted in the throat, curved 
upward. Style slender, curved like the stamens and longer. Caps, with 3 
few-seeded cells. U Root fasciculate. Scapes branched. Leaves linear. 
Flowers large, xanthic, solitary, or racemed. July. 

1 H. Ftn/VA. Lvs. channelled ; pet. obtuse, wavy ; veins of sep. branched. An old gar- 

den plant, with large tawny flowers, lasting but a day. 3f. § Levant. 

2 H. flava. Lvs. channelled ; sep. acute, bright yellow, veins undivided. Siberia. If, 



346 Order 147.— LILIACEJE. 

18. POLYGONATUM, Tourn. True Solomon's Seal. Perianth tu- 
bular, limb short, 6-lobed, erect. Stamens 6, inserted near and above the 
middle of the tube, and with the slender style included. Berry globular, 
black or blue, 3-6-seeded. if Rhizome horizontal, thick. St. leafy above. 
(Lvs. alternate.) Fls. axillary, pendent, greenish- white. Fig. 258. 

P. l»i ft or u in Ell. Stem recurved, smooth ; lvs. lanceolate to elliptic, sessile, obscurely 
many-veined, glaucous-pale and more or less pubescent beneath ; filaments roughened, 
inserted near the middle of the tube. Woods. 1 — 3f. April — June. 
0. g-ig-dnteum. Plant all smooth, tall ; lvs. clasping ; ped. 2-6-flwd. 3--7f. 
y. lati folium. Plant pubescent above ; leaves ovate, some stalked. 

19. OONVALLARIA, L. Lily of the Valley. Perianth campanu- 
late, of 6 united segments, lobes of the limb recurved. Stam. 6, included, 
perigynous. Ovary 3-celled, 1-styled, cells 4-6-ovuled. Beny (red) few- 
seeded. U Rhizome creeping, slender. Lvs. radical, and scape very smooth, 
low, bearing a raceme of white, drooping, sweet-scented flowers. 

C. majalis L.— Mountain woods, Va. to Ga. Common in gardens. 6 — 10'. Lvs. ovate 
elliptic, 2 or 3 with each scape. Flowers in an open raceme, 3 — 4". May, June. 

20. CLINTONIA, Raf. Perianth campanulate, of 6 equal, distinct seg 
ments. Stam. 6, hypogynous, anth. linear-oblong. Ovary oblong, 2-(rarely 
3-)celled. Style elongated. Berry (blue) 2-celled, cells 2-10-seeded. if Rhi- 
zome creeping. Lvs. few, broad. Scape naked, bearing an umbel. 

1 C. horealis Raf. Lvs. broad-oval-lanceolate ; flowers 2—5 in the bractless umbel, 

cernuous ; berry-cells many-seeded. Mountainous or hilly woods. June. 8 — 13'. A 
smooth and elegant plant. (See Fig. No. 715 in the Class-Book. ) 

2 C. umbellata Torr. Lvs. lance-oblong ; umbel many-(12-30-)flwd., bracted ; fls. 

white, speckled, 4 — 5" ; berry-cells 2-seeded. Woods, W. N-Y., and S. along the mts. 

21. SMILACINA, Desf. False Solomon's Seal. Perianth of 6 equal, 

spreading segm., united at base. Stam. 6, slender, perigynous, anth. short. 

Ova. globous, 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Sty. short, thick. Berry 

globous, pulpy, 1-3-seeded. U Rhizome creeping, thick or slender. Stem 

leafy, bearing a terminal cluster of white flowers in April — June. 

§ Raceme compound. Stamens longer than the perianth. Ovules collateral No. 1 

§ Raceme simple. Stam. shorter than perianth. Ovules one above the other. .Nos. 2, 3 

1 S. racemosa Desf. Stem recurved ; leaves oval, strongly veined, acuminate, sub- 

sessile ; raceme compound. Copses : common. Berries red-dotted. 2f. 

2 S. stellata Desf. St. erect ; lvs. many, lanceolate, acute, amplexicaul ; fls. few, in 

a simple raceme ; berries dark red. Along rivers, N. and W. 10 — 20'. 
8 S , trifoliata Desf. Erect ; lvs. 3 or 4, oval-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, am- 
plexicaul ; rac. terminal, simple ; berries red. Mountain swamps, N. and W. 3—6'. 

22. MAJANTHBMUM, Mcench. Two-leaved Solomon's Seal. 
Perianth of 4 ovate, obtuse, spreading segments, united at base. Stam. 4. 
Ovary 2-celled. Otherwise as m Smilacina. 

III. bifolium DC— Common in open woods. Stem with 2 (rarely 3) ovate, subcordate 
leaves and a simple raceme of small white flowers, 3 — 6'. May. — In Oregon, the same 
plant becomes stout, 2f high, with petiolate, strongly cordate leaves ! 



Order 148.— MEL ANTH ACE^E. 347 

23. ASPARAGUS, L. Perianth 6-parted, segm. erect, slight-spreading 
above. Sta. 6, perigynous. Sty. very short, stig. 3. Berry 3-celled, cells 
2-seeded. U Rts. fibrous, matted. Stems with filiform branchlets for leaves 
in the axils of scales. 

A. officinalis L. Stem herbaceous, very branching, erect ; lvs. fasciculate ; flowers 
axillary ; berries red. Long cultivated, and § in rocky shores. 

24. STREFTOPUS, Mx. Twist-foot. Perianth bell-form, of 6 dis 
tinct, recurved sepals. Anth. longer than the filaments. Style elongated, 
stigmas 3-lobed. Berry globous, red, oo-seeded. if Stem fork-branched. 
Flowers axillary, solitary, on a geniculate or curved pedicel. June. 

1 S. roseus Mx. Lvs. oblong-ovate, clasping, margin finely ciiiate ; pedicels oftener 

merely recurved ; anth. short, 2-horned at apex ; stigma trifid. Damp woods, north- 
ward. If— 15'. Flowers reddish, spotted, under the leaves. 

2 S. amplexifolius DC. Leaves oblong-ovate, strongly clasping, margin smooth 

and entire ; pedicels abruptly bent in the middle ; anthers and stigmas entire at the 
apex ; sepals long-pointed, reflexed. Woods, Penn., and N. 2f. 

25. PROS ARTE S, Don. Perianth as in Uvularia. Fil. 6, perigynous, 
included, much longer than the linear-oblong anth. Style elongated, trifid. 
Berry red, ovoid or oblong, 3-6-seeded. U Stem erect, branched. Flow- 
ers few, greenish, terminal, drooping. May. 

P. lanuginosa Don. Lvs. ovate-oblong, pointed, clasping, downy beneath ; pedicels 
in pairs ; flowers spreading-bell-form ; sep. 5 — 6" long. Mountains, N. Y. to Car. 

26. UVULARIA, L. Bellwort. Perianth of 6 linear-oblong, conni- 
vent sepals, each nectariferous at base. Fila. much shorter than the long, 
linear, included anth. Style trifid. Caps. 3-celled, few-seeded, if Stem 
forking. Leaves alternate. Flowers yellowish, drooping. 

§ Leaves perfoliate near the base. Capsule obovoid-triangular, truncate Nos. 1—3 

§ Leaves sessile or half-clasping. Capsule ovoid or oval- triangular Nos. 4—6 

1 U. grandiflora Sm. Sepals acuminate, smooth within and without, greenish yel- 

low, H' long ; anthers obtuse (i'). Woods, 1— 2f. May. 

2 IT. perfoliata L. Mealy B. Sepals acute, iy, twisted, covered inside with shining 

grains, pale yellow ; anthers cuspidate. Woods. 10 — 14'. May. 

3 U. flava Sm. Lvs. obtuse ; sepals smooth both sides, yellow. 1'. N. J. to Va. 

4 U. sessilifolia L. Wild Oats. Lvs. lance-oval, glaucous beneath ; capsule stiped ; 

style 3-cleft, nearly as long as the (9") sepals. Glades : common. 6 — 10'. May. 

5 U. Floridana Chapm. Leaves oblong, glaucous beneath ; Btyle 3-cleft, half as 

long as the acuminate (8") sepals. Woods, Fla. 4 — 6'. March. 

6 IT. puberula Mx. Leaves puberulent, oval, green both sides ; capsule sessile (no 

stipe) ; style 3-parted to near the base, not exceeding the arthers. Mountains, S 

Order CXLVIII. MELANTHACE^E. Melanths. 

Herbs perennial, sometimes bulbous, often poisonous, with parallel-veined 
leaves. Perianth double, regular, persistent, of 6 consimilar, green or col- 
ored segments. Stamens 6, with extrorse anthers, 3 distinct styles or sessile 
itigmas, and a free, 3-celled ovary. Capsule 3-celled, 3-partible or septicidal, 
and seeds few or many, with a thin seed-coat, — Very near the Lilyworts, 
but the divided pistils afford a practical distinction. 



MS Order 148.— MELANTHACE^E. 

§ Perianth 6-parted, tube very long, radical, like the Crocus . . Coichioum. I 

§ Perianth 6-sepalled, wheel-form, on a scape or stem, with leaves... (*) 

• Anthers 1-celled, extrorse, cordate, becoming peltate by opening. . .(a) 

• Anthers 2-celled, extrorse. Capsule loculicidal. Flowers racemous. . .(c) 

• Anthers 2-celled, introrse. Capsule septicidal. Flowers racemous. ..(d) 

a Inflorescence racemous, with white flowers. Sta. scarce longer than sep. ..Amianthium. 2 
a Inflorescence spicate, with green flowers. Sta. twice longer than sepals.. .Sch^inocaulom. 3 
a Inflorescence paniculate, or a raceme somewhat branched at base... (6) 

b Sepals glandular at base inside, clawed. Stamens perigynous Melantihum. 4 

b Sepals glandular at base inside, clawed. Stamens hypogynous Zigadenus. 5 

b Sepals not gland-bearing. Stamens perigynous Veratrum. 6 

e Flower3 perfect. Filaments dilated at base. Ovary cells 2-ovuled Zerophyllum. 7 

c Flowers perfect. Filaments filiform. Ovary cells OO-ovuled Helonias. 8 

c Flowers dioecious, white. Stem leafy Cham^lirium. 9 

d Stamens 6. Flowers greenish or yellowish, 9 — 10 Tofieldia. 1C 

d Stamens 9—12. Flowers deep yellow, 6—9, mostly 6 , Plkea. 11 

1. COLCHICUM auttjmnale. A plant of curious habit, from Europe. 
The 1—3 long-(5-S'-)tubed, lilac-colored, 6-parted flower arises directly from the new tuber 
in the Autumn, followed in the succeeding Spring by a stem bearing the leaves and fruit. 

2. AMIANTHIUM, Gray. Fly-poison. Fls. 5 . Sep. sessile, spread- 
ing, glandless, shorter than the stamens. Anth. reniform. Caps. 3-horned, 
3-partible into 1-4-seeded follicles, if St. bulbous at base, scape-like. Lvs. 
grass-like. Fls. on slender pedicels, turning green with age. May — July. 
1 A. muscaetoxicum Gr. Bulb conspicuous ; lvs. broad-linear, obtuse, many ; rac. 

dense ; sep. oblong ; seeds ovate, red and fleshy. Shades, N. J., W. and S. 1 — 2f. 
SJ A. angustifolium Gr. Tall, slender, scarcely bulbous ; lvs. linear, acute ; sepals 
oval, changing to brown ; rac. very dense ; seeds linear, dry. Damp woods, S. 2 — 3f. 

3. SCH2ENOCAULON, Gray. Fls. $ . Sep. green, linear-oblong, half 
as long as the hypogynous stam. Ova. 6-8-ovuled, carpels slightly cohering. 
U Scape bulbous, rush-like. Lvs. sedge-like. Spike slender. Apr., May. 
S. gracile Gr.— Sandy soils, Ga., Fla. Scape 2 — 3f, lvs. half as long. Fruit unknown 

4. MELANTHIUM, Gronov. Fls. $ $ 2 . Sep. spreading, unguicu- 
late, with 2 glands at base, the claws bearing the short stamens. Ova. often 
abortive. Caps. 3-lobed, 3-pointed with the persistent styles. 2C St. thick- 
ened at base. Racemes panicled. Flowers yellowish. July, Aug. 

Jfl. Virginicum L.— Wet meadows, N. Y., W. and S. Stem 3 — 4f, leafy. Lvs. lanceo- 
late to linear, 6"— 2' wide, subclasping. Flowers 8", in a large panicle. 

5. ZIGADENUS, Mx. Zigadene. Segm. colored, spreading, at base 
united, contracted and 2-glanded. Sta. hypogynous, nearly as long as the 
segm. Ovary adherent at base or free. Seeds 00, scarcely winged. 2( 
Smooth and glaucous. Leaves linear. Flowers greenish, panicled. 

1 Z. glaberrimus Mx. Ehizome creeping ; lvs. channelled, recurved; panicle coni- 

cal ; fls. 1' broad ; sepals lance-ovate, with 2 round glands. Swamps, S. 2f. June. 

2 Z. glaucus N. Stem bulbous, nearly naked ; lvs. flat, much shorter than the stem ; 

sepals obtuse, 3", each with 1 obcordate gland. Sandy shores, N. Y. to Dakota, ltf 

3 Z. leimanth.01d.es Gr. Root fibrous ; lvs. flat ; panicle slender ; segm. obovate, 

the glandular spot obscure. Swamps, N. J., and S. 2— 4f. Flowers white. 

6. VERATRUM, Tourn. False Hellebore. Fls. 8 $ 2. Sep. spread- 
ing, sessile and without glands. Sta. shorter than the perianth and inserted 



Order 148.— MELANTHACEJE. 349 

on its base, Ovary 3, united at base, often abortive. Capsule 3-partible 

Seeds few, flat, broadly winged. U Flowers in panicles. July. 

§ Stbnanthium. Sepals at base united and adherent to base of ovary No. 1 

§ Veratrttm proper. Sepals distinct to base and free from the ovary Nos. 2 — 4 

1 V. angustifolium Ph. Lvs. long-linear ; stem slender, 2— 4f; panicle l$f, narrow ; 

segm. green-white, subulate, 2" ; flowers sessile, the upper fertile. Pa., W. and S. 

2 V . viride Ait. Stem stout and very leafy, 2 — 4f ; leaves lance-oval, ample, strongly 

plaited ; flowers innumerable, green ; sepals lanceolate, 6". Wet meadows. 
8 V. parviflorum Mx. Leaves nearly all radical, oval-elliptic, petiolate, slightlv 

plaited ; stem slender, scape-like, long-paniculate ; sepals spatulate-unguiculate, 2—3", 

half as long as the pedicels, dingy green. S. 2— 5f. 
4 V. Woodil Bobbins. Leaves lance-elliptic to lance-linear, the lower long-petiolea, 

plicate; stem rather stout, 4— 6f; panicle long and narrow; sepals oblanceolate to 

obovate, 4", almost black, as long as the pedicels. Ind., and W. 

7. XEROPHYLLUM, Mx. Fls. £ . Sep. oval, spreading, sessile, and 
without glands. Fila. dilated and contiguous at base. Styles linear, revo- 
lute. Caps. 3-lobed, cells 2-seeded. if Lvs. numerous, diy, setaceous, the 
lower longer, rosulately reclined. Rac. simple, with white, showy flowers. 
X. asphodeloides N — Sandy plains, N. J. to N.C. 3— 5f. Per. 5" wide. Ped. 1". Jn. 

8. HELONIAS, L. Fls. £ . Sep. sessile, spreading, glandless, shorter 
than the filiform stamens. Anth. blue. Caps. 3-horned, 3-styled. Seeds oo, 
linear. U Scape thickish, hollow, with many radical, narrow-oblanceolate 
leaves, and a short, dense raceme of purple flowers. 

H. bnllata L. — N. J. to Va. Rare. 10—18'. Lvs. nearly as long as the scape. May. 

9. CHAM^GLIRIUM, Walt. Fls. $ ? . Sepals linear-spatulate, per- 
sistent, white, shorter than the filiform stamens. Anthers yellow. Styles 
club-form. Caps, ovoicl, entire. Seeds oo, winged at each end. U Root 
premorse. Stem strict. Racemes slender, dense, nodding at top. 

C. luteum (L.) Mazing Star.— Damp grounds. Apr.— Jn. 12—30'. Root lvs. lance- 
obovate, stem lvs. lanceolate, more on the taller $ plant. Racemes 3 — 12'. Spring. 

10. TOFIELDIA, Hudson. Fls. $ , 3-bracteolate at base. Sep. spread- 
ing, sessile, oblong. Caps. 3-lobed, 3-partible. Seeds oo, oblong, if. Lvs. 
equitant, grass-like, from fibrous roots. Scapes clustered, bearing spikes 
or narrow, close, greenish racemes. June — August. 

* Glabrous. Pedicels separate, very short. Rac. simple, short, spicate Nos. 1, 2 

* Glandular, Pedicels in 3's (l's — 4's), short. Bracteoles united Nos. 3, 4 

1 T. glutinosa N. Lvs. glabrous, linear-ensiform, i as long as the rough-glnti?ioti6 

stem ; rac. short (1 — If), spicate ; sep. oblanc, 2'', pod 4". Woods, O. to Wis. 15'. 

2 T. pnbens Dryand. Leaves nearly $ the length of the glandular-puberulent stem ; 

rac. of alternate, remotish fascicles, slender, 6 — 8' long, 30-40-flowered ; pod scarcely 
longer than the perianth. Barrens, Del. to Fla. Slender. 2 — 3f. 

3 T. pal iistris Huds. Lvs. 3-5-veined, acute ; scape filiform ; spike ovoid, length- 

ened in fruit ; bractlets only at the base of the pedicels. Shores of L. Sup., and N. 
1 T. glabra N. Leaves radical, a few on the stem ; rac. 2 — 5' long, dense, 20-30-fiow- 
ered ; bractlets united near the flower, as in Nos. 1 and 2. Barrens, S. 1— 2f. 

11. PLEEA, L. C. Rich. Sep. wide-spread, lanceolate, sessile, longer 



350 Order 150.— JUNCACE^E. 

than the 9 — 12 stamens. Styles subulate. Capsules 3-lobed. Seeds oo 
bristle-pointed. if Rush-like stem and leaves dry and rigid. 

P. tenuifolia Rich.— Bogs, S. 1— 2f. Sept., Oct. Leaves perennial, erect, very nar 
row, If, and bracts sheathing. Rac. loose, of few light-yellow, star-like flowers (T). 

Order CXLIX. PONTEDERIACE^E. Pontederiads. 

Plants aquatic, with the leaves parallel-veined, mostly dilated at base 
Flowers spathaceous. Perianth tubular, colored, 6-parted, often irregular. 
''Stamens 3 or 6, unequal, perigynous. Ovary free, 3-celled. Style 1. Stigma 
simple. Capsule 3-(sometimes l-)celled, 3-valved, with loculicidal dehis- 
cence. Seeds numerous (sometimes solitary), attached to a central axis 
Albumen mealy. 

* Flowers irregular, blue. Stamens 6. Utricle 1-seeded, (2 cells abortive) Pontederia. i 

» Flowers regular, — x cyanic. Anthers 3, of 2 forms. Leaves reniform Heteranthera. 2 

—x yellow. Anthers 3, of 1 form. Leaves linear Schollera. 3 

1. PONTEDERIA, L. Pickerel Weed. Perianth bilabiate, under 
side of the tube split with 3 longitudinal clefts (the 2 lower sepals free), 
circinate after flowering and persistent. Sta. unequally inserted, 3 near 
the base and 3 at the summit of the tube. Utricle 1-seeded. if £? Leaves 
radical, long-petioled. Stem 1-leaved, bearing a spike of blue flowers. Jl. 

1 P. cordata L. Lvs. ovate to oblong-deltoid, cordate, with rounded lobes ; petiole 

shorter than the peduncle ; spike cylindrical, pubescent, 2' long. In slow waters : 
com. A fine, showy plant, its blue spikes and smooth leaves 1 — 2f above the water, 

2 P. lancifolia Muhl. Lvs. lance-oblong to lance-lin. ; fls. as above. S. Apr., May. 

2. HETERANTHERA, R. & P. Tube of the perianth long and slen- 
der, limb 6-parted, equal. Stamens 3, lower anther oblong-sagittate, on 
a longer filament. Capsule 3-celled, oo-seeded. if r Leaves mostly reni- 
form, long-petioled. July, August. 

1 H. renltformis R. &. P. St. prostrate or floating ; lvs. roundish, reniform or auric 

ulate at base ; spathe acuminate, 3-5-flowered ; flowers white. N. Y., Pa., and W. 

2 H. limosa Vahl. Leaves ovate-oblong, both ends obtuse ; spathe 1-flowered, long 

mucronate ; flowers blue. S. and W. (Carruth). Lvs. 1— If, the stalks thrice longer. 

3. SCHOLLERA, Schreber. Tube of the perianth very long and slen- 
der, limb 6-parted, equal. Sta. 3, with similar anthers. Caps. 1-celled, 
oo - seeded, if £? Leaves sheathing at base, grass-like, submersed. Stem 
floating, rooting at the lower joints. 

S, graminea Willd.— A grass-like aquatic, in flowing water, N. 1 — 3f long. Leaven 
1—2" wide. Flower solitary, 2V long, spatbe half as long. July, August. 

Order CL. JUNCACE^E. Rushes. 

Grass-like or rush-like 7ierbs, with small, dry, greenish flowers. Perianth 
liliaceous in form, more or less glume-like, regular, 6-leaved, in 2 series, 
persistent. Stamens 6, rarely 3, hypogynous. Anthers 2-celled, introrse 
Style 1. Capsule 3- or 1-celled, 3-valved. Albumen fleshy. Figs. 144, 467. 



Order 150.— JUNCACE^E. 351 

• Pwianta yellow (greenish outside). Stigma 1. Capsule 00 -seeded Narthhcium. 1 

• Perianth green or brownish. Stigmas 3. — x Capsule 3-seeded Luzula. 2 

— x Capsule OC -seeded Juncus. 3 

1. NARTHECIUM, Mcehr. Sepals spreading, yellowish inside. Fil. 
hairy. Caps, prismatic, 3-celled, tipped with the single style and stigma. 
Seeds QO, bristle-tipped at each end. U Root creeping. Lvs. linear, equi- 
tant. Scape bracted, simple, racemous. July, August. 

S, ossifragum Huds. — Pine-barrens, N. J. Scape terete, 8 — 12', the leaves much 
shorter. Sepals lance-linear, 2". Pedicels 3 — 5", bracteclate. Capsule yellowish, 
4". (N. Americanum Ker.) 

2. LUZULA, DC. Wood Rush. Perianth persistent, with 2 braci- 
lets at base. Stamens 6. Capsule 1-celled, 3-seeded. U Stem jointed, 

eafy. Lvs. grass-like, on entire sheaths. Fls. terminal, green or brownish. 

* Flowers separate, pedicellate, in umbels or paniculate cymes Nos. 1, 3 

* Flowers aggregate, — x in pedunculate heads forming an umbel or cyme.. Nos. 3, 4 

—x in sessile heads forming a nodding black spike No. 5 

1 L. pllosa Willd. Lvs. lance-linear, fringed with long white hairs ; umbel simple, 

12-20-flwd. ; ped. 5 — 10", soon deflexed ; fls. 1", brownish. Groves, Pa., and N. May. 

2 Li. parviflora Desv. Taller; lvs. lance-linear, glabrous; umb. decompound; fls. 

nodding, small ; sep. \" ; caps, dark brown, a little longer. Mts., N. 12 — 18'. Jn., Jl. 

3 L. campestris DC. Field Rush. Lvs. linear, flat, with cotton-like hairs ; fls. in 

roundish heads, which are umbelled with very uuequal peduncles ; sep. rust-colored, 
longer than the obtuse caps. ; seeds appendaged at base. Meadows. 3 — 12'. May. 
/3. bulbosa. Bulbous at base, 3 — 9' ; sep. shorter than the globular caps. Apr. 

4 Li. arcuata E. Mayer. Lvs. linear, channelled, glabrous ; hds. 3-5-flwd., on filiform, 

often recurved, unequal ped. ; bracts ciliate ; seeds not appendaged. White Mts. 

5 Li. spicata DC. Lvs. linear, hairy at base, very short; spike oblong, 8 — 12" ; sep. 

bristle-pointed, equalling the roundish, black capsule H"). White Mts. 9 — 12'. Jl. 

3. JUNCUS, L. Rush. Stamens 6 or 3. Capsule 3-celled, or (by the 

dissepiments not reaching the centre) 1-celled. Seeds numerous. U 

Mostly glabrous. Stems simple, leafless, or with terete or grassy leaves, 

entire sheaths, and small, 2-bracteolate, green or brown fls. June — Aug, 

§ Clusters growing apparently from the side of the simple scape . . (*) 
§ Clusters terminal on the stem or scape. Leaves never knotted. . .(**) 
§ Clusters terminal. Flowers in heads. Leaves internally knotted. . .(***) 

* Leaves few, radical, knotless, terete like the scape Nob. 1, 3 

* Leaves none. Flowers separate, not in heads. — a Stamens 3 No. 3 

—a Stamens 6 Nos. 4—0 

** Flowers separate, not in heads. Stamens 6. . . (c) 

** Flowers capitate, few or many in each head. — b Stamens 6 Nos. 7, 8 

—b Stamens 3 Nos. 9, 10 

v Stems branched. Pod much shorter than the unequal sepals No. 11 

e Stems simple. — d Pod globular, not exserted. Flowers green Nos. 12, 13 

— d Pod oblong or ovoid, exserted, brown Nire. 14 — 16 

*** Seeds tailed. Panicle rather erect, longer than its bract Nos. 17—19 

•** Seeds acute, not tailed. — x Stamens 6. ..(y) 

— x Stamens 3, bracts shorter than panicle . . ,{z) 
y Heads 2-8-flwd. (or 1-flwd. in No. 20). Bracts shorter than panicle. . .No3- 90, 21 
y Heads 5-70-flowered. Leaf or bract overtopping the panicle Nos. 23> 38 



352 Order 150.— JUNCACEJE. 

z Heads 5-15-flowerert, and numerous, in April — June Nos. 24, 8ft 

z Heads 20-80-flowered, few and large Nos. 26, 27 

1 J. setaceus Rostk. Scape weak, 6lender, (not setaceous), 1 — 2f ; lvs. shorter; panicle 

small, 20— 30-flwd., flowers separate ; sepals very acute, pod globous. Sea-coast, S. 

2 J. Kcenierianus Scheele. Scape stout, rigid, 2 — 4f, and leaves pungent ; panicle 

compound; flowers capitate ; sep. sharp-pointed; pod turgid, a little shorter ; heads 
5-8-flowered, dark brown. Marshes, Va. to Fla. (J. maritimus C-B.) 

3 J. effusus L. Soft R. Scapes straight, not rigid ; panicle decompound, often dif 

fuse ; flowers green, sep. as long as the obovoid, obtuse pod. Wet : common. 2 — 31 

I Jf. filiformis L. Scapes very slender, weak, the subsimpie panicle near the mid 

die; sepals longer than the obtuse, mucronate pod. Me. to Mich. 1 — 2f. 

5 J. Smitliii Engelm. Scapes slender, rather rigid, 2— 3f; cyme few-flwd. ; flower e 

brown, 1" ; pod round-ovoid, mucronate, exserted. Broad Mountain, Pa. (Porter). 

6 J. Balticus Dethard. Scapes in dense rows on the rhizome, rigid, pungent; pan. 

near the top, brown; sep. erect, very acute, equalling the elliptical, mucronate pod 
(1*"). Sandy shores, Me. to Penn. and Wis. 1— 3f. 

7 J. trifidus L. Stems tufted, 5 — 8', wiry, sheathed at base, 3-leaved at top, and with 

a sessile head of 3 blackish flowers ; capsule globular. Mountains, N. H., N. Y. 

8 J. Stygius L. Stems few-leaved at base, leafless at top, 7 — 12' ; heads 1—3, about 3- 

flowered ; sepals shorter than the elliptic pod ; seeds large, tailed. Me., N. Y. 

9 J. repens Mx. Stems low, tufted, 2—6' ; leaves linear, opposite, fascicled ; sepals 

subulate, awn-pointed, 3 — 4", the slender pod 2". (T) Md. to Fla. May. 

10 J. marginatus Rostk. Stem compressed ; leaves linear, fiat ; cyme compound , 
heads many, 2-9-flowered, chestnut-brown ; pod globular. 1 — 3f. 

0. bitVorus. Heads very numerous, 2— 3-flowered, nearly black. S. 

I I J. I) ii foiling L. Toad It. Slender, 3—8', tufted : leaves 1 — 2'; branches 2, fiowei 
bearing the whole length ; flowers remote, green ; the 3 outer sep. longer. Common 

1 2 J. tenuis Willd. Stems wiry, 8—24' ; leaves flat-filiform, 3—8' ; bracts longer than 
the loose panicle ; sepals green, longer than the roundish pod. Common. 
|S. seciindus. Flowers 1-rowed on the branchlets ; bracts shorter than the panicle 

13 J. dichotomus Ell. Stem wiry, 1— 2f; lvs. terete-filiform, channelled, on long 
sheaths ; panicle forked or dense ; pod roundish, long as sepals. S. Too near No. 12. 

14 J. Gerardi Loisel. Black Grass. Sts. wiry, leafy, 1— 2f; lvs. thread-ensiform, 3 — 8' : 
pan. longer than the bracts ; style conspicuous • pod blackish, long as sepals. Marshes. 

1 5 J. Greenii Oakes & Tuckm. Wiry scapes and filiform lvs. rigid; bract filiform, 
twice longer (4') than the small panicle ; flowers secund, straw-brown ; sepals ovate, 
shorter than the ovoid pod. Coasts of N. Eng. and Mich. 1 — 2f. 

16 JT. Vaseyi Engelm. Sepals lanceolate, as long as the oval pod; bract scarcely 
longer than the panicle. Otherwise like No. 15. Mich. (Prof. Porter). 

1 7 JT. asper Engelm. Sts. rigid, 2— 3f ; lvs. rigid and tough, 3—10' ; hds. scattered, 3-5 
fiwd., sep. 21", strongly veined, subequal 1 shorter than the pointed brown pod. N. J 

15 J. caudatiiR Ghapm. Sts. rigid, 2— 3f; lvs. 3, rigid, erect; panicle large, erect, 
hds. 2-^4-flwd. ; sep. 2", unequal ; pod 3", finally black; sds. with long white tails. S. 

19 J. Canadensis Gay. Sts. terete, with 2 or 3 erect, smooth lvs. ; fls. in Aug. and 
Sept., 3 — 50 in a head, paniculate, brownish; sepals lanceolate, 3 outer shorter, none 
longer than the oblong-triangular pod ; stamens 3. Common and very variable. 

a, coarcthtus. Heads 2-5-flwd., in a contracted panicle ; pod brown, exserted. 
/3. brachyctphalus, Hds. 3-5-flwd., in a spreading panicle ; pod brown, exserted. 
y. subcaudhtus. Slender ; heads 8-20-flwd., remote ; seeds with short white tails. 
5. long-icanddtus. Stouter ; hds. 8-50- fiwd., approximate ; sds. slender, long-tailed. 

20 J. pelocarpus Meyr. Sts. slender, 2-3-lvd., 10—20'; panicle much branched ; fls 
in pairs or solitary, scattered, reddish ; pod oblong, pointed with the slender style, 
longer than the oblong sepals. Wis. to Me. and Fla. (J. Conradi Tuckm.) 

21 J. articulA.tus L. Stems If, with 1 — 2 leaves ; heads 3-8-flowered, crowded in a 
spreading panicle ; sepals brownish, oblong ; pod deep brown, oblong, exserted N 



Order 151.— COMMELYNACE^E. 353 

p. obtus'ita. Heads 5-flowered; sepals and pod green, obtuse, mucronate. Phila 
y. insig-nis. Panicle erect, few-flowered ; outer sepals cuspidate, inner obtuse. 

22 J. militaris Bw, Bayonet E. Stem stout, 2 — 3f, ^earing a single terete, leaf neai 
the middle, wMch overtops the panicle ; heads 5-15-flowered ; sepals brownish, acute 
as long as the acuminate capsule. Bogs, coastward, N. Eng. 10 Del. 

23 J. nodosus L. Stem slender, 2- or 3-lvd. ; lvs. slender, the upper (bracts) overtop 
ping the cluster ; heads few (1 — 9), approximate, 5-50-flowered ; sepals brown, lance- 
subulate, shorter than the beaked capsule. Wet sands, Can. to Car. 

£. meg-acfphalus. Stout, 3f, upper leaf and bract exceeding the simple cluster; 
heads 50-80-flowered, green ; outer sepals subulate-awned, as long as the pod. 

24 /• acuminatum Mx. Stems 2- or 3-leaved ; hds. 3-15-flowered, in a loose spread- 
ing panicle exceeding the bract ; sepals lance-subulate, nearly equalling the short- 
pointed brown pod ; seeds minute, acute at both ends. May, June. 

/3. tUbili.s. Slender or stout ; hds. 3-7-flwd. ; pod exserted. N. J., Ky., and S. 9'-3£ 
y. leg-itimus. Heads 8-15-flowered ; pods scarcely exserted. (J. Pondii C-B.) 

25 J* Elliottii Chapm. Stem, leaves, and panicle very erect, 1 — 2f ; hds. 5-8-fiwd., fle. 
1" ; sepals lanceolate, as long as the turgid-ovoid, blackish pod ; seeds acute. April. 

26 J. bracliycarpus Eng. Strict, rigid, 1 j — 2J-f ; leaves 2—3 ; bract short ; hds. round, 
dense, 50-flwd., pale, few (2 — 10) ; 3 outer sepals awned, much longer than pod. W. 

(3. ? Wolfii. Pan. spreading ; pod ovoid, blunt, little shorter than the sep. 111. (Wolf ). 

27 «T. scirpoid.es Lam. Rigid, 2f ; heads and bract as in the last ; style usually ex- 
serted ; sepals pungent-awned, equalling the taper-pointed pod. N. Y. to Ga. 

/3. polyctphalus. Stout, 3f ; heads 60-90-flwd., brownish, distant ; lvs. flattened. 

Order CLI. C0MMELYNACEJ3. Spiderworts. 

Herbs with flat, narrow leaves, sheathing at base. Sepals 3, green, petals 
3, colored. Stamens 6, some of them usually deformed or abortive. Styles 
and stigmas united into one. Capsule 2- or 3-valved. Seeds 3 or more. 

§ Flowers irregular, clustered in a spathe-like, cordate, floral leaf Cohmelyna. 1 

£ Flowers regular, clustered. Floral leaves like the rest. Stamens 6 Tradescantia. 2 

| Flowers regular, solitary, axillary. Stanens 3. Mo.iS-like herbs Mayaca. 3 

1. COMMELYNA, Dill. Fls. irregular, 3 of the stamens sterile, with 
glands for anthers. Caps. 3-celled, one of the cells abortive or 1-seeded. — 
Leaves contracted to the sheathing base. Floral leaf or spathe erect in 
flower, recurved before and after. Petals blue, open but a few hours. 

1 C. communis L. Procumbent and much branched ; lvs. lance-ovate, rounded at 

base ; spathe lateral, 2-6-flowered ; odd petal reniform. Wet soils, S. June — Not. 

2 C Cayennensis Rich. Procumbent, glabrous, with small (1\ — 2i0 ovate-oblong, 

obtuse leaves ; spathe lateral, 3^-flowered ; odd petal round-ovate. Banks, HI. to La. 

J C Virginica L. Stem weak, ascending; lvs. lanceolate to linear; spathe broad- 
cordate when open ; odd petal very small, raised on a claw. Dry. M., S.,W. Jl.,Aug. 

I C. erecta L. Erect, pubescent, sbeaths hairy; leaves lanceolate; spathe hawk-bill 
shaped, its base-lobes united ; petals nearly equal. Woods, Pa., W. and S. JL, Aug 

2. TRADE SCANTIA, L. Spiderwort. Fls. regular. Sep. persistent, 
pet. large, roundish, spreading. Fil. clothed with jointed hairs, anth. reni- 
form. Caps. 3-celled. U Fls. in terminal, close umbels. Juice viscid. 

i F. Tlrginiea L. Umbels sessile, terminal and axillary, with leafy bracts ; ped. soon 
reflexed ; flowers ephemeral, of a rich deep blue ; leaves linear, channelled ; stem 
thick, jointed, 2— 3f. Damp. M., S., W Cultivated. 



354 Order 152.— XYRIDACE^. 

2 T. pilosa Lehm. Umbels sessile, terminal and axillary; leaves lanceolate, hairj 

both sides ; flowers small, bluish purple. Banks, PI. to O., and S. 2f. 

3 T. rosea Mx. Umbels terminal, peril Jtr<nilate, with subulate bracts ; leaves linear ; 

petals rose-colored, twice longer than the smooth calyx. May. If. 

4 T. crassifolia. From Mexico, a trailing leaf-plant, in vases and baskets, with thick 

ovate leaves, variegated with purple, green, and white. Flowers roseate. 

3. MAYACA, Ambl. Stamens 3, opposite the sepals. Caps. 1-celled. 
Seeds several, attached to the middle of the valves, w Moss-like, creep- 
ing, branching, beset with narrow, linear leaves. Peduncles solitary, axil- 
lary, 1-flowered. Resembles a Sphagnum. 

Iff. OTidiaiixii Schott. & Endl. Ped. longer than the lvs. (which are 2—3"), reflexcd 
in fruit; pod 9-12-seeded ; petals white. Shallow waters, Va. to Fla. July. 

Order CLII. XYRIDACEJ3. Xyrids. 

Herbs sedge-like, with equitant leaves and a scape bearing a head ol 
regular triandrous flowers. Perianth of 3 glumaceous sepals and 3 colored 
petals. Fertile stamens on the claws of the petals. Style 3-cleft. Capsul* 
3-valved, oo-seeded. 

XYRIS, L. Yellow-eyed Grass. Head of flowers ovoid-cylindrical, 
invested with an armor of cartilaginous scales. One sepal membranoue, 
involving the yellow corolla in bud, the 2 lateral strongly keeled, persistent 
Pet. crenulate, on claws, caducous. 3 sterile sta. alternately with the 3 fer- 
tile. 2f. Lvs. radical, linear, sheathing the base of the slender scape. Jn.-Aug. 

* Scape 2-edged above (except No. 6). Lvs. long, linear, flat, often twisted. . ,{x) 

* Scape teretish, its lvs. shorter than its sheath (No. 9) or longer, and filiform. . .No. 8 

x Sepals exceeding the bract, and fringed on the winged keel Nos. 6, 7 

x Sepals (the 2 lateral) included,—?/ winged and ciliate on the keel Nos. 3—5 

— y wingless or very nearly so Nos. 1, 2 

1 X. flexuosa Muhl. Common X. Scape 6 — 18', often bulbous at base ; lvs. narrowly 
linear, 3 — 9', often twisted ; head round-ovoid, 3 — 4" ; sepals minutely bearded at the 
tip, lance-oblong, quite wingless on the keel. N. Eng. to 111. and Ga. 

% X. ambigua Beyr. Scape 2— 3f ; lvs. broad-linear, rough-edged, 6 — 12'; hd. lance- 
oblong, 9 — 15" ; sepals lanceolate, slightly winged ; petals large (f\"). Barrens, S. 

3 X. Carollniana Walt. Scape 1 — 2Jf, the broad-linear lvs. more than half as long; 

hd. yellowish-brown, 6 — 9" ; sep. obscurely fringed ; pet. 4 — 5". Swamps, Mass. to Fla 

4 X. Elliottii Chapm. Scape 2-edged throughout, 1— l£f; lvs. narrow-lin., \ as long; 

hd. obovoid, 4— 5" ; sep. cut-fringed on the wing ; pet. 3". Wet barrens, S. Car. to Fla 

i X. platylepis Chapm. Scape 2— 3f, twisted, as well as the broad-linear lvs. ; hd. 9— 

18", pale ; sepals fringed at the apex, wing narrow ; petals 2—3". Sands, S. Car. to Fla. 

5 X. torta Sm. Bulbous ; terete scape and rigid lvs. twisted ; hd. oval to oblong, 5— 9": 

sepal fringe exserted ; petals large, roundish, 8". Sand, N. J. to Fla. (X. bulbosa K.) 

1 X. fimbriata Ell. Scape rough, 2 — 3f, the broad-linear lvs. nearly as long ; hd. largo, 

ovoid, 9—12" ; sepals much fringed and exserted ; petals small (3 — 4"). N. J. to Fla. 

8 X. Baldwiniana R. & S. Scape 6— W, twice longer than the filiform bristle-point- 

ed leaves ; head oval, 2—4" ; sep. falcate, keel winged, ciliolate. Fla. (X. filifolia Ch.) 

9 X. brevlfolia Mx. Scape 4—12' ; lvs. linear to subulate, $— 2', spreading two ways; 

head oval, 2—3" ; sep. wingless ; pet. 2". Wet places, S. (X. fiabellifonnis Chapm.) 



Order 154.— ERIOCAULONACE.E. 355 

Order CLIII. ERIOCAULONACEiE. Pipeworts. 

Herbs perennial, aquatic, with linear, cellular, spongy leaves sheathing the 
base of the slender scapes, which bear a dense head of minute imperfect 
flowers at top. Perianth 2-6-parted or 0. Stamens 6, some of them gener- 
ally abortive. Ovary 2- or 3-celled, cells 1-seeded. 

■ Stamens (4 or 6) twice as many as the petals. (Scape 7-12-ribbed) Eriocaulon. 1 

* Stamens 3, as many as the petals. (Scape 5-ribbed, puberulent) P^palanthus. 2 

* Stamens 3, and no petals. Scape 5-ribbed, short, hairy Lachnocaulon 3 

1. ERIOCAULON, L. Pipewort. Fls. <? , in a compact head, with 
an involucre, the marginal fertile. Sepals 3. $ Petals 2 or 3, black-tipped, 
united, sta. 4 or 6. $ Pet. 2 or 3, distinct, sta. 0. Style 1, stigmas 2 or 8. 
U Lvs. grass-like. Scape fluted. Chaff and fls. white-woolly at tip. Jn.-Aug. 

1 E. decangnlare L. Scape tall (2 — 3f ), 10-12-ribbed ; leaves linear-ensiform, sub- 

erect, near | as long as the scapes ; head 3 — 5" ; chaff pointed. Swamps, Va. to Fla. 

2 E. gnapha.lod.es Mx. Scape tall (1 — 2|f ), 10-ribbed ; leaves ensiform-subulate, 

2 — 4' ; bracts and chaff obtuse, densely white-fringed. Swamps, N. J. to Fla. 

3 E. septangulare Wth. Scape very slender, 7-ribbed, 3 — 6', or in water several feet 

according to its depth ; leaves linear-setaceous, 1 — 3' ; heads globular. N. J. to Mich. 

2. P.E2PALANTHUS, Mart. Flowers 3-parted. Stamens in the sterile 
flowers 3. Stigmas in the fertile flowers 3. Capsule 3-seeded. Otherwise 
nearly as in Eriocaulon. 

P. fla.Tld.us Kunth. In tufts ; scapes 5-ribbed, minutely downy, 6—9' ; leaves linear 
setaceous, 1—2' ; head finally globular, bracts obtuse, straw-colored. Va. to Fla. 

3. LAOHNOCAULON, Kunth. $ Calyx 3-sepalled. Cor. 0. Sta. 3, 

arth. 1-celled, filaments united below. 5 Cal. 3-sepalled. Cor. reduced tc 

a tuft of hairs surrounding the 3-seeded caps. Otherwise as in Eriocaulon 

L. Micliauxll K. Scapes 1—5', clustered, 5-ribbed, villous, 2—8' (If, Chapiriha); lvs 
ensiform-subulate 1—2' ; head g obular, 1— 2", brownish. Sands, Va. to Fla 



356 Order 154.— CYPERACE^l. 



Class IV. GLUMIFEILE, 

Or Glumaceous Endogen'S. Plants having their flowers in- 
vested with one or more alternate imbricated glumes (chaff or 
husk) instead of petals and sepals, and collected into spikelets, 
spikes, or heads. The Class is equivalent to 

Cohort 7. GrRAMINOIDEJE, the Graminoids or grass- 
like plants. 

Order CLIV. CYPERACE^l. The Sedges. 

These are grass-like or rusli-like herbs, with fibrous roots and solid culms. 
Leaves generally 3-ranked, linear, channelled, based on entire or tubular 
sheaths. Flowers spiked, perfect or imperfect, one in the axil of each 
glume. Perianth none, or represented by a few hypogynous bristles called 
setae, or a cup-shaped or bottle-shaped perigynium. Stamens definite, gen- 
erally 3 (1 — 12). Anthers fixed by their base, 2-celled. Ovary 1-celled, 
1-ovuled. Style 2- or 3-cleft and the achenium 2-sided or 3-sided. 

The Sedges abound in marshes, meadows, and swamps. 

§ C YPERE^E. Glumes distychous (2-rowed). Flowers all perfect. . . (*) 

§ SCIRPEJ3. Glumes imbricated all aiound, each (except sometimes the lowest) with a perfect flower. 
Spikes all terminal or all lateral. ..(**) 

§ RHYNCHOSPOREjE. Glumes imbricated all around or irregularly, the lowest empty. Spikelets 
both terminal and axillary (except Dichromena and Chaetospora). . .(***) 

§ CARICEjE. Glumes imbricated all around, or irregularly. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Ache- 
nium enclosed in a bottle-shaped perigynium. . .(****) 

* Inflorescence axillary. Perigynium or perianth of 6 — 10 setae. Dulichium. 1 

* Inflorescence terminal. Perigynium none. — a Spikes 2 - GO - flowered Cyperus. 2 

— a Spikes 1-flowered, capitate Kyllingia. 3 

** Perianth of 3 ovate clawed petals and (often) of 3 seta?. Glumes awned Fuirena. 4 

** Perianth of 2 oblong sessile scales (pales) and no setae. Spikes GO Lipocarpha. 5 

** Perianth of 1 minute double scale and no setae. Spikes 2, lateral Hemicarpha. 6 

** Perianth of setae only, 3 — GO. No scales or petals. . . (6) 
** Perianth none at all . . . (d) 

b Achenium crowned with a tubercle. Spike solitary, terminal Eleocharis. 7 

6 Achenium not tubercled. — c Seta? 3—6, short, or else tawny. (Celetospora, 18). . .Scirpus. 8 

— c Setae GO ( — 6), long, cottony, white or reddish Eriophorum. 9 

d Style 2-cleft. Spikes 5 — 10, terminal (capitate in Gen. 13) Fimbristylis. 10 

d Style 3-cleft. Achenium 3-angled Trichelostylis. 11 

*** Achenia crowned with the persistent style or its bulbous base (a tubercle) . . . (s) 

*** Achenia not tuberculate, — x brown like the scales. Seta? none Cladium. 16 

— x white or whitish, crustaceous. Setae none Scleria. 17 

s Perianth none (no setae). — y Spikes diffusely cymous Psilocarya. 12 

— y Spikes capitate. Bracts colored Dichromena. 13 

s Perianth of setae. — z Achenium tuberculate with the base of the style.. Rhynchospora. 14 

— z Achenium horned with the entire long style Ceratoschosnus. 15 

**** Spikes either with $ and $ flowers, or each wholly $ or wholly $ Carex. 19 

1. DULICHIUM, Rich. Spikes linear-lanceolate, flattened. Glumes 
sheathing, closely imbricated in two rows. Style long, bifid, the persist- 



Order 154— CYPERACE^. 



357 




ent base crowning the flattened aclienium. Perianth of 6 — 9 barbed setae. 
11 Culm leafy. Racemes of spikes 2-rowed, axillary. August. 

D. spatliiVceuui Pers. — A sedge of peculiar and striking aspect, in marshes and by- 
streams : common. Culm erect, 1 — 2f, leafy to the top, the leaves linear, in 3 ranks. 
Spikes 1', alternately arranged on the axillary leafless branchlets. 

2. CYPERUS, L. GUlingale. 
Sedge. Spikes flattened, distinct, 
many-flowered. Glumes imbricated 
in 2 opposite rows, nearly all florifer- 
ous. Seta? 0. Stamens 3 — 2. Style 
3-(rarely 2-)cleft, deciduous. 21 G) 
Culms simple, leafy at base, triangu- 
lar, bearing an involucrate simple or 
compound head or umbel at top. 
June to Sept. 

§ Ptcreus. Style 2-cleft, nut flattened. 

Spikes flattened, 10-30-flowered. . .(*) 
§ Ctperus. Style 3-cleft, nut 3-angled. Spk. 

5-50-flowered...(**) 
§ Makiscus. Style 3-cleft, nut 3-angled. 

Spikes 1-5-flowered, deflexed (n) 

* Stamens 2 (or partly 3 in No. 1) Nos. 1—3 

* Stamens always 3 .Nos. 4, 5 

** Culm with many joints, teretish, with leafless sheaths at base. .No. 6 
** Culm jointless, triquetrous, leaf y below .. (a) (In vol. of 201vs. No. 35) 

a A pair of free persistent scales within each glume. Pis. dense. .7 
a Scales adnate to the rachis or wanting. . .(b) 

b Spikes capitate at the top of the peduncle, flattened . ..(c) 

b Spikes racemed or clustered, terete or flattened. Stam. S..(m) 

g Glumes with recurved points. Stamen 1 only. . .Nos. 8, 9 

c Glumes with erect points or pointless. Sta. 1. .Nos. 10, 11 

c Glumes with erect points. Stamens 3. . .(d) 

d Umbel compound. Spikes flattened, 3 — 5 in the clusters . . Nos. 12 — 14 

d Umbel simple.— x Spikes flat, 12-30-flowered Nos. 15, 16 

— x Spikes flat, 5-7-flowered. Head solitary... No. 17 
—x Spikes flattish, 6-12-flwd. Hds. 1—7. Nos. 18—20 

?n Spikes flat, 12-24-flowered, 2-rowed in the clusters Nos. 21 — 23 

m Spikes flat, 5-12-flwd., many-rowed in the clusters Nos. 24, 25, 35 

m Spikes terete — y few, arranged in 2 rows in the clusters No. 26 

— y many, arranged in many rows Nos. 27—29 

n Spikes 3-5-flowered, with 4—7 glumes Nos. 30—32 

n Spikes only 1-flowered, with 3 or 4 glumes Nos. 33, 34 

1 C. diandrus Torr. (Fig. 1.) Slender, 4—10' ; umbel of 2—5 very 
short unequal rays ; spikes (Fig. 2) flat, oblong, obtusish, 4 — 8", 
glumes (Fig. 3) 12—24, brown, with a green keel ; stamens (Fig. 4) mostly 
2 ; nut dull. ® August. Pretty. 

|3. castaneus. Glumes numerous, and of a dark chestnut-brown, 
■y. pauciflorus. Glumes only 5 — 9, edged with yellow, 2 — 3 V , crowded. 
2 C. Nuttallii Torr. Culm erect, 4 — 12' ; rays few and short ; spike lance-linear, very 
acute, OO-flwd., crowded ; glumes acute, yellowish-brown ; stamens 2; ach. dull. (T) 
/3 minimus. Very slender, 3— 4 r , hds. few or several, 2-5-flwd. ; sta. 1. N. J., Pa. 



fascicled 



358 Oiwer 154.— CYPERACE^E. 

3 C. microdontus Torr. Culm and lvs. slender; spk. numerous, crowded, linear 

acute ; glumes acute, close; stamens 2 ; achenia oblong, grey, dotted. ® South. 
B. Gatesii. Culm and leaves filiform ; spikes fewer, loose in the umbel. S-W. 

4 C. flavesceus L. Culm and leaves 4 — 10' ; rays 2—4, short, the linear obtuse 

spikes clustered at the end; glumes obtuse, straw-yellow ; achenia shining. ® E. 

5 C. flavicomus Mx. Culm 1 — 3f; involucre 3-5-leaved, very long; umbel some 

compound ; spikes numerous, linear, 12-30-flowered, spreading; glumes very obtuse, 
brownish-yellow, 3-veined, white-edged ; achenia obovate, blackish. Va., and South. 

6 C« articulatus L. Culm 2— 6f, the joints internal, leaves or mere sheaths; 

umbel compound, involucre short ; spk. subulate ; gls. 14 — 20, scarious. Swamps, S. 

7 C. erythrorliizos Muhl. Culm 2 — 3f; umbel compound, each ray with several 

sessile clusters ; spikes very many, 6'', teretish ; glumes 15—30, yellow-brown ; inner 
scales very narrow ; achenia 3-angled, light colored, minute. (5) Pa., S. and W. 

8 C. inflexus Muhl. Culms clustered, 1—3', leaves setaceous; hds, 1— 3; spk. very 

short (1— 2''), crowded ; gls. 8 — 10, with a recurved bristle-point. (T) Shores. Com. 

9 €. acuniiiiatUR Ton*. Culm filiform or slender, 3—12'; hds. 1—7, each of CO flat 

obi. -ovate obtuse spikes 2 — 3" long ; glumes whitish, recurved at tip. ® 111. to La. 
IOC. virens Mx. Culm sharply rough-angled, 1 — 4f ; leaves keeled, 1 — 3f ; heads CO, 
of CO ovate 15-flwd. spikes ; gls. greenish, merely acute ; ach. linear, u Va., and S. 
B. reg-efu*, has smooth culms and spikes very densely packed. S. 

1 1 C. Druiiimoiidii Torr. Culm very rough, 6 — 15', obtuse-angled ; hds. Co, dense, 
spike oblong-linear, 40-50-flowered, yellowish ; glumes ovate, acute. Swamps. Fla. 

12 C. Haspan L. B. Upton. Culm 1 — 2f, leaves shorter, involucre 2-leaved, shorter 
than the compound umbel ; spikes linear, acute, 6", 3—5 in a cluster ; glumes minute, 
20 — 40, mncronate, tawny-brown; achenia very minute, white, tumid. Swamp*. S. 

13 O. dentatus Torr. Much like C. Haspan, but the involucre is 3- or ^-leaved, and 
longer than the umbel ; glumes fewer (7—20), larger, the upper often long-pointed. 

14 C. Lecontii Torr. Culm and leaves 1 — 2f; umbel much compounded, with about 
3 oblong, obtuse, flat silvery spikes on each peduncle; glumes 20 — 40, obtuse, very 
closely imbricated. U Sandy coasts, Fla. A handsome sedge. 

1 5 C. f uscus L. Culms 3 — 6', leaves flat ; spk. lance-linear, 1 — 3", dark-red or brown, 
densely fascicled in many heads ; glumes round-ovate, closely imbricate. Phila. § 

16 C. conipressus L. Culm tumid at base, 4— 10', lvs. shorter ; spikes lance-linear, 
in loose hds ; gls. 12 — 40, ov. -acuminate, acutely keeled and close-pressed. Pa., and S. 

1 7 C. divergent Kunth. Tufts 2 — 3', leaves longer ; spikes lance-ovate, fiat, acute, 
1", 6-flowered, white, all in a single somewhat compound head. Fla. 

18 C nliculmis Vahl. Culm tuberous, very slender, 6— 12'; leaves very narrow, 
keeled; spk. lance-lin., in 1 — 4 dense hds. ; gls. loose, 3 — 8, ovate ; ach. gray, u Dry. 

19 C. Grayii Torr. Differs from No. 18 only in the looser heads of 6 — 8 linear spikes, 
the glumes less scarious and less veiny, if Mass. to N. J. 

20 C. Scliweinitzii Torr. Culm rough-3-angled, 1 — 2f; leaves shorter ; umbel sim- 
ple, rays 4 — 6, erect ; fls. large, in little spikes arranged close into cylindric-oblong 
compound spikes, with setaceous bractlets. u Shores, N. Y. to Ark. 

21 C rotundusL. B. Hydra. Nut Grass. Culm 6'— 2f, the leaves shorter ; umbel 
simple, rays 3 or 4, nearly equaling the invol. ; spikes in two rows on the rachis; 
gls. 14 — 24, veinless, purple-brown. 71 Va., and S. A rank and troublesome weed. 

22 €. esculentus. Root producing ovoid tubers as large as chestnuts, eatable when 
roasted (those of No. 23 very small) ; glumes veiny, yellow-brown. % Eur. C:ilt. 

23 <J. phymatodes Muhl. Culm 1— 2f, with long lvs. and invol. ; um) /el simple or 
compound ; spk. linear, obtuse ; gls. veiny, 12 — 20, yellowish. % Root creeping. 

24 C. strigosns L. Culm 1 — 3f ; leaves broad-linear ; umbel dense, large, some com- 
pound ; rays 1—5' ; spikes crowded, flattened, acute ; glumes 8—18, tawny, ovate, 
acute, veined, much longer than the achenia. u Damp. Common. 

25 C. stenolepis Torr. Culm lj — 3f, smooth; leaves stiff, rough; rays 3—8 ; spikes 
crowded, 6—7" ; glumes 5 — 8, lance-linear, spreading ; seed slender, dull. % S. 



Order 154 — CYPERACE M. 359 

26 C dissitiflorus Tor. Culm slender, 1 — 2f, longer than the narrow leaves ; invol. 
3-leaved ; rays 3 — 5 ; spike very slender and pointed, 6—9", separate on the rachis ; 
glumes 5 — 7, lance-oblong, acute ; achenia brown, 3-angled. u Tenn. to La. 

27 C. JJIicIiauxiaaiis Schlt. Culm sharply 3-angled, 6—20'; umbel 6-10-rayed, 
simple or compound ; spikes crowded in oblong clusters, 3", tawny ; glumes 5- -10, 
oblong, overlapping, appressed ; achenia ovoid, 3-angled. u Swamps, M. and S. 

28 C. Engolmanni Steud. Spikes very slender, with the 5 — 12 glumes remote, anc 
the achenia oblong-linear. Otherwise like No. 27. % Sandy swamps, W. and S. 

29 Oi tetragonus Ell. Culm acutely rough-3-angled. leaves rough-edged; spik 
4-angled, oblong, 2 — 3" ; glumes 5 — 7, ovate, veiny ; rays 6 — 12, slender, ll Dry. S. 

30 C ecliinatus (Ell.) Culm 10' — 2f, the leaves stll longer, involucre 5-6-leaved, 
very long: umbel simple, rays 8 — 12, each with a globular cluster ; spikes 3", about 
3-flo\vered. subulate, radiant ; glumes veiny, oblong, acute ; ach. obovoid. U Dry. S. 

31 C ovularis (Vahl.) Culm 6 — 16', leaves shorter ; umbel simple ; rays 3" — 3', each 
with a dense ova! head ; spikes 1$", 1-3-flowered, very many. % Bogs. M., W., S. 

32 C. Liaiicastriensis Porter. Culm 1 — 2£f; leaves linear, long: heads 5 — 9, oval, 
on as many slender rays ; spikes subulate, 4 — 6'', soon deflexed , glumes about 5, 
veiny, obtuse, tawny, very acute, with about 3 linear achenia. ii Lancaster Co., Pa. 

33 C retrofractus (Vahl.) Culm 2 — 3f, leaves shorter, broad ; rays 1— 6 / , each with 
1 obovate, dense head; spikes 3 // , subulate, 1 -flowered, soon deflexed. 71 N^J.,and S. 

34 C. uniflorus Torr. & Hook. Has hds. oblong, V long, spks. closely deflexed. La. 

35 C. alternifolius. Greenhouse species from Madagascar. Culm, and leaves, and 
many-leaved involucre striped with white and green, like Ribbon Grass. 

3. KYLLINGIA, L. Spikes compressed. Scales about 4, the two lowest 
short and empty, the third only usually with a fertile flower. Sta. 1 — 3. 
Style long, 2-cleft. Achenia lenticular. Culms triangular, leafy at base. 
Heads sessile, solitary or aggregated, involucrate, odorous. Aug. 

1 K. piimila Mx. In tufts, 2 — 12' high, very slender; heads solitary, rarely triple, 

sessile, oval to oblong; invol. 3-lvd., 1 — 2' ; spk. very GO, 1-flwd., green. (T) W. and S. 

2 K.. sesquiflora Torr. Root creeping ; culms 6 — 12' ; heads mostly triple, oval to 

oblong, the lateral quite small ; spk. densely packed, white ; invol. deflexed. U Fla 

4. FUIRENA, Rotboll. Clot-grass. Glumes imbricated on all sides 
into a spike, awned below the apex. Petaloid scales 3, cordate, awned, 
unguiculate, investing the stipitate achenium. U Stems angular, leafy. 
Spikes solitary or in heads, pedunculate, (brown). 

1 F. squarrosa Mx. Culm 1 — 2f, with several joints and sheathing flat lvs. ; spks. 

ovoid, squarrou-s with the long recurved awns, 4 — 7 together in each head. Bogs. 
|3. hispitta. Taller, with sheaths and leaves, hispid with white spreading hairs. 

2 F. scirpoidea Mx. Culm slender, 1 — 2f, leafless but with several sheaths ; spikes 

1 — 3, ovoid, 3 — 5", not squarrous, the short awns erect. Wet, Ga., Fla. 

5. ELEOOHARIS, R Br. Spiked Rush Spikes terete. Glumes 
mibricated all around. Bristles of the perianth (setae) mostly 6 (3 to 12). 
rigid, persistent. Style 2-3-cleft, articulated to the ovary. Achenium 
crowned with a tubercle which is the persistent bulbous base of the style 
Mostly U, &. Stems leafless. Spike solitary, terminal 

| Spike terete, cylindrical, not thicker than the tall (2 — 4f) culm., .(a) 

§ Spike terete (glumes spirally imbricated), thicker than the culm.. . (b) 

§ Spikes flat, glumes few, in 2 or 3 rows, often proliferous. Culm capillary. • ■(») 



360 Order 154.— CYPERACE^E. 

a Glumes many, rounded, coriaceous. Culm stout. Spike 1—2' Nos. 1— fl 

a Glumes few, oblong, thin. Culm slender. Spike i— 1' Nos. 4, 5 

b Spike white or greenish- white, ovoid, 2 — 3". Ach. blackish. S.. .Nos. 6, 7 
b Spike brown or the glumes with tawny sides, white-edged.. .(<;) 

c Tubercle nearly as large as the ribbed and dotted achenium No. 8 

c Tubercle much smaller than the achenium.. .(d) 
d Achenium 3-angled or tumid, style always 3-cleft. . . (e) 

d Achenium flattened, smooth, style 2- 1 — x Spike lance-shaped Nos. 9, 10 

cleft (3-2-cleft in No. 11.) i _ x Spike globous or ovate. Nos. 11—13 
e Setae 4—6, retrorsely barbed, longer than— y dotted achenium.. .Nos. 14, 21 

—y smooth achenium... Nos. 15, 1G 

e Setae 0—2—6, smoothish, shorter than the achenium Nos. 17— 20 

z Culms often proliferous (i. e., bearing young culms at top).. . .Nos. 21, 22 
z Culms never proliferous, only 2— 6' high Nos. 23, 24 

1 E. equisetoides Torr. Culm terete, many jointed, 2 — 3f, as thick as the spike ; 

sheath at base obtuse; spike 1', acute, glumes very obtuse; setae 6; style 3-cleft; 
ach. smooth, brown. Bogs, R. I., W. and S. 

2 E. qnadrangalata Br. Culm 2 — 4f, jointless, acutely 4-angled with the sides 

unequal ; spike 1—2' ; glumes obtuse ; ach. dull white, obovoid, tipped with the 
distinct tubercle ; setae 6. Bogs, N. Y., W. and S. Rare. 

3 E. cellulosa Torr. Culm 2f, obtusely 3-angled below, jointless ; spike 1', glumes 

round ; setee 6 ; ach. broad-obovate, deeply pitted. Marshes, Fla. to La. 

4 E. Robbinsii Oakes. Culms slender, 9'— 2f, sharply 3-angled, many of them abor 

tive and splitting into hair-like fibres in the water ; spikes 6 — 9", spindle-form, 5-8- 
flowered ; ach. 1", half as long as the 6 setae. Ponds. Rare. 

5 E. elongata Chapm. Culms floating, very long and slender, with many hair-like 

abortive ones ; spike 12-20-flowered ; ach. and setae as in No. 4. Ponds, S. 

6 E. capitata Br. Culms tufted, 3— 6', striate ; spike ovate, 1—2" ; glumes 10 — 15, 

whitish-scarious, oblong, deciduous ; ach. black, shining; setae 6. Ga., Fla. 

7 E. albida Torr. Culm and whitish spike much like E. capitata, but the glumes be 

come 10—20, the style 3-cleft and achenium tumid, brown. Ga., Fla., La. 

8 E. tuberculosa Br. Culms angular, wiry, 10— 15' ; spike 3— 5", lance-ovate ; gls. 

GO, very obtuse ; ach. scarcely larger than its arrow-shaped tubercle. Swamps. 

9 E. paltistris Br. Rhizome creeping; culms 9'— 2f, with a long sheath; spike lance- 

oblong, 3 — 6—9'' ; glumes reddish-brown, very numerous, oblong-ovate ; with a broad 
scarious margin ; ach. obovate, yellowish ; setae 4. Common. 
/3. cah a. Bristles wanting ; culms filiform. Watertown, N. Y. 

10 E. compressa Sull. Culms tufted, very erect, narrow-linear, 1 — l£f; spike 
oblong-ovoid, 3—5" ; gls. 10 — 30, ov.-lanceolate. brown ; ach. yellow; setae 0. M., W. 

1 1 E. obtusa Schultes. Culm 6 — 16' ; spike ovoid, very obtuse, 2 — 4" ; gls. ovate, 
very many and close, red-brown, white-edged ; setae 6 ; style often 3-cleft. Common. 

12 E. olivacea Torr. Culms 2 — 4', densely tufted, spreading, flattened and stri- 
ated ; spike ovate, acutish, 2 — 3" ; glumes 20 — 30, green-brown ; ach. olive. Sands. 

13 E. ovata Br. Culms tufted, 6—10', finely striate; spike exactly ovoid, 2 — 3", 
glumes 20 — 30, rounded, tawny, with 2 white striae ; ach. ivory-white, pyriform-com- 
pressed, capped with a brown tubercle ; setae 7, long. E. Penn. (H. Jackson.) 

14 E. simplex Torr. Culm acute-angled, filiform, 12— 18'; spk 2— 3", ovoid; glumes 
ovate, white-edged, few ; ach. olive-green, much larger than its tubercle. Md.,andS. 

15 E. rostellata Torr. Culm 12— 20', sulcate, rigid, very slender ; spike lance-ovatc, 
acute, 3 — 4" ; glumes 12 — 20 ; ach. olive-brown, tubercle a mere beak. E. and N. 

16 E. intermedia Schultes. Wiry setaceous culms 3—8', spreading, in dense tufts* 
spk. oblong-ovate, acute, 1 — 3" ; gls. oblong, obtuse, 12—25, with 2 brown lines ; ach. 
smooth, obovoid, light-brown, with a distinct conical brown tubercle. In wet banks 

17 E. melanocarpa Torr. Culm flat, striate, wiry, erect. 12 — 18'; spike lanco 



Order 154— CYPERACE^E. 361 

oblong, 4—6" ; glumes 20 — 40, ovate; ach. blackish when ripe, covered by a broad 
tubercle which is abruptly-pointed ; setae 3, purple. Sandy bogs, E. and S. 

1 8 E. tenuis Schultes. Culms filiform or wiry, 4-angled, tufted, 8 — 18'; spk. ellipti- 
cal or oval 2 — 3"; gls. dark-purple, obtuse, 20 +; ach. roughish, the tubercle broad- 
depressed, setae 2 or 3, very short. A variety has the culms capillary. Wet places : com. 

\M Ej tricostata Torr. Culm flattened, slender, 1— 2f; spike oblong-cylindrical, 
6—9'; glumes obtuse, rusty-brown, crowded; seta 0; ach. sharply 3-angled, roughish, 
tubercle conical. N. J., and S. A variety has smaller spikes. (Dr. Feay.) 

10 E. arenicola Torr. Culms flattish, erect, 6—12', wiry; spk. ovate, obtuse; gls. 
dark-brown, with broad white margins : ach. yellowish, tubercle distinct. Sands, S. 

21 E. Baldwinii Torr. Culms 4— 14', capillary, 4-angled, deusely tufted; spike 1", 
ovate, flat, often proliferous ; gls. 5 — 10, in 2 rows ; ach. strongly 3-angled. Ga., Fla. 

22 E. prolifera Torr. Culms filiform, flattened, erect or diffuse, 10—20' ; spike 3", 
lance-ov., acute, often proliferous ; gls. 10—15, pale ; ach. ribbed, tubercle distinct. S. 

23 E. acicularis Br. Culms hair-like, 2—6' ; spike elliptic-ovate, 1", acute ; glumes 
4—8; ach. ovoid-triangular, longitudinally striate. Muddy places. 

24 E. pnsillus (Vahl.) Culms bristleform, 1—5', compressed ; spk. ovate ; gls. 3 — 6, 
mostly empty ; ach. acutely triangular, smooth. Coasts. (E. pigmaea.) 

6. SOIRPUS, L. Clur-rush. Bullrush. Glumes imbricated on all 
6ides. Perianth of 3 — 6 setae, persistent. Sty. 2-3-cleft, not tuberculate at 
base, deciduous. Achenium biconvex or triangular. l£ Stems mostly tri- 
quetrous, simple, rarely leafless. Spikes solitary, conglomerated, or corym- 
bous, usually rust-colored. 

§ Tricophokum. Setae 6, not barbed, tawny, tortuous, much longer than the acne- 

nium and exserted. Culm leafy. Cyme decompound Nos. 19, 20 

§ Scirpus. Setae downwardly barbellate, about equalling the achenium (*) 

* Spike single, terminal. — a Involucral bract in No. .1, long (1') in No. 5 

—a Involucral bract as short as the spike Nos. 2 — 4 

* Spike 1 ? several or many, clustered — b laterally on the culm (c) 

—b terminally, mostly in cymes (x) 

c Culms terete, jointless, leafless or with a few short lvs at base. . .Nos. 6—8 

c Culms triangular, jointless. — d Spikes in a single cluster Nos. 9 — 11 

— d Spikes in a cyme, bracted No. 13 

x Spikes large (6—15"), oblong, with cleft gls. Culm jointed, leafy. Nos. 13,14 
x Spikes small (1"). mostly in globular heads. Culm jointed, leafy. Nos. 15 — 17 
x Spikes small (2 — 3"), all separate and pendulous. South No lb 

1 S. pauciflorus Lightfoot. Culm filiform or capillary, erect, 3 — 8', leafless ; involm re 

; spk. oval. 1—2" ; gls. brown, 5 — 9 ; ach. 3-angled, netted, beaked but not tubercled. 

Otherwise an Eleocharis. Western N. Y. (Hankensori) to 111. (Porter). 
% S. ca^spitosus L. Culm round, wiry, 3 — lO', sheathed below with rudiments wf 

leaves; spike ovate, 2 — 3", with an involucral bract same length; setae 6, long' » 

than the achenium. High Mountains, N. and S. In tufts. Leaves 3 — 6". 
3 S. Cliutonii Gr. Culm acutely 3-angled, If, very slender, base sheathed, with 

short bristle-shaped leaves ; bract subulate, shorter than the ovate chestnut-brown 

spike (3—5"); glumes pointless. N. Y. (Clinton. Porter.) 
& S. planifolius Muhl. Culms If, 3-angled, threadform, with several linear flat 

leaves ; bract as long as the oblong (2") spikes ; gls. pointed. N. Eng., N. Y. to Del. 

5 S. subtermiimlls Torr. Culm 1— 3f, filiform, with several long capillary floating 

leaves : bract 1 — 2', exceeding the oblong (3") spike, continuous with the culm. N. 

6 S. debilis Ph. Culm roundish, furrowed, in tufts, 9 — 16', with a few subulate lva 

at base or ; spk. 1 — 7, ovoid, crowded, 3", tawny, the culm-leaf above them 2 — 4' 
at length reflexed ; bristles 4 — 6, inversely barbed ; ach. smooth. Muddy shs.Ct.to Car 



362 Order 154.— CYPERACE^E. 

7 S. Sinitliii Gr. Culm slender, 3—12' ; sheath often with a short blade; spk, 1-4. 

ovoid, greenish, 2 — 3", sessile about halfway up ; setae — 1 ; ach. smooth, lenticu- 
lar; culm-leaf always erect Shores, Penn. (Porter) Sodus Bay (Hankenson.) 

8 S. validus Vahl. Culm cylindric, smooth, 5-8f, its sheath with or without a short 

blade ; panicle cymous, overtopping the short pungent culm-leaf; spk. ovoid, brown, 
2", numerous ; gls. mucronate, ciliate ; setae 3 or 6. Our stoutest Bullrush. Shores 

9 S. pungens Vahl. CuJm 1— 4f, 3-angled, 1-3-leaved ; lvs. 3— 12', also 3-angled j 

spk. 1—6, crowded, sessile, ovate, obtuse, 3— W below the summit ; gls. notched and 
mucronate ; anth. ciliolate at apex ; style 2-cleft ; setae 2 — 6. Ponds and marshes. 

10 S. Torreyi Olney. Culm 2— 3f, 3-angled ; lvs. 1— 3 at base, 1— l|f, 3-angled; spk. 
1 — 4, oblong, sessile, 2 — 4' below the summit ; gls. ovate ; sty 3-cleft ; ach. triq 
obovate, pointed, shorter than the setae. Borders of ponds, N E. to N. J., and W. 

11 S. Olneyi Gr. Culms triquetrous-winged, 2— 7f, leafless, or with 1 very short leaf 
at base ; spk. 6 — 12, in a sessile head an inch or so below the summit ; gls. round- 
ovate, mucronate ; setae 6 ; style 2-cleft. Salt marshes, E. and S. 

12 S. leptolepis Chapm. Culms 3-angled, 2 — 5f ; leaves 1 — 3, slender, channelled, 
sheathing at base ; spikes loosely umbelled, single, oblong, 4 — 6", OO-flowered; 
invol. of several small bracts besides the long culm-leaf; gls. lance-ovate, acute; 
style 3-cleft; setae 6, equalling the 3-sided ach. Md. (Poi-tef), and S. (S. Canbyi Gr.) 

13 S. maritimus L. Culm acutely 3-angled, leafy, 1— 3f; lvs. broad-linear, chan 
nellcd, 1 — 3+f ; spk. 3—12", oblong, 6—10 in each cluster; clusters 1 — 9, sessile and on 
short rays ; invol. of 2 or 3 very long leaves ; setae 1 — 4, deciduous, short ; achenium 
plano-convex. Salt marshes. 

14 S. fluviatilis Gr. Culm triquetrous-winged, leafy, 2 — 4f; lvs. as in No. 13 ; spk 
6 — 10", oblong, 1—5 in a cluster; clusters sessile and on rays ; setae 6; ach. 3-angled 
Shores, Eastern, Middle, and Western States. 

15 S. atrovlreas Muhl. Culm obtusely 3-angled, leafy, 2f; invol. ol 3 long leaves, 
spk. ovate, 1£", 10—20 in the round dense heads ; hds. 4" in a compound cyme ; dark 
olive-green ; setae 4, as long as the smooth white ach. Com. in swales. N., M., & W. 

16 S. sylvaticus L. Culm 3f, leafy; invol. of 3 leaves, hardly equalling the thrice 
compounded cyme ; spk. 1", olive-gren, 1 — 3 — 9 in the small heads ; hds. on slendei 
pedicels ; gls. acute ; setae 6, straight, as long as the pale 3-angled ach. Mts. N. H., & N 

IT S. polyphylltis Vahl. Culm 2 — 3f, leafy ; invol. of 3 leaves ; cyme decompound 
spk. yellow-ferruginous, 1", 3 — 6 in the clusters ; gls. obtuse ; ach. yellowish-white 
3-angled, twice shorter than the 4—5 tortuous setae. Margins of waters. Rare. North 

18 S. divaricatus Ell. Culm 3— 4f, very leafy; cyme large, loose, decompound 
spk. all separate, 2—3", oblong, pendulous, ferruginous; setae tortuous. Wet barrens. S. 

19 S. Eriopliorimi Mx. Culm teretish, 3— 5f, lvs. 2f ; invol. 4-5-lvd., longer than 
the large loose decompound cyme; spk. very numerous, 3 — 3", pedicellate ; setae 6, 
hair-like, curled, conspicuous, 5 or 6 times longer than the white ach. Swamps. Com. 

20 S. linearis Mx. Culm 3-angled, 2 — 3f, very leafy; cymes term, and axillary, de 
compound, at length nodding ; invol. 1-3-bracted, much shorter than the cyme ; setw 
as long as the glumes, hardly at maturity exserted. Swamps. Common. S. 

7. ERIOPHORUM, L. Cotton Grass. Glumes imbricated all 
around into a spike. Ach. invested with many (rarely but 6) very long, 
woolly or cottony hairs. U Culms with or without leaves. Spikes showy 
after the long setae have grown. June — August. 

§ Setae 6, crisped, woolly. Spike sirgle. Culms scape-like, naked No. 1 

§ Setae numerous, straight, cottony. Culm jointed, 1-3-leaved (a) 

a Spike single. Culm bearing 2 sheaths instead of leaves No. 2 

a Spikes several, collected into a subsessile, capitate cluster No. 3 

a Spikes several, separate, in umbel -like cymes Nos. 4. 



Order 154.— CYPERACE^. 363 

1 15. alpinum L. Culms jointless, slender, 8 — 16', form a creeping rhizome; lvs. 
radical, short, subulate , spk. 2", the white hairs at length 7—9" long. Bogs, N., M. 

8 E. vaginatum L. .Rigid, tufted, 1— 2f, culm with 1 or 2 inflated sheaths; leave« 
radical, filiform ; spk. 6 — 8", blackish, hairs 1/, white, glossy, 30 — 40 in each flower. 
N. Eng. to Mich., and N. Pocono Mt. in Penn. (Prof. Porter.) 

3 E- Virginicum L. Culm strict, firm, slender, 2— 3f, lvs. shorter, narrowly lin- 
ear; invol. 2-4-lvd. ; spk. ovoid, 3", many, glomerate with very short ped. forming a 
capitate cluster ; seta 3 70—200, pale-cinnamon, 6—8" long. Bogs. 
/3. confertissimum. Setae white, in a large and compact tuft. N. H., N. Y., &Can 

i E. polystachyon L. Culms 1— 2f, with 2 or 3 cauline broad linear lvs. ; invol 
2-leaved ; spk. about 10, on long drooping peduncles ; setae 30 — 40 to each flower, 
6 — 8", white. Very conspicuous in meadows and swamps. 

E. gracile Koch. Culm l£--2f; lvs. triquetrous, channelled above, scarce 1" wide; 

spk. 3—8, on ronghish ped. which are 1"— 1'— 4' long; setae white, 8—10".. 

8. HEMIOARPHA, Nees. Spike many-flowered. Glumes imbri- 
cated all around. Interior scale 1, embracing the flower and fruit; setae 0. 
Sta. 1. Style 2-cleft, not bulbous at base, deciduous. Ach. compressed, 
oblong, subterete. (I) Low, tufted, with setaceous culms and leaves. 

H. subsquarrosa Nees. Culms 2 — 3', curved, the lvs. shorter; spk. 2 or 3, nearly 
2", ovoid, sessile together; invol. 2-lvd., 1 continuing the stem; gls. svbsquarrous. 
Sandy shores.— ]8. Itrummdndii, Sts. 1—2', spk. only 1. Fulton Co. 111. (J. Wolf.^ 

9. LIPOCARPHA, Brown. Spikes many-flowered ; glumes spatu- 
late, imbricated all around ; interior scales 2, thin, subequal, involving the 
flower and coating the fruit. Perianth none. Sta. 1. Style 2- or 3-fid; 
achenium coated with the scales. (D Culms leafy at base. Spikes numer- 
ous, collected into an involucrate, terminal head. 

L. maculata Torr. Culm 3— 8', the linear-filiform lvs. shorter; invol. of 2 long lvs. 
and 1 short ; spk. 3 — 4, ovoid ; glumes very cc, scarious, marked with red dots 
and a green midvein ; ach. oblong. Wet grounds, Phila. (Leidy), and S. 

10. FIMBRfSTYLIS, Vahl. Glumes imbricated on all sides ; bristles 
3. Style compressed, 2-cleft, bulbous at base, deciduous, ciliate-f ringed (as 
the name indicates.) — With the habit of Scirpus. Lvs. mostly radical. 

1 E. spadicea Vahl. Culms 1— 31, hard and rigid ; lvs. semiterete, rigid, chan- 

nelled ; rays few, exceeding the 2 or 3 invol. bracts ; spk. ovate-oblong, 3—6" by 2", 
rust-colored to brown ; sta. 2 — 3 ; ach. whitish, minutely netted. % Salt marshes. 

'i E. laxa Vahl. Culm 3 — 12', lax, flattened, striate ; lvs. flat, linear, glaucous, rough 
edged ; rays few, shorter than 1 of the invol. bracts ; spk. ovoid, 3", brown ; sta. 1 ; 
ach. whitish, with 6 — 8 prominent ribs, (l) Clay soils, Pa. to 111., and S. 

3 F. argentea Vahl. Glaucous, tufted; culms 2 — 6', setaceous, flattish, like th^ 
leaves ; spk. straw-colored, 6 — 9 in a dense head ; invol. lvs. 4, longer than the culm, 
gls. lance-ovate, pointed ; sta. 1. ® Philad. (A. H. Smith), andS. (F. congesta Torr.) 

11. TRICHELOSTYLIS, Lestib. Glumes in 4 to 8 ranks, carinate: 
bristles none ; style 3-cleft, deciduous below the bulb (if any) at the base 
achenium triangular, (l) U. Sts. leafy at the base, tufted. Spikes in a 
terminal head, or umbel, or solitary. 

§ Spikes rusty-brown, in a cymous umbel, the glumes 6 — 15, in 4 rows Nos. 1—3 

S Spike; greenish — x both capitate and umbellate, with linear lvs. and bracts. .No. 4 
— x all capitate in a single head ; bracts dilated at base. . .Nos. 5, 6 
— x one only on each culm, or rarely 2 or 3, bracted Nos. 7. fl 



364 



Order 154.— CYPERACE^E. 




1 T. autuinnalis (L.) (Fig. 5.) Culm flattened, 2-edged, very slender, 3 — 10'; Im 

narrow-linear, flat, much shorter; spikes (Fig. 6) lance-oblong, very acute, 4-roww 
2", 1 — 3 together, many in the cyme ; glumes sharp- 
pointed, brown ; stamens 2 ; achenium (Fig. 7) white 
smooth. (T) Wet banks, &c. 

2 T. ciliatifolia (Ell.) Culm setaceous, angular, 

3 — 12' ; leaves setaceous, with long brown hairs on the 
sheaths : cyme 5-9-rayed, often overtopped by 1 bract ; 
spike 1 — 2", mostly single ; glumes acute, 4-rowed, 
6 — 12 ; stamens 2 ; achenium white. (I) Dry, S. 

/3. coarctata. Cyme contracted; spks 2 — 3", often 
2 — 3 clustered together. 

3 T. capillaris (L.) Culm capillary, angular, 3—8' ; 

leaves setaceous, much shorter, entirely smooth ; spk. 
2 — 4 in the simple cyme ; gls. 8 — 12, strongly keeled, 
4-rowed ; stamens 2 ; ach. white, equally 3-sided. ® 
Sandy fields. (Fig. 8, a flower.) 

4 T. l>orealis Wood. Culm filiform, angular, 2 — 4' '; 

lvs. linear, flat, £ — 2'; bracts similar, as long as tho 
leaves ; spikes capitate and in cymes, 1—5 together, 
ovoid, green, \" '; glumes pointed; sta. 1 ; ach. white, 
3-angled ; sty. bulbous at base. © 111. Banks of the 
Miss. R., 111. (J. Wolf.) Shores of Lake Sup., Mich. 
{Mr, Perkins.) 

5 T. steuopliylla (Ell.) Culm setaceous, grooved, 

2 — 4'; leaves setaceous, 2—3'; bracts many, 3 — 4 times 
longer than the dense head; ach. (Fig. 9) blackish. S. 

6 T. Warci (Torr.) Culm filiform, If, 3-angled ; lvs. 

and bracts setaceous, silky-fringed at base, the latter twice longer than the head oi 
8 — 12 ovate spikes. Fla. 

7 T. cariuata (Hook, and Arn.) Culm flattened-setaceous, 3—6', with 1 short seta- 

ceous leaf at base ; spk. ovoid, near the top ; gls. 5—8, broad-ovate, acuminate. S-W. 

8 T. leptalea (Schultes ?) Culms filiform, bright green, flaccid, 6— 12", sheathed at 

base, with a short setaceous leaf or ; spk. ovate, whitish, as long as its bract (3") ; 
sta. 3 ; ach. 3-angled, shining. Cult, in conservatories. From S. Eur. 

12. PSILOOARYA, Torr. Fls. 2 . Gls. oo, imbricated all around, all 
lertile. Setae 0. Stam. 2, long, persistent. Style 2-cleft, dilated or tuber- 
culate at base. Ach. biconvex, crowned with the persistent style, (i) 
Culms leafy. Spikes lateral and terminal, cymous, brown. 

1 P. scirpoides Torr. Culm 3-sided, slender, 5—9' ; lvs. linear, 3— 5', about 2 on the 
culm, a cyme in each axil ; spike ovoid, 2— 3" ; ach. 20—30, smoothish (slightly 
rugous), tippid with the long 2-cleft style. Ponds, R. I., and N. 

3 P. nitens (Vahl.) Culm 1\ — 2f, flattened, with several long linear leaves ; cymes 
loose, spike lance-ovoid, 2", all pedicellate ; ach. 8 — 10, conspicuously rugous, tipped 
with the entire-part of the style, blackish when ripe. S. 

13. DICHROMENA, Kich. Spikes flattened, in a terminal head 
Gls. imbricated all around, many empty. Perianth 0. Sta. 3. Sty. 2-cleft. 
Ach. lens-shaped, crowned with the broad tubercular base of the style. 
Culms leafy. Bracts discolored. 

\ ©. lencocepliala Mx. Culm 3-angled, 1— 2f; leaves narrow-linear; invol. of 6— t" 
narrow leaves, which are whitened at base as well as the spikes ; ach. rugplous, trm> 
cnte. the tubercle not decurrent. Barrens, N. J., and S 



Ordek 154.— OYPERACE^E. 



365 



2 I>. latifolia Baldw. Culm teretish, 2— 3f; leaves long, linear; bracts 8—10, lance 
linear, reddish white, long-pointed; ach. roundish, roughened, dull, the tubercle 
decurrent on its 2 edges. Ponds, S. 

14. RHYNCHOSPORA, Vahl. Fls. $ or $ $ $ , few 
in each spike. Glumes flatfish, loosely imbricated, the 
lowest small and empty, Perianth of 6 — 12 setae. Sta. 
8 to 12. Style bifid. Achenium lens-shaped or globular, 
crowned with a tubercle — the distinct, bulbous base of 
the style. U Stems leafy, 3-sided. Inflor. ter- 
minal and axillary, mostly tawny to brown. 

§ Setae densely plumous. Achenium roundish-ovoid 

(not flattened) Nos. 1—3 

§ Setae naked, denticulate or hispid. Achenium more 

or less flattened. . . (*) 

* Ach. transversely wrinkled. Setae upwardly bearded . (a) 

* Achenium smooth and even. . .(c) 

a Setae shorter than the achenium Nos. 4 — 7 

a Setae equalling or exceeding the ach. . . (b) 
b Spikes in drooping panicles. Ach. oblong or obovate.Nos.8,9 
b Spikes in erect or spreading panicles. Ach. roundish.. 10 — 12 
b Spikes corymbed or fascicled. — x Ach. round-obovate. . 13, 14 

— x Achenium oval. Nos. 15, 16 
c Setae retrorsely hispid, or barbed (under a magnifier) . (d) 
c Setae upwardly hispid (or almost none in No. 29). . .(e) 
c Setae none. Culm and leaves setacious or filiform. 

South Nos. 17, 18 

d Culm and leaves very slender, setacious or filiform Nos. 19 — 21 

d Culm wiry and firm, leaves linear. Spikes dark-brown. .Nos. 22, 23 

e Culms stout, 2— 3f. Setae and stamens 6—12 Nos. 24, 25 

e Culms wiry and firm, 1— 2f. Stamens 3. Setae 6, 3, or Nos. 26—29 

e Culm and leaves very slender, setaceous or filiform Nos. 30, 31 

1 R, plumosa Ell. Culm and leaves filiform-wiry, erect, 10—18' ; spikelets 

1-flwd., 1", in small fascicles forming a loose spike at top, often another below 
it shorter than the bracts ; setae 6, as long as the tumid, rugous ach. Dry, N. J. to Fia. 
0. minor. Every way smaller, 5 — 10 / : fascicles 2 or 3 ; setae feathery below. S. 

2 R. semiplumosa Gr. Culm and leaves rigid, wiry, erect ; spike 1 — 2", in a 

capitate corymb at top, often a smaller one below ; ach. solitary, tumid, rugous with 
a broad tubercle ; setae 6, feathery bejow. Barrens, S. 1 — 2f. 

3 R. oligantlia Gr. Culm and leaves filiform-capillary, erect, 8 — 14' ; spikes 1 — 3 

only, fusiform, 3", with 1 long bract ; ach. obovoid ; setae 6, densely feathery. S. 

4 R. cymosa N. Culm acutely 3-angled, 1— 2f; leaves linear; spike fascicled, in 

several crowded cymes ; ach. broad-obovate, twice longer than the 6 setae, 4 times 

longer than the depressed-conical tubercle. N. J., Pa., and S. 
a R. Torreya.ua Gr. Culm teretish, lj — 2f; leaves setaceous ; cymes small, several, 

the lateral on capillary peduncles ; ach. oblong-obovate, twice longer than the seta;, 

thrice longer than the broad tubercle. N. J., and S. 
6 R. rariflora Ell. Culms tufted, 6 — 16', filiform, the setaceous leaves much shorter ; 

spikes 2 // , scattered in very loose paniculate cymes ; ach. round-obovate, strongly 

rugous, tubercle very short. Barrens, S. 
8 R. inexpansa Vahl. Culm slender, erect 1$ — 3f; leaves narrow-linear, flat; 

spikes lanceolate, 2^4-flowered, 3", in several rather large recurved-drooping panicles; 

ach. oblong, half as long as the setae ; tubercle short. Wet barrens, S. 




366 Order 154.— CYPERAOE^. 

9 R. decurrens Chapm. Culm, leaves, and cymes as in the last; spike 1"; ach. 

obovate, as long as the setae, the tubercle decurrent on its 2 edges. Marshes, Fla. 

10 R. miliacea (Lam.) Culm slender, 3-angled, 2— 4f; leaves linear, flat, 6— 8' b? 
3 — 4" ; spikes obovate, all pedicellate, in diffusely spreading cymous panicles ; ach : 
round-obovate, little shorter than the setas. Wet barrens, S. 

11 R. caduca Ell. Culm acutely 3-angled, 1 — 3f; leaves linear, 2—3'' broad; spikes 
ovate, large, 4 — 5", sessile or stalked, in several rather close erect cymous panicles ; 
glumes caducous ; ach. roundish, i as long as the setae. Wet, S. 

12 R. schoenoides (Ell.) Culm 3-angled, 2— 3f; leaves linear, 2" wide; spikes (2") 
small and numerous, subsessile, clustered, in several paniculate cymes ; seta) twice as 
long as the obovate flat acheuium and small tubercle. Bogs, S. 

13 R. patula Gr. Culm 3-angled, thick and stout at base, 2 — 3f; leaves linear. 
short ; spikes ovate, 2'', in several spreading loose panicles ; ach. strongly rugous, 
with a large tubercle, some shorter than the setae. Ga., Fla. 

14 R. Elliottii Gr. Culm solitary, 2—31'; leaves shining, rigid ; corymbs 3 or 4. 
few-flowered, subsimple ; spikes large ; ach. minutely rugous, with a very short 
tubercle, little shorter than the setae. Pine barrens, S. (R. distans Ell.) 

15 R. punctata Ell. Culm 3-angled, 1 — 2f; leaves lance-linear; corymbs of fasci 
cles; ach. rugous-netted, with rows of impressed dots. Marshes, Ga., Fla. 

16 R. niicrocarpa Baldw. Culm 2f, teretish ; leaves narrowly-linear, setaceous at 
end ; spike turgid-ovate, 1—2" ; ach. ovate, flat, minute. Wet, S. 

17 R. pusilla Chapm. Corymbs 2— 3, distant, of minute, scattered ovate, 3-flowered 
spikes ; ach. lens-shaped, oblong-ovate, white. Woods, S. Car. to Fla. If. 

1 8 R. Chapmanii Curtis. Corymb capitate, terminal, dense ; spikes with 5 scalers 
and 1 flower; ach. oval, polished ; stamens 1 or 2. S. Car. to Fla. lj-f. 

19 R. alba Vahl. (Fig. 10.) Culm 10—20', very slender; leaves linear-setaceous; 
spikes (Fig. 11) whitish, lanceolate, in stalked, corymbous fascicles ; setae 9 — 12, as 
long as the ach. (.Fig. 12) and tubercle. Common in wet shady grounds. July — Sep. 

540 R. Knieslternii Carey. In tufts 6—16', filiform; spikes 1", brown, in 3—5 
dense, sessile, remote fascicles ; setae 6, as long as the ach. Iron soils, N. J. : rare. 

21 R. capillacea Ton*. In tufts, 6—10', setaceous, 3-angled; clusters of brown 
spikes mostly 2, few-flowered ; setae 6, much longer than the ach. Swamps, M., W. 

22 R. glomerata Vahl. Culms If, leaves linear; fascicles brown, remote, in sev 
eral pairs ; spikes lanceolate, 2" ; ach. obovate, as long as its tubercle, which equals 
the 6 setae. In bogs, Can. to Fla. July, Aug. 

23 R. ceplialantna Torr. Culms 2 — 3f, stout; leaves linear; heads globular, 
dense, remote, sessile, solitary in the axil or terminal, dark-brown ; ach. round- 
ovoid, obtuse, half as long as the 6 setae. Barrens, N. J. 

24 R. Raldwinii Gray. Culms slender, 2 — 3f; leaves linear ; spikes ovate, in a 
dense terminal corymb of fascicles ; setae 12; stamens 6. Pine barrens, Ga. 

25 R. dodecandra Baldw. Culms rigid, stout, 1 — 3f; leaves rigid, linear, erect; 
spikes 4 // , ovate, in 4 or 5 loose, stalked cymes ; stamens 12 ; setae 6 — 12, long as the 
large (If), roundish, smooth achenium. Bogs, S. (R. megalocarpa.) 

26 R. fascicularis Nutt. Culm teretish, wiry, 1— 2f; leaves short, narrowly 
linear; spikes small (If) in several dense fascicles mostly terminal; setae 4 — 6, 
shorter or longer than the obovoid brown ach. Wet, S. 

27 R. distans N. Like No. 26, but every way smaller; spikes 1" long, in a dense 
terminal and often a distant lateral fascicle ; setae about equalling the ach. 8. 

28 R. ciliata Vahl. Glaucous, 8' — 2f; leaves short, linear, obtuse, ciliate on the 
edges ; spikes all in a dense terminal fascicle ; setae 6, half the length of the ach. S. 

29 R. pallida M. A. Curtis. Culm firmly erect, 1— 2f, 3-angled ; spikes pale-tawny, 
(like R. alba) in a dense terminal head with often a lateral head on a long peduaclc; 
ach. roundish, tubercle minute, setae 0—3, minute. Bogs, N. J. to N. C. 

30 R. fusca R. & S. Culm (6—12') and leaves setaceous; spikes ovate-obloag, 8" 



Order 154.— CYPERACEJE 367 

dark-brown, in 1 or 2 small fascicles ; ach. half the length of the setae which eqaa. 
the pointed serrulate tubercle. Maine to N. J., and W. Eare. Europe. 
21 It, gracilenta Gr. Tufts 1— 2f: culm and leaves threadform, curved ; spikes 
1", brown, in 2—3 fascicles ; ach. oval, as long as its awl-shaped, serrulate tubercle, 
shorter than the 6 setae. Low grounds, N. Y. to Fla. (R. filifolia Torr.) 

15. CERATOSCHCENUS, Nees. Spikelets 2-5-flwd., one flower 5 i 
the rest $ . Glumes loosely imbricated, somewhat in 2 rows, lower ones 
empty. Perianth of 5 or 6 rigid, hispid, or scabrous setae. Stamen? 3. 
Style simple, very long, persistent as a beak on the smooth, compressed 
achenium. if Stems leafy, 3-angled, 2 — 4f. Cymes compound, brown. 

1 C. longirostris (Ell.) 3 — 5f ; leaves flat, 4—6" ; spikes in loose fascicles, 9" ; 

ach. 2", beak 7", setae 5" ; cymes diffuse, terminal and axillary. Penn., W. and S. 
% C. macrostacliyns Torr- Leaves 2 — 4" wide; spikes 1", in dense fascicles; ach. 

and beak 8", setae 2— 3", culm 2 — 3f. Hardly distinct. Mass., and South. 
3 C. capitatus Chapm. Spikes densely clustered in a few heads ; beak only 2 /r , 

ach. 1", setas 2", culm teretish, 2— 3f, leaves 2 — i f/ wide. W. Fla. 

16. CLADIUM, Browne. Flowers $ $ ? . Glumes imbricated some- 
what in 3 rows, lower ones empty. Setae 0. Stamens 2. Style 2-3-cleft, 
deciduous. Achenium subglobous, the pericarp hard, thickened and corky 
above. U Stem leafy. Cymes terminal and axillary, brown. 

1 C mariscoides (Muhl.) Bog Rush. Culm terete, rigid, 20 — 30'; leaves narrowly 

linear, much shorter than culm ; spikes 3", in pedunculate or sessile heads, forming 
email cynics ; ach. ovoid, scarcely beaked. Bogs, N. Eng., and West. 

2 C. e flu sum (Swtz.) Saw Grass. Culm obtusely 3-angled, 6— lOf, leaves 3— 10ft 

sharply serrate-barbed on the edges ; cymes diffuse, decompound, forming a large 
panicle. A coarse, rank Sedge in ponds, N. Car. to La. 

17. SCLERIA, L. Nut Sedge. Flowers 8 , staminate spikes inter- 
mixed, fertile spikelets 1-flowered, glumes fasciculate. Perianth cup-shaped 
or 0. Achenium globous, ovoid or triangular, with a thick, bony pericarp. 
Style 3-cleft, deciduous. If Culms 3-angled, leafy. Spikes in fascicles 
Nuts white. In bogs. Summer. 

§ Sclekia. Achenium ovoid or globous, base invested with a short perigynium. . .(*) 

* Achenium smooth, ovoid. Perianth annular, subentire. Stamens 3.. Nos. 1, 2 

* Achenium rugous- warty, globular. Perianth 6- or 3-lobed Nos. 3, 4 

* Achenium reticulated or hispid-rugous, globular. Perianth 3-lobed Nos. 5, 6 

§ lPri'OPORTJM. Achenium ovoid-triangular, base fluted. Perigynium none... (a) 

a Fascicles 4 to 7, interruptedly spiked. Achenium smooth or rugous. .Nos. 7, 8 
a Fascicles single, terminal. Achenium ribbed or smooth Nos. 9, 10 

1 S. triglomerata Mx. Whip Grass. Culm erect, rough, 3 — 4f; leaves broad- 

linear, rough edged; fascicles few, composed of triple clusters of green-brown (5") 
spikes ; ach. white and polished, more than 1" in diameter. Common. 

2 S. leptoculmis W. Culm very slender, 2f, nearly naked; lvs. smooth, narrowly 

linear ; compound spikes loose, the lateral on a long filiform peduncle ; spikes 3 — 4''; 
ach. pol. shed, ovoid, minutely corrugated. S. (S. oligantha Ell. ?) 

3 S. ci.lia.ta Mx. Culm scabrous above, 2f; leaves 2, pubescent, bracts ciliate- 

fringed ; ach. beset with unequal warts, disk 3-lobed. Pine barrens, S. 

4 S. panciflora Mulil. Smoothiah or hairy ; leaves and bracts exceeding the calm \ 



368 



Order 154.— CYPERACE^E. 



fascicles few-flowered, the lateral, if any, pedunculate ; ach. small, rough, the die& 
6-lobed. Rare northward, common South. 10 — 16'. 

j3. g-labra, Smoothish, slender, If; lateral fascicles 1-flowered, or 0. Mb. to Ohio. 

y. C »» onn iosta. Scabrous-hirsute, slender ; leaves much exceeding the culm. 8. 

S. JKdidtlii, Stout, 2 — 3f, denticulate-ciliate ; lateral spikes pedunculate. S. 

5 S. reticularis Mx. Slender, If, leaves shorter than culm ; fascicles 2—5, distant, 

subsessile ; ach. dead- white, f, conspicuously netted and pitted. R. I. to Fla. 

6 S. laxa Torr. Slender, weak, diffuse, 1 — 2f ; lvs. flat, 2" wide ; fascicles very remote, 

spks. distant, in pairs ; ach. 1", with transverse ridges and brown pits. N. J. to Fla. 

7 S. verticillata Muhl. Glabrous, 6 — 12', slender; fascicles 4 — 6, smooth, purple, 

sessile, 8"— V apart ; ach. globular, about f", rugous. N. Y . to Ohio, and South. 

8 S. interrupta Mx. Sparingly hirsute, 12 — 30'; leaves 2" wide; fascicles 5—7, 

rusty-brown, sessile, ciliate, 4 — 9" apart ; ach. smooth, \" diameter. South. 

9 S. gracilis Ell. Filiform, smooth, 1— 2f; spikes few (1—5 pairs), 3", in a terminal 

fascicle ; bract erect ; ach. ovid-triangular, ribbed lengthwise. South. 

10 S. Raldwinii (Torr.) Culm scape-like, 2— 3f, leaves all radical, long ; spikes 5" 
long, 3—5 pairs in a terminal fascicle, brown-purple, with 3 bracts, middle bract erect ; 
ach. dull-white, 2 // long, even. In Georgia and Florida. 

18. CHAETOSPORA, R Br. Spikes 1-5-flowered, fls. $ , glumes in two 
rows, the lower empty. Setre 3 — 6. Stam. 3. 

Style 3-fid, deciduous. Achenium triangular. 

U Culm leafy only at base. Fls. capitate, 

chestnut-brown. 

C. nigricans K. Culm If, erect, teretish, longer 
than the narrow erect leaves ; spikes 4" long, in 
one fascicle, bract erect, 1 — 3' ; achenium i" 
diameter, white. Fla., Eur. 

19, CAREX, L. Fknvers diclinous. Spks. 
1 or more, either with both staminate and 
pistillate flowers {androgynous), or with the 
two kinds in separate spikes on the same plant 
(monoecious), or rarely on separate plants {dioe- 
cious). Glumes single, imbricated, each 1-flwd. 

$ Stamens 3. $ Stigmas 2 or 3. IVit (ache- 
nium) 2-edged or 3-angled, enclosed in a sac 
(perigynium) composed of 2 united glumes. 
If Culms triangular, in tufts, with grass-like 
leaves and usually with axillary as well as 
terminal 6pikes. 

The following enumeration of our Cariccs 
is reduced from the excellent monograph by 
the lamented Prof. C. Dewej^, contained in the 
Class-book of Botany, and revised with the 
assistance of friends before mentioned, and 
whose names appear below. 

Fig. 13, C. flava. 14, One of its perigynia 
(magnified) : 15, a glume. Fig. 16, C. rosea. 
17, A perigyniuin : 18, a glume. 




Order 154.— CYPERACE^E. 369 

§ I. Spike solitary, one (rarely more) borne on each calm. . .(§) 
§ II. Spikes two or more. Stigmas 2. Achenium lens-shaped.. .(§§) 
§ HI. Spikes two or more. Stigmas 3. Achenium triangular. . .(§§§) 
§ Stigmas 2. Achenium lens-shaped or flattened. . .(a) 
§ Stigmas 3. Achenium triquetrous or 3-angled. . .(b) 

a Spike androgynous, staminate at the summit No. 1 

a Spike dioecious, or the ? spike staminate at the base Nos. 2, 3 

b Leaves very narrow, shorter than the culm. Glumes colored. . .Nos. 4 — 6 

b Leaves linear, longer than the culms. — Glumes colored No. 7 

—Glumes green Nos. 8 — 10 

b Leaves very broad, flat, with no midvein. Glumes scarious No. 11 

§§ Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same (androgynous) spike. . .(c) 

§§ Staminate and pistillate flowers in different spikes— on the same culm. . .(i) 

— on different culms No. 12 

c $ Flowers variously situated in the approximate spikes Nos. (12 and) 13 — 15 

c $ Flowers at the summit of the spikes. . .(d) 
c £ Flowers at the base of the spikes. . .(/) 

d Spikes CO, paniculate, brown; perigynia corky, not rostrate.... Nos. 16, 17 
d Spikes (or spikelets) 8 — GO, approximate in a compound spike. . .(e) 

e Perigynium rostrate, scarcely longer than the glume Nos. 18 — 21 

e Perigynium long-rostrate, 2 or 3 times longer than the gl Nos. 22, 23 

d Spikes 3 — 6, approximate into one— ovoid spike Nos. 24—26 

— cylindric spike a little loose. .Nos. 27, 28 

d Spikes 3—8, remote. Perigynia erect in No. 32, radiating in Nos. 29 — 31 

/ Perigynia radiating in the 3 — 6 separated spikes. Glumes green Nos. 33, 34 

/ Perig. suberect, few (2 — 20) in each spikelet. Glumes hyaline white. . .(g) 
f Perig. suberect, winged, 30—60 in each oblong to obovoid spikelet. . . (h) 

g Spkl. separate or remote, 2-3-flowered in No. 35, 5-20-flwd. in Nos. 36—39 

g Spikelets closely contiguous, 2-12-flowered Nos. 40, 41 

h Perigynia lance-linear, long-beaked, 3 — 4". Spikelets close. Nos. 42 — 44 
h Perigynia lanceolate, short-beaked. Spikelets 8—20, club-ovoid. No. 45 
h Perigynia ovate, spreading. Spikelets round-ovoid, close.. Nos. 46, 47 
h Perigynia round-obovate, short-beaked, broadly-winged. Five 

nominal species closely related and intermixed Nos. 48 — 52 

( Staminate spike single. Pistillate spikes sessile Nos. 53 — 56 

i Staminate spike single. Pistillate spikes pedunculate Nos. 57, 58 

* Staminate spikes 1 or more, and the ? spikes often $ at the apex. . . (k) 

k Glumes obtuse, not exceeding the perigynia. Spikes sessile Nos. 59, 60 

k Gl. acute, little longer or shorter than perig. Lower spikes stalked. .61 — 64 
k Gl. long-awned, much exceeding the perig. Spikes all stalked. .Nos. 65 — 67 

§§§ Spikes androgynous, both kinds of fls. in each, — $ at the apex Nos. 68, 69 

— $ at the base No. 70 

§§§ Spikes — the terminal § at top, the rest all pistillate. . .(I) 

§§§ Spikes — the terminal one wholly $ , the rest all pistillate. . .(*) 

§§§ Staminate spikes habitually more than one. . .(**) 

I Spikes erect or nearly so, green, hairy in Nos. 71, 72, glabrous in Nos. 72 — 14 

I Spikes erect, pedunculate, tawny in maturity, glabrous Nos. 75, W 

I Spikes erect (some nodding in No. 79) with black-purple glumes. . . .Nos. 77 — 79 
I Spikes drooping on filiform stalks, green or some rusty Nos. 80 — 88 

* PietLlate spikes sessile, or solitary on radical peduncles. Perig. with 

a short abrupt beak, not inflated, pubescent. Culm slender. . .(m) 

* Pistillate spikes with enclosed or nearly enclosed peduncles. Perig. 

inflated, beaked, glabrous, bicuspidate at apex. Spikes turgid, 
often quite large, their leafy bracts longer. . .(n) 

* Pistillate spikes on exserted peduncles (exserted from the sheaths of 

94 



370 Order 154.— CYPERACE^E. 

the bracts). Perigynia 3-angled, scarce inflated, not much beaked, 
and (as well as the glumes) more or less colored. . .(p) 
• Pistillate spikes with peduncles (long or short) scarcely sheathed at 

all, or only the lowest bract on a short sheath. . .(x) 
m Pistillate spikes oblong, brown or hairy, the lowest scarcely sessile. Nob. 84 — &] 
m Pistillate spikes ovoid. — all or mostly solitary on radical peduncles. Nos. 88, 8Q 

—all sessile and crowded on the culm Nos. 90, 91 

—all sessile and remote on the culm Nos. 92, 9? 

n 9 Spikes small (3—6"), yellowish ; perig. with a short recurved beak. .94, 95 
n 9 Spikes large : perigynia much inflated, with a long straight beak. . .(o) 

o Spikes very short.— Perigynia 3—4" long Nos. 96 — 98 

—Perigynia 6—8" long Nos. 99—10"* 

o Spikes oblong-cylindric. — Perigynia ascending Nos. 103, 104 

— Perigynia spreading Nos. 105, 106 

p Leaves radical, very broad (6— 10''),— triple-veined. $ Spikes clavate. .107—109 

—one-veined. $ Spikes linear. .No. 110, /3. y. 
p Leaves linear or setaceous, 1 — 2", rarely 3 — 4" wide. . ,{r) 
r Perigynia smooth and not rostrate. . . (s) 
r Perigynia smooth (scabrous in No. 130) and rostrate. ..(v) 

r Perigynia hairy, veined, conical-beaked. South Nos. 137 — 139 

s Bracts leaf-like, exceeding the spikes or culm. . .(t) ^ 
$ Bracts shorter than the spikes or culm. . .(u) 

t Perigynia triangular, oblique at the point Nos. 110—112 

t Perigynia subterete, straight. — $ Spikes pedunculate.. Nos. 113, 114 

— $ Spike sessile Nos. 115—118 

u Fertile spikes white in No. 119, tawny In No. 120 

u Fertile spikes green, the sterile pedunculate Nos. 121 — 123 

v Bracts leaf-like, exceeding the spikes or culm Nos. 125—127 

v Bracts not exceeding the spikes or culm. . .(w) 

w Spikes linear, slender, very loose-flowered Nos. 128, 129 

w Spikes cylindric, suberect, rather dense Nos. 130, 131 

iv Spikes oblong,— about 6-flowered, dense Nos. 132, 133 

—many-flowered, rather dense Nos. 134—136 

jr Perigynia beakles? or nearly so.— Spikes suberect, short-ped Nos. 140—142 

— Spikes drooping on slender ped.Nos. 143 — 145 

x Perigynia evidently beaked, — diverging in the spike Nos. 146—148 

— deflexed in the spike Nos. 149, 150 

** Perigynium clothed with wool, hairs, or mealiness. . .(y) 

** Perigynium glabrous, short-beaked, or evidently longer than its beak. . .(z) 

** Perigynium glabrous, long-beaked, or not longer than its beak. . . (zz) 

y Perigynia long-beaked, hispid-pubescent, green No. 151 

y Perigynia short-beaked, — mealy-glaucous, chocolate color No. 152 

— densely woolly, greenish Nos. 153, 15<1 

— hispid-pubescent, brown Nos. 155, 156 

z Spikes, or at least the glumes, dark-purple or brown Nos. 157 — 159 

z Spikes green or straw-colored.— Bracts shorter than the culm No. 160 

— Bracts exceeding the culm. . .(yy) 

yy ? Spikes long, densely very many(150 + )-flowered No. 161 

yy ? Spikes not dense. Perigynia much inflated, — 30 to 50. .Nos* 162—164 

—3 to 12 No. 165 

28 Perigynia 3-nerved or nerveless, in drooping spikes No. 166 

zz Perigynia many-nerved, — ascending. Peduncles very short Nos. 167 — 170 

— horizontal or deflexed Nos. 171, 172 

] C, eapitaia L. Spike capitate or nearly globous ; perigynium roundish-ovate, con- 
vex-concave, glabrous, pointed, longer than the ovate obtuse glume. 6 — lO'. Wht.Mts 



Order 154.— CYPERACE^E. 371 

2 C gynocrates Wormesk. $ Spike oblong, rather loose-flowered ; perigynium 

oblong, short-beaked, longer than the ovate, acute, colored ghime. N. Y., Mich. 

3 C. exilis Dew. Spk. cylindrical, 1', dense, $ below, or wholly $ or ? ; perig. eer 

rulate on the margin, some longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume. Calm and leavoe 
filiform, stiffly erect, 12—20'. Ms. to N. Y. and N. J. 
j8. androg-yna. One or more small ? spikes below the terminal. N. Y. 

4 C. scirpoidea Mx. Spk. oblong-cylindric (9—12") ; perig. oval, pubescent, longei 

than the ovate dark-purple glume. Leaves flat. 4 — 10'. N. H. to Mich. 

5 C. polytriclioides Muhl. Spk. oblong, small (3"); perig. 3—8, erect, smooth 

twice longer than the ovate obtuse glume. Setaceous, 4—20'. Ms. to Wis. 

6 C. pauciflora Ltf. Spk. with about 4 slender reflexed $ fls. and 1 or 2 $ above 

twice longer than the lanceolate glume. Erect, 3—8'. N. England, New York. 

7 C. Boottiana Benth. Culm 6—12' ; spk. oblong-cylindric, dioecious ; perig, hairy, 

obovate, smaller than the dark-purple glume. Ala. to La. 

8 C. Willdenovii Schk. Peduncles radical, filiform, 2 — 6' ; spk. small, 3 gls. above, 

4 — 8, 9 perig. 5—9, scabrous, pointed, the glumes oftener long and bract-like, Leaves 
1 — 2f, grassy. Dry grounds : common. 

9 C Steudelii K. Peduncle radical, 1—8' ; spk. with 10—15 $ glumes above and 2 

or 3 inflated pointed perigynia with long leafy glumes. N. Y., Pa., and W. 

10 C. Back.il Boott. Ped. radical, I — 3f, stiff ; $ fls. about 3, above, $ perig. 2 — 4, 
glabrous, round-ovate, enclosed in the long leafy glumes. N. Y., O., and N. 

11 C. Fraseri Sims. Culm 4—10', Ivs. 6-12' by 1', flat and thick; spk. oblong, 
oo -flowered, perig. ovoid, longer than the hyaline, obtuse glume. Wytheville, Va, 

(iShriver) and Mts. of N. C. A curious and peculiar Cares. Leaves very large. 



12 C. stcrilis Willd. Culm (and lvs.) slender, erect, 1— 2f; oftener dioecious; spks. 
3—6, roundish, approximate, $ spikes oblong ; perig. radiating, ovate, subrostrate, 
2-toothed, about equaling the ovate acutish glume. Common in wet places. 

13 C. bromoides Schk. Slender, weak, 1— 2f; spikes 4—6, distinct, lanceolate; 
perig. lanceolate, erect, acuminate, longer than the lanceolate gls. Bogs : common. 

14 C. siccata Dew. Erect, 1— 2f; spks. 3— 7, oval to oblong, $ above, or the middle 
all <$ ; perig. lance-ovate, beaked, as long as the brownish gls. Sands, X. Eng. to 111. 

15 C. disticlia Huds. (C. Sartwellii Dew.) Erect, 2— 3f; spks. 12—20, the lower 
some remote, all ovoid and compact, stam. mostly above ; perig. ovate, lanceolate, 
pointed, equaling the ovate pointed glume. Seneca Co., N. Y. (Sarlwell), and W. 

16 C. decomposita Muhl. Culm erect, 18—36'; spikes very many, in a large 
crowded panicle ; perig. round-obovate with a very short beak, biconvex, about 
equaling the ovate glume. 1ST. Y. to Mich., and S. 

17 C. prairea Dew. Culm 2— 3f; spikes many, in a dense short (3 — 4') panicle; 
perig. erect, lance-ovate, smaller than the glume. N. Eng., and W. - 

18 C teretiiiscula Good. Spikelets roundish, dense, in a cylindrical compound 
spike 1 — 2' ; perig. brown, corky, ovate, biconvex, short-beaked, diverging ; culm 
H — 3f; leaves narrowly linear. Common in wet places, northward. 

IOC. vulpiiiotdea Mx. Spikelets very many, dense, ovoid, in a large (2—3') com 
pound spike ; perig yellowish, very small ($•"), ovate, acuminate, diverging, scarcel 
as long as the pointed glume ; culms stout, 2— 3f. Common. 

j3. aetb-cea. Perig. narrower, erect, in a more slender compound spike. 

y. sedbrior (Sartwell). Spikes distinct or remote, glume strongly serrulate, 

20 C conjuncta Boott. Spikelets in a long (3') subsimple spike; perig. ovate, 
subcordate and corky at base, short-beaked ; style bulbous at base ; nut orbicular; 
culm weak, 1 — 2f, flattened. Ohio, and westward. (C. vulpina C-B.) 

21 C alopecoidea Tuckm. Spikelets 8—12, in an oblong 1 — 2' spike ; perig. ovate, 
nerveless, brown, 1", subrostrate ; culm 3-angled, 2 — 3f. N. Y., Pa., and W. 

22 C stipala Muhl. Spike often decompound, 2—3', spikelets oo. oblong; peri£ 



372 Order 154.— CYPERACE^. 

lance-ovate, H", twice longer than the glume ; culm acutely 3-angled with concave 
Bides, leaves nearly as long (2— 3f ). Marshes : common. 

23 C. Crus-Corvi Shuttl. Spike decompound or sub-panicled, 3— 6' ; perig. Bhort- 
ovate, very long-beaked (3"), spreading; glume 1" ; culm 2 — 3f ; lvs. linear, flat, many 
and long. River swamps, Wis. to O., and Fla. 

24 C. cephalopliora Willd. Head 6 — 12" long, dense ; perig. broad-ovate, short- 
beaked, scarcely longer than the ovate-acuminate glume ; style very short, bulbous at 
the base; lvs. copious, equaling the slender culm (If). (C. Leavenworthii Dew.) 

25 C. M uhlenbergii Schk. Head ovoid-oblong, 1'; perig. broad-ovate, short 
beaked, strongly nerved, twice larger (H") than in No. 24 ; nut orbicular, style short, 
bulbous ; culm 1 — 2f, lvs. shorter, bracts setaceous. In fields, not abundant. 

26 C. chordorhiza Ehrh. Head ovoid, 9— 15", perig. ovate, nerved, turgid, at 
length brown, few and large (2"), beakless but minutely pointed; rhizome creeping; 
leaves short and narrow, culms 9—15'. Marshes, N. Y. to Wis., and N. 

27 C. ceplialoidea Dew. Spikelets very short, spike 1— If ; perig. brown (at ma 
turity), acuminate, nerveless, ovate, shorter than the thin cuspidate glume. Culm 2 — 4f. 
Leaves elongated. Fields, hedges, N. Y. (Penn Yan, Sartwell), and W. 

28 C lunricata L. Spikelets ovoid, often a little remote ; perig. ovate-lanceolate, 
nerveless, wingless, some longer than the ovate-lanceolate gl. Ms. to N. J., and W. § 

2d C. sparganioides Muhl. Spikelets 7— 10, ovate ; perig. ovate-acuminate, nearly 
twice longer than the glumes, all green. C ulm and leaves 2f. Infields: common. 
0. ramea, is a luxuriant form, with the spike large (3 — 4'), panicled. 
y. minor, is a small and delicate form, with the spike 1 — 2' long. 

30 C. rosea Schk. (Fig. 16) Spkl. 5—8, remote, 8-10-flwd.; perig. (Fig. 17) lance-oblong, 
diverging or reflexed, twice as long as the ovate obtuse glume (Fig. IS). 8 — 16'. Com. 

0. minor. Spkl. 4—6, quite remote ; perig. fewer and suberect. 

•y. raditila, Spkl. about 3-flwd., perig. oblong, acute. Stem and leaves setaceous. 

31 C. retroflexa Muhl. Spkl. 3 — 5, bracteate, stellate at maturity; perig. 3 — 6, 
ovate, acutish, spreading or reflexed, about equaling the acute glume. Woods. If. 

32 C. tenella Schk. Spkl. 3 or 4, near, erect; perig. 1 — 3, mostly 2, ovate-obtuse, 
minutely pointed, brown, smooth, little exceeding the hyaline, ovate, acute.gl. In 
tufts, very slender and flexile, 5-12'. Woods, N.Eng. to Pa., and VV. (C.dispermaDew.) 

33 C. stellulata. L. Culm stiffly erect, 8—24'; spikelets 4 — 6, ovate, sessile, the 
spike nearly 2', turning brown ; perig. broad-ovate, short-beaked, a little longer than 
the ovate, obtuse glume. Wet places, N. 

34 C scirpoides Schk. Culm very slender, 6—12' ; spkl. 3—4, contiguous, spk. 1', 
light green ; perig. ovate-lanceolate, near twice longer than the ovate-lanceolate, 
acute glume. Wet. Common. Stam. mostly below the upper spikelet. 

35 C. trisperma Dew. Very slender, If ; spikelets 1—3, with long setaceous bracts, 
about 3-flwd. ; perig. oblong, pointed, little longer than the glume. Pa., N. and W. 

36 C. Deweyi Schk. Slender, leafy, 1 — 2f; spikelets 3— 5, 3-9-flwd., the upper ap- 
proximate ; perig. oblong-lanceolate, rostrate, 2-toothed, mostly longer than the 
ovate-lanceolate awned hyaline glume. Woods, N.Eng. to Wis., and Canada 

37 C. canescens L. Erect, 2f, glaucous; spkl. 5— 7, ovate-oblong, remote below, 
12-20-flwd.; perig. round-ovate, toothless, eq. the glume. Wet. Com. (C. curta Good ) 

38 C. vitilis Fries. Slender, flexuous, 1— 3f; spkl. 3— 5, separate, short-ovoid, 5-10 
flwd. ; perig. lance-ovate, pointed, longer than the glume. N. Eng., W. and N. 

39 C. Norvegica Schk. Yellowish, 6—12', erect ; spkl. about 3, 5-12-flwd., the up- 
per often all <j ; perig. oval, biconvex, veiny, brown, eq. the obtuse glume. Me. (Blake.) 

40 C. Liddoni Boott. Spike 1 — 2', of 5 — 7 oblong spikelets ; perig. and gl. lance- 
ovate, brownish, equal, the latter white-edged ; culm strict, 1— 2f. Mich. (Cooley), & N. 

41 C. tenuiflora Wahl. Spike capitate, f, of 2 or 3 roundish, about 5-flwd. spkls; 
perig. oblong-ovate, plano-convex, acute, equaling the oblong glume. Swamps, N. 

42 C. syclinocephala Car^y. SpkL ovoid, in a dense head with long leafy bracts ■ 
perig. 2i", lance-linear, gradually long-beaked, the gl. nearly as long. N. Y. : rare. 



Order 154— CYPERACE^E. 373 

13 C. arida Schw. and Torr. Spkl. oblong-oval, large, close and dense, dry and 
chaff-like in aspect ; perig. lance-linear, 4", clearly bidentate, gl. } as long. W. com. 

44 C. scoparia Schk. Spkl. 5 — 8, ovate, approximate, or often crowded in a head 
perig. 3", lanceolate, longer than the lanceolate glume; culm 18—24' high, leafy be 
low. A very common sedge, in meadows everywhere. 

4 5 C. lagopodioides Schk. Spkl. 8— 20, ovoid-clavate or globular with a club- 
shaped base, approximate or crowded ; perig. lanceolate, nearly twice as long as the 
ovate-lanceolate glume. Piant 2f, light green. Common. 

46 C. cristata Schw. Spkl. 6 — 12, ovoid-globular, crowded into an oblong head; 
perig. spreading, lance-ovate, pointed both ways, twice longer than the small lanceo- 
late glume. Culm 2 — 3f, stout. Fields and meadows : common. 

4 7 C. mirabilis Dew. Spkl. as in C. cristata; perig. broadly ovate, rounded at base, 
acuminate at top, a little longer and broader than the gl. Rigid, 2f. Borders of fields. 
(C. festucacea 0. Carey. C. straminea 0. Tuckm. C. cristata Boott.) 

48 C. strain j nea Schk. Spkl. about 6 (3—12), ovoid to oval or clavate-ovate, re- 
mote or contiguous ; perig. oval or round-ovate, very flat, broadly winged, abruptly 
beaked, equaling or exceeding the much narrower glume. Common and variable. 

a . typicr,. Spkl. 3 — 6, roundish ; perig. spreading, brownish ; gl. much smaller 
0. ttnera. Slender, with 3 — 6 ovate brownish remote spikes attenuate beiow. 
y. aptrta, Spkl. 4—8, tawny, drooping ; perig. long-beaked, thrice longer than gl, 
8. festucacea, Spkl. 5 — 8, club-obovate, longer beaked, prominent, brownish. 
8 . hyalina, Spkl. about 6, large, pale ; perig. twice longer than the glume. W. 
C. moniliformis. Slender ; spkl. about 4. remote, whitish, acute at both ends. B 

49 C. silicea Olney. Spkl. 2 — 10, pale or silvery-yellow, distant, ovate; perig. or- 
bicular, broadly winged all around, short-beaked, usually longer and broader than the 
lanceolate glume. Lvs. involute. 8 — 20'. Sea shore, Maine to Delaware {Canby). 

50 C. adusta Boott. Spkl. globular with an acute base, large, silvery-green, close 
or remote ; perig. ovate to oval, veined, narrowly winged, acuminate, equaling the 
glume in length and breadth. N. J., Penn. and N. (C. argyrantha, more delicate.) 

51 C. foena Willd. Spkl. 4 — 8, pale, oval-oblong, acute, approximate; perig. oval to 
obovate, appressed, broadly-winged, short-beaked, a little longer than the ovate- 
lanceolate glume. Plant glaucous, 2 — 3f. Marshes, K. I. to Pa. 

52 C. alata Torr. Spkl. 4— 8, ovate, large, close; perig. roundish or obovate, close, 
abruptly short-beaked, 3-veined on the back, broad -winged, some longer than the 
lanceolate white glume. Pale green, 3 — 4f. N. Y. toFla. 

53 C. Wasliingtonia Dew. Culm 6—18' ; lvs. fiat: $ spk. 1—4, oblong-cylindric 
6" — 1', the lowest stalked ; gls. black, oval, covering the ovalapiculate nerved perig. 
lower bract often elongated. White Mts., and N. (C. rigida 0. ? Bigelovii Gr.) 

54 C« rotundata Wahl. Culm If, slender; lvs. channeled; $ spk. 1—2, oval or 
roundish ; perig. ovate, acuminate, equaling the lanceolate brownish gl.; bracts sur 
passing the culm ; $ spk. very slender, P. Moosehead L., Me. (Smith). 

55 C. Floridaua Schw. Culms 2 — 10', slender, lvs. often longer; $ spk. short, 
sessile, $ spk. ovoid, 1 — 3, crowded ; glumes oval, acute, edged with brown, covering 
the obovate, short-beaked perig. Often with solitary $ spikes on radical ped. S. 

56 C. lenticularis Mx. Culm 8— 18'; lvs. fiat; & spk. 1', ? spk. 2— 5, fr— 1', wiln 
long bracts ; perig. ovate-oval, yellowish, nerved, longer than the obtuse glume. 
Spikes cylindric. Gravelly shores, Me., N. H., N. Y., and northward. 

$7 C. aurea Nutt. ,5 Spk. short (6"), ? spk. 3 or 4, { — 1', loose-flowered, spreading; 
perig. oval, obtuse, yellow-brown, separate, exceeding the hyaline gl. Culm slender, 
8 — 16' ; leaves flat, bracts exserted, leafy. "Wet. N. Eng., and W. 

58 C Mitcliel liana Curtis. $ Spk. often $ in the middle ; ? spk. 2— 3, cylindric, 
slender, loose; perig. ovate, acute, short-beaked, eq. the gl. 15 — 20'. Wet. N. Car. 

59 C. torta Boott. Spikes cylindric, slender, 2—5'; spikelets 2 or 3, loose below, re- 
curved ; perig. lanceolate, the beak recurved or contorted, equaling the black- Mn dec" 
obtuse lanceolate glume. Very smooth, 2— 3f. Wet places. 



374 Order 154.— CYPERACE^E. 

60 C. vulgaris fries. $ Spikes cylindric, 1—2', ? cylind.-oblong, 1', $ at top ; gte 

black, ovate, obtuse, shorter than the oval, obtuse perig. ; culm slender, 6 — 14'; lvg. 
flat, bract equaling the cuim. Wet, N. Eng., W. and N. (C. csespitosa C-B.) 

61 C. stricta Lam. Spk. cylindric, 14 — 2', erect; glumes lanceolate, acutish, striped, 
some longer than the ovate-acute perigynia. 2f. Bogs ; common. 

;3. strictior. Glumes, especially the upper, a little shorter than the perigynia. 

62 C. xerocarpa S. H. Wright. Differs from C. stricta in its extremely slendei 
habit ; Ivs. rolled and rush-like ; $ spk. almost filiform ; gl. shorter than perig. N. Y. 

63 C. aperta Boott. Spk. cylindric, erect, 12—15"; perig. brown, round-ovate, 
shorter than the lance-acuminate glume ; culm 1— 2f, rough-edged above ; lvs. chan- 
neled, bracts leafy. Wet meadows, N. Eng., W. and N. 

64 C. aquatilis Wahl. Spk. 2—3', dense, erect, acute, subclavate, the $ 2 or 3, 
9 3—5, with bracts exceeding the culm ; gl. lanceolate, usually longer than the 

roundish, nerveless, reddish, apiculate perigynia. 2 — 3f. Shores, N. 

65 C. crinita Lam. Spk. pedunculate, long (2— 40* nodding, $ mostly but 1, ? about 
4 ; perig. round-ovate, apiculate, glume with its long serrulate awn thrice longer— all 
light brown. Wet meadows : common. 2 — 3f. Leafy. 

£. g-ynanth a. Spk. shorter (1—2'), ? about 3, perig. inflated, awns spreading, &c. 

66 C. maritinia Vahl. Spk. 1—2' long, pendulous or spreading, on peduncles, the 
9 3—5; perig. orbicular, much shorter than the long-awn ed green glume; culm 
10—20'. erect, with broad, flat, smooth leaves. Salt marshes, Mass., and N. 

67 C. salina Wahl. Spk. cylindric, erect on included stalks, the ? 2—4; bracts 
long; perig. elliptical, apiculate, little shorter than the dark-brown, short-awned 
glume ; culm 8 — 16', rough above. Salt marshes, Mass., and N. 



(i8 C. peduncnlata Muhl. Spk. 3 — 7, remote, on filiform stalks ; perig. obovate, 
triquetrous, recurved at tip, few, equaling the brown, oblong, obovate glume. Culm 
4—12'. leaves longer, glabrous. Woods. Flowers in early spring. 

69 C. Baltzellii Chapm. Spk. cylindric, 1—2', ? 1 — 4, $ at top, on long cauline or 
subradicaJ peduncles ; perig. and gl. oblong-obovate, subequal, the perig. veiny and 
puberulent. Culm — 10', leaves flat, thrice longer. Florida. 

70 C. squarrosa L. Spk. 2 — 4, cylindric-oblong, thick (1' by 6"), straw-color, 
stalked, squamous with the long beaks of the globous perig. which conceal the short 
glumes. Wet places : common. Large and fine, spike showy. 

71 C. virescens Muhl. Spk. 2—4, erect, 6 — 12"; perig. ovate, pubescent, ribbed, 
longer than the ovate pointed glume or about equal to it. Culm slender, 1— 2f, bracte 
exceeding the culm. Whole plant pubescent and light green. Copses. 

72 C liirsiita Willd. Spk. oval-oblong, 4—9", erect, near, dense; perig. ovoid-tn- 
quetroua. downy, at length only scabrous, longer than the glumes. Culm 1 — 2f. 
bracts exceeding it, all pubescent ur scabrous. Upland Meadows. (C. Triceps Mx.) 

73 C Smithii Rorter. Spikelets 3, oval and oblong, near; perig. globular; achenia 
broadly obovate with reflexed styles ; culm slender ; whole plant glabrous, bright 
green, 2f. Del. Co., Penn. {A. H. Smith.) Also in N.J. (See Olney's Carices Am.) 

3\ C. aestivalis Curtis. Spk. 3 — 5, slender, 1 — 2', loose, suberect on short stalks; 
perig. elliptic, pointed both ways, longer than the glume. Tufts 16 — 24' high, with 
flat downy leaves, and brac'ts exceediEg the culm. Mts., Mass. to N. Car. 

75 C Sliortiana Dew. Spk. 4 or 5, cylindric, dense, 1', erect on naked stalks, 
tawny in maturity; perig. round-obovate, scarce longer than the ovate glume. Erect, 
12—30'. leafy, smooth, handsome. Wet grounds, Penn. to 111., and S. 

76 C oxylepis Torr. Spk. 3 — 6, cylindric, 1 — 2', erect on naked ped. ; perig. oblong, 
pointed both ways, little longer than the cuspidate white-edged glume. Fla. to La. 

77 C. Buxbaumii Wahl. Spk. 4, ovoid, sessile, near; lower bract equaling the 
culm ; perig. elliptic, nerveless, rounded on the back, shorter than the pointed black 
banded glume. Culm 10 — 18'. Common in wet places. 



Order 154.— CYPERACE^E. 375 

78 C. alpina Swtz. Spk. 3 or 4, small, oval, close; bract longei than the culm; 

perig. round-obovate, longer than the black glume. Leaves radical. L. Superior. 
T9 C. atrata L. Spk. 3— 6, oblong-ovate, nodding, the lower stalked; perig. 

round-ovate, shorter than the dark oval glume. Bract long. White Mountains. 

80 C. gracillima Schw. Spk. 3 — 4, slender, 12 — 20", rather loose, drooping on lon^ 
filiform remote stalks: bract short; perig. oblong, longer than the oblong short 
awned glume. 2f. Meadows. 

81 C. formosa Dew. Spk. 3 — 4, oblong, 8—12", on long, distant recurved pedun- 
cles; perig. oblong, inflated, twice longer than the ovate acute gmme. Culm 2 — 3f, 
bract shorter than the culm. Wet meadows. 

82 C glabra Boott. ? Spk. short-cylindric (10, spreading on capillary peduncles ; 
perig. elliptic-oblong, acute at both ends, nerved, twice longer (2 // ) than the ovate 
brown-edged glume. Very slender, erect, 18'. N. J., N. Y., Penn. 

83 C. Davisii Torr. Spk. 4, 10— 15" long, rather loose, long-stalked, drooping when 
ripe; bracts much longer; perig. oblong-ovate, nerved, acute, scarce equaling the 
awned glume. Mass. to W T is., and S. 

84 C. praacox Jacq. $ Spk. clavate, erect; $ spk. about 2, ovate-oblong, 6—9".; 
perig. 6 — 12, round-ovate, downy, nearly equal to the ovate colored glume (which is 
brown, edged with white). Culm 3—6', leafy at base. Eocky hills, E. Mass. 

8 5 C. Ricliardsonii E. Br. $ Spk. clavate-oblong, erect ; ? about 2, oblong, near, 
subsessile ; glumes wholly brown; perig. ovoid-triquetrous, obtuse, nearly beak- 
less, shorter than the green-midveined glume. 4 — 10'. Woods, N. Y. to 111., and N. 

86 C. vestita Willd. Spk. all sessile, 9", $ cylindric, ? 2, ovoid-oblong; perig. 
ovate, short-beaked, hairy, exceeding the rusty acutish glume. Culm 12—30', sharp- 
angled, leafy below. Common in wee places. 

8T C. pubescens Muhl. Spk. oblong, 8—12", rather loose, the lowest on a short 
stalk,- perig. lance-ovate, beaked, hairy, exceeding the carinate, mucronate glume. 
Culm 10— 2(Y ; leaves downy, flat, 5—10'. Meadows. 

88 C nigro-marginata Schw. is probably a mere variety of No. 55, having the 
glume? more extensively colored and the stigmas oftener 3. Hills, Pa., and S. 

89 C. umbellata Schk. Dwarf; $ spk. erect, 2— 3", ? ovoid, 2 — 4, each on a sub 
radical peduncle, green ; perig. 5—8, round-ovate, beaked, nearly equaling the lance- 
acuminate glume. Leaves 3 — 5', far longer than the spike, North. 

90 C. Kmiiioiisii Dew. Spikes all sessile, green, $ 4—5", ? 2 — 3, ovoid; perig. 
about 5, globous, beaked, equal to the pointed glumes. Culm filiform, 6—12', with 
very narrow leaves. Fields and hills : common. 

91 C. Pennsylvanica Lam. Spikes tawny-red, $ V long, pedunculate, the $ 
small, round, sessile, crowded, about 2; perig. round-ovoid, 5—7, downy, short- 
beaked, equaling the acuminate glume. Culm 4 — 12', erect, leaves long. Copses. 

92 C rVovas-Angliae Schw. Spk. purplish, sessile, $ 3 — 4", ? 2 — 4, small, near, 
(except the lowest), with bracts exceeding the culm; perig. 3 — 7, pyriform, short- 
beaked, larger than the ovate glume. Slendei*, 4— 12'. Open woods. 

93 C varia Muhl. Spikes rusty-green, sessile, oval, 1—3. separated, the $ slender, 
(10") and stalked, bracts very short ; perig. about 7, round-oval, abruptly beaked, 
about equaling the pointed rusty-edged glume. Erect, 8 — 18, leafy at base. Dry 
woods. 

94 C flava L. ? Spk. oval, approximate, 2—4; perig. crowded, ovate, ribbed, re- 
flexed with a long curved beak, longer than the lance-ovate glume. Plant 10 — 2©*, 
yellowish green. Cold, wet soils: common. 

95 C. CEderl Ehrh. ? Spk. 3—5, oblong, small (3— 5"), close, nearly sessile ; perig. 
globous, diverging with a short abrupt beak ; plant yellowish, 8—16', leaves and 
bracts erect. Shores, N. Eng., and West. (C. viridula Mx.) 

96 C. folliculata L. ? Spk. 2—4, capitate, dense, distant, the lower peduncle 
exserted ; perigynia 4", lanceolate, nerved, tapering into a long beak, diverging, 
twice longer than the long-awned glumes ; leaves lance -linear. Wet. 



376 Order 154— C yPERACE^. 

97 C. rostrata Mx. 9 Spikes 1—3, capitate, near; perigynia 3", suberect, lance 
olate, long-rostrate, twice longer than the acutish glume ; leaves few, rolled, subu- 
late ; culm If. Mountain bogs, N. Y., N. H., and North. 

98 C. Elliottii Schw. $ Spike slender, 1'; 9 2 or 3, globous to oval, distant; 
perigynia 10 — 20, ovoid, veined, rostrate, 3" ; glume ovate, 1"; culm slender, rigid, 
1 — 2f, the narrow leaves longer. N. Car. to Fla. 

99 C. subulata Mx. $ Spike short, subsessile; 9 spikes 3—5, capitate, distant, 
3-7-flowered ; perigynia subulate, 6", long-rostrate, divaricate and with 2 divaricate 
teeth. Slender, smooth, light-green, 1— 2f. Can. to N. J. 

SOO C turgescens Torr. $ Spike slender, 1^'; $ spikes 2 to 3, capitate to oval, 
loose, the lowest pedunculate, exserted; perigynia 9—12, inflated, striate, conic- 
rostrate, (/'; glume ovate, acute, 3". Culm 2 — 3f, slender; leaves long. Swamps, S. 

101 Co intumescens Rudge. $ Spike long-stalked, slender; 9 1—3, on very 
short stalks, capitate ; perigynia 5 — 8, very large (6 — 7"), acuminate-beaked ; glume 
ovate-cuspidate, 2" ; culm If ; bracts very long. Wet. 

102 C Grayii Carey. 9 Spikes 1 or 2, large, capitate, dense; perigynia 15—30, 
radiating, very large 17—8"), with a long, slender, smooth beak; glume inconspicuous. 
River bottoms, N. Y., and West. 

103 C. lupulina Muhl. 9 Spikes 2—4, large, 1—2' by 9— 12", the lower on exserted 
stalks; perigynia ascending, 6$— 7", ovoid and long-beaked, bicuspidate; glume 3", 
lance-acuminate. Plant stout, leafy, 2 — 3f. "Wet grounds. 

B. petttau ulho. Spikes all on long peduncles. $ Glumes linear-awned as in (X 
y. androg-f/na. 9 Spikes staminate at apex. Approaching No. 172. 

104 C. lupuliformis Sartwell. $ Spikes 4—5, very laige (2—3'); perigynia 
ascending, 7 — S", the long beak roughish, bicuspidate; glumes long-awned, ovate, 
3" ; nut as broad as long, the angles knobbed. Swamps : common, 

105 €. tentaculata Muhl. $ Spikes 2 or 3, dense, 1^—2' by 7 or 8", near, on short 
peduncles; perigynia 4", ovate, long-beaked, diverging, orifice obliquely 2-toothed; 
glumes linear-awned, 2". Stout, leafy, 1— 2f. Bogs : common. 

8. dltior. ? Spikes 3 — 4, larger (10" thick), beak subequally toothed. 2f. 

106 C. stenolepis Torr. $ Spike small (1') rarely 0; 9 1—5, very dense, 1—1$', 
often $ at base ; perigynia globous, abruptly beaked, recurved, shorter than the long 
elender-awned glumes. Related to C. squarrosa. Penn. to 111., and South. 

107 C. plantagiiiea Lam. $ Spike clavate, glumes acute; 9 spikes 3 — 5, erect, 
remote, loose; perigynium 5 — 10, the point recurved, twice longer than the glume ; 
bracts purple, shorter than the spikes ; leaves 6 — 10" broad. Woods. March— May. 

108 C Careyaua Torr. $ Spike oblong, erect; glumes obtuse; 9 spikes 2—3, 
remote, loose; perigynium 3 — 7, large (2$ // )» the point oblique, twice longer than 
the glume ; bracts green, much longer than the spikelets ; leaves 6 — 12" wide. 
Woods, N. Y., Pa., and W. 

109 €. platypliylla Carey. $ Spike clavate, glume acute ; 9 spikes 2— 3, very re- 
mote, small ; perigynia 3—6, small (1J") ; glume cuspidate, 1"; bracts as in C. Carey- 
ana ; leaves 6 — 10" wide, mostly shorter than the culms. Shades, N. States. 

110 C laxiflora Lam. $ Spike linear, glumes lance-oblong, acute; § spikes 3, 
slender, V, loose, remote; perigynia 10—15, elliptic-triq., 2", the point oblique; gl. 
oblong, mucronate, 1J" ; leaves 1-veined, 2—4" wide, bracts long. Shades : common. 

B. patulifblia. Root leaves 6— 12" wide, bracts also^wide. Otherwise as in a.. 
y. Imtifblia. Leaves and bracts very broad ; perigynia broad, point conspicuous. 
S. blanda. Bracts very long, $ spike small; 9 spikes dense; perigynia obovoid. 
£. intermedia. Leaves narrow, $ spike on a slender stalk ; perigynia as in a:. 
£. stylofte'xa. Slender, 1 — 2f, spike small, on long filiform peduncles, 4-6-fiowered. 

111 C. retrocurva Dew. Spikes small (5— 8"), all on long capillary peduncles, 
the 9 3, loose ; perigynia broad-ovate-triquetrous, scarcely oblique-pcinted ; glumee 
awned; culms weak, If, leaves radical, wide (4"), fiat, glaucous. Open woods : rare. 

112 C. digitalis Willd. $ Spike slender. 1'. stalked; 9 spikes 3, loose, 6— 12", to 



Order 154.— UYPERACE^E. 377 

mote, recurved ; perigynia 4—10, ovoid-triquetrous, obtuse, longer than the lance- 
ovate glume ; leaves and bracts 1 — 2" wide, exceeding the 4—12' culm. Open woods. 

113 C. xanthosperma Dew. $ Spike small, sessile ; ? spikes 4, distant, cylln- 
dric, 1', dense, on long slender peduncles; perigynia oval-oblong, obtuse, 2", 
striate, yellowish when ripe ; glumes 1", pointed. Yellowish, If. N. J., and South. 

114 C, conoidea Schk. Spikes all short-peduncled, $ 2 or 3, oblong, dense, erect, 
6 — 10" ; perigynia oblong-conic, obtusish ; glumes ovate, awned. If. Uplands : com. 

115 C. grisea Wahl. $ Spike sessile; ? spikes 4, oblong, remote, 6"; perigynia 
oblong, some longer than the ovate, awned glumes {Z\'\ glumes 2") ; leaves light- 
green, 2— 3" broad. Culm l£f. Woods and meadows. 

1 1 6 C glaucodea Tuckm. Spikes short-stalked, 6 — 12", $ clavate, s 3 — 4, cylin- 
dric, dense ; perigynia 10 — 20, ovoid, obtuse, twice longer than the cuspidate glumes. 
Plant glaucous, 6— 10 / ; leaves 2 — 4" wide. Mass. to Pa. 

117 C. graiialaris Muhl. $ Spike linear, sessile, 1'; $ 2— 4, cylindric, i — If , the 
lower peduncle long; perigynia close, round-ovate, the point oblique, much longer 
than the ovate-acuminate glumes. Glaucous, 8 — 20 7 . Moist soils : common. 

0. recta % has the perigynia ovoid, and with a straight point. 111. to La. 

118 C. juncea Willd. Spikes slender, on filiform stalks, glumes obtuse; $ short, 
9 spikes 2 — 3, loose ; perigynia lanceolate, longer than the glumes ; culm 1 — l|f, 
slender, longer than the slender rush-like leaves. Roan Mt., N. C. 

119 C. eburnea Boott. Delicate, erect, 4 — 10', the setaceous leaves much shorter; 
epikes 2 — 3, very small (2 — 3"), with white, leafless sheaths, the ? higher than the i ; 
perigynia 3 — 6, obovoid, beaked, nerveless, \". Rocks, Vt., and West. 

120 C panicea L. Spikes 2 — 4, 1', oblong-cylindric, stalked, tawny; perigynia 
turgid-ovoid, the very short point oblique, longer than the obtuse glume. Light 
green, If; bracts short. Mass. (Oakes). Wis. (Lapham). Pa. (Porter). 

121 C livida Willd. Spikes 2—4, oblong-cylindric, pale, 8 — 10", the $ and lower $ 
stalked ; bracts short ; perigynia oval, straight at the obtuse end, longer than the 
obtuse glumes. Glaucous, 6— 16'. Swamps, N. Y., N. J., and North. 

122 C tetanica Schk. Spikes 2 — 4, oblong-cylindric, loose, 1', fhe $ and lower s 
long-pedunculate ; perigynia ovoid to obovoid, apex oblique, longer than the sub- 
mucronate glumes. Light green, 8 — 16' ; bracts rather short. Wet uplands: rare. 

ft. Wootlii) ? spikes about 2, very loose; glumes with broad scarious margins. 

123 C, IHeadii Dew. $ Spike slender, 1', ? oblong-cylindric, loose, 8 — 10", all 
pedunculate ; perigynia oval, scarce equaling the tawny-edged, ovate-acuminate 
glumes. Pale, erect, 8 — 16', the leaves and bracts short. Wet, O. to 111., and North. 

124 C Crawei Dew. Spikes dense, 8— 10' , erect, $ stalked, compound at base, 9 
2 — 5, remote, the lowest often long-stalked ; perigynia ovoid, acute, twice longer than 
the ovate glumes. Erect, 6 — 15'. Spikes dusky green. N. Y., and West. Rare. 

125 C oligocarpa Schk. $ Spike erect, 9", linear, stalked; ? 3, remote, short- 
stalked, 3- or 4-flowered ; perigynium obovoid, short-beaked, brown, equaling the awn 
of the pale glume. Pale, 6 — 12', bracts long. Open woods and hedges : rare. 

126 C Hitchcockiana Dew. $ Spike erect, linear, stalked ; s 3, remote, short- 
stalked, 5-10-flowered ; perigynia oval, brown, acute below, the beak bent back, scarce 
equaling the awn of the whitish glume. Subpubescent, 1— 2f. N. Eng., and West. 

127 C. extensa Good. $ Spike subsessile, 6 — 9"; $ 3, oval to oblong, very dense, 
the lower remote, stalked ; perigynia spreading, the short straight beak 2-toothed, 
gl. much shorter. Rush-like, 1— 2f, leaves and bracts rolled. Sands, L. I., Staten I. 

128 C. debilis Mx. Spikes about 2', very slender; ? 3—5, nodding; perigynia 
12— 20, lance-linear, acuminate-beaked, twice longer than the oblong silvery glumes 
Bright green, 1 — 2f ; bracts equal the culm. Moist woods and meadows : common. 

/3. '< pubera. Perig. pubescent, strongly veined, slightly bent. Pa. (Porter), and S, 

129 C. arctata Boott. Like C. debilis, but with shorter bracts, longer sfcalKS, the 
perigynium ovoid, taper-beaked, \ longer than the ovate-pointed glume. Common. 

130 C. SalliTautii Boott. Spikes cylindric, 9— 15", erect, 4 approximate, ^r a 5th, 



378 Okder 154.— CYPERACE^E. 

if any, remote ; perigynium elliptic, rough-hairy, scarcely longer than the ovate-cusp* 
date glume. Borders of woods, Columbus, Ohio. 2f. 

131 C. Knelskernii Dew. Spikes rather loose, 1— If , with recurved peduncles* 
perigynia ovate-obloug, glabrous, nerved. Otherwise as in C. Sullivantii. Woods, 
Oriskany and Rome, N. Y., and Cleveland, O. 

132 C. vagina ta Tausch. $ Spike nodding in flower, stalked; ? 2 or 3, remote, 
loose ; bracts short with long sheaths ; perig. 5—10, brown-black, globular-ovate, the 
beak terete, short, beut, exceeding the obtuse gl. Weak, 1— 2f. N. Y. (rare), L. Sup. 

133 C papillaris L. Spikes minute, 3—4, oblong, tawny, peduncle capillary, 
perigynia 4—6, oval, nerveless, the short beak exceeding the obtuse rusty glume 
Pale, delicate, 4 — 7', leaves long, bracts short. White Mis., N. H. 

134 C. flexilis Rudge. Spikes 3—5, $ clavate, $ oblong, on flexile nodding pe- 
duncles; bracts bristle- or scale-form; perigynia ovoid-lanceolate, 2-toothed, scarce 
monger than the Obtusish rusty glumes. Soft-hairy. 1— lif. Ct., N. Y. : rare. 

135 C. laevigata Sm. Like C. flexilis, but with perigynia nerved, bicuspidate, the 
glumes awn-pointed, and the whole plant smooth. Near Boston. § 

136 C. fulva Good. Culm If, rough; spikes 3 — 4, all erect, ? ovoid-oblong; perig. 
ovoid, twice longer than the dark-brown acutish glumes. Near Boston. § 

137 C. vem'ista Dew. Spikes 3 or 4, $ linear, 1'— 16", rusty, stalked; $ loose, 
6 — 16", brown-green ; perigynia lance-oblong, 2+", conic-beaked, nerved, rough- 
hairy, twice longer than the glumes ; leaves If, culm 2— 3f. S. Car. to Fla. 

138 C. tenax Chapm. Spikes 2 — 4, $ slender, 1', ? oblong, i — 1', dense, subsessile; 
bracts longer; perigynia oval, short-beaked, finely-veined, pubescent, twice longer 
than the ovate glumes; culm If; leaves rolled. Ga., Pla. 

139 C. dasyciirpa Muhl. Spikes 3 — 4, subsessile, 6—10", £ linear, $ oblong, 
hoary, bracts exserted ; perigynia oblong-ovate, tomentous, short-beaked, longer than 
the ovate-acuminate glumes. If. Dry fields, South. 

1 40 C. Tdrreyi Tuckm. Spikes subsessile, erect, the $ oblong, the ? ovoid, 2 or 3; 
perigynia obovoid, very obtuse, scarcely beaked, strongly nerved, longer than the 
ovate glumes ; culm, leaves, and short bracts downy. Penn., and North. Rare. 

141 C. Barrattii Schw. & Torr. Spikes cylindric, 6—12", dark-purple, short-pe- 
dunculate, the ? 2 or 3 ; perigynium ovoid, little exceeding the ovate glume ; culm 1 — 21, 
sharp-angled, leaves much shorter, bracts short. Marshes, N. J. to Car. 

1 42 C. pallescens L. Spikes approximate, 3 or 4, short-stalked, pale, $ oblong, 6"; 
$ ovoid, 4 — 5", bract a little exserted; perigynia ovoid, nerveless, scarce longer 
than the glumes. Plant pale, 6 — 15', leaves as long. Dry meadows. 
/3. tindulata. Lower bracts wavy-rugous at base ; leaves longer. 

14 3 C. limosa L. Spikes pedunculate, with dark-purple glumes, $ linear, erect ; $ 
1 — 2, oblong, drooping ; bracts shorter than the culm ; perigynia ovate, scarce equal- 
ing the broad, mucronate glumes. Glaucous, 8—16'. Marshes : common. 

144 C rariflora Sm. Like C. limosa, but smaller (4 — 10'), ? spikes 1—2. linear, 
loosely 5-10-flwd. ; perig. involved in the glume. Mountains, N. H-. Me., and N. 

145 C. lrrigua Sm. ? Spk. 2 — 4, ovoid-oblong ; bract exceeding the culm; perig. 
oval, much shorter than the long-pointed dark-purple glume, 8—20'. Leaves linear 
flat. Spikes drooping as in C. limosa. Bogs, Pa. to Wis., and N. 

116 C. miliecea Muhl. Spikes cylindric, slender, 1$ — 2', $ erect, $ nodding, k>ose 
below; perig. ovoid-triquetrous, short-beaked, as long as the white-edged awned 
glume. Culm 1— 2f, leaves rather broad. Wet meadows : common. 

147 C. scabrata Schw. Spikes 3—6, cyiindric, H — 2', suberect, dense, the lower on 
long peduncles; bracts long; perig. ovoid-triquetrous, rough,the slender beak equal- 
ing the acuminate glume. Culm 1— 2f, leaves broad. Swamps, Can. to Car. 

148 C. liystrlcina Willd. $ Spk. linear, stalked, 1', $ 3, oblong-cylindric, dense, 
12—18", near, nodding; perig. ovoid, inflated, nerved, diverging, the long slender 
beak bifid, longer than the awned glume. 1— 2f, very leafy. Swales : common. 

(3. Cooleyi. Slender; $ spikes ovoid, the lowest long-pedunculate. 



Obder 154— CYPERACE^E. 379 

149 C. pseudo-cyperus L. $ Spk. linear, 1$', $ 3—5, cylindric, thick, 1—2', pe- 
dunculate, recurved ; perig. horizontal or deflexed, lanceolate, with 2 suberect teeth, 
equaling the lance-aristate glume. Ponds and ditches, Can. to Pa. 

150 C. comosa Boott. $ Spike lin.-cylindric, 2—3'; ? 3, long (2— 3'), cylindric, 
thick, dense-curved, on recurved ped. ; perig. lance-linear, deflexed, the slender beak 
with 2 long spreading cusps. Stout, 2— 3f. Wet. 

151 C. trichocarpa Muhl. Spikes erect, $ about 3, clustered, $ 3, oblong-cylindric, 
thick but rather loose, 1$ — 2' ; perig. conic-ovoid, 4", ascending, veined, the beak 
elcnder, forked, exceeding the hyaline gl. Puberulent, 15—30'. Marshes : common. 

/3. turbindta. Spk. ? ovoid-oblong, dense ; perig. more diverging. 

152 C verrucosa Ell. $ Spk. 2, often 1, erect, $ 3—7, remote, all cylindric, dense, 
heavy, 2 — 3', bracts long, on long sheaths ; perig. ovate-triquetrous, shorter than the 
awn of the oblong glume. Culm and leaves 2 — 3f. Wet grounds, S. 

/3. g-lauctscens. $ Single, $ sterile at apex ; perig. broader or obovoid. South. 

153 C. lanuginosa Mx. $ Spk. 1—3, linear, 1—2', the upper stalked, ? mostly 2, 
nearly sessile, oblong-cylindric, 9 — 15" ; leaves and bracts flat ; perig. ovoid, with 2 
sharp teeth, equaling the lanceolate awned glume. 1 — 2f. Wet places : common. 

1 54 C. filiformis L. Much like the last, but the leaves and bracts are convolute and 
rush-like, and the ? glumes ovate, acute. Pale. Marshes : common. 

155 C. striata Mx. $ Spk. 1 — 4, erect, the lower sessile; ? 1—2, remote, cylindric, 
erect, dense; perigynia ovoid, acuminate, 2-toothed, twice longer than the ovate 
acute glumes. Stiffly erect, 1 — lj-f, leaves and bracts rolled at the ends. Pa., and S. 

156 C. Houghtonii Torr. i Spikes 1—3, ? 2—3, cylindric, thick (12— 15" x 4"), 
near, subsessile, erect; perigynia ovoid-inflated, bifurcate, much longer than the 
ovate cuspidate glume. Stout, 2 — 3f, leaves and bracts flat. Me. to Wis. 

157 C, polyinorpha Muhl. Spikes oblong, erect ; glume obtuse; $ 1 — 2, 1', the 
lower remote, exsert-pedunculate ; bracts and leaves short ; perigynia oval-ovate, 
beak short, purple, exceeding the ovate purplish gl. Erect, 5 — 20'. Sands, Pa., and N. 

158 C. paludosa Good. Spikes erect, cylindric, 15 — 20", dense, near; glnme cus- 
pidate ; ? spikes about 3 ; bracts long, sheathless ; perigynia ovate, short-beaked, 
equaling the narrow glumes. Erect, 1^ — 2f ; leaves channeled. Marshes, Mass. 

159 C. riparia Curtis. Spikes erect, cylindric, 2 — 3', $ 2—5, ? 2—3, nearly ses- 
sile; bracts and leaves long; perigynia conic-lanceolate, with 2 slender teeth, some 
longer than the narrow-awned glumes. Stout, 2 — 4f. Shores. (C. laciistris.) 

160 C Cherokeensis Schw. $ Spikes lance-linear, 6—12", ? cylindric, 1— li', 
2 — 7, the lower nodding, on exserted peduncles ; perigynia lance-ovate, much longer 
than the ovate glume. Slender, 2f, light green. Ga., Ela., and West. 

161 C. ampullacea Good. $ Spikes often bracted, linear; ? 3—4, cylindric, 
thick, 2—3' by $', very dense, near, suberect ; perigynia ovoid, more or less abruptly 
beaked, bifurcate, larger than the pointed glumes. Stout, 2— 3f, the flat leaves longer. 
Swamps, N. Eng. to Pa., and West. (C. utriculata, Bt.) 

162 C. monile Tuckm. $ Spikes slender, 2 — 4; 8 2, rarely 1 or 3, cyl., 1—2', rathei 
loose, suberect, short-ped. ; perig. ovoid, polished, 2 — 3", the short slender beak hi fur 
cate, twice longer than the lance-oblong glume. Bright green, 2f. N. Eng. to El 
(C.Vaseyi Dew. is the same plant, as shown by specimens from Dr. 8. H. Wright.) 

163 C Tackermani Boott. ? Spikes very remote, short-stalked, cylindrio-oblong, 
thick, 6 — 15" by 6 — 7" ; perigynia very large (5" by 2^"), globous-ovoid, shining ; 
beak short, slender ; glumes much shorter. 2f. Wet: common. 

164 C. Olneyi Boott. $ Spikes 2—3, like those of C. bullata; ? spk. oftener but J, 
1'— 18" by 5"; ped. short; perig. 50—80, 2\ — 3" long, 10-veined, turgid-ovoid, tie 
short beak and 2 cusps rough-serrulate ; ach. like C. ampullacea. Culm 1 — \\i ; lvs. 
taller, 1" wide. Wet grounds, E. I. 

165 C, oligospermia Mx. $ Spikes 1—2, slender; s 1—2. Globular or oblonp, 
subsessile; perigynia 4—12, turgid-ovoid, 2±", beak short, 2-lobed, scarce exceeding 
the ovate glumes. Slender. 2f ; leavos and bracts rolled. Pa., and North. 



380 Order 154.— CYPERACE^J. 

160 C. longirostris Torr. $ Spikes mostly 3; ? mostly 3, cylindric, 1', loose, 
stalks filiform, recurved; perigynia roundish, the very slender beak %■ toothed 
longer than the scarious glumes. 2f. Rocky woods, North. 

167 C. aristata R. Br. $ Spikes 2, very slender, remote; $ 2 — 1, cylindric, 1—2', 
erect; perigynia lanceolate, conspicuously nerved, glabrous, 2-awned ; glumes 
awned, much shorter. 2f. Shores, N. Y., West and North. Akin to No. 151. 

1 68 C. Scliweinitzii Dew. ? Spikes 2 — 4, near, ascending, cylindric, 1—2', more of 
less dense, straw-yellow ; perigynia 50—150, ovoid, the long beak 2- toothed, much 
exceeding the subulate glumes. Very' leafy, If. N. J., N. Y., and N. Eng. 

i 69 C. bullata Schk. $ Spikes 1—3, linear, with lance-oblong, close glumes ; ? 
spikes 1—2, oblong, 1' by 8", short-stalked; perigynia turgid-ovoid, 5", beak 2-cus 
pidate, thrice longer than the obtusish glumes. 1— 2f. Swamps, N. E., and S. : com. 

1 70 €. pliysema Dew. ? Resembles the last, but has very long leafy bracts, $ spk. 
3 with loose glumes, and the single large oblong ? spike loose-flowered ; perigynia 
radiating, brownish. A variety ? Newark, N. Y. (Hankensori). 

1 7 1 C. gigantea Rudge. $ Spikes 1—3, glumes pointed ; ? 2—4, 18— 30", loose, 
pedunculate, suberect, brownish ; perigynium ovoid-acuminate, many(18)-nerved, the 
very long beak forked, two or three times longer than the lanceolate-awned glume. 
Stout, 2— 3f ; leaves 6" broad. Del. to Ky., and South. Allied to No. 103. 

172 C. retrorsa Schw. $ Spikes 1—3, often partly fertile; ? 4—0, cylindric, thick, 

near, 1—2' by 7", spreading; perigynium ovoid, inflated, fevv(10) -nerved, the long 

beak forked, deflexed, far exceeding the glume. Bright green, 2f. Pools : common. 

(3. Hartii. ? Spikes loose, distant, the lower long-stalked. N. Y. (S. H. Wright). 

v.? lupulus. $ Spikes 2; ? very large, short-stalked, straw-yellow; perigynia 

horizontal, much inflated, 10-nerved ; glumes pointed. A fine Carex ; 2— 3f; 

allied both to Nos. 103, 171, and 172. N. Y. (E. L. Hankenson, H. B. Lord). 

Order CLV. GRAMINE^E. The Grasses. 

Herbs (the Canes and Bamboos are woody and tree-like) with culms 
mostly hollow and jointed. The leaves are alternate, 2-ranked, on tubular 
sheaths split down to the base, and bearing a membranous ligule (of the 
nature of stipules) where the sheath and blade meet. Flowers in little 
spikelets of 1 or several, with the glumes in 2 rows, collected into spikes, 
racemes, or panicles. Glumes (the lower pair of scales in the spikelet) al- 
ternate, enclosing the flowers. Pales (or palse, the outer pair of scales of 
each particular flower) alternate and unequal. Perianth or represented 
by 2 minute hypogynous scales. Stamens 1 — 6, commonly 3, anthers versa- 
tile, 2-celled, bifid at both ends. Ovary simple, 1-ovuled, 1-styled, with 2 
feathery stigmas. Fruit a caryopsis, with mealy albumen. 

A vast and important Order, contributing largely to the sustenance of man and beast. 
Both herbage and seed are rich in sweet and nutritious matter. In temperate regions, 
the Grasses form a turf, soft, green, and compact, clothing the hills and plains, pastures 
and meadows. But in tropical regions this beautiful turf-carpet is unknown, the Grasses 
becoming larger, even trees (as the stately Bamboo), and stand more isolated, with 
broader leaves and larger panicles. To this Order belong the Cereal Grains, as the Indian 
Corn, Wheat, Rye, Oats, Barley, Rice, &c, as well as the Hay-grasses— Timothy, Red top, 
Blue-grass, Spear-grass, &c. Also the Sugar- Cane, and various kinds of Sorghum. 

§ Spikelet 1-flowered with no apparent rudiment of a second flower. . .(2) 
§ Spikelet 2-flowered, one of the flowers sterile or rudimentary. . .(7) 

g Spikelet 3-flowered, the two lower (lateral) flowers sterile or rudimentary. . . (i) .Tribe 4 

$ Spikelet 2 - ro - flowered, two or more of tho flowera perfect, or all imperfoct (9 $ ). . .(9) 



Order 155.— GR AMINES. 38] 

2 Inflorescence paniculate. ..(3) 

8 Inflorescence strictly spicate, spikes equilateral. . .(5) 

2 Inflorescence strictly spicate, spikes unilateral... (6) 

3 Glumes none (or minute and the stamens 6)... (a) Tribe 1 

3 Glumes present, at least 1 conspicuous. . .(4) 

4 Pales of the flower thin and soft, often awned... (6) Tribe 2 

4 Pales of the flower coriaceous, — * tipped with awn3...(/) Tribe 4 

— * awnless. ..(9) Tribe 5 

6 Spikes cylindric, the spikelets condensed all around... (e) Tribe 3 

5 Spikes nrismatic, spikelets sessile in rows ...(») Tribe 9 

6 Spikelets rounded on the back, appressed to the racbis...^) Tribe 5 

6 Spikelets acutely keeled on the back, imbricated on each other. . .(x) ) m.^ ,« 

7 Upper Us. of the spikelet abortive. — * Fls. in unilateral spikes... (x) ' 

— * Flowers paniculate...® Tribe 7 

7 Lower flower of the spikelet abortive... (8) 

8 Pales coriaceous, firmer in texture than the glumes. Paniculate. . .^g) Tribe fl 

8 Pales membranous, thinner than the glumes. Spicate... (66) Tribe 11 

9 Flowers in 2- or 4-rowed, — * equilateral spikes... (v) Tribe 9 

— * unilateral spikes... (x) Tribo 10 

9 Flowers in panicles more or less diffuse. . .(10) 

10 Pale awned at the tip or awnless...(n) Tribe 8 

10 Pale awned on the back or below the tip...(&) Tribe 7 

l ORYZE J2. (Spikelets l-flowered, panicled. Glumes obsolete. Stamens 1 — 6.) 

.a Flowers perfect, flattened laterally, awnless. — Glumes 0. Stam. 2 or 3. Cut Grass Leeesia. 1 

— Glumes minute. Stamens 6. Rice Ortza. 2 

a Flowers monoecious, both kinds in the same panicle. Stamens 6. Indian Rice. Zlzania. 3 

a Flowers monoecious, each kind in separate panicles. Stamens 5 — 12. S Luziola. 4 

2. A.GROSTTDEiE. (Spikelets l-flowered, panicled. Glumes and pales thin. Grain free.) 

b Flowers surrounded at base with a tuft of long, silky hairs Calamagrostis. 10 

b Flowers naked or thiDly bearded at base. . .(c) 

e Glumes both long-awned and longer than the awned pales Polyfogon. 9 

c Glumes both awn-pointed (or minute and the pale awned) Muhlenbergia. 8 

e Glumes awnless, conspicuous. ..(d) 

d Pale stalked in the glumes, awned on the back, monandrous. Siceet Reed Cinna. 7 

d Pale sess. in the glumes, 3-androus, — acute, awnless. Glumes shorter Sporoboi.US. 6 

— obtuse, often awned on back. Bent Q. . Agrostis. 5 

& PHLEOLDE^E.— e Glumes united at base, awnless. Pa*le 1, awned Alopecurus. 11 

— e Glumes distinct, mucronate. Pales 2, awnless. Timothy Phledm. 12 

— e Glumes distinct, pointless. Pales 2, awnless Crypsis. 13 

I STIPAOEiE.-^/" Awn of the flower simple, straight, deciduous Ortzopsis. 16 

—f Awn of the flower simple, twisted, very long Stipa. 16 

—f Awn of the flower triple or 3-parted. Poverty Grass Aristida. 14 

6. PANICE^I. (Spikelets 2-flwd., lower flower abortive. Glumes very unequal, g Pale coriaceous.) 
g Spikelet apparently 1-flowered, the lower glume wanting and the single abortive pale 

supplying its place. — Flowers spicate, unilateral Paspalum. 17 

— Flowers diffusely panicled, all alike. Millet Grass Milhtm. 18 

— Flowers paniculate, 2 sorts, one under ground Amfhicarpum 19 

g Spikelet evidently 2-flowered, both glumes present, abortive flower neutral or $ ...(h) 

h Flowers paniculate, — without awns or spines. Pale cartilaginous. Panic G Panicum. 20 

— without awns or spines. Pales herbaceous Penicillaria. 21 

—with the glumes and pale coarsely awned. Cock-spur Oplismenus. 22 

h Flowers spike-panicled, — each with an invol. of awned pedicels. Fox-tail Setaria 23 

— each with a hardened, burr-like invol. Burr Grass... Cenchrus 24 

t PHALARLDE^J. — i Sterile flowers 2 minute rudiments. Panicle spicate Phalaris 2fi 

— t Sterile flowers 2 awned pales. Panicle spicate-™ .^ _..*.— ,.ANTnoxANTiruM. 26 

— i Sterile flowers both 2-valved, £ . Panicle open Hierochloa. 27 

t. AVRNEjE. (Spikelets 2-00 -flowered, panicled. Glumes large. Pale awned below the tip.) 

It Spikelet with 1 perfect flower and 1 awned staminate flower— above. Soft Grass. Holcus. 28 

—below § Aeehenatheeitm. 31 

h Spikelet with definitely 2 perfect flowers. Pale subentire, awn dorsal Aixa 28 

t Spikelet with 2 or more perfect flowers. Pale 2-toothed at apex... (ml 



382 Order 155.— GRAMINEiE. 

m Awn between the two teeth, twisted ; glumes very largo Dastbosha. 90 

m Awn dorsal below the middle (except in the cultivated Oat). Oat Avena. 31 

m Awn dorsal above the middle.— Flowers 2—5. Teeth cuspidate Tbisetcm. 38 

—Flowers 5 — 00 . Teeth acutish. Brome Brohus. 3i 

i PESTUCACE<E. (Spikelets 2 - CO -flowered, panicled, awnless, or the lower pale tipped 
with a straight bristle or aicn. Glumes 2.) 
* Glumes definitely 2, all the lower flowers of the spikelet perfect. ..(o) 
n Glumes several, indefinite, the lower flowers abortive and glume-like... (p) 
o Flowers fringe-bearded at the base. Pales 3-cuspidate or entire... (q) 
o Flowers beardless. Lower pale mucronate or awn-pointed (except in one Festuca) ..(r) 
o Flowers beardless. Lower pale obtuse or acute, not at all awned...(s) 

$ Lower pale 2- or 3-cuspidate and 1-2-awned. Upper pale entire Tricuspis. 31 

q Lower pale 2-cuspidate and 1-awned. Upper pale entire. 8 — 12f Arundo. 35 

q Lower and upper pale both entire and pointless at apex Graphephorum. 36 

q Lower pale long-pointed, white as well as the glumes and hair. Pampas Grass Gynerium. 37 

r Glumes and pales keeled, — herbaceous, 5-veined. Flowers glomerate Dactylis. 38 

— membranous, 3-veined. Panicle spicate Kosleria. 39 

r Glumes and pales rounded on the back, — both coriaceous. Grain free Diarrhena. 40 

— pale papery, grain adherent. Fescue Festuca. 41 

$ Spikelets 2-3-flowered, with some abortive terminal flowers. Pale papery, not keeled. . .(<) 

t Upper glume broad-obovate, shorter than the flower Eatonia. 42 

t Upper glume oblong, 7-9- veined, longer than the flowers. Melic .Melica. 43 

f Spikelets 2-50-flowered, all perfect. Pales usually thin... (it) 

u Lower pale keeled, 3-veined, membranous like the glumes Eragrostis. 44 

u Lower pale keeled, 5-veined, usually cobwebbed at base. Spear Grass Poa. 45 

u Lower pale convex-keeled, obscurely 9-veined. Panicle spiked BrIzopyrum. 46 

m Lower pale convex, 7-( — 5)-veined, never webbed at base. Manna Glyceria. 47 

u Lower pale convex-ventricous, cordate, obscurely veined. Quake Briza. 48 

p Herbaceous. — Flowers glabrous, awnless, falcate-pointed Uniola. 49 

—Flowers silky- villous at base. Tall, stout. Reed Phragmites. 60 

p Woody, tall (the flowering branches low). Flowers siiort-awned. Arundinaria. 51 

9. HOBDEACEvE. {Spikelets 1-10-flowered, sessile, alternate in a spike. Eachis jointed.) 

o Spikes several. Spikelet solitary at each joint, 1-flowered Lepturus. 52 

o Spike single. — Spikelets 1-flowered, 3 at each joint. Barley Hordeum. 53 

— Spikelets 2- 00- flowered,— several at each joint. Hedgehog Elymus. 54 

— 1 at e:ich joint. . Aw) 

w Glume 1, in front of the spikelet which is edgewise to the rachis. Dan. el Lolium. 55 

u? Glumes 2, opposite.— Spikelet 3- CO- flowered. Witch G. Wheat Triticum. 56 

— Spikelet 2-flowered. Rye Secale. 57 

10. CHLOBIDE-iE. (Spikelets in 1-siiled jointless spikes, 1 - CO flowered. Uppei flower abortive.) 
x Spikes very slender, many, in an equilateral raceme. ..(y) 

y Spikes raceme-like. Spikelets with several perfect flowers Lkptochloa. 68 

y Spikes with sessile, 2-flowered spikelets, one flower a rudiment Gymnopogon. 59 

x Spikes slender, several, digitately arranged above, or, in No. 60, axillary...^) 

s Spikelets with 1 perfect flower, — awnless, globular, no rudiment Manisurus. 60 

— awnless, oblong, with a rudiment Cynodon. 61 

— awned, glume 3-lobed Eustachys 62 

— awned, glume acute Chloris. 63 

z Spikelets with several perfect flowers.— Flowers awnless Eleusine. 64 

— Flowers awned Dactyloctenium. 65 

» Spikes thick and dense, 1 — CO. Spikelets with 1 perfect flower... (aa) 

aa Spikes several or many. Flower with no rudiment Spartina. 66 

aa Spikes 1, few, or many. Flower with a terminal rudiment Bouteloua. 07 

aa Spike solitary, recurved. Awns terminal and dorsal Ctenium. 68 

J 8ACOHABIE/E. (Spikelets in pairs or 3's, 2-flowered. the loicer flower abo five. Fertile pales 
thinner than the glumes, except in No. 72.) 
ht Flowers (the fertile) imbedded in the cavities of glabrous, jointed spikes. ..(cc) 

cc Spikes moncecious, & abortive, $ below, both naked. Sesame Tripsacom. 68 

fx Spikes moncecious $ above panicled, $ below enveloped in husJcs. Maize Zea. 70 

ac Spikes uniform, — terete. The pedunculate spikelet abortive Eottbcellia. 71 

—compressed. Both spikelets fertile .. .. Stenotaphrum 73 



Order 155.— GRAMINE^E. 



383 




It) Flowers not imbedded, spicate or panicled, mostly long-bearded. . .(dd) 

dd Both spikelets of each pair fertile.— Lower flower awned. Plume G rCRiAjm»tf8. 73 

—Flowers awnless. Sugar-cane Sacchakum. 74 

dd Only one spikelet of each pair fertile.— Fls. and rachis hairy. Beard G Andropogom. 75 

—Flowers and rachis smoothish Sorghum. 76 

dd The lower spikelet on each spike fertile, in a bony shell. JoVs-tears Coix. 77 

1. LEERSIA, Sol. Cut Grass. False Rice. 
Spikelets 1-flwd., flat, fls. $ . Glumes 0. Pales 
boat-form, nearly equal, awnless, ciliate, enclos- 
ing the free flat grain (caryopsis). if Swampy 
grasses. Lvs. very rough backward. Fl. in 
secund panicled racemes. June, Aug. 

* Panicle compound, large, diffuse. Spike- 

lets nearly 3" long Nos. 1, 2 

* Panicle simple or nearly so. Spikelets 

scarce more than 1" Nos. 3, 4 

1 Li. oryzoides Swtz. (a) Spikelets narrowly ellip- 

tic, spreading, white, close {b) ; stamens 3 ; culm 
3 — 5f, retrorsely rough, lvs. broad. By streams. Aug. 

2 Ii. lenticularis Mx. Catch-fly Grass. Spkl. round- 

oval (c) when closed, closely imbricated ; stam. 2 (d) ; ovary ovate (e) ; plant smooth 
isL. Ponds and low grounds, 111. to Va., and S.: rare. Fls. said to close on flies. 

3 Ij. Virginica Willd. Spkl. small, closely appressed to the branchlet : stam. 2, 

pales white, with green veins, slightly ciliate. Wet shades. Aug. 

4 Li. hexandra Swtz. Panicle erect, narrow, exserted, 2 — 4'; spkl. loosely imbri 

cated, lance-oblong ; stam. 6. Culms branched, 1— 5f. Water. Fla. 

2. ORYZA, L. Rice. Spikelets 1-flwd., £ Glumes minute or obsolete, 
pales compressed-boat-shaped, the lower larger and usually awned. Sta- 
mens 6. Grain oblong, smooth, free in the pales. ® Fls. paniculate. 

O. sativa. Culm 2— 4f, lvs. broadly linear, the ligule 1' long. A most important cereal, 
cultivated South in meadows and inundated grounds. 

3. ZIZANIA, Gron. Indian Rice. Stout 
water-grasses, with large monoecious panicles. 
Glumes 0. Pales 2, thin, narrow, the lower one 
with a straight awn in the ? . Stam. 6 in the $ (b). 

1 Z. aquatica L. Panicle ample, 1— 2f, the lower 

branches spreading, sterile (a), upper fertile ; awns 
(d) long m') ; grain slender, 6 — 8", very caducous, fa- 
rinaceous. Marshes, Aug. Culm 5 — 8f. Lvs. broad. 

2 Z. miliacea Mx. Sterile and fertile fls. intermixed 

in the ample panicle ; pales with short (1 — 3") awns. 
Culm 6— lOf. Leaves narrow. Ohio, and S. - 

4. LUZIOLA, Juss. Spikelets and fls. as in 
Zizania, but the $ and ? in separate panicles on 
the same root. Sta. 5 — 11, anth. very long. Grain ovoid, 
long narrow leaves. 

Ei. Alabamensls Chapm. Culms 4—6', 1-lvd., the leaf 1— 2f long, its purple sheath 
enclosing the bract and peduncle ; panicle few-flowered ; spikelet lance-ovate, o» 
erect jointed pedicels. Alabama: rare. 




U Aquatic, with 



9 



384 



Order 155.— GRAMINE^E. 





5. AGROSTIS, L. Bent Grass. Spikelets 
1-flwd. Glumes 2, subeqnal, awnless, usually- 
longer than the flower. Pales 2, thin, pointless, 
naked, the lower 3-5-veined, sometimes awned 
on the back, the upper often minute or wanting. 
Grain free. Mostly if, caespitous, with slender 
culms and open panicles. 

§ Agrostis. Upper pale conspicuous. Panicle 

rather dense Nob. 1, 2 

§ Trichodium. Upper pale minute or wanting. 

Panicle thin, capillary. ..(*) a 

* Lower palea with a long exserted awn on the back Nos. 3, 4 

* Lower palea awnless, or bearing a very short awn Nos. 5, 6 

1 A. vulgaris With. Red-top (a). Culm erect, 1— 2f; pan. purple, oblong, with 

short branches ; ligules very short ; lower pale (b) 3-veined, twice longer than the 
upper, nearly awnless. A valuable grass : common. 
1 A. alba L. Florin Q. Culm decumbent and rooting at the lower joints, then as 
cending 1— 3f, stoloniferous ; ligules long (3—4") : pan. greenish-white, or purplish, 
contracted ; pale 5-veined, awned or not. Common. 

3 A. canina L. Dog's or Brown B. Demrnbent and rooting at base, 1— 2f; leaves 

setaceous-rolled ; pan. brownish ; lower pale and awn exserted. Wet meadows. E. § 
/3. alpina. Culms low, in tufts, with wide panicles, and twisted awns. Mts. 

4 A. ararlino ides Ell. Erect, 5— 8', pan. i its length ; lvs. linear-setaceous ; lower 

paie, i", its awn as fine as a gossamer, twisted, 3-4" long. S. C, Ga., and W. Apr. 

5 A. sea bra Willd. Hough Hair G. Erect from a decumbent base, 1— 2f, very slen- 

der, all scabrous-hispid ; pan. large, capillary, spkl. purplish, (c, glumes, d, flower). 
The thin, airy panicles are at length driven before the wind. Fields and pastures 
June — Aug. 

/3. perinnanH, Panicle pale-green, the branches shorter. In damp shades. 

y. oredphila. Pan. less diffuse ; lower pale with a short twisted awn. Mts. 

6 A. elata Trin. Culms stoutish, simple, erect, 2— 3f ; lvs. broadly linear; pan. pur 

pie, with long suberect whorled branches dense-flowered half their length ; gls. If 
long, lower pale 5-veined, 1". Swamps, N. J. to Ky., and S. Sept., Oct. 

6. SPOROBOLUS, Br. Drop-seed Grass. Spikelets 
1-flwd. Gls. 2, the lower smaller. Fls. sessile. Pales 2, 
awnless, usually longer than the glumes. Sta. 2 or 3. Grain 
deciduous, free. U Tough, wiry, with rolled rigid leaves 
and contracted panicles often half-enclosed in the sheath. 

| Vilfa. Grain (caryopsis) linear. Glumes and pales all 

sub-equal. Panicle contracted. Nos, 1 — 3 

J Sporobolus. Grain oval or globous, its pericarp often 
loose on the seed. . .(a) 

a Glumes very unequal, one of them as long as the purplish pales Nos. 4 — 6 

a Glumes equal or unequal, both shorter than the pales. Sheaths beardless., .(b) 

b Panicle contracted, spikeform, sheathed or exserted. Lvs. involute.. .Nos. 7, 8 

b Panicle capillary, open. Often a 2d flower or rudiment. Lvs. flat. . .Nos. 9, 10 

I S. raginseflorus Torr. (a.) Culms in tufts, simple, ascending, 6—12' ; lvs $ — 4' ; 

panicles lateral and terminal, mostly concealed in the tumid sheaths ; grain f snorter 

than the 2" pales. (I) Dry gravel. More common W. and S. 




Order 155.— GKAMINEJD. 



385 



2 S. Virginicus (L.) Like No. 1, but the root is it, the culms branched, often de 

cumbent, and the spikelets very small (1") and many. Coast, S. Sept., Oct. 

3 S. cuspidata (Torr.) Glumes very acute, the lower pale cuspidate; pan. terminal, 

slender, few-flowered ; spikelet nearly 2". 2f Maine, and Canada. 

4 S. cryptandrus (Torr.) Culm 2 — 3f; sheaths strongly bearded at the throat ; 

terminal panicle pyramidal, exserted, the lateral concealed ; pales equaling the uppci 
glume (1"), twice longer than the lower. 71 Sandy coasts and shores. Aug. 

5 S. junceus (Mx.) Glaucous, erect, 1— 2f; leaves erect, 2 — 6' by 1" ; pan. open, 

stalked, narrow, loose ; glumes ovate, obtuse, the upper 1±", lower $", anth. and 
stig. white. Tf. Common in dry barrens, Penn., W., and S. No lateral pan. Aug.-Oct. 

6 S. li£ier©lepis (Gr.) Lowest lvs. as long as the culm, 1— 2f; upper gl. 3", subu- 

late, longer, lower cuspidate, shorter than the pales ; panicle very thin, stalked, 
open; grain globular, 1". Dry places, Conn, to Wis. Aug. 

7 S. asper Kunth. (c) Lowest lvs. very long (1— 3f ), involute-filiform ; culms 1 — 2f ; 

panicle contracted, partly or wholly enclosed ; glumes unequal, white, much shorter 
than the oblong obtuse pales (3") ; grain oval. Sands. Sept. 

8 S. Indicus Br. Erect, 2 — 3f ; pan. long (If), very narrow, its short branches ap- 

pressed ; glumes unequal ; grain oval. Dry grounds, S.: common. May — Sept. 

9 S. compressus Kunth. Culm erect, 1 — 2f, leafy, much compressed, branched at 

base ; pan. thin, 6 — 10' ; gl. acute, $" ; pales 1", obtuse. Sandy bogs, N. J. Sept. 
1 S. serotinus (Torr.) Culm filiform, compressed, 10—18', few-lvd. ; pan. capil 
lary, diffuse ; glumes i", ovate, obtuse ; pales I". Wet sands, Maine to N. J. Sept. 

7. OINNA, L. Sweet Keed-grass. Spkl. 1-flwd., flat 
Gl. 2, subequal, awnless, the upper a little longer than 
the subequal pales, which are short-stiped. Lower pale 
with a short awn on the back. Sta. 1. Grain oblong, 
free. it Erect, tall and simple, with a large panicle* 
green or slightly purplish. July, Aug. 

1 C pendula Trin. (a) Culm 3 — 5f ; lvs. broad-linear, with conspicuous ligules; 

pan. pale-green, If, nodding, with its drooping branches in whorls of 4's or 5's ; awn 
exserted. A fiue grass in damp woods, much sought by cattle. 

2 C. arandinacea Willd. Bright green, 3— 6f; pan. erect, green-purple, 10' ; lower 

pale obtuse, its awn not exceeding its obtuse point. Handsomer than No. 1, its 
spikelets twice larger m"). Shady woods. 

8. MUHLENBERGIA, Schr. Drop-seed 
Grass. Spkl. 1-flwd. Glumes persistent, bristle- 
pointed or acute, rarely obtuse. Pales sessile, 
usually hairy at base, deciduous with the en- 
closed grain, green, the lower awned or mucro- 
nate at apex. Sta. 2 — 3. Culms often branched. 
July — Sept. 

§ Brachyelytrum. Glumes minute, the lower 

obsolete. Panicle narrow Nos. 1, 2 

§ Trichochloa. Glumes small. Lower pale 

3- veined. Panicle capillary Nos. 3, 4 

| Mtthlenbergia. Gl. manifest. Pale 3- veined. Pan. terminal and axillary., .(a) 

a Glumes awned and twice longer than the awnless pale .No. 3 

a Glumes pointed, not longer than — the mucronate pale Nos. 6, 7 

—the long-awned pale .Nos. 8, S 

1 III. arista ta Pers. Erect, simple, 1— 2f; lvs. broad-linear: pan. terminal, simple, 

25 





386 



Order 155.— GBAMIHE^. 



3—4' ; spkl. large, few ; lower pale 6" (12—18" with its awn) , 5-veined ; upper pale 
with an abortive pedicel in the groove of its back ; eta. 2. u Rocky hills. 

2 M. diffusa Schr. (d) Decumbent, diffuse, branching, 8—18', lvs. 2—3' ; panicles 

very slender, terminal and lateral ; spikelets 2" (4" with its awn), white with green 
spots ; glumeg (g) extremely minute, white. Shady places : frequent. 

3 M. capillaris Kunth. Hair G. Erect, very slender, 1\ — 3f, simple ; pan. purple, 

large, diffuse, branches 1 —4', as fine as hairs ; pales long-awned. Dry soils. 

4 M. tricliopodes (Ell.) Panicle erect, oblong, not diffuse, green ; lower pale tip- 

ped with a short awn. Culms 3f, leaves flat. Pine barrens, S. (Agrostis, Ell.) 

5 M. glomerata Trin. Glaucous, erect, subsimple, H—3f, lvs. 3—5' ; pan. spike like, 

dense, interrupted, 2 — 3' ; glumes 2", pales 1". Bogs, northward. 

6 M. Mexica.ua Trin. (a) Culms much branched, ascending 2 — 3— 5f; leaves lance 

linear ; pan. many, the lateral half-sheathed, dense, and narrow ; glumes and palea 
subequal (1") or one glume longer. Damp shades : common. 
/3. purpurea. Culms wiry, branched only at base ; panicle purple. 111. J. Wolf. 

7 ITI. sobolifera (Muhl.) (b) Like the last, but the panicles are more slender, or fili- 

form, and the glumes shorter than the pales. Hardly distinct. Woods. 

8 M. sylvatiea T. & G. (s) Culms ascending, branched, diffuse, 2~3f ; pan. slen 

der, rather dense ; glumes subequal, scarce shorter than 

the lower pale (1"), whose awn is 2 — 4." '. Rocky shades, 

N. England to N. J., and W. (Agrostis, Muhl.) 
|3. ? vulpina. Very glaucous ; pan. very dense, raceme- 
like ; glumes abruptly short-awned ; pale about as 
long as its awn. N. Y. H. B. Lord. 

9 OT. Willdenovii Trin. (w) Culm and leaves as in 

the last; pan. very slender, loose-flowered; glume 
bristle-pointed, $■ shorter than the pale, whose awn is 
3 — 4 times as long as the spikelet. Rocky woods : com. 

9. FOLYPOGON, Desf. Polypog G. Spkl. 
1-flwd., densely panicled. Glumes subequal, sim- 
ilarly awned, much longer than the flower (c). Lower pale usually awned 
near the tip. Stam. 3. Grain free. 

P, OTonspeliensis Desf. (a) Culm simple, If or more; lvs. lance-linear, 2—5'; pan 

6pike-like, 2 — 3', pale ; gl. (6) 1", their awns 2". N. England, and S. 

10. OALAMAGROSTIS, Adans. Spkl. 1- 
flwd. Glumes subequal, acute or pointed. Pales 
bearded at the base, lower one mucronate, mostly 
awned below the tip, upper often with an abor- 
tive rudiment of a second flower, if Culms 
simple, tall, paniculate, from creeping rhizomes. 

§ Calamagrostis. No rudiment. Panicle ex- 
panding, loose. Pales awnless Nos. 1, 2 

§ Deyettxia. Rudiment a hairy pedicel. Lower 

pale awned. Spikelet 2—3" ... (a) 
§ Ammophila. Rudiment plnmous. Panicle 

spike-form. Spikelet 6" No. 10 

a Beard nearly equaling the pales. Panicle rather open Nos. 3, 4 

a Beard nearly equaling the pales. Pan. contracted Nos. 5 — 7 

a Beard much sherter than the pales. Awn from near the base Nos. 8, 9 

I C. brevipilis (Torr.) Slender, 3— 4f ; leaves broad-linear, flat; pan. parple, witr 





Order 155— GRAMINE^E. 



387 



capillary branches ; gl. unequal, shorter than the pales ; beard very short, not hall 
the length of the pales. %. Sandy swamps, N. J. : rare. Sept. 

2 C. longifolia Hook. Stout, 2— 4f; lvs. rigid, involute, long-filiform-pointed ; uppei 

glume as long as the pales ; hairs half as long. Shores of the great lakes. Aug. 

3 C. Canadensis Beauv. (c) Blue-joint. Rigidly erect, 3— 5f; leaves flat; panicle 

oblong, its branches in 4's and o's ; gl. longer (lJ-'O than the pales, purplish ; awn from 
the middle of the pale, as fine as the long beard. A good grass : common N. July. 

4 C. Iiangsdorni Trin. Spikelets 2$" long ; awn stouter than the soft beard. Other- 

wise like No. 3. White Mts., N. H., Isle Royal, L. Sup. (Porter). August. 

5 C confinis Nutt. (a) Lvs. fiat, panicle narrow, dense, reddish; gl. ovate, 2", 

equaling the flower (b) ; beard $ shorter than the pales ; awn from below the middle, 
not exserted. Culm 2— 5f. Penn. (Jackson), Penn Yan, N. Y. (Sartwell). July. 

6 C. strieta Trin. Differs from No. 5 only in its rigid leaves rolled at the point, its 

awn from below the middle, its beard as long as the pales. Lakes, N. Aug. 

7 C Nuttalliana Steud. Lvs. flat; pan. dense; glumes 3", long-pointed, i longer 

than the pales ; awn from near the tip of the pale ; beard some shorter than the pale. 
Swamps, Mass. to N. Car. (C. coarctata Torr.) Aug. 

8 C. purpurascens Br. Culm 1 — l|f; pan. spike-like, 3 — 7', purplish; gls. rather 

obtuse, less than 2" ; beard scanty, short, £ as long as the rudiment, £ as long as the 
pales ; awn short, straight. White Mountains, N. H., Mt, Marcy, N. Y. (Peck.) 

9 C Porteri Gr. Slender, 2 — 4f; lvs. flat; pan. very narrow, 4 — & ; glumes fully 2", 

exceeding the pales ; hairs few, short, almost none at the base of the lower pale ; awn 
contorted. Huntingdon Co., Penn. (Porter). July. 
IOC. areuaria Roth. Sand Reed. Rhizomes creeping extensively, culms stout, 
erect, 2 — 4f ; lvs. rolled and rush-like ; pan. spike-form, with erect appressed branches 
6—10' ; spkl. very flat. Sandy beaches, northward. August. 

11. ALOPEOURUS, L. Fox-tail G. Spike- 
lets 1-flwd. Gl. flat-keeled, connate at base, sub- 
equal. Upper pale 0, lower flat-keeled, awned 
on the back below the middle. Sta. 3. Panicle 
contracted into a cylindric dense spike. c 

1 A. aristulatns Mx. Wild F. Ascending from a bent base, 1— 2f, glaucous ; spike 
slender, 1—2' by 2|", grayish ; glumes (a) and pale obtuse, equal ; awn (b) scarcely 
exserted (c, ovary and stigmas). In wet places. June — August. 

S A. penicillatus L. Bent F. Ascending from a bent base, 1— 2f ; spike 2 — 2f ; 
upper leaf scarce longer than its sheath ; glumes pubescent, obtuse ; awn geniculate 
far surpassing the culm. Wet meadows, East. § 

3 A. pratense L. Meadow F. Erect, stout, 13 — 2£f ; spike about 2' ; upper leaf 
shorter than its sheath ; gl. ciliate ; awn twisted, nearly thrice longer than its pale 
Fields and pastures, Northern States. A good grass. § 

12. PHLEUM, L. Cat-tail G. Glumes equal, 
flat-keeled, mucronate or rostrate, longer than the 
truncate awnless pales. Compound spike cylindric 
and very dense. June, July. 

1 P. pratense L. Timothy. Herd's O. (a) Erect, rigid, 

2 — 4f ; lvs. broad-linear, flat ; glumes alike cuspidate, in a 
long dense terete green spike. A grass of the highest value 
for hay in the North, but will not flourish South. 

2 P. alpinnm L. Erect, If; lvs. shorter than the sheaths; spike oblong-ovoid, 4— & 

long ; awns as long as their glumes. White Mountains, and Arctic Am. 

13. CRYPSIS, Ait. Compound spk. oblong, many-bracted and sheathed 





388 



Order 155.— GRAMINEiE. 




at base. Glumes and pales awnless, subequal, of similar 

texture. Grain glabrous, free. Turfy grasses, none native. 

€• schenoides Lam. Tufted, glaucous, 3 — 12' ; lvs. 2—3', long- 

pntd. ; spk. oblong. (I) Waste ground, E. Penn., Del., etc. § Eur. 

14. ORYZOPSIS, Mx. Mountain Rice. Spkl. 1-flwd. 
in a slender spicate panicle. Gl. membranous at edge, 
subequal, about equaling the oblong, terete, short-stiped 
flower. Lower pale coriaceous, involute, enclosing the 
grain, and tipped with a simple, jointed awn. if. 

1 O. melanocarpa Muni. Culm leafy to the top, 1— IK; leaves 

lance-linear; rachis flexuous ; few-flwd. ; gl. 5— 6"; awn thrice 
longer (10 than its blackish pale, u Rocky woods and hills, Mid- 
dle States, and northward. Aug. Wl® b 

2 O. asperef olia Mx. (a) Culm 10—20', its sheaths leafless ; lvs. 1 or 2, subradical, 

erect, rigid, pungent, If; the simple pan. 2 — 4' long; gl. (b) whitish, 3" ; awn crooked, 
6" long, its pale and grain whitish. % Woods, N. States and Canada. May. 

3 O. Canadensis (Poir.) Culm slender, 9—18', naked 

above; lower sheaths bearing rigid, involute-filiform 
leaves ; pan. 1 — 2' ; awn short or 0. Rocks, N. May. 

15. STIPA, L. Feather G. The flower de- 
ciduous from the glumes with its sharp and 
bearded stipe. Pales coriaceous, short, the lower 
embracing the upper and the slender grain, and 
bearing a long twisted or bent awn. if Leaves 
narrow. Pan. loose. (See Addenda.) 

1 S. arenacea L. Black Oat-Q. (c) Culm naked above, 

2 — 3f ; lvs. mostly radical, setaceous ; pan. 4 — 6' long, 
the capillary branches at length diffuse ; gl. (a) equal- 
ing the blackish fruit ; awn (b) 2 — 3' long, twisted be- 
low, bent : common. July. 

2 S. juncea Pursh. Weather G. Culm 2— 3f; leaves rolled-threadform, long; glume 

slender-pointed, twice longer than the fruit ; awn contorted, bent, 4—6' long. The 
pungent stipe adheres like tick-seed. Prairies, 111., Mo., and N. May — July. 

3 S. pennata. Feather G. From Europe. Culm 2f; lvs. rolled threadform at apex ; 

gl. awn-pointed, V ; awn 8—16' long, twisted below, softly plumous above, and 
" worn (says Gerard) by sundry ladies instead of feathers." Cultivated. 

16. ARISTIDA, L. Beard G. Poverty G. 

Panicle contracted and racemous. The flower 
stiped in the unequal glumes. Lower pale with 
3 awns at the tip variously contorted. — Culms 
branching. Leaves narrow, often rolled. In 
sterile soils. Aug. — Oct. 

§ Awns twisted and united below, jointed to 

the pale, very long No. 1 

■* Awns distinct to the base and not jointed to 
the pale... (a) 
a Awns very unequal, the 2 lateral 4 times 

shorter (2") and erect Nos. 2, 8 

a Awns unequal, the 2 lateral twice shorter 

(6") and subercct, r . . . No. 4 





Order 155.— GRAMINEiE. 



£589 



a Awns about equal, spreading. — Lower gl. longer than the upper Nos. 5 — 1 

—Glumes equal, or the lower shorter Nos. 8, 9 

1 A. tuberculosa N. Culm rigid, 8—20', with tubercles in the axils of the numeroufl 

branches ; pan. large and loose ; glume linear, awned, V ; triple awn (d) 2', united 
half-way up, thence involved and spreading. (T) Mountains, N. J., and W. 

2 A. dichotoma Ms. (a) Culm 8 — 12', dichotomously branched ; gl. 3 — 4" ; lateral 

awns erect, minute, the middle awn (b) as long as the pale (3"), twice bent to the 
form of a bayonet. (I) Dry sandy fields : common. 

3 A. ramosissima Engelm. Culms diffusely branched; gl. 9 — 10", awn-pointed : 

lateral awns 2 , middle awn 1', spreading, (i) Sands, 111., Ky. 

4 A. gracilis Ell. Very slender, I — l$f ; pan. virgate, 4 — 8' ; glume and flower equal, 

(2J — 3") ; middle awn 9— 10", horizontal, the lateral erect. (D Sandy places. 
/3. virg-ata. Taller (2— 3f), pan. If ; gl. and fl. shorter (2"). S. {Chapman). 

5 A. lanata Poir. Culms 2 — 4f, stout, branched from base ; lvs. flat, with woolly 

sheaths ; pan. 1 — 2f, woolly in its axils ; upper glume, lower (purplish) pale and lat- 
eral awns each 4 — 5", middle awn some longer, if. Sandy soils, S. 

6 A. spiciformis Ell. Culms 1— 3f, rigid, simple; lvs. rolled, rigid, smooth; pan. 

spike-form, dense ; flower 1/ long, awns as long, gl. much shorter. %. Wet sands, S. 

7 A., purpurascens Poir. (c) Culms slender, 2 — 3f ; lvs. scarcely rolled ; pan. If 

long, loosely spicate ; glume and fl. 4 — 5", purplish • awns 1', spreading, u Sandy. 
J A. stricta Mx. Culms 2— 3f, strictly erect, with long rigid rolled lvs.; pan. loosely 

racemous, If; gl. 6—7", fl. 6", lateral awns 7—9", central 9—15". n Va., and S. 
) A. oligantha Mx. Culms 1— IJf, in tufts; raceme few-flowered; glume and fl. 9" 

very slender, awns capillary, divaricate, 18—30" long. Prairies, W. and S. 

17. PASPALUM, L. Spikelets plano-con- 
vex, in one-sided spikes. Glumes (apparently) 
2, membranous, equal, ovate or orbicular, closely- 
applied to the fertile flower. Grain coated with 
the smooth coriaceous pales. (But theoretically, 
the lower glume is obsolete, and its place sup- 
plied by the empty pale of an abortive flower. 
In Nos. 15 — 17 the lower glume appears, under a 
lens, as a mere rudiment.) — Spikes linear, the 
flowers in 2 — 4 rows. 

§ P asp alum. Spikelets round or round-oval, obtuse. 

Spikes alternate. . .(*) 
§ Digitaria. Spikelets ovate to lanceolate, acute. 

Spikes often digitate. . .(**) 

* Terminal spike mostly solitary, rarely 2, V wide, long-stalked , . .No. 1 

* Terminal spikes mostly 3 or 4, 2" wide. Spikelets in 2 rows Nos. 2, 3 

* Terminal spikes mostly 4 or 5. — Spikelets close, in 3 oi 4 rows Nos. 4 — 6 

— Spikelets in remote pairs No. 7 

** Eachis leaf-like, broader than the spikelets. Spikes alternate Nos. 8, 9 

** Eachis narrower than the spikelets. Spikes digitate. . .(a) 

a Glumes (gl. and pale) about equal, as long as the flower. ..(b) 

a Oris, (both conspicuous) one or both very short. Spks. 4 — 9 Nos. 16, 17 

b Spikes spreading, always two in Nos. 10, 11 ; two— six in No. 18 

b Spikes erect.— Eachis fiat, spikelets by l's or2's, close Nos. 13, 14 

—Eachis filiform, spikelets by 3's, loose No. 15 

I P. setaceum Mx. Culm slender, ascending, 1— 2f, naked above ; lvs. linear, flat, 
2—3" wide, soft, hairy; spikes very slender, 2—4', 1 or 2 on the long peduncle, often 




390 Order 155. GRAMINE^E. 

a sheathed axillary one below ; spikelets small, f ", in pairs, but seeming 2-rowod. 
very smooth U Drv or wet, Mass. to HI., and S. Aug. 

2 P. laeve Mx. (p) Cu^m erect, If— 3f; lvs. broad-linear, hairy at base or smooth; 

spikes 3—5 ; spikelets (a, b) single, contiguous, in 2 rows on the narrow straightieh 
rachis, round and smooth, If", li Grassy banks, Ct. to Ind., and S. Aug. 
/9. altissimtnn. Strict, tall ; sheaths flattened close on the spikes. 

3 1». angustifoliiim Le Cont. Culn. wiry, 2— 3f ; lvs. linear-filiform, compressed- 

carinate ; spikes 2 or 3, 1 — 2"; rachis narrow, flexuous ; spikelets round-oval, brown, 
1", in 2 rows, Whole plant glabrous, n Wet places. Ga., Fla., La. [and S. 

/3. tenue. Spikes 4 or 5, very slender, 3-rowed; lvs. and sheaths ciliate. N. J., 
1 P. praecox Walt. Culm erect, 3— 4f; lvs. long, narrow, smooth; sheaths purple, 
smooth or hairy; spikes 3 — 6, bearded at base, dense; rachis straight and flat; spkl. 
orbicular, in 3 rows, often brown, u Swamps, S. May, June. 

5 P. dasyphyllum Ell. Culm rigid, erect, 2— 3f ; lvs. linear, and with the sheatha 

hairy all over; spikes 2—5, large, 2 — 4' ; spkl. orbicular-oval, near 2", in 2 or 3 rows 
under the very flexuous rachis. % Dry fields, S. July — Oct. 
|3. JFloridftnum, Lvs. long and narrow ; spikelets in 3 rows. Damp, S. 

6 P. vi mat n in L. Culm If— 3f; lvs. broad-linear, ciliate near the base; spikes 

3—12, 2 — 4' ; rachis broad, but narrower than the S~i rows of small (1") roundish 
spikelets ; glume 3-veined. (T) Moist soils, S. July— Oct. 

£. unditlhlum. Upper glume (pale) undulate-rngous at edge. 

y. latifolium, Lvs. very broad (6 — 9"); spikelets larger (If "). 

7 P. racemulosum N. Culm erect, firm, 2 — 3f; lvs. long, linear, soft-hairy; spikes 

3 — 4, raceme-like, 2— (>' ; spkl. oval, in remote pairs, If", the glume 5-veined, tawny. 
%. Dry soils, S (P. intemiptum C-B.) Aug., Sept. 

8 P. fluitaus K. Culms floating or ascending, 12—20' ; lvs. lance-linear, on open 

sheaths ; spikes 20 — 50, 1— 2f ', rachis 1" wide, flat, pointed, out-running the minute 
white spikelets beneath them. (T) River swamps, 111. to "Va., and S. Oct. 

9 P. Walterianum Schlt. Culm and lvs. as in P. Jluitans. Spikes 3—5, 2—3', 

partly sheathed; rachis not out-running the white (1") spkl. Wet, N. J., and S. Jl. + 

10 P. Digitaria Poir. Assurgent, 1— 2ff; lvs. broad-linear, flat, on long sheaths; 
spikes slender, 3—5', a pair at top of the long ped. and some axillary sheathed be- 
low ; spkl. lanceolate, rachis flattened vertically, u Woods, Va., and S. Jl. — Sept. 

IIP. conjiigatuni Berg. Erect, 1— 2f; lvs. short (2 — 4'); spikes a pair at top, 
(rarely axillary), very slender, 3' ; spikelets minute, white, ovate. (T) N. Orl. § 

1 2 P. glabrnm (Gaud.) Culms decumbent, spreading, 8 — 15' ; lvs. short ; spikes 
2 — 4, spreading, 1 — 2', slender; spkl. ovate, purple, £", 2-rowed ; upper gl. equaling 
the fl., lower minute. (T) Sandy fields, N. J., and S. § (P. ambiguum, DC.) Aug. +■ 
3 P. disticliuni L. Culms assurgent, 12 — 18'; lvs. broad-linear; spikes 2 or 3, 
erect, near the top, If— 2f ; rachis linear, narrower than the 2 or 3 rows of whitish 
ovate If" spikelets. U Wet grounds, S. States. Plant smoothish. July, Aug. 

14 P. tristiclium Le C. Culm ascending, 1 — 2f; peduncles from the upper joint, 
1 — 3, filiform, each bearing 3 filiform suberect spikes ; spkl. whitish, lance-ovate, mi- 
nute ; rachk flexuous. Wet places. % Ga., Fla., to La. Aug. 

15 P, filiforme Swtz. Culm filiform, erect, 1 — Iff; lvs. short; spikes 2 — 6, filiform, 
crwet ; rachis filiform ; spkl. oblong, f ", in 3's ; lower glume obsolete, upper as long 
as the flower. Dry soils, ® Ms. to Ky., and S. 

16 P. serotinum Elgg. Decumbent, rooting, hairy-villous ; lvs. short (1—2)', 
nnce-linear; branches each with 3 — 5 filiform digitate spikes; rachis straight; spkL 

.ance-ovate, striate, minute. %. Sandy fields, S. C. to La. Sept., Oct. 

17 P-. sanguinale Lam. Crab or Finger G. (d) Erect, 1— 2f, lvs. and sheaths 
oftener hairy ; spikes 5 — 9, digitate, spreading, 4 — 6' ; rachis flexuous ; spkl. (c) 
oblong-lanceolate, If", upper gl. (c) f as long as the flower, (e) lower one minute. (£ 
Waste grounds Aug.— Oct. § 



Order 155.— GRAMINE^. 



391 





18. MILLIUM, L. Millet G. Spikelets awn- 
less, consisting of 2 coriaceous pales enclosed in 
apparently 2 glumes, which are longer. (But the- 
oretically the glumes are as in Paspalum.) Sta. 3. 
Grain coated by the pales. Panicle open. 

HE. effnsnm L. (a) Culm erect, 3— 8f ; lvs. flat, smooth ; 
pan. diffuse, 6 — 9' long; spkl. oblong, (c) scattered, acute, 
1". Woods, Can. to HI. and Pa. Summer. 



19, AMPHICARPUM, Kunth. Spikelets appar- 
ently 1-flwd., and perfect as in Millium, but of two kinds ; 
the terminal deciduous and sterile, the radical under 
ground, and fertile. Gl. and pales sub-equal, lanceolate, 
acute. Panicle strict, erect. Radical fls. larger, solitary. 

A. Pursliii K. (/) Culm If, erect; lvs. erect, hairy; sheaths 
hairy, the upper leafless ; pan. on a long exserted ped. ; S spike- 
lets 1$" long, the s radical, 2i", the grain terete, same length. 
Barrens, N. J., and S. Aug. 

20. PANIOUM, L. Panic G. Glumes 2, unequal, 
awnless, the lower much smaller. Fls. 2, dissimilar, the 
lower of 1 or 2 pales, neutral or $ ; the upper 5 of 2 
equal cartilaginous polished, concave, awnless pales coating the gram 
Sta. 3. Stig. 2, plumous, purple. Spikelets in 
simple or compound panicles. 

§ Spikelets acute, or acuminate, very numerous, racemed 

in large panicles ...(*) 
§ Spikelets obtuse, or barely acute, solitary, pedicillate, 

not numerous.. .(**) 

* Abortive fl. neutral, consisting of one pale., .(a) 

* Abortive flower neutral, of 2 pales... (b) 

* Abortive flower $ , of 2 pales. Culms erect, 

terete, with one panicle Nos. 10, 11 

a Panicle ample, capillary, spikelets single 

on capillary pedicels Nos. 1, 2 

a Panicle not capillary, dense-flowered No. 3 

b Lower glume as long as the upper, 2", both 

3-veined No. 4 

b Lower gl. very short, the upper 3-5-veined, 1" or less. , Nos. 5, 6 

b Lower gl. very short,— upper 7-9-veined, not tumid Nos. 7, 8 

—upper 11-veined, tumid at base, 2" No. 9 

** Abortive flower neutral, consisting of a single pale Nob. 12. 13 

** Abortive flower of 2 pales, the upper small and scarious.. .(c) 
c Leaves narrow (1 — 5" wide), obscurely veined. ..(d) 
c Leaves broad, 5 — 20" wide, conspicuously veined., .(x) 

d Spikelets silky-fringed. Lower glume obsolete. 3 Fl. colored No. M 

d Spikelets glabrous, or merely pubescent. Lower glume small. . .(e) 

e Spikelets less than 1" long, round-oval. Glume 5-veined Nos. 15, 16 

e Spikelet6 1 — H" long, oval. Glume 9- veined Nos. 17, 18 




392 Order 155.— GR AMINES. 

* Abortive fl. usually staminate. Spikelets obovate, W Nos. 1», 2C 

x Abortive flower neutral, never with stamens . . . (y) 

y Plant stout, soft-downy, except the smooth noder No. 21 

y Plant smoothish, or rough-hairy, branched or simple Nob. 22, 25 

Exotic, cultivated No. 24 

I P. capillare L. Culms thick at base, 1— 2f ; lvs. broad-linear, and wish the sheatbj) 
bristly-hairy ; panicle ample, pyramidal, capillary, loose ; spkl. lance-ovate, acumi- 
nate, I", purple. (T) Fields and waysides. Aug. 
9 P. autumnale Bosc. Culm slender, 10 — 20' ; lvs. short, soon rolled, and with the 
long sheaths glabrous ; pan. diffuse, bearded in the axils ; ped. long (2 — 4'), capil^iry ; 
spkl. lance-oblong ; lower gl. minute. 111. to Car. 
3 P. proliferum Lam. Glabrous, 2— 3f ; lvs. broad-linear, on tumid sheaths ; pan. 
terminal and lateral, pyramidal, ped. sheathed ; spkl. elliptic, 1" ; lower gl. V 4 of 
Vs as long as the upper ; 5 fl. pointed. Rich shady soils. Aug., Sept. 
j8. g-enicnlhtum. Culm thick, geniculate below ; pan. dense. Marshes. 
4: P. gymnocarpum Ell. Culms 2— 3f, stout, erect ; lvs. lanceolate, 1' wide ; pan. 
large, expanding ; spkl. lanceolate, 2", in clusters of 3—5 ; glumes and neutral pales 
twice longer than the naked fertile fl. Banks, Ga., Fla., and W. 

5 P. Iilans Ell. Slender, glabrous, decumbent at base, 2f; lvs. narrow; pan. of slen 

der racemes ; spkl. f", lower gl. | — J as long as the upper ; both fls. coriaceous, di 
vergent or gaping at apex. Damp barrens, S. Aug. — Oct. 

6 P. agrostoides Muhl. (a) Culm H — 3f, compressed; lvs. long, rough-edged; 

pan. term, and lateral, pyramidal, purplish, of dense racemes ; spkl. (b) 1", lance 
ovate ; upper gl. 3-veined, i longer than the lower ; neutral pales sub-equal. Jl. ^ 

7 P. a ii cops Mx. Culm and lvs. as in No. 6. Pan. very large and open; spkl. 1$", 

forked when ripe ; upper gl. 5-veined, twice longer than the lower, shorter than the 
lower neutral pale, which is twice longer than the other pales. N. J., and S. Aug. + 

8 P. vilfiforme Wood. Very glabrous ; pan. at each joint, and term, of loose ra- 

cemes; spkl. lance-ovate; up. gl. 9-veined, H", lower neutral pale a little longer, the 
other 3 pales a little shorter, lower gl. i as long. Meadows, E. Tenn. Aug. 

9 P. gibbum Ell. Culm 2— 3f, assurgent; lvs. broad-linear, glabrous; pan. 5 — 6', 

dense, spindle-form ; spkl. tumid, near 2" ; lower gl. very small, upper very large, 
11-veined, gibbous at base; sterile fl. ($ , Chapm.) neutral. Wet. S. JL— Sept. 

10 P. amarum Ell. Culm terete, strict, 2— 3f; lvs. rolled and rigid (bitter to taste) , 
pan. 6 — 10 7 , contracted, its smooth branches appressed-erect ; spkl. lance-ovate ; 
glumes pointed, the lower 1", upper nearly 2" ; sterile fl. 1$", anth. orange. Sands. 

IIP. virgatum L. Culm 3— 5f, lvs. flat; pan. large, thin, at length diffuse, 10—20' 
long ; spkl. scattered, ovate, pointed, purplish ; upper gl. 2", sterile fl. If", fertile fl. 
and lower gl. 1", all divergent when ripe ; anth. purple. N. Y., S., and W. Aug. 
]8. obtusum. Panicle contracted ; spikelets smaller, not pointed, obtusish. N. J. 

12 P. verrucosum Muhl. Slender, weak, decumbent below, 10—20'; lvs. lance- 
linear, short ; pan. few-flowered ; spikelets obovate, bluish, $ — |", beset with fine 
warty (verrucous) points. (5) Thickets and swamps, not rare. Aug. 

13 P. villosum Ell. Villous with soft white hairs throughout, 10—20'; lvs. flat, 
short ; pan. small (2 — 3' long), oblong, loose ; spkl. oval, 1", green ; upper gl. and 2 
fls. equal, lower glume ± as long. Evergreen, damp. S. Apr., Ma/. 

14 P. ciliatiflorum Wood. Fringed G. Erect, strict, 2— 3f; lvs. narrow, rigid, 
flat, ciliate ; pan. slender, strict, 3—4' ; spkl. If", oblong, silky-villous glume soli 
tary, equaling the lower staminate pale, 5-veined. Barrens, S. Sept. 

j3. rufum. Lvs. glabrous, erect; sterile fl. neutral, hairs purple. 

15 P* dichotomum L. Culm at first simple with one panicle, soon branched 
Blender, 8—20' ; lvs. lance-linear, short, 1—4' by 2—4" ; terminal pan. oval, smal' 
(1—2'), stalked ; spkl. few and small, J", round-oval ; lower gl. i—i as long ae the up 
per. Common in fields. June— Sept. 



Order 155.— GRAMINE^E. 



393 



0. nitidum. Smooth, shining; lvs. narrow; ped. long; spkl. ovaL 

y. spheerocdrpum. Hairy; peduncle long ; spkl. rounded, dark-purple. 

i. barbulatum. Taller; nodes with a ring of deflexed hairs. 

E. lanug-inbsmn. Woolly ; lvs. larger ; spikelets green ; pan. larger. 

£. spathaceum. Hairy and leafy to the top ; panicles sessile. 

16 P. depauperatam Muhl. Culm simple, strict, tufted, 6—12'; lvs. linear 

erect, the upper elongated ; pan. simple, sessile or becoming long-stalked ; spkl, 
oval, j — 1" ; lower gl. £ as long as the upper 7-veined one. Hills and woods, com- 
mon. June. Varies with lvs. hairy or smoothish, and 
/3. involiituni) with lvs. involute, ending in a long stiff point. 

17 P. pauciflorum Ell. (c) Culm assurgent, 1— 2f; lvs. lanceolate, 3—5' by 5 — 7'' 
hirsute below as well as the sheaths, faintly 9-veined; pan. open; spkl. (d, e) few, 
large (1—1^"), oval ; lower gl. $ as long as the upper, (x, neutral fl.) Damp shades. 

18 P. pnbescens Lam. Culm slender, branched, 2— 3f; lvs. lance-linear, 3 — 6' by 
3 — 5", 9-veined, retrorsely hirsute as well as the open sheaths ; spkl. oval, 1$", pubes 
cent, outer glume lanceolate, 1", inner 9-veined. Dry fields. June. 

19 P. latifolium L. Erect, 1 — 2f; lvs. lanceolate, dilated and cordate-clasping ai 
base, 3 — 5' by V, snioothish, 11-13-veined ; pan. exserted, 3' long; spkl. obovatc, 
li" ; lower gl. ovate, |", upper gl. 9-veined ; neutral pales sub-equal, usually with 3 
stamens. In moist shady places : common. June, July. 

20 P. xantliopliysum Gr. Culm simple or branched belcw, 9 — 15' ; lvs. lance- 
olate, 3—6' by 5—7", not dilated at the ciliate clasping base ; pan. long-stalked, 
raceme-like; spkl. few, round-obovate, 1\" ; lower gl. ovate, \ as long as the upper 
9-nervedone; sterile fl. often &. Dry. N. Eng. to Wis. Jane. 

21 P. ^iscidum Ell. Hoary with a dense viscid pubescence, 2 — 4f, stout; joints 
with a smooth brown ring; lvs. lance-linear, 3 — 6' by 6 — 16" ; pan. 4 — 6', loose; spkl 
pale, oval, 1" ; lower gl. and upper pale minute. Wet. N. J., and S. Aug. 

22 P. clandestinum L. Culm rigid, leafy, 2— 3f ; lvs. 3—6' by 1', dilated and cor 
date at base ; sbeaths scabrous or rough-hairy, enclosing the lateral and often the 
terminal dense panicle ; spkl. elliptical, 1J-". Moist woods. July, Aug. 

23 P. microcarpon Muhl. Erect, simple, glabrous; lvs. lanceolate, broad and 
clasping at base, veiny, 6 — 10" wide ; pan. long-stalked, diffuse ; spkl. small ($), oval 
numerous, purple ; lower gl. minute. Pa., W., and S. July — Sept. 

24 P. miliaceum. Millet. Lvs. lance-linear and sheaths hairy ; pan. large, open, nod 
ding ; spkl. ovate, solitary ; glumes pointed, sub-equal. Turkey. 



21. PENICILLARIA spicata. Erect, 4f, branching, with broad, 
flat leaves. Panicle cylindric-oblong, If in length, compact, consisting of innumerable 
simple branches, each with 2 or 1 spikelets at the end, and clothed with spreading hairs 
Each spikelet bears at length a white ripened grain. © E. India. 

22. OPLISMENUS, Beauv. Cock-spur G, 

Spikelets in dense, spike-like, panicled racemes. 
Glumes and lower pale of the sterile fl. rough- 
pointed or awned. Otherwise as in Panicum. 

3 O. crus-galli L. (a) Culm terete, 3 — 4f ; lvs. lance- 
linear, rough-edged, ligule none ; pan. with its spike- 
form branches alternate or in pairs ; rachis rough-hairy ; 
glumes bristly, scarcely awned ; awn of the pale (b) 
6—18" long, very rough. Sheaths generally smooth. 
Waste grounds : com. Aug., Sept. § [ mere ly pointed. 
0. mitticus, (c) Awns very short, or the hispid pale 
f. higpidua Sheaths very bristly ; awns very long. A very coarse variety, 




394 



Order 155.— GR AMINES. 




« O. Walter! (Ell). Culms slender, 2f; lvs. narrow and sheaths glabrous- spikes 
one-sided, f-1' long, alternate; glumes hispid, pointed; the fls. somewhat pointed 
the sterile with 3 stamens. Low grounds, Car. to Fla., and La. July. 

3 O. hirtellus R. & S. Decumbent, branched, ciliate ; lvs. lanceolate 1-2' by 
4-6"; spikes erect, remote, one-sided, \> long, few in the perfectly simple panicle- 
•^ale long-awned, glumes short-awned. Woods, South. Aug.— Oct. 

23. SETARIA, Beauv. Bristly Foxtail. Fls. 
u cylindric spikes or spike-like panicles. Spike- 
lcta each subtended by a cluster of awn-like bris- 
tles (abortive pedicels) forming a bristly involucre. 
Otherwise as in Panicum. July, Aug. 

§ Bristles rough backward, in pairs, short No. 1 

§ Bristles rough upward (a) 

a 4—10 in each involucre Nos. 2—4 

a 1—3 in each involucre Nos. 5—7 

1 S. vcrticillata Beauv. Spicate pan. 2—3', composed 
of short divided branchlets seeming in many verticils • 
bristles little longer than the spikelets ; fruit-pales 
rough-punctate. Culm 2f. ® N. Eng. to Car., and W. § 
8 S. glanca Beauv. Bottle G. Spike cylindric, yellowish, 2-4', nearly simple- m 
vol. of 6-10 bristles much longer than the spikelets ; fruit rugous crosswise, some- 
what triquetrous, blackish. Culm2-3f. ©Fields, gardens: common § 

3 8. viridis Beauv. Wild Timothy, (a) Spike cylindric, 1-3', compound, green, 

invol. of 4-10 bristles much longer than the spikelets (6, c) ; fruit-pales striate length- 
wise and dotted (under a lens). Culm l-2f. ® Cultivated grounds, N § 

4 S. Germanica Beauv. Millet. Bengal G. Spike flattened, oblong-cylindric, 

compound, 3-5' by 9" ; rachis bristly; invol. of 4-8 bristles, little longer than the 
spikelets, yellowish ; s pales dull-rugous. Culm 3— 4f. ® Fields. § 

5 S. Italic a K. Spicate pan. 6-18' long by 1-2' thick; invol. yellowish, of 2 or 'A 

bristles 8-10 times longer than the spikelets and half-concealing them ; 5 pales 
smooth, polished, shining. Culm 4— 6f. (1) Swamps, S. 

6 S. corrugata Schul. Spicate pan. 3-6', cylindric,' dense above ; bristles 1 to each 

spikelet and thrice as long; g pales strongly corrugated. Fla., Ga. 

7 8, composita K. Spicate pan. loose, its lower clusters separated; bristles 1 or 2 

under each spkl. and 5 times longer ; 5 flower acute, smoothish. Fla. 

24. OENOHRUS L. Burr G. Fls. racemed or 
spicate. Involucre a burr (a) beset with spines, be- 
coming hard and pungent in fruit, and enclosing 
several (1—3) spikelets (b). Glumes and flowers as in 
Panicum, the sterile flowe $ . Culms branched. Aug. ^p£==*^ 

C. tribuloides L. Culms 1— 2f, tufted, decumbent, spreading ; lvs. as short as 
their open compressed sheaths; spikes several, 1—2' lon g ; burrs adhering by the:r 
rough spines to everything passing. Sandy shores, N. J. to 111., and N. (See Addenda.) 

25. PHALARIS, L. Canary G. Spikelets l-(theoretically 3)-flow- 
ered. Gl. 2, subequal, carinate, longer than the two shining pales of the 
$ fl., all awnless. Neutral rudiments at base of the 2 fl. merely 2 single 
pales or hairy pedicels (b, c). Grain coated. Handsome flat-leaved grasses. 
1 P. arundmacea L. Bibbon G. A showy but not valuable grass, 2— 5f; lvs. 

lance-linear; pan. contracted, dense, 3—6' long; glumes (a) 2|" pointed ; rudiments 




Order 155.— GKAMINEJ3. 



395 





3, hairy, at the base of the ovate pales (6). 2f Ditches 

and swamps, Can. to Car., and Ky. July, August. 

/3. pi eta. Striped G. Lvs. endlessly variegated with 

white and green. Cultivated. 

2 P. Canariensis L. Canary G. Bird-seed. Culm 

terete, erect, 1— 2f; lvs. lance-linear ; pan. spicate, ovoid, 

1—2' ; gl. winged on the keel (c) ; rudiments smooth. ® 

Introduced into fields and gardens from Isle Fortunatus. 

26. ANTHOXANTHUM, L. Sweet Vernal 
It. Spikelets {d) 3-flowered, the central fl. £ , the 
two lateral neuter, each of 1 bearded pale. Gl. 2, 
unequal. Pales 2, short, awnless. Sta. 2. 

A., odoratum L. Slender, erect, 10—18'; lvs. short; pan- 
icle spicate, 14 — 3'; neutral pales ciliate (e), one with a 
bent awn from near the base, the other with a straight awn 
from the back above. Fls. in May and June ill-scented, 
but when cut as hay it is very fragrant. § (x, the g fl.) 

27. HIEROCHLOA, Gtnel. Seneca G. Spkl. 
3-flwd. Gl. 2, scarious. Lateral fls. $ 
triandrous, central fl. £ , with 2 (or 3) sta- 
mens. Inflor. paniculate. Sweet-scented. 

1 H. borealis R. & S. (/) Very smooth; 

simple, erect, 15—30' ; root lvs. as long as the 

culm, cauline lvs. lanceolate, short; pan. open, 

few-flwd., 2—3' ; spkl. (g) broad, subcordate, colored, awnless. y. Wet 

meadows, Va., and North. May. 
12 H. alpina R. & S. Smooth; culm erect, 

6 — 8', stout; lvs. lance-linear; pan. ovoid, 

1 — 2' ; spkl. purple, longer than their branch- 
lower fl. with an awn on the back as long as the 
U High Mts., N. Eng., N. Y. June. 

28. HOLOUS, L. Soft G. Spkl. 2-flwd., pan- " 
iculate. Gl. herbaceous, boat-shaped, mucronate. 
Fls. pedicellate, the lower £ , awnless ; the upper 

$ or neutral, awned on the back. July. 

H. lanatus L. (A) Hoary- 
pubescent, H— 2f ; lvs. lance- 
linear; pan. oblong, dense, purplish-white; fls. (t) 
shorter than the glumes (k) ; awn of the sterile fl 
curved, included, u Wet meadows. A beautiful gra?R. 

29. AIRA, L. Spkl. 2-flwd. without abortive 
or sterile ones. Gl. 2, thin, shining, subequal. 
One of the fls. pedicellate. Pales subequal, hairy 
at base, the lower truncate at apex, and awned on 
♦he back. Fls. in an open pan., silvery-purplish. 

§ Glumes longer than the fls. Pale entire No. ] 

§ Gl. about equaling the fls. Pale lacerated.. Noe. 2, fi 





396 



Order 155.— GKAMINE^E. 




1 A. atropurpiirea Wahl. In tufts, If, very slender; lvs. flat; pan. thin; awi 

stout, twice as long as the pale. U High Mts., N. Eng. and N. T. August. 

2 A. flexuesa L. (I) In large tufts, smooth, 1— 2f; lvs. setaceous, mostly radical; 

pan. loose, with long flexuons spreading branches ; awn geniculate, twice longei 
than the pale (m). if Dry hills : common. June. 

3 A. csespitosa L. (n) Tufted, glabrous, 18 — 30' ; lvs. narrow-linear, flat ; pan. ob- 

long, finally diffuse ; awn straight, as long as the pale, which is longer than the blu 
ish glumes, (o, spikelet, p, fl.) if Swamps, northward. May. 

30. DANTHONIA, DC. Spkl. 2-7-flwd. Gl. 2, subequal, >^j> 
cuspidate, longer than the whole spikelet of fls. Pales hairy at 
base, lower one bidentate and awned at apex, upper obtuse, en- 
tire. Awn flattened and twisted at base. U Fls. racemous. 

I D. spicata R. & S. (a) Lvs. narrowly-linear, shorter than the inter 
nodes; culm 1— 2f, slender; spkl. few (about 6), in a subsimple raceme 
gl. 4 — 5" ; flg. (b) about 7, pubescent. Lvs. mostly radi- 
cal, in little tufts. Dry hills : com. June — Aug. 

0. coHiprtssa. Lvg. longer than the internodes ; spkl. 
about 4 in the simple raceme ; gl. twice longer than tlu j . 
spikelet. Onondaga Co., N. Y. (S. iV. Cowles). (D. coin- 
pressa, Austin ?) These characters are not constant. 

58 D. sericea Nutt. Taller (2— 2£f); lvs. and sheaths 
silky-hirsute ; spkl. 9 — 17, evidently paniculate ; gl. 8 — 9"; 
fls. about 7, densely clothed with silvery-silky hairs ; awns brown at base (as in 
No. 1), very long. Eare N., common S. June. 

31. A VENA, L. Oat. Oat G. Spkl. 2-5-flwd. 
Gl. 2, loose, thin, awnless, large. Pales 2, becom- 
ing coriaceous, the lower bifid, bearing (mostly) a 
bent or twisted awn on the back ; upper pale coat- 
ing the oblong grain. Fls. paniculate. 

§ Arrhenathertjm. Glumes unequal, 2-flowered, 

with a rudiment of a third; lower flower 

staminate and awned. Tall No. 1 

§ Air6psi8. 61. subequal, 2-flwd., both flowers $ , 

no rudiment. Dwarf Nos. 2, 3 

§ A vena. 61. equal, longer than the 2 perfect 

flowers, strongly striate Nos. 4, 5 

1 A. elatior L. (a.f) Culm erect, 2 — 4f; lvs. lance-linear; pan. narrow, 7—10', nod- 

ding ; upper gl. (g) and pales 4", lower gl. 2" ; awn bent, twice longer than the pale. 
U A tall handsome grass. § Eur. (Arrhenatherum avenaceum Br.) May — July. 

2 A. praecox Beauv. (d) Culms tufted, erect, 2—5' ; lvs. setaceous ; pan. dense, ob- 

long, I — 1' ; gl. (b) equaling the fls. (c) ; awns bent, twice longer. %. N. Y. to Va. Jn. 

3 A. caryophylla L. Culms 5 — 10'; lvs. very narrow; pan. loose, open; glumes 

silvery-purple, scarce 1", pales shorter, awns exserted. Dry fields, M. § Eur. 

4 A. sativa. Common Oat. Culm terete, erect, 2— 4f; lvs. lance-linear; pan. loose, 

pyramidal ; spkl. large, pendulous ; both fls. s , 7", the lower mostly awned ; both 
pales coating the nutritious grain. Cultivated, common. June. 

0. nigra. Black Oats. Pales dark brown, almost black, without awns. 

y. aecunda. Horse-mane Oat. Panicle one-sided, nodding ; awns bhort. 

5 A. sterims. Animated 0. Spkl. 5-flwd., 2 lower fls. each with hairy pales and a 

long bent awn wh:ch is so sensitive to moisture as to be kept in motion by the ordi- 
nary changes in the air. Prom Europe. Cult, as a curiosity, (i) 4f. July, August 




Order 155.— GRAMINE^E. 



397 




32. TRISETUM, L. Spkl. 2-5-flwd. Glumes 
2, shorter than the fls. Lower pale with two bris- 
tles at the apex and a soft flexuous awn from above 
the middle of the back. Grain coated, furrowed. 
it Fls. paniculate. 

\ T. purpurascens Torr. Spkl. (p) about 4-flwd., 

6 — 8", few (6 — 9) in the very simple purple panicle ; fls. 

(d) separate, bearded at base ; gl. (g) unequal; lvs. nar- 
row-linear; culm erect, 2 — 3f. Mountain bogs, N. June. 
i T. palustre (Mx.) Spkl. (a, b) 3-fiwd. 2|", the upper fi. 

abortive ; middle fi. with a bent awn its own length ; pan. 

narrow, 4—6' ; lvs. very short (2—3') ; culm slender, 2f. 

Plant smooth. Wet meadows. May— July, (c, pale.) 
3 T. molle (Mx.) Spikelets 2-fiwd., 3" ; upper fl. with a bent awn its own length; gi. 

lance-linear; panicle as in No. 2; lvs. broader and longer; plant 2f, minutely 

downy. Rocky hills, N. July. 

33. BROMUS, L. Brome G. Spikelets 
5-oo -rlwd. Gl. unequally veined. Lower pale 
5-9-veined, awned from below the mostly bifid 
tip. Upper pale ciliate on its 2 keels, adhering to 
the linear grain. Coarse grasses, with flat leaves, 
and large, nodding,*panicled spikelets. June, July. 

§ Glumes narrow, the lower 1-veined, upper 3-veined. 

Lower pale keeled. . . (&) 
§ Glumes veiny, the lower 3—5, upper 5 — 7-veined. Lower 
pale convex., .(a) 
a Awn much shorter than its pale. Pan- 
icle spreading No.s. 1, 2 

a Awn as long as its pale. Panicle erect, contracted in fruit Nos. 3, 4 

b Lower pale compressed-carinate, awn very short No. £ 

b Lower paie rounded on the back, the awn conspicuous Nos. 6, 1 

1 It. Kalmii Gr. Wild Chess. More or less hairy, 1J— 3f ; spkl. drooping, closely 

7-12-flwd., densely silky; lower pale, .auch the larger; pan. small. If. Dry. 

2 B. secalinus L. Cheat or Chess, (s) Nearly glabrous, 2 — 4f; spkl. ovate, turgid, 

glabrous, 7-10-flwd., fls. (a) soon diverging, blunt, awned or not; panicle nearly sim- 
ple, 4—8' long, spikelets 8— 10" long, drooping. (3) Fields. § Eur. 

3 B. racemosus L. Erect Chess. Spkl. ovate-oblong, glabrous ; closely 8-12-flwd., 

awns straight, 4" ; pan. simple ; plant slender, some hairy. (£) Fields. § Eur. 

4 B. mollis L. Downy Chess. Plant downy, with spreading hairs; spkl. o v ate, 

about 6-flwd., fls. closely imbricated; awns straight, 3—4". ® © Fields : rare. 

5 B. unioloides H. & K. Rescue Q. Culm erect, 1J— 3f, smoothish; pau. nar 

row, 6—10', nodding ; spkl. lance-oblong, compressed, 1', 8-12-iiwd. ® Cult. South. 

6 B. ciliatus L. Pan. compound, 5 — 8', soon nodding ; spkl. at first lance-fusiform 

(J), 7-11-fiwd., the fls. soon separating; pale (c) compressed-carinate above, silky- 
haired at edge, twice longer than its straight awn ; culm 2 — 4f ; lvs. some hairy. 2J 
Shady banks : common. July, August. 
/3. pitrsrans. Plant finely and closely pubescent all over. 

T B. sterilis L. Pan. compound, soon 1-sided and nodding; ped. capillary; spkL 
linear-oblong, about 5-flwd., puberulent ; fls. linear-subulate, scarcely as long as the 
awn. (I) Banks, Pa., and N. Rare. § 

8 B. bkizoides. Culm If, erect ; lvs. narrow, conduplicate, rigid ; pan. erect, with a 
fcw large, hanging, ovate, awned spikelets ; pale dilated, ear-shaped above. Cult 




398 



Order 155.— GRAMHOLE. 




Pa. 

small (3- 



-5'), 



34. TRICUSFIS, Beauv. Spkl. terete, or tumid, 3-9-flwd. 
Glumes unequal, awnless. Lower pale {n, c) conspicuously fringe- 
bearded on the 3 strong veins, tipped with 2 or 3 
teeth, and 1 or 3 short awns or cusps ; upper pale 
much shorter, 2-toothed {n). Fls. paniculate. 
Sheaths hairy at throat. Aug., Sept. 

§ Windsoria. Culm erect, simple. Lower pale 

3-cusped Noa, 1, 2 

§ Uralepis. Culm spreading, branched. Lower 

pale 1-cusped Nos. 3, 4 

1 T. weslerioides (Mx). False Bed-top. (.<?, a, n, m) Culm 

3 — 5f; lvs. linear, involute when dry; pan. open, loose, 
8—12', the slender branches at length spreading ; spkl. 
(a) oblong, 3", 5- or 6-flvvd., purple, shining, u Beautiful. 
j8. flexuosa. Branches of the panicle flexuous ; spkl. 3-5-flwd., 2". 

2 T. ambigua CEIL) Culm 2— 3f, wiry; lvs. narrow and rolled; pan. 

few-flwd. ; spkl. ovate, the 5—7 lis. divaricate, u Pine-barrens, S. 

3 T. purpurea (Walt.) (b) Culm bearded at the nodes, 10—18'; lvs. subulate, short; 

panicles more or less sheathed; spkl. (b) 3-flwd., awn scarcely exceeding the eroded 
segments of its pale. ® Coast sands, Mass. to Pla. (c, lower pale.) 

4 T. corn is la (Ell.) Culm 2f ; lvs. and sheaths hairy; awn of the lower pale plu 

mous, much longer than the lateral teeth, recurved. Dry sands, S. 

35. ARUNDO Donax. A gigantic ornamental grass from Italy, 
where it is cult, for vine-poles, fence-wood, fishing-rods, etc. Culm 10 — 15f high ; lvs. 
broad, flat, smooth, and shining; pan. diffusely branched ; gl. as long as the 3 fls. ; rachie 
beset with long hairs ; lower pale with a short awn in the cleft at apex. % 

p. versicolor. Gardener's Garters. Leaves striped with white. 

36. GRAFHEPHORUM, Desv. Spkl. of 2—5 remote fls. with sub 
equal glumes. Fls. bearded at base. Gls. and pales thin, lanceolate, awn- 
less, convex, not keeled. U Erect, glabrous. Lvs. flat. Panicle simple 

G. melicoid.es Beauv. Culm slender, 1 — 2f, with 2 or 3 short erect linear lvs. ; pan. 
loose, 3—4' long; spkl. 2-3-flwd., 3^4" long. Upper Mich. (C. E. and A. H. Smith). 
p. ? triftbrum (Aira trif. Ell.) " Fls. somewhat woolly at base, not villous." Ga. 

37. GYNERIUM argenteum. Pampas Grass. A magnificent reed 
from S. Am., becoming common. © Leaves in a dense, radical cluster, recurved, nar- 
row, channeled. Culms 10— 18f, clustered, bearing dense, hairy panicles, which are 
\\ — 2f, silvery white, with innumerable flowers and their long, silky 
hairs. Some of the panicles are fruitful (5), others barren ($). 

38. DACTYLIS, L. Orchard G. Spkl. 3-5-flwd. 
compressed. Glumes unequal, shorter than the fls 
Pales subequal, lance-acuminate, the lower (and glumes) 
carinate, awn-pointed. Lvs. channeled. Panicle com- 
posed of dense 1-sided clusters. June. 
D. glomerata L. Culm 2— 4f high; lvs. broad, glaucous; stipules 

lacerate ; spkl. loose-flwd. ; gl. very unequal. %. Shady fields. A 
good grass for hay or pasturage. § 

39. KGBLERIA, Pers. Spkl. 2-7-flwd., compressed; gl. subequa 
acute, scarcely shorter than the fls. ; upper fl. pedicellate ; lower pale 




Order 155.— GKAMINE^S. 



399 






(and gl.) carina te, often bristle-pointed. U Culms tufted, erect, 
simple, with dense, narrow panicles. 

K. cristata Sm. Culm 20— 30% leafy below; lvs. flat, erect, pubes- 
cent, narrow, 2—3' by 1—2" ; pan. spike-like, 3—5' ; spkl. (a) 2", silvery, 
about 2-flwd., with an abortive pedicel, (b, a flower.) Mid., W., and N. 
/3. g-rdcilis. Slender and delicate, with a simple pan. (K. nitida, N.) 

40. DIARRHENA, Raf. Panicle simple, racemous. Glumes 
2, very unequal, rigid, acuminate-mucronate, 2-5- 
flwd. {d) Pales (e) cartilaginous, lower cuspidate, 
3", upper much smaller, emarginate. Grain large, 
loose in its pericarp. Stam. 2. U Culm rigidly 
erect, 15 — 30'. Lvs. mostly radical, broad-linear. 

D. Americana Beauv.— Woods and river-banks, O. to 111. Aug. (Festuca, Mx.) 

41. FESTUCA, L. Fescue G. Spkl. 3- oo-flwd. Glumes unequal, 
mostly carinate. Pales firm, the lower rounded 
(not carinate) on the back, obscurely veined, awned 
from the tip, or awnless. Sta. 1 — 3. Grain mostly 
adhering to the upper pale. Spkl. panicled or ra- 
cemed, the fls. remote, not webbed at base. 

§ Flowers lanceolate to oblong, awnless. Culms 

tall, leaves fiat Nos. 5- 

§ Flowers subulate, awned at the tip. Leaves 
mostly involute. . . (x) 

x Awn much shorter than the flower. 2f Nos. 

x Awn as long as the fl. or much longer. (i)..Nos. 

1 F. Myiirus L. Culm 5—12'; lvs. subulate, 2- 

glumes minute, equal, 4-6-flwd. ; awn 6", twice longer 

than the pale ; panicle slender. M., S. § 
% F. tenella Willd. Slender F. (a, b) Culm wiry-filiform, often in tufts, 6—12'; lvs. 

linear-setaceous; pan. simple, narrow, 2 — 3'; spkl. 6-9-flwd., 4 — 6" long; flowert 

puberulent, brown ; awn about as long (2"). Sandy. June, July. 

3 F. ovina. L. Sheep's F. Culm erect, 6—10'; lvs. numerous below, very nar 

row, 2 — 4' ; pan. simple, narrow, 2—4' ; spkl. ovate, 3-5-flwd. ; fls. lance-oblong, 1^'" 
the awn \— I as long, u Pastures and fields. A valuable grass. June, Europe. 
J3. viviparo, Spikelets transformed to leafy tufts. Mountains, N. 

4 F. duriuscula L. Hard F. Culm erect, 12—18'; lvs. linear, flatfish; pan. ob 

long, spreading, 3 — 5'; spkl. 5-8-flwd., teretish before flowering; fls. lance-subulatc, 
2|", the awn 1" or less ; pales equal, u Valuable. Common. June, July. 
p. rubra. Spikelets 7-9-flwd., fls. pubescent ; the herbage reddish. N. 

5 F. pratensis Huds. Meadow F. Culm erect, 2— 3f; lvs. lance-linear; pan. 4-6 

x»ng, narrow, with short branches ; spkl. few (10 — 25) and large, teretish before flow 
ztivg, 6—9" long, 6-9-flwd. ; pales 3", barely pointed. U A fine grass. June. 

£ P. elatior L. Culm 2— 4f, erect ; lvs. lance-linear ; pan. diffuse, nodding, com 
pound, branches branched, and floiiferous above, naked below ; spkl. numerous, 
3-5-flwd., 2—3" long ; fls. oblong, H", acute ; lower gl. 3-veined. n Fields. § 

T V, nutans Willd. Nodding F. (c, d) Culm slender, 2— 4f, about 2-jointed; lvs, 
linear ; pan. very open, with few long drooping branches floriferous at the end : 
spkl. S", lance-ovate (c) 4-6-flwd. ; fls. (d) smooth, nearly veinless. u Rocks. 
p. paluxtri*. Panicle less diffuse, spkl. 3-5-flwd. Between Nos. 6 and 7. 




400 



Order 155.— GRAMINE^E. 





42. EATONIA, Raf. Spkl. mostly 2-flowered, 
uumerous, panicled, silvery. Glumes unlike, the 
lower linear, 1-veined, the upper broadly obovate, 
rounded and 3-veined on the back. Pales obtuse, 
chartaceous, awnless. Grain oblong. u Deli- 
cate grasses with simple culms. 

1 K. obtusata (Mx.) Panicle narrow, dense, 3—5' by j — 1' ; branches short, ap« 

pressed ; spkl. (a, b) \\" long, 2-flwd.. tumid ; pales (c) scarious at tip, a little longer 
than the very obtuse upper glume. Dry. Penn. to Wis., and S. June, July. 2f. 

2 E. Pennsylvanica (DC.) Panicle 5—10', slender, open and loose ; spkl. 1\" ; 

upper gl. abruptly short-pointed, or obtuse ; upper flower exserted half its length. 
Shady rocks and meadows. Elegant. Summer. 2f. 

43. MELICA, L. Melic G. Glumes unequal, ob- 
tuse, 2-5-ilowered. Fls. exserted, the upper incomplete. 
Pales truncate, veiny as well as the glumes. Grain free. 
if Lvs. flat ; spkl. pedicellate, in a subsimple panicle. 

Itl. mutica Walt. Culm 3— 4f ; lvs. linear, flat; pan. few-flwd., inclined to one side, - 
spkl. (e) 4 — 6" long, with 2 fertile fls., and the third upper one contorted; pales (/) 
unequal, veined. Penn. to Wis., and S. 

44. ERAGROSTIS, Beauv. Spkl. 2-oo -flwd., membranous. Lower 
pale carinate, 3-veined, never webby at base, upper pale 
persistent on the flexuous rachis after the free grain and 
lower pale have fallen. Culm simple or branched. 
Leaves often rolled, bearded at the throat. Panicle with 
hairy axils. 

§ Culms branched, prostrate; spikelets sub-sessile No. 1 

% Culms branched, ascending; panicles 1—3 Nos. 2— 7 

§ Culms simple, erect, shorter than its lo' se pan. . .Nos. 8—11 

1 E. reptans Nees. Culms creeping and rooting, tj — 12'; lvs. 

subulate, 1—2' ; panicles many, small, dense ; spkl. lance-lin- 
ear; fls. 10— 30, very acute. ©Banks. August. 

2 E. poaeoides Beauv. (a) Culms ascending, 1— 2f ; lvs. linear, flat; panicles oblong, 

dense, 2 — 6', compound; spkl. (b) ovate-oblong, 3—5", 8-50-flwd., turning white; 
fls. (c) obtuse, 3-veined; (d, grain). (T) Handsome, but ill-scented. Fields. § 

3 E. pilosa L. Culms in tufts, ascending, 4 — 12' ; lvs. linear, flat, tender ; panicles 

oblong, loose ; spkl. linear, bluish, about as long (2 — 4") as their pedicels ; flowers 
4 — 12, obtuse, with only the midvein apparent. @ Dry, sandy places. July. § 

4 E. Pursliii Schr. Culms ascending, 6 — 12—20'; lvs. 1—3', very narrow; paniclce 

long and loose ; ped. capillary ; spkl. linear-oblong, 2 — 4"; fls. 5 — 12, acute or acutish, 
3-veined, purplish. ® Dry fields, N. J., Penn., and S. Common. July, August. 

5 E. erythredema Nees. (E. Frankii Meyer.) Culms in tufts, much branched, 

ascending, 6—18', joints red ; pan. narrow, beardless, 2—4' ; spkl. about 1", their ped. 
much longer ; gls. and pales very acute, obscurely 3-veined. (5) Dry. Pa. to 111., and S, 

6 E. ciliaris (L.) Culms decumbent and ascending, 6—12' ; pan. cylindrical 

branches appressed, covered with the minute (\") ovate spikelets ; fls. 5— 7, mucro 
nate, upper pale ciliate-fringed. (T) Waste grounds, South. 
T E. conferta Trin. Culm stout, erect, 2— 3f; lvs. broad-linear; pan. long (5—1 W), 
narrow, branches erect, covered with innumerable small (1— 1$-") spikelets; fls. 7—11 
hyaline, obtuse, 3-veined, whitish. (J) River banks, S. Aug., Sept. 




Ordek 155.— GRAMINE^E. 



401 




U h, tenuis (Ell. Poa trichodcs N.) Plant 1— 3f high; pan. long (8—24'), loose, 
c& illary, bearded in the lower axils; spikelets 3(2-6)-flwd. (sometimes 7-9-flwd. 
G-7 ay) ; pales and glumes lanceolate, hyaline, 3-veined, li" long, u 111., and S. 

ft E. capillarls (L.) Like E. tenuis, but the spikelets are minute (1 — li"), the fls. 
2 — 4, acute, scabrous, with only the midvein apparent. U Sandy fields. Aug. 

10 E. nitida (Ell.) Plant 2— 4f, glabrous and polished (except the bearded throat of 
the long, rolled lvs.) ; pan. lj — 3f long, narrow, branches some whorled ; spkl. lance- 
iinear, 3—4", 5-12-flwd., on capillary divaricate pedicels; gl. and pales acute, 
3-veined, often purplish, 1" long, u Marshes, 111. (J. Wolf), and South. 

I I E. pectiiiacea (Mx.) Gr. (E. hirsuta [Ell. etc.]). Culm 1— 3f, rigid; she&lha 
some hairy; pan. very large, branches rigid, the lower deflexed in fruit; spkl. (e,f) 
oblong, purple, 2—3" ; fls. 5—15, oval, acutish, strongly 3-veined. U Sandy fields 
July, Aug. (Poa spectabilis Ph.) A showy grass, sport of the winds when dry. 

45. POA, L. Spear G. Meadow G. Spike- 
lets 2-5(rarely -9)-flwd., compressed. Glumes sub- 
equal, pointless, shorter than the contiguous fls. 
Pales herbaceous, soft, awnless, the lower com- f ^% 

pressed-carinate, 5-veined, usually clothed at base a f t 

with a cobweb-like wool. Grain free. Smooth 
grasses, with soft flat leaves, and panicled flowers. y,n 

§ Branches of the panicle in 2's, 3's, or often single. .(*) 
§ Branches of the panicle in about 5's, half-whorled..(**) 

* Fls. not webbed, merely pubescent on the back. . . (a) "S|pPli?. / d 

* Flowers webbed together at the base with gossamer-like wool., .(f) 

a Annual or biennial. Panicle dense, spikelets subsessile No. 1 

a Perennial. Panicle loose, spikelets long-pedicelled Nos. 2, 3 

b Spikelets 2- or 3-flowered, on slender pedicels Nos. 4—7 

b Spikelets mostly 5-flowered, ovate, short-pedicelled Nos. 8, 9 

** Spikelets 2^1-flowered, loosely pedicelled. Panicle large Nos. 10 — 12 

** Spikelets 3-5-flowered, subsessile, panicles rather dense Nos. 13, 14 

1 P. annua L. Low (3—8'), tender, spreading ; culms flattened ; lvs. 2 — 4' by 1—2"; 
pan. 2 — 3', dense ; spikelets ovate-oblong, nearly sessile, loosely 5-7-flvvd., 2— 2^"; fls. 
lanceolate, acutish. (5) (g) Fields and lawns, forming a soft, dense turf. Com. Eur. 

2 P. flexuosa Muhl. Culms erect, 12—20' ; lvs. linear, 2—5' ; pan. very thin and 

open ; branches filiform, often flexuous, long (2—3'), bearing the spikelets near the 
end; fls. 3—6, lance-linear, 24;", 3-veined, remote. 71 Woods, Va., Ky., and S. 

3 P. Iiexantha Wood. Weakly erect, H — 2f, leafy to the top ; branches of the thin 

panicle filiform, suberect, straight, 2 — 4' ; spkl. few, terminal, oblong, 3 — 4" ; fls. six 
(5—7), oblong, 1$", 5-veined, very obtuse, if. Meadows, Atlanta, Ga. 

4 P. orevifolia Muhl. Culm compressed, 1 — 2f, its lvs. generally short (I— 2'), ab- 

ruptly cuspidate, root lvs. long, pointed ; pan. loose, branches filiform, spreading; 
spikelet ovate, purplish ; fls. 3 or 4, 24/', lanceolate, 5-veined, webbed. 2f Pa. to 111. 

5 P. debilis Torr. (d) Culms terete, weak, 1$ — 2f; pan. loose, some spreading, 

brandies capillary, in 2's and 3's ; spkl. (e) few, ovate ; fls. (/) 3(2 — 4), broadly oblong, 
very obtuse, 14/', the glumes ovate, 1"; ligule oblong, acute, li Woods, R I., and W. 

ft P« diuantha Wood, (a) Culm compressed, very slender, 1£— 2f ; lvs. long, 1" 
wide ; ligule short, truncate ; pan. slender, branches in l's and 2's, suberect ; spkl. (6) 
ovate; fls. (c) 2(1—3), linear -oblong, acute, 1\" ; gl. i as long. % Fields, Ala. May. 

T P. laxa Hcenke. Culms tufted, 6 — 8'; lvs. erect, 1 — 3', very narrow; pan. open, 
1 — 2' long; spkl. few, 2J" long ; glumes acuminate, as long as the (3) purplish fls. 
d\") ; lower pale villous on the keel. % Mountains, N. 

26 



402 



Order 155.— GRAMINILE. 



8 P. alpina L. Culms erect, 6 — 12'; lvs. broad-linear, 1—2' by 2 — 3"; panicle eqcuu 

ovoid-oblong, loose, witb rather large (3") ovate spikelets ; flowers about 5(4 — 9), 
ovate, u Isle Royal, L. Superior {Porter), C. W., and North. 

9 P. eompressa L. Bine G. Plant bluish green ; culm compressed, decumbent at 

base, rigid. 12— IS' ; pan. contracted, 3' by 1', or less ; spikelets glomerate, ovate 
oblong; fls. 3—7, 1" long. % Pastures, etc. : common. May, June. 

10 P. sylvestris Gr. Culm compressed, erect, 1 — 2f; lvs. linear, soft; pan. oblong 
pyramidal, thin; branches flexuous, the middle longest; spkl. oval, \\" ; fls. about 
8, lance-oblong, 1". obtuse. 2f Woods, meadows, N. Y. to Va., and W. 

1 1 P. cassia Sm. (P. nemoralis Torr. P. alsodes Gr. P. Guadini K.) Culm com 
pressed, 18— 30 ', sheathed to near the top ; pan. targe (6— 12' long), loose, roughish; 
spkl. lance-ovate, 2 — 2^-" ; fls. 2 or 3, lance-lintar, acute, as long as the very acuta 
glumes (li — If") ; pales obscurely veined. U Woods, N. H. to Penn., and Wis. 

12 P. serotina Ehrh. Foul Meadow. False Bed-top. Culms erect, weak, 2 — 3f; 
lvs. narrow, flat, long; ligules elongated, torn; pan. large, open, capillary; spkl. 2- 
or 3-flwd., 1| — 2" long, often tawny; gls. and fls. acute, narrow. U Wet, N. July. 

13 P. trivial!* L. Rough Meadoiv G. Culms roughish backward, 20—30'; lvs. 
rough-edged, the lower elongated ; ligules long, pointed; pan. dense, lance-shaped, 
3—5', spkl. subsessile, 2-3-flwd., fls. oblong, acute, strongly 5-veined. U N. Jn., Jl. 

14 P. prate 11 sis L. Spear G. June G. Smooth; culm 1— 2f, terete; ligules 
short, truncate ; pan. open, egg-shaped, 3—10' ; spkl. ovate, subsessile, 2", abont 
4-flowered ; fls. ovate, acute, close. U Abundant and valuable. April, May. 

46. BRYZOPYRUM, Link. Spikelets OO -flow- 
ered, compressed, crowded in a spikelike panicle. 
Glumes unequal. Pales awnless, sub-coriaceous, 
not carinate, obsoletely many-veined. U Leaves 
mostly rolled, smooth and rigid. Fls. dioecious. 

B. spieatum Hook, (a) Culm rigid, erect, 10—20', 
branched at base, beset with many bayonet-shaped lvs., 
1 — 3'. the highest exceeding the short, spikelike panicle 
(a) ; spkl. (5, c) 7-9-flwd. (d, pistillate flower, e, a sta- 
men.) Salt marshes, Conn, to Car. July. 

47. GLYCERIA, Br. Manna G. Spikelets 
oo.flwd., teretish or turgid, rachis jointed. Glume 

Bubequal, pointless. Pales awnless, webless, her- 
baceous, the lower mostly 7-veined, rounded on the back, not carinate. 
Grain free, if Smooth grasses in wet places, with 
creeping rhizomes and simple panicles. Sheaths 
mostly fistular (not split). 

§ Salt marsh grasses. Lower pale 5-veined. 

Stigmas sessile, simply plumed Nos. 1, 2 

§ In fresh swamps, etc. Lower pale 7-veined. 
Stigmas doubly plumous. . . (a) 
a Spikelets linear-lanceolate, in a very sim- 
ple panicle Nos. 3, 4 

a Spikelets linear-oblong, in compound, 

spreading panicles Nos. 5, 6 

a Spikelets ovate, short, tuvgid. ..(&) 

b In slender appressed panicles Nos. T, 8 

6 In an open, recurved panicle Nos. 9, 10 





Ordeb 155.— GRAMINE^E. 



403 



1 G. maritima Wahl. Culm 1 — l$f, terete ; lvs. rolled ; pan. erect, dense, tho 

branches in pairs ; spkl. terete, about 5-flwd., fls. obtuse. %. Mass. June. 

2 G. distans Wahl. Culm 1 — 2f, terete, firm; lvs. flat; pan. spreading, the branches 

fascicled in 3's— 5's ; spkl. oblong, sessile, 3(3-6)-flowered. U N. Y. 

3 G. fluitans (L.) Culm flattened, 3— 5f; lvs. broad-linear; ligule very large; pan. 

secund, virgate ; spkl. linear, 8 — 10" ; fls. 7 — 12, obtuse. Wet. June. 

4 G. acutiflora Torr. Culm flattened, l—2f; lvs. narrow; pan. long, raceme-like, 

spkl. linear, 9— 1-2" ; fls. 4 — 6, distant, acute, n Wet places, Penn., and N. June. 
* G. aqnatica (L.) (g) Stout, leafy, 3— 5f ; lvs. broad, soft ; pan. diffuse, with spread- 
ing, flexuous branches in 3's — 5's ; spikelets (h) purple, 2— 3", with 6—8 ovate, obtuee 
flowers (£). U Wet places. Pa., and N. A handsome grass. 

6 G. pallida Trin. Weak, ascending, 1— 2J-f; lvs. flat, with longligules; pan. capil- 

lary, spreading; spkl. few, 3"; fls. 5 — 9; lower pale 5-toothed at apex, uppei 
2-toothed ; the veins conspicuous. % Swamps, Ya., and N. June. 

7 G. nervata Trln. Culm 3 — 4f; lvs. broad-linear, ligules torn; pan. large, diffuse, 

branches in 2's and 3"s, capillary, pendulous in fruit; fls. about 5, in the ovate- 
oblong spikelet, conspicuously veinad. % Wet, N. June. 

8 G. elongata Trin. Culm terete, erect, 3f; lvs. narrow, ligule very short; pan. ra- 

ceme-like, nodding, 8 — 10 / ; branches solitary or in 2's, appressed ; spkl. tumid, of 
about 2 obtuse, 5-veined fls. Meadows. X., M., and W. July. 

9 G. obtusa (Muhl.) Pan. dense, oblong, erect, 3 — 4'; spkl. ovate, acute, thick, of 

5 — 7 ovate, obtuse fls. ; lower pale obscurely 7-veined; culm 2 — 3f, lvs. often longer, 
dark green. U Swamps, Penn., and N. Ang., Sept. 

10 G. Canadensis Trin. (m) Panicle large, 6 — 8' long, branches flexuous, in half« 
whorls, spreading or recurved ; spkl. («) broad-ovate, 6-8-flwd. ; upper pale (o) very 
obtuse, lower acute and longer. % 3— 4f. Shady, N. July. 

48. BRIZA, L. Quaking G-. Spikelets cordate, 
(>-9-fiowered. Glumes 2, unequal, roundish. Pales 
ventricous, lower one cordate, embracing the shorter 
roundish upper one. Grain beaked. Paniculate, \ 
spkl. large, drooping on slender pedicels. 

1 B. media L. Pan. erect, spreading; spkl. soon cordate, 

of 5 — 9 flowers ; gl. smaller than the greenish-purple vein- 
less flowers, it Meadows, coastward, N. Eng. to Penn. May. (b. c) 

2 B. maxima. Pan. nodding at top ; spikelets oblong-cordate, of 13 — 17 flowers. ® 

Gardens. Cultivated for the curious spikes, which are light-browr , hyaline, \' in 
length. From Europe. 

3 B. minor. Pan. erect, diffuse: spkl. triangular, 5-7-flwd. ; glumes larger than thn 

flowers. 5) From Europe. Small and pretty. 

49. UNIOLA, L. Union G. Spkl. compressed, 
and two-edged, 3-20-fiwd. Lower fl. or fls. neutral, 
of 1 pale, similar to the 2 carinate gls. Pales awn- 
less, the lower wing-keeled, upper doubly so. Sta. 1 
or 3. Grain free. U Smooth, erect, often branching. 

§ Spikelets 6 — 16" long, in large open panicles, 

drooping Nos. 1, 2 

§ Spikelets 2 — 6'', subsessile, in slender, spikelike 

panicles Nos. 3, 4 

1 U. latlfolia Mx. (a) Culm 2— 4f ; lvs. very broad, £— 1' 
wide; spikelets oblong-ovate, 9—12", flat, 9-13- flowered, 
drooping on slender pedicels ; glumes (c) unequal, much 
smaller than the fls. (5) Sta. 1. 2: Dry woods, M., W. Elegant. August. 





404 



Order 155.— GRAMINEJE. 





2 U. pani-ctilata L. Sea-side Oats. Culm 4— 8f ; lvs. long, narrow, rolled, irlngcd 

at throat , .'pikelets ovate, short-pedicelled, 12-20-flwd. ; lower pale obtuse, 9- veined; 
stamens 3. il Sand-hills, coastward, Va. to Ma. July. 

3 U. nitida Baldw. Culm wiry, 2 — 3f; lvs. narrow, flat; pan. simple; spkl. subsets- 

sile, broad, with about 7 long-pointed fls. Sta. 1. 21 Ga. to La. 

4 U. gracilis Mx. (d) Slender, 3 — 4f; lvs. broad-linear, flat; pan. long, simple, 

branches solitary, appressed; spkl. (e) 2", 3^4-flwd. Sea-coast, N. Y., and South. 

50. PHRAGMITES, Trin. Reed. Fls. 3—6, the 

'.o west sterile and monandrous ; racliis beset with long Ji 

silky hairs. Gl. acute, keeled, very unequal. Lower) 

pale subulate, silky villous at base. Sta. 3. Grain free. 

U Tall ; lvs. broad and flat ; panicle diffuse. 

P. communis Trin. Culm erect, 6— 12f, near V thick; lvs. 
1—2' broad; pan. effuse, spkl. (a) 4-5-flwd., erect; fls. (*) col- 
ored, as long as the white hairs. Ponds. July. 

51. ARUNDINARIA, Rich. Cane. Spkl. flat- 
tened, 5-12-flwd., fls. all 5 , trian- 

'drous, remote. Gl. (a) small. Lower pale lance- 
ovate, rounded, awn-pointed. Stigmas (b) 3. Grain 
(c) free. +> fy Tall, branching, leafy. Flowers in 
spikes or panicles. 

A. macrosperma Mx. (a) Culm woody, from strong 
running root-stocks, 10 — 25f high, with fascicled branches; 
lvs. lanceolate, If and less ; spkl. 1—2}' long, subeeeeile 
on leafless axillary or radical branches (from the rhizome) 
Swamps, Va. to Ky., and S., forming the brakes. 
j3. tecta. Culm 2— 10f; lvs. lance-linear ; spikes mostly 
radical. 

52. L.EPTURUS, Br. Spikelet 1 on each joint of the fili- 
form rachis impressed into a cavity, 1- or 2-flwd. Gl. coriace- 
ous, acute, subulate. Pales acute, subequal. Stam. 3. 
linear, free. ® Culm branching, leaves very narrow, 
solitary or panicled. 

L<. paniculatus N. (c) Culm ascend- 
ing, 10—18'; lvs. near the base, fili- 
form-subulate, short: rachis f of the" 
culm, the slender spikes 2', alternate,, 
remote; spkl. 2", gls. lateral, shortei' 
than the pales. Illinois to Louisiana. 

53. HORDEUM, L. Barley. Spkl. 3 
at each joint of the rachis, 2-flowered, the 
lateral imperfect or abortive. Gl. 2, subulate, 
awned, collateral, all 6 in front of the cluster 
Lower pale long-awned, both adhering to grain, 
f II. jubatum L. Squirrel-tail G. (a) Culm terete, 2f; lvs. broad-linear; spike 
2—3' long ; spkl. (b) with the lateral fls. neuter, the 7 awns 6 times (20 as long ae 
the flowers. © Marshes, N. Eng. to Mo., and N. June. 



Grain 
Spikes 





Order 155.— GKAMINEJE. 



405 




2 II. pusillum N. Culm ascending, 4—12' ; lateral fls. awnless; centra, fl. » with 

3 subequal awns (7") ; spike linear, 1—2' long. (2) Ohio, and W. May. 

3 H. vulgark. Four-rowed B. Culm 2— 4f ; lvs. broad, auricled at base ; spike thicK, 

2 — 4' : fls. all fertile, fruit in 4 rows. (T) Cultivated. May. 

4 H. oiPTicHUM. Two-rowed B. Culm and leaves as above. Lateral fls. abortive : 

fruit arranged in two rows. ® More common in cultivation. June. 

54. ELYMUS, L. Lyme G. Wild Rye. Spikelets 
2 — 4 at each joint of the rachis, 2-6-flwd. Gl. 2, subulate, 
placed on the outer side of their spikelet, forming an invo- 
lucre to the group, sometimes minute, or obsolete. 
Pales coriaceous, involving the grain, the lower 
acute or awned. (See Addenda.) 

§ Elymus proper. Involucre present, consist- 
ing of the conspicuous glumes... (a) 
$ Gymnostichum. Invol. glumes small or mi- 
nute, or obsolete No. 

a Spikelets 5-8-flowered, soft-pubescent, 

without awns No. 

a Spikelets 1-5-flowered, hard, rough, with conspicuous awns. 

b Spikelets glabrous, merely rough, 2- or 3-flowered Noe. 1, 9 

b Spikelets hispid with hairs, 1-3- or 2-5-flowered Noe. 3, 4 

1 E. Virginicus L. Culm erect, 3 — 4f, smooth ; lvs. broad, flat, scabrous ; spike 

3 — 5' long, thick, erect, often sheathed at base ; gl. lance-linear, strongly veined, 
tipped (as well as the 2 or 3 fls.) with short (6—10") awns. 2f Banks. August. 
/3. arcu" tttfi. (a) Glumes thickened and connate-arcuate at the base. S. 

2 E. Europaeus L. Culm erect, 3— 5f; lvs. broad, flat, scabrous; spike suberect, 

6—8', exserted ; spkl. in 'i's, 2-flowered, scabrous, each with 4 long (1 j— 2') straight 
awns ; glumes linear, 5-veined. 11 River banks, South. 

3 E. Canadensis L. (b) Spikes 4—8' long, rather loose, nodding, hairy; spike- 

lets (b) in 2's and 3's, 3-ti-flwd. ; awns of the flowers (c) usually curved, longer than 
(7—13") those of the lance-linear glumes ; culm 3— 5f. n Banks. August. 

4 E. striatus Willd. Spike 3 — 4' long, dense, suberect ; spikelets in pairs, 1-3-flwd., 

hispid-pubescent ; awns subequal, 3 or 4 times longer than the flowers, u Banks 
and rocky woods. Culm slender, 2— 3f. August. 
18. villbsus. Culm 3— 4f, sheaths villous, and the glumes very hairy. 

5 E. mollis Trin. Culm 2 — 4f, stout, soft-pubescent above, as well as the erect 5—8 

spike ; spikelets in pairs, about 7-flwd. ; leaves and sheaths smooth. Shores, N-W. 

6 E. Histrix L. Hedgehog G. Glabrous, tall (3— 4f ) ; spike erect, 4—6' ; spikelet* 

remote on the flexuous rachis, widely divergent, 2- or 3-flwd. ; fls. subulate, $' long, 
their awns straight, 1' or more ; glumes commonly ru- 
dimentary. Mr. J. Wolf sends specimen from Illinois 
with awn-like glumes 4—8" long. % Woods. July. 

55. LOLIUM, L. Darnel G. Spkl. go 
flwd., sessile, remote, placed edgewise to the 
axis, the terminal one with 2 glumes, the lateral 
with but 1. Pales herbaceous, the lower awned 
or mucronate. 

* L. perenne L. Ray Darnel, (a) Smooth, simple, 
1— Sf ; spike 5—8' ; spkl. 15—20, oblong, 5—6", awnless, 
f-13-Jiowcred, flowers exceeding the glume. %. Fields. 
May. June. 6 





406 



Order 155.— GRAMiNJ^E. 




2 Bj. temulentum L. Poisonous D. Smooth, 2f, simple; lvs. rough-edged; epki 
5-7-flwd., remote on the scabrous rachis, shorter or not longer than their glume ; fls. 
twice shorter than their awn. (T) Fields. Pa., and N. Grain poison, (b, c) 
/3. Canadtnse (Mx.) Fls. awnless ! or some of them short-awned ; glume 1' lonjj, 
much exceeding the flowers. Wayne Co., N. Y. E. L. Hankenson. 

56. TRITICUM, L. Wheat. Spikelets sessile in 2 

rows on the teeth of the rachis, and sidewise to it, its upper 

fls. abortive. Gl. 2, equal, opposite, mucronate. Pales 2, the 

lower awned or mucronate. Spike simple, rarely branched. 

§ Agropyrtjih. Glumes lanceolate, acute or awn-pointed .Nos. 1, 2 
§ Triticttm. Glumes ovate-oval, obtuse or truncate Nos. 3, 4 

1 T. repens L. Couch G. Quick G. (a) Culms trailing at base, 

then erect, 1— 2f, from long creeping rhizomes (Fig. 257, p. 78) ; 
spike (a) erect, 3—5' ; spikelet remote, lance-oblong, 5-7-flowered ; 
awns short or 0. 71 A vile weed, in gardens, etc. June, July. (£>, a flower.) 
0. ilasystdchyum. Glaucous ; spikelets hoaiw-pubescent. Lake shores, N-W. 

2 T. violacenm Hornm. Erect, 2 — 3f; root fibrous; spike slender, dense, 2—4' ; 

spkl. closely imbricated, 3-5-flwd. ; awns 1—3" long, straight. Mts., Pa. {Porter), <fc N. 

3 T. c-a.ii inum L. Dog's Couch G. Ascending, 2— 3f; rt. fibrous; sp. dense; spkl. 

5-7-flwd. ; awns (6") twice longer than the pale, some recurved, u Fields, Del. to Wis. 

4 T. vtjlgare. Common Wheat Culm firm, 3— 5f; leaves broad-linear ; spike some- 

what 4-sided ; spkl. crowded, broad, 4-flwd. ; gl. blunt, round-convex ; flowers often 
awned ; grain free. (T) ® Varies as Summer Wheat, with awns, and sown in spring; 
and Winter Wheat, without awns, sown in autumn. 

57. SECALE, L. Rye. Spikelets single on the teeth of the rachis 

2-3-flwd., the 2 lower fls. fertile, sessile opposite, the upper one abortive. 

Gl. 2, opposite, subulate. Pales 2, herbaceous, the lower awned. 

S. cere ale. Culm firm, 4— 6f high ; lvs. glaucous ; spike linear, flattened, 3— 6', nod- 
ding ; lower pale and its long straight awn ciliate-scabrous. g) (§) Said to be native 
in the steppes of Caucasus. Cultivated from earliest times. 

58. LEPTOCHLOA, Beauv. Spkl. 3- CO-flwd., subsessile, in one- 
sided, slender spikes. Gl. 2, keeled, awnless. Pales membranous, awn- 
less or awned, the lower keeled, 3-veined. Lvs. flat and soft. Pan. com- 
posed of many long, slender spikes. Aug., Sept. 

§ Spikelets 2-4-flowered. Lower pale simply 

acute Nos. 1, 2 

§ Spikelets 6-10-flowered. Lower pale mu- 
cronate and notched Nos. 3, 4 

1 Ij. mucronata K. Culm ascending, 2 — 3f ; leaven 

broad-linear ; pan. If or more ; spikes filiform, 3—4', 
floriferous from base ; spikelet of fls. minute, shorter 
than the mucronate glumes. (T) Fields, Va. to 111., & S. 

2 L. filiiormis R. & S. (b) Tall, stout; pan. 1— 2f; 

spikes filiform, straight, suberect, 5—8', very many ; 
?pk_. of fls. (cl) exceeding the acute glumes. ®? S-W. 

3 Ii. fascicularis (Lam.) (a) Tall, stout; pan. ob- 

long, dense, 9—15' ; spikes 2—3' ; spkl. (c) lance-oblong, 2—3" , short pedicetted ; lowei 
pale strongly 3-veined, the veins excurrent into 2 teeth and a cusp between. 
Marshes, N. Y. S and W. 




Okder 155.— GRAMIKEtE. 



40? 




4 L. Doiningensis Link. Culms simple, slender; lvs. linear-filiform; spikes fe\* 
(6 — 12), distant ; spikelets nearly as in No. 3. S. Fla. (Chapman). Oct. 

59. GYMNOPOGON, Beauv. Spikes setaceous, corymbously pani- 
cled. Spkl. remote, 1-flwd., with an awn-like rudi- 
ment. Gl. 2, keeled, lance-linear. Lower pale with 
a straight awn near the tip. if Low, reed-like. 

1 G. racemosum B. (a) Culm ascending, 1-i — 2f; lvs. 

lanceolate from a broad base, short ; spikes erect but soon 
spreading, thread-form, 5—8', fioriferous from base ; gl. (b) 
pungent ; fertile flower and abortive rudiment (c), both 
long-awned. Sands, N. J., and S. 

2 G. brevifolium Trin. (d) Culm 8—16'; lvs. 1—2'; 

spikes bristle-form, 4—6', flower-bearing only above the 
middle ; fertile fl. awned (e), rudiment not. Md., and S. 

60. MANISURUS, L. Lizard-tail G. Spikes 
terminal ana lateral, their short stalks involved in 
sheaths. Spkl. in pairs, 1-flwd., the lower £ , the 
upper neutral, consisting merely of 2 empty subequal glumes. ? Glumes 
coriaceous, the lower rounded, concave. Pales hyaline, thin. @ 

HI. granularis Swtz. Culm 2— 3f, branching; sheaths hairy; leaves flat; spikes 
| — 1', colored ; spkl. minute, the perfect globular, its gl. tessellated. Waysides, S. § 

61. CYNODON, Rich. Bermuda G. Sp. digitate, one-sided. Spkl. 
1-flwd. (c), with a rudiment. Gl. 2 (d), persistent. 6 
Pales 2, membranous, the lower keeled. Rudiment 
an awn- like pedicel. 

C. dactylon Pers. (a) Diffusely creeping, sending up 
short branches ; narrow lvs. and sheaths hairy ; spikes (5) 
4 or 5, 2 — 3' long, spreading, u Waste grounds. Ever- 
green. Pa., and S. § 

62. CHLORIS, Swtz. (Eustachys, Desv.) Spikes 
digitate-fasciculate, rarely few. Spkl. sessile along 
one side of the rachis, 2-8-flwd., the lower 1 or 2 fls. 

$ , the rest neutral or $ . Gl. 2, persistent, acute or 
short-awned. Lower pale keeled, mucronate or awned below the tip 
Culms flattened, often branched. Leaves obtuse. 

1 C. petrrea (Thunb.) Culms 1— 2f ; lvs. linear, 2 — 4', flat, on carinate sheaths; spiko? 

3—6, straight, erect ; spkl. 2-flwd., brown, ciliate, bearded at base, if Brackish. 8 

2 C glauca (Chapm.) Glaucous, stout, 3— 5f; leaves 18—24' by J-'; spikes about 20 

spkl. roundish, upper flower obovate ; pales brown. ® Marshes, Fla. Aug. + 

3 C. Floridana (Chapm.) Slender, 2f ; lvs. glaucous, 2 — 4' ; spikes 1 or 2: spkl. 3- 

flwd., light brown, middle flower $ , upper neutral, both smooth. Barrens, Fla., Jl. + 

4 C. radiata. From E. Ind. Cultivated for ornament. Culms leafy at base, scape- 

like, bearing at top numerous long, slender, radiating spikes ; spikelets 2-flowered, 
with 2 long awns, the fertile flower bearded at base, the sterile club-shaped. 

63. ELEUSINE, Gaert. Crab G. Yard G. Spikes digitate, uni 
lateral. Spikelet 5-7-flwd., sessile. Gl. obtuse, the lower smaller. Pales 




408 



Order 155.— GRAMINE^;. 




awnless, lower carinate, upper bicarinate. Grain 
ovate- triquetrous, free, loose in its pericarp. Lvs. flat. 

E. Iudica L. Culms clustered, ascending, 3—6—12'; leaves 
linear; spikes (a) 2—4, rarely 1, linear, straight, spreading, 
2 - 4' by 2" ; spkl. (b) closely imbricated on the under side 
of the rachis, smooth ; fruit brown. ® Waysides : com- 
mon M., S-W. August. 

64. DACTYLOCTENIUM, Willd. Egyptian G. Spikes several, 
digitate, unilateral. Spkl. 2- oo-flwd. Gl. compressed-carinate, the uppei 
awned. Pales boat-shaped, acute-mucronate. Grain roundish, free. 

I>. Egypticum Willd. Culms creeping and ascending, 1 — l|f; lvs. ciliate at base; 
spikes commonly 4 (cruciate), pointed ; spkl. 3-fhvd. (I) Fields : com. Va. to Fla. § 

65. SPARTINA, Schreb. Marsh G. Cord G. 
Spkl. flat, 1-flwd., closely imbricated in a double 
row on one side of the triquetrous rachis, forming 
dense spikes. Glumes keeled, coriaceous. Pales 
awnless. Style very long, it Rigid marsh grasses. 

* Upper glume decidedly awned. Lower pale rough- 

hispid on the keel No. 1 

* Glumes merely pointed... (a) 

a Lower pale rongh-hispid on the keel Nos. 2, 3 

a Lower pale smooth. Spikes 1 — 12 Nos. 4, 5 

■_ r ^ 

S. eynosuroides Willd. Culm 2— 4f, slender but 
firm : lvs. long, narrow, involute-filiform above ; spikes 5—30. in a raceme-like pani 
cle, each 2 — 4' long; upper glume with its awn 8— 10 v , lower glume and subequal 
pales 4 — 5". Brackish soils. August. 

2 S. polystacliya Willd. Culm 4— 8f, J— V in diameter ; leaves broadly linear, fiat , 

spikes 20—50, in a dense panicle, and 3 — 4' ; upper pointed gl. 6", lower gl. 2—3", 
half as long as the equal pales. Salt marshes, chiefly southward. Aug., +(a,b,c) 

3 S. gracilis Hook. Culml— 2f ; lvs. rolled, rigid, rush-like ; spikes 15—30, very short 

(i')i closely imbricated into a spike-form panicle. Swamps, Fla. July, August. 

4 S. jitncea Willd. Culm 1— 2f, slender; leaves rolled and rush-like or setaceous; 

spikes 1—6, subsessile, 1— lj-' long ; upper glume 4", lower IJ-", pales 3£" ; whole 
plant glabrous except the rough-keeled upper glume. Marshes along the coast. 

5 S. alterniflora Lois. Soft Marsh G. Culm 3— 5f, juicy ; leaves channeled, long ; 

spikes 3 — 12, sessile, appressed, their rachis produced and 
pointed ; upper gl. lin., obtuse, smooth as well as the en- 
tire plant ; lower i as long. Salt marshes. August. 

66. BOUTELOUA, Lagasca. Mtjsqtjite G. Spkl. 
sessile in two rows on one side of the rachis, form- 
ing dense spikes. Glumes keeled, the lower larger. 
Flowers several, the lowest £ , the rest abortive. £ 
Lower pale 3-toothed, upper 2-toothed. Abortive 
flowers awned. 

§ Atheropogon. Spikes numerous and short, forming an 

erect, virgate, one-sided raceme ; spikelets 4 — 8 No. 1 

§ Chondrositjm. Spikes 1 or few, dense ; spkl. go . . . Nos. 2. 3 





Order 155.— GRAMINE^E. 



409 



1 B. curtlpendula (Mx.) (c) Culm ascending, 1— 2f ; leaves lance-linear ; sp„kcp 

20 — 40, near i' long, deflexed; spkl. (a) 2-flwd., abortive fl. 1-awned. U M., W. Jl. 

2 B. liirsuta Lag. Culms tufted, If; leaves at base lance-linear, flat; spikes 1 — 3; 

glumes (5) glandular-hispid, shorter than the 3 awns of the emooth (d) sterile flower. 
(5) Sandy soils, Wis., and S. 

3 B. oligostacliya (N.) Culm filiform, 6 — 12' ; lvs. at base subulate-setaceous ; gl. 

and lower pale downy, equaling the 3 awns of the villous ster. fl. if. Wis., and W. 

67. CTENIUM, Panner. Tooth-ache G- 
Spkl. (b) 4-5-flwd., closely imbricated on one side 
of a flat rachis, middle fl. £ , the upper and lower 
sterile. Upper gl. exterior, with an awned tubercle 
on the back. Lower 5 pale awned near the apex, 
silky-fringed below. Spike solitary, recurved. 

C. aromaticum (Ell.) Culm rigidly erect, 3— 5f; leaves? 

involute-setaceous above ; scorpoid spike (a) 4 — 6', very dense, the short, stout, dl 
var. awns arranged in 3 rows, u Sandy swamps, Va., and S. Curious. Herb. pung. 

68. TRIPSACUM, L. Sesame G. Spikes $ above, ? 
below. Gl. coriaceous. $ Spkl. 2-flwd., inner fl. neuter. ? 
Spkl. 2-flwd., the lower abortive. Outer gl. covering the fls.l 
in a cavity of the thick-jointed rachis, with an aperture each' 
side at base. 





V, dactyloid.es L. Culm solid with pith, 4— 6f, stout; lvs. broad and 
flat ; spikes (5 — 8') 2 or 3 together at top, and solitary in the sheaths, 
sometimes, in 
p. mono st achy on, solitary at the top also, u Banks and shores, 
Penn. to 111. 

69. ZEA, L. Indian Corn. 8 Fls. awnless. 
$ Fls. in a terminal panicle of racemes ; spkl. (a) 
2-flwd. ¥ Fls. embedded in the thick axillary 
spadix (cob), which is enveloped in many bracts 
(husks) ; spikelets (b) 2-flowered, 1 fertile. Glumes 
roundish. Pistil thread-form (silk), very long, 
green, (l) Culm solid. 

Z. Mays L. Culm stout, erect, 5 — 15f, smooth, with many 

ample lin. -lanceolate lvs. Native of S. Am. Cultivated 

in many varieties. Grain always in even 8 — 24 rows in 

the ear, golden yellow, varying to br. -purple or pearl-wh 

/3. japonica. Leaves variegated with 

stripes of white and green. Gardens. 

70. ROTTBCELLIA, Br. Rat-tail G. Spkl. in pairs at 
each joint of a terete spike, one sessile in a cavity of the rachis, 
2 flwd., the other pedicelled, abortive. Lower fl. of the sessile 
spkl. abortive. Gl. 2, subequal, the outer concave, coriaceous, 
hyaline. 24. Spikes pedunculate. Culm solid. 

I B. cylindrica (Mx.) Pedicellate spkl. a minute rudiment ; a glume ovate 
acute, obscurely impressed-dotted in lines ; spikes cylindric, slender., single 





410 



Order 155.— GRAMINE^E. 




culm terete, slender, 2 — 4f, with very narrow involute-setaceous leaves. Dry bar 

rens, Fla. to La. July. + (E. campestris N.) 
a R. rugosa (N.) Pedicellate spkl. neutral ; s gl. lanceolate, transversely rugous •< 

spikes 2— 3', terminal and axillary ; culm compressed, 2 — 4f. Swamps, S. Sept. + 
3 R. corrugata Baldw. (a) Pedicellate spkl. (d) staminate ; $ gl. (c) ovate, deeply 

reticulately pitted ; spikes 3—6', colored ; culm compressed, 2^4f. Low lands. S. 

71. STENOTAPHRUM, Trin. Spike flat- 
lened. Spkl. 2-flwd., in pairs at each joint, em- 
oedded, one pedicelled and sterile, the other ses- 
sile and constructed like Panicum (p. 391). if 
Culm branched. 

S. dimidiatum (Thunb.) (a) Smooth, leafy, decum-, 

bent, 2— 3f ; leaves (b) lance-linear, flat ; spikes single, lateral and terminal, 3' by V , 
joints not separating. Low lands, S. June. + 

72. ERIANTHUS, Rich. Plume G. Spkl. 
all fertile, 2-flwd., in pairs at each joint of the slen- 
der rachis, one sessile, the other pedicelled, both 
involucrate at base with a tuft of hairs. Gl. sub- 
equal, exceediug the fls. Lower fl. neutral, of 1 
hyaline pale, upper of 2, 1-awned. U Stout, erect 
grasses, with flat leaves and tawny silky panicles. 

§ Hairs of the invol. much longer than the spkl. .Nos. 1, 2 
§ Hairs of the involucre short or none Nos. 3, 4; 

1 E. alopeeuroides Ell. Culm (6— lOfl) and broad 1 vs. 

silky-hirsute ; panicle dense, oblong, 12 — 20' ; hairs of- 

the invol. twice longer than the (2^") spkl., thrice shorter than the straight awn which 

is terminal on" its pale. Wet pine-barrens, N. J., W. and S. (a, b) 

2 E. contort us Ell. Culm (4— 6f ), and broad-linear leaves glabrous ; panicle oblong, 

6 — 10' ; hairs of the invol. thrice longer than the (3") spkl., twice shorter than the 

contorted awn issuing from the base of the 2-cleft pale. Wet grounds, S. 
J? E. brevibarbis Ms. Culm and leaves as in the last ; panicle dense, 8 — 14' ; hairs 

shorter than the (4") spkl. ; awn some twisted, 8— 10" ; pale bifid. Low grounds, S. (c) 
I E. strictus Bald. Culm (4 — 7f ) and long, narrow (3—5") leaves glabrous ; panicle 

strict, spike-form, 10— 20', reddish brown ; awn straight ; invol. almost 0. Banks, S. 

73. SACCHARUM, L. Sugar-cane. Spkl. all fertile, awnless, in 
pairs, one sessile, the other pedicellate, 2-flwd., lower fl. neuter, of a single 
pale, upper fl. £ of 2 pales. Gl. 2, subequal. Pales 2, hyaline. Sta. 1—3. 
U Gigantic tropical grasses with branching panicles. Spikelets cinctured 
at base with long silky hairs. 

S. officinakum. Culm solid, short -jointed, erect, 8— 20f; Ivs. many, b*')ad and hai, 
pan. 1— 2f, of numerous racemes, richly clothed with the long, white, silky, involu- 
crate hairs. Native of S. Asia. Cultivated far South. 

74. ANDROPOGON, L. Beard G. Spkl. in pairs at each joint of 
a slender rachis (a), one on a plumous-bearded pedicel (d) imperfect, the 
other (e) sessile, 2-flwd. Lower flower of 1 empty pale, upper flower 5 
of 2 hyaline pales, the lower tipped with an awn. Sta. 1 — 3. U Culma 
greet, branched, coarse. Flowers spiked. 




Order 155.— GRAMINE.ZE. 



411 




§ Hairs copious svlky, longer than the gl. Sta. 1 Nos. 1—3 

§ Hairs shorter than the glumes. Sta. 3 (1 in No. 4). ..(a) 

a Spikes digitate. 2 — 4 together at summits Nos. 4, 5 

a Spikes single, one at the top of each branch.. Nos. 6—8 

a Spikes clustered, paniculate ; awns very long 

1 A. macro iirus Mx. Culm erect, 2— 3f, much branched ; 

spkl. very delicate, in pairs, with a spathe, very many, 

forming a dense leafy, silky panicle ; sterile spikelet only 

a pedicel ; s awn a straight bristle, 8", hairs 4". Wet 

grounds, N. Y., and S. Sept. + 
£ A. VIrgiiiicus L. Culm triangular, tall (3— 5f ), the* 

upper half loosely paniculate and nodding ; spikes (like 

No. 1, light and feathery, 1', two from each spathe) scat- 
tered ; sterile spikelet a mere pedicel ; awns 9" ; spathe 2'. Dry soils. Sept., Oct. 

3 A. argenteus Ell. Culm purplish, slender, 1 — 3f; branches 1 or 2 at each upper 

node, each with a pair of spikes 12 — 15" long at top ; fis. concealed by the silvery- 
white hairs ; awn 7—8". No spathe. Dry soils, Va., and S. Sept., Oct. 

4 A. tetrastyclius Ell. Culm erect, 2— 3f ; leaves and sheaths very hairy ; branches 

1 or 2 at each node, each with 4 (rarely 2) spikes at top ; sterile spikelet an awnlike 
glume only ; glume serrulate ; awn 4 times its length. Low lands, S. Sept. 
b A. furcatus Muhl. Forked spike. Culm erect, 4— 7f; lvs. and sheaths glabrous; 
spikes purplish, digitate, in 2's — 5's, 3—5' long; spkl. appressed, the stalked one $\ 
awn of the s flower bent, 8 — 10" loug. Meadows and prairies : common. August. 

6 A. tener (Nees). Culms 2 — 3f, slender, rigid ; leaves narrow, rigid ; spikes erect, 2, 

slender; spkl. appressed ; pedicellate fl. neuter ; s awn bent, 4 — 6". Dry barrens. 

7 A. ciliatus (Nutt.) Culms 3 — 4f, with long linear lvs. ; spikes 3—6', on long ped 

icels ; hairs close-pressed, white ; spkl. awnless, the stalked one & , Damp, S. 

8 A. scoparius Mx. Broom G. (a) Culm 3f, erect, with erect, often fascicled 

branches ; lvs. more or less hairy ; spikes single on the filiform pedicels, loose, 6-12- 
fiowered, hairs spreading nearly as long as the fis. ; 2 awns 6" long, twisted ; stalked 
flower (p) neuter, or (in j3. Halei) (d) staminate. In dry fields, forming tufts. 

9 A. melanocarpus (Muhl.) Culms 4— 8f; lvs. glabrous; spikes numerous, clus- 

tered ; spkl. many, large, each from a subulate spathe, the 2 lower spathes longest, 
glume-like $ awn 3 — 4' long, twisted. Fields, Ga., El. Sept. + 

75. SORGHUM, Pers. Broom Corn. Spkl. in 2's and 3's, panicled , 
the middle spkl. complete, 2-flwd., lower fl. abortive. Lateral or lower 
spk sterile. Glumes coriaceous, pales membranous. Sta. 3. Otherwise 
like Andropogon. Culms simple. 

1 S. nutans (L.) Indian G. Wood G. Culm 2 — 4f ; pan. elongated, 10 — 20', narrow, 

nodding ; spkl. all tawny, the sterile reduced to mere pedicels in contact with the 9 , 
all bristly ciliate ; awn contorted, longer than the flower, if Dry: common. 

2 S. saccharattjm. Broom Corn. Culm thick, solid, 6— lOf; leaves broad, downy al 

base ; panicle large, diffuse, with the slender branches whorled ; 9 glumes hairy, 
persistent. (T; E. Indies. 

3 S. vulgake. Indian Millet. Culm erect, 6— 12f, round, solid ; leaves broad, keeled 

pan. compact, erect, oval ; glumes and pales caducous, fruit naked. (J) E. Ind. — The 
Sugar Sorghum is regarded as a variety of this species. 

76. COIX lacryma. Job's Tears. Culm 1 — 2f, solid, with erect, 
ilender branches clustered in the upper sheaths ; leaves lanceolate. Spikelets few in the 
short spikes, awnless, the lowest enclosed in an involucre which becomes ovoid, bony 
Dolisbed, and bluish-white, likened to a falling tear. (£) Gardens. From B. Indies. 



412 Order 156.— MARSILEAUE^E. 



Subkingdom, CKYPTOGAMIA, 

Or Flowerless Plants. Vegetables destitute of true stamens 
and pistils, gradually descending to a mere cellular struct are. 
with reproductive organs of 1 or 2 kinds, producing, instead of 
seeds, minute, dust-like bodies (spores) having neither integu- 
ments nor embryo. 

Province, AOEOGENS. Flowerless plants, having a regular 
stem or axis which grows by the extension of the apex only, 
without increasing in diameter, generally with leaves, and 
composed of cellular tissue and scalariform ducts. (Ferns, 
Mosses, Club-mosses, Horsetails, &c.) 

Order CLVI. MARSILIACEiE. Pepperworts. 

Herbs creeping or floating, with the leaves petiolate or sessile, circinate in 
vernation. Fruit (sporocarps) situated at the base of the leaves or leaf- 
stalks, containing the capsular sporanges of one kind with 2 kinds of spores, 
or of 2 kinds with the different spores separated. 

* Leaves compound, on slender petioles, with 4 leaflets. Stems creeping Marsilia. 1 

* Leaves simple, grass-like, radical. Stem a corm . ...Isoetes. 2 

* Leaves minute, lobed, imbricated. Stem filiform, floating free AzOLLA. 3 

1. MARSILIA, L. Sporocarps at the base of the leaf-stalks, of one 
kind, 2-celled, cells transversely many-celled, separating into two lobes at 
maturity. Sporangia inserted on each horizontal partition, of 2 kinds, 
some 1-spored, others oo-spored. U Stems creeping and rooting. Leaves 
petiolate, apparently radical, of 4 wliorled leaflets, resembling clover. 

1 M. quadrifolia L. Lfts. round-cuneiform, as broad as long, glabrous ; sporocarpe 

oblong, smoothish, 1, 2, or 3 on each short peduncle, as large as a peppercorn. % Pet- 
ioles 3 — 5' high. Margin of pond, Litchfield, Conn. (Prof. Eaton). Leaves floating. 

2 UI. vestita Hook & Grev. Lfts. cuneiform-obovate, longer than broad, glab. ; sporo- 

carps glob. -oval, 2§-", hisp., 1 only on each short (3") peduncle, 2-toothed on back. S-W. 

3 M. uncinata Brann. Lfts. cuneiform-obovate, hispid, petioles 1 — 2' high; spoio- 

carps 2", subsessile at the base of the petioles, clothed with rust-colored wool. Iowa. 

2. ISOETES, L. Quili wort. Sporocarps oval, 1-celled, of 2 kinds, 
sessile in the axils of the radica. *vs. and adhering to them. Spores in the 
outer sporangia larger, globular ; in the inner minute, powdery. % £? 
Leaves linear, grass-like, clustered on the short corm. 

* Species growing under water, generally wholly submersed, in ponds, &c. .Nos. 1 — 3 

* Species growing in shallow water, or in damp grounds, emersed Nos. 4 — 7 

1 I. lac ustris L. Lvs. 2—6', subulate, rigid, erect-spreading ; sporocarps round-ovate, 
unspotted, the larger spores with crested ridges. Varies with the leaves setaceous 
subulate and recurved, the sporocarps rarely a little spotted. N. 



Order 157.— LYCOPODIACEJE. 



413 



2 I. ecliinospora. Dor. Lvs. subulate, 3 — 10', red at base. 15 — 30 in number; sporo- 

carps round-ovate, spotted, larger spores echinate with minute points. N. J., Pa., & N, 

3 I. flaccida Shutt. Lvs. flaccid, 1— 2f long, almost filiform, yellowish green ; sporo- 

carps oblong-ovate ; spores not netted, minutely roughened. Ponds and lakes. Fla. 

4 I. riparia Eng. Lvs. 10-30 in number, 4-S', lin. ; sporocarps oblong, spotted; sporea 

with a band of crested ridges, ash-colored ; leaves emersed. Del. K. (Porter), and N 

5 I. saccliarata Eng. Leaves few (7—15), subulate-filiform, 2 — 3', recurved ; sporo 

carps ovate, spotless ; spores minutely tubcrcled. Wicomico R., Md. (Canby, Porter). 

6 I. melanopoda J. Gay. Leaves very slender, 8—10', carinate on the back, brown at 

base ; sporocarps brown ; spores smooth, smaller than in No. 5. 111. (Prof. Porter). 
1 I. Engelniaiini Braun. Leaves 25 — 100,10 — 20' long, filiform-linear, weak ; sporo 

carps oblong, spotless ; spores honeycombed all over. Shallow waters, E. and W. 
/3. gracilis. Leaves about 10, very flaccid, If. N. E. to El. (J. Wolf).' 
y. v&lida. Ivt?. very numerous, 2f, from a stock 6" — 1' thick. Del. & Pa. (Porter). 

3. AZOLLA, Lam. Small floating plants, with filiform stems and mi- 
nute imbricated leaves or fronds. Sporocarps of 2 kinds, sessile on the 
under side of the branches, the smaller sterile, filled with antheridia, the 
larger fertile, thin, containing sporangia on stalks, each with several spores 

A. Caroliniana Willd. Lvs. ovate-oblong, obtuse, fleshy, \", reddish beneath; eter 
ile fruits 1 or 2 at the base of the fertile, and many times smaller. Still waters, N. & W 

Order CLVII. LYCOPODIACE^E. Club Mosses. 

These are interesting evergreen creep- A^ 
ers or runners, rarely erect, branching, £^!\ 
abounding in ducts, with the leaves small, ^^v^) V-WW> 
numerous, crowded, entire, lanceolate or <. [/^ mM if ^ 
subulate, i-nerved. Fruits sessile, ax- ^ jkm mSlLv 

illary or crowded into a spike, 2-valved, ^ q. 
containing lew rather large spores, or !S5^L%^f^ 

numerous minute ones appearing like 
powder. 

jl fly s£i 
651, Lycopodium dendroideum. 552, A single spikfl. ItW 

653, A scale with its axillary sporange bursting. 554, 

Spores. 

1. LYCOPODIUM, L. Club Moss. 

Spore -cases all of one kind, 1-celled, reni- 
fonn, ( pening transversely, 2-valved ; 
spores numerous, minute, sulphur-yel- 
low. — Leaves in 4, 8, or 16 ranks. 

§ Fruit in p&dunculated spikes (the fertile branches nearly leafless)., .(c) 
§ Fruit in sessile spikes (the branches leafy throughout) ...(b) 

§ Fruit scattered, axillary, forming no distinct spike Nos. 1, & 

b Leaves of the spike bract-like, discolored . .Nos. 3, 4 

b Leaves of the spikes and stems all alike Nos. 5, 6 

c Spikes several (2 — 6) on each peduncle Nos. 9, 10 

c Spike solitary on each peduncle Nos. 7, 8 

1 li. Selago L. Fir Club Moss. Erect, 3 — 6', fastigiately branched ; lvs. covering the 
branches, all alike, entire, acnte and pungent, awnless. Tops of higrh mountains, N. 




414 Order 157.— LYCOPODTACEJE. 

2 Li. lucidulum Mx. Shining C. Ascending, forking, 8—16' ; lvs. in 8 rows, linear- 

lanceolate, denticulate, shining, spreading or reflexed, pointed, large for the genus 
(3 — 4"), the fruitful ones like the rest, as in No. 1. Damp woods. 

3 L. inundatum L. Marsh C. Stem creeping, often submersed, the simple soli- 

tary ped. 1—3' (Conn., Mr. Bowles) or 4—7' (Mass., Dr. Ricard) ; leaves soft and fine, 
curving upward : spike solitary, 1 — H' long, leafy. Swamps, Can. to Car. 

4 Ii. alopecuroid.es L. Sterile branches decumbent, shorter than the tall (7— 20') 

erect fertile ones ; leaves crowded, subulate, awned ; spikes leafy, 2 — 3' long. 
Swamps in pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. and La. 

5 Ii. annctinum L. Creeping, branches twice forked, ascending 6—8'; leaves in 

5 rows, lance-linear, spreading, denticulate ; spikes solitary. Woods, N. 

6 It. dendroideum Ms. Tree C. Ground Pine. Erecl, about 8 r , with its erect 

branches spirally arranged, forked and crowded ; lvs. lance-linear, in 6 equal rows ; 
spikes several but solitary, H', yellow-brown. Woods. Very elegant. 
0. obscurutn. Branches spreading ; spikes 1 or 2, greenish brown. 

7 Ii. Carolinian um L. Stem and branches creeping and rooting ; lvs. appearing 2- 

ranked, the lateral spreading while the others are appressed. lanceolate ; peduncles 
simple, 2— 4', bearing each a single spike. Barrens, N. J., and S. 

8 I*, sabinpefolium Willd. Ground Fir. Long, creeping ; branches erect, short, 

with fasti^iate branchlets ; lvs. terete-subulate ; ped. short. White Mts., and N. 

9 L, complanatum L Festoon Ground Pine. Long, trailing; branches repeat- 

edly forking, fan-shaped, spreading ; leaves 4-ranked, the marginal connate, diverg- 
ing, the others distinct, appressed ; peduncles long, with 4 — 6 spikes. Woods. 

10 Ii. clavatum L. Common C. Extensively creeping, branches ascending ; leaves 
scattered, incurved, bristly-acuminate; peduncles erect, remotely bracted, 3 — 5', bear- 
ing a pair of straight spikes 2' long. In shades : common. 

2. SELAGINELLA, Spr. Dwarf Club Moss. Fruits of two kinds, 
viz., anthcridia, which are 1-cellecl, opening at apex; and oophoridia, larger, 
containing 1 — 4 (rarely 6) globous-angular grains. — A large genus. The 
species are cultivated in every greenhouse. Spikes quadrangular, bracts 
in 4 rows. (Lycopodium L.) 

§ Leaves all alike and similarly imbricated all around. Native Nop. 1, 2 

§ Leaves of 2 kinds, in 4 rows, those of the 2 lateral rows larger and spread 
ing, of the 2 intermediate rows superficial, small, appressed.. .(a) 
a Slender rootlets produced along the stems. — x Leaves unequal-sided. .Nos. 3 — 5 

— x Leaves equal-sided Nos. 6 — 8 

No rootlets, &c. — y Stems erect, frond-like, simple, stalk-like below. .Nos. 9—11 
— y Stems diffuse, branched from the base Nos. 12, 13 

* S. rupestre (L). Sts. ascending, 2 — 4 / , divided into numerous tufted, mossy branches ; 
leaves crowded, fine, blue-green, ciliate ; spike indistinct, ft". Rocks. 

2 S. selaginoides (L). Stem filiform, creeping, branches suberect, 3 — 6', the fertile 

simple, 1-spiked ; leaves lanceolate, yellow-green, ciliate. Woods, N. 

3 S. apus Spr. Stem weak, loosely branched, with hair-like rootlets near the base ; 

leaves ovate, slightly oblique, acutish, the smaller ones printed. Damp, t 
1 S. stolonifera. Sts. producing long threadform rootlets below, 3-4-pinnately branch • 
ed ; branchlets 2 — 4" broad ; lvs. imbricated, ovate, entire, obtuse,the smaller ones with 
a filiform straight point. The older stems become zigzag. 6-10'. Com. (S. Mertensii.) 

5 S. denticulata (or Kraussiana). Prostrate, delicate, remotely and somewhat 3-pin- 

nately branched ; leaves 1", oblong-ovate, minutely denticulate, acute, distant on the 

stem, crowded on the branchlets ; smaller leaves with reflexed points. Very common. 

/3. variegata. Ends of the branchlets with their leaves white. Rootlets hair-like, 

6 S» itncinata Cor caesia). Long-creeping, with hair-like rootlets, 2-3-pinnately branched. 



Order 158.— EQUISETACEJS. 



415 



branchlets crowded, short, 2" wide ; leaves crowded, oblong, entire, obtuse, the 
smaller ones with an 'uncinate (reflexed) slender point. 

7 S, serpens. Stems prostrate, with hair-like rootlets, 2-3-pinnate ; branchlets short and 

crowded, 1" wide ; lvs. crowded, round-ovate, cordate, obtuse, entire, the smaller acute. 

8 S. delicatisseha. Sts. creeping, 5 — 8', rooting, filiform, loosely 2-3-pinnate, 1" wide ; 

leaves ovate, obtuse, ciliate, not crowded, the middle ones scarcely smaller, acute. 

9 S. catjlescens. Glabrous, suberect, 12—18', 3-4-pinnately branched, fern-like, and lan- 

ceolate in outline ; branchlets close, If" wide ; leaves close, ovate, entire, very acute, 
the points turned upward ; smaller leaves mucronate ; stem straw-colored. 

10 S. Wn/LDENdvn. Like the last as to stems and branches, hut they are finely pubes- 
cent, and the leaves are less crowded, ovate, and obtuse. 6 — 12', ovate in outline. 

IIS. erythropus. Stems red, with scattered, appressed leaves ; frond wide-spreaa, 
somewhat palmate, with crowded branchlets and leaves, branchlets If" wide ; leaveo 
ovate-oblong, oblique, obtuse, ciliate, the smaller with long straight points. 

12 S. ctrsprDATA. Stem or frond 3 — 6', densely and somewhat dichotomously branched , 
branchlets \" wide ; leaves closely imbricated, all nearly alike, elliptical, ciliate, 
bristle-pointed, with the point inclined upward.— A variety (perhaps the fertile stems) 
are lanceolate in outline, 2-3-pinnately branched. 

1 3 S. lepidophtlla, Resurrection Moss, is a roundish ball when dry. In a cup of water 
it soon expands into a dense circle of dark-green, densely 2-3-pinnate fronds, with 
innumerable oval, obtuse, entire leaves. From Lower California. 

3. PSILOTUM, R Br. Sporangia sessile, 3-celled, imperfectly 3-valved 

by terminal chinks, filled with farinaceous spores. — Stem fork-branched, 

with alternate, minute leaves, as if leafless. 

P. triquetrum Swtz. Stem erect, 8 — KK, many times forked, and, with the branches, 
^•angled ; leaves remote, f ' ; fruit 3-lobed, sessile along the branches. E. Fla 



Order CLVIII. EQUISETACE.E. Horsetails. 

Plants leafless simple stems, or with whorled branches. Stems striate- 
sulcate, jointed, fistular between, and separable at, the joints. Sheatlu 
dentate, crowning each internode. Fructification a dense, oblong-cylin- 
dric, terminal, and cone-like spike, composed of 6-sided, peltate scales, 
arranged spirally, bearing beneath 4 — 7 spore-cases, which open laterally. 
Spores globular, each with 4 elaters attached, involving them spirally, ox 
open when discharged. (See Figures.) 

EQUISETUM, L. Scouring 
Rush. Character the same as 
that of the order. — The sheaths 
may be regarded as a whorl of 
united lvs. The cuticle abounds 
in silex. 

555, Equisetum arvense. 556, E. sylvati- 
cum. 557, Section of the spike, enlarged. 558, 
A peltate scale with 7 sporanges beneath (or 
one compound sporange), magnified. 559, A 
epore with its elaters highly magnified. 

S Species fruiting in Spring and decaying before the following Winter. . .(a) 
§ Species fruiting in Summer and lasting through the following Winter. . .(6) 




£16 



Order 159.— FIL1CES. 



a Fertile stems never branching, the sterile with simple, whorled branches. .Nob. 1,3 
a Fertile stems at length, like the sterile, with compound, whorled branches. .Nob. 8. 4 

b Stems with whorls of simple branches from the middle joints Nos. 5, 6 

b Stems mostly simple, large, 20-40-furrowed Nos. 7 — 9 

b Stems always simple, very slender, 3-9-furrowed Nos. 10, 11 

1 E. arvense L. Fertile stems erect, 6 — 8', simple ; sterile 12-14-furrowed, with s'm- 

ple, ascending, 4-angled branches ; sheath cut into long dark-brown teeth ; spike 
6—12", oblong. Can. to Va. and Ky. The Bterile stems appear after the fertile. 
0. serotinum. Sterile plant also producing a late spike of fruit. Pa. (Porter) 

2 E. Telmateia Ehr. Ivory H. Sterile stem 2— 5f, ivhite, about 30-furrowed, its 31' 

branches 4-angled ; fertile stems simple ; sheaths with subulate teeth. . L. Superior. 

3 E. sylvaticiim L. Stems 12- or 13-furrowed, both kinds with compound, deflexed, 

angular branches, 9 — 16'. Woods and low grounds. North. 

4 E. pra tense Ehr. Stems 10-12- furrowed, both kinds soon producing simple, straight 

branches, in several whorls ; branches 3-angled. N. W. 

5 E. liinosuui L. Pipes. Stems 2— 3f, smooth, erect, 15-20-striate, mostly with a 

few irregular, simple, 5-sided branches near the middle ; sheaths white above, with 
15 — 20 teeth, tipped with black. Shores and swamps. 

6 E. palustreL. Sts. 1 — 1 if, erect, with 6— 8 prominent striae ; branches few, sheaths 

with as many pointed teeth as striae. Marshes, N. Rare in the United States. 

7 E. Jrevigatum Braun. Stems 2— 3f, erect, simple or some branched ; sheaths long 

(6 — 7"), close, green, with 20—25 black teeth ; branch sheaths 8-toothed. Miss. River. 

8 E. rob list uiu Braun. Sts. 2— 4f, very stout, some branched above ; sheaths short 

(3 — 4"), close, with 40 (in the branches 11) deciduous teeth, and a black band near the 
base, rarely with another above. River banks, W. States to California I 
O E. liyemale L. Scouring Rush. Stems all simple, erect, 2f, very rough with sili 
cious points ; sheaths ashy-white, black at base and summit, short (2 — 3"), with about 

20 subulate, awned, deciduous teeth. Con- 
spicuous in wet shades. 
10 E. variegatum Schleicher. Simple 
(branched from base), slender, straight, 
(i — 12', 5-9-furrowed ; sheaths very short, 
with brown bristle-tipped teeth. N. Rare. 
HE. scorpioides Ms. Sts. tufted, fili- 
form, 4-8', recurved, 3-4-lurrowed ; sheaths 
black, teeth 3 or 4, scarious and bristle 
tipped. Woods, Penn., and N. 

Order CLIX. FILICES. Ferns. 

Stem a perennial, creeping, horizon- 
tal rhizome, or sometimes erect and 
tree-like. Fronds (fruit-bearing leaves) 
variously divided, rarely entire, with 
mostly forked veins and circinate 
vernation. Fruit occupying- the back 
or margin of the fronds arising from 
the veins. Sporangia (spore-cases) of 
one kind, scattered, or clustered in 
sori, 1-celled, containing numerous 
minute spores. 

Fig. 560, Polypodium vulgare, frond pinnate. 561, 
562, One of the sori enlarged, showing the sporan- 

564, A snnis of 




A. leaflet of the frond enlarged, showing the sori. 

Kia. 563, One sporange further magnified, bursting and discharging its spores. 

\«pidium marennale coverod with tlio indnsinm. 5fi5. Side view of the same. 



Order 159.— FILICES. 417 

A large and interesting Order, distinguished for their elegant, plume- 
like foliage. They are usually a few inches to a few feet high, but some 
of the Tropical species, as the Cyathese, are 15 to 25 feet, vieing with the 
Palms in size and beauty. 

i£g r ™ The stipe is the stalk of the frond, and the rachis its continuation through it. The 
oinnce (or pn.) are the first divisions of a divided frond (often called leaflets). Pinnula. 
(or pnl.) are the first divisions of the pinnae when further divided. Segments (seg.) are 
the final divisions, and the partial divisions of the segments are lobes, &c. The sort (fruit- 
dots) are either naked, or covered with an indusium (see cut). 

§ POLYPODIACEJ3. The True Ferns, with fronds mostly radical, circinate in bud. Sporangia in 

sort, pedicellate, with a vertical, elastic ring, opening transversely. . .(/) 
g CYATHEACE^E. The Tree Ferns, with fronds on an erect trunk. Sporangia as in § 1. . .(e) 
§ HYMENOPHYLLACE J3. Pellucid Ferns ; sporangia in a cup and on a thread. ..(d) 
g SCHIZ.ECE.iE. Very slender vines or fronds. Sporangia with a ring-crown at apex. ..(c) 
§ OSMUNDIACEjE. Fronds stout, radical. Sporangia with no ring, 2-valved. . .(b) 
S OPHIOGLOSSACE.cE. Frond single (in our species), on an erect stem. Sporangia with no ring... (a) 

a Fruit in a spike. Frond entire, reticulate-veined. Ophioglossujc. 1 

a Fruit in a panicle. Frond divided, fork-veined Botrychium. 2 

b Fronds pinnate or bipinnat8, with straight, forked veins Osmund a. 3 

e Fronds palmately lobed. Stems climbing, 3 — 4f Lygodium. 4 

e Fronds linear-filiform, undivided, a few inches high Schiz^a. 5 

t Fronds 3-parted, middle division sterile, the lateral paniculate Aneihia. 6 

d Fronds pellucid or opaque. Sporangia with a transverse ring Trichomanes. 7 

e Fruit-dots in little round cups. Trunk and leaves smooth Ctathea. 8 

€ Fruit-dots becoming entirely naked. Fronds prickly or hairy Alsophila. i 

« Fruit-dots enclosed in the reflexed tip of the lobe, with two valves g Balantium. 22 

/ Sporangia scattered singly all over the surface (not in sori), naked. . .(g) 
f Sporangia collected in dots (sori) growing from the veins... (h) 

g Fronds simple or pinnate. Pinnae on short petiolules Acrostichum. 10 

g Fronds forked at the summit, entire below, the sterile different Platycerium. 11 

h Sori (fruit-dots) naked, having no covering of any kind... (A;) 

h Sori involved (at first) in the rolled segments of the panicled fertile frond. . .(m) 

h Sori not involved, but invested with special coverings (called indusia) . . .(n) 

k Fronds smooth or scaly, never powdery. Sori distinct, roundish Polypodium. 12 

k Fronds covered with powder pn the back. Sori in many dorsal lines Gymnogramma. 13 

k Fronds powdery or scaly on the back (bipinnate). Sori in a marginal line Nothol^bna. 14 

k Fronds linear, simple. Sori in a continuous line on the split margin. Fla Yittaria lineata. 

m Fertile frond bipinnate, segments berry-like. Veins reticulated Onoclea. 15 

m Fertile frond pinnate, pinnae moniliform. Veins forking Struthiopteris. 16 

m Fertile fronds bipinnate, segments oblong, soon opening AllosoRus. 17 

n Sori marginal, indusia only the reflexed altered margin of the frond. ..(o) 
n Sori marginal, indusium double— a scale combined with the margin. . .(p) 
n Sori dorsal, oblong or linear, indusium attached to the side of a vein. ..(q) 
h Sori dorsal, round or roundish, indusium on the back or the tip of a vein. . .(x) 

o Fronds of 2 kinds, the fertile contracted. Sori continuous to apex Lomaria. 18 

o Fronds all similar, smooth. Indusia continuous all around. Stipe green or brown. .Pteris. 19 

o Fronds woolly, &c. Sori separate or continuous. Stipe brown, hairy Cheilanthes. 20 

o Fronds smooth. Sori separate. Stipe black and polished Adiantum. 21 

p ladu&ium a 2-lipped cup at the edge of the segments Dicksonia. 22 

p Indusium an entire cap or goblet at the edge of the segments Davallia. 23 

q Sori parallel to the mid-vein, the indusia opening toward it. . .(r) 
q Sori oblique to the mid-vein, borne laterally on the veinlets. . .(s) 

r Sori linear, nearly continuous, in 2 rows, sunk in the frond Woodwardia 24 

r Sori oblong, remote, in two rows and superficial. Stipes black Doodia 25 

r Sori linear, in 1 double row, the whole length of the segment Blechnum. 26 

r Sori oblong, in 1 short double central row. Frond finely cleft Onychium. 27 

s Indusia single, regularly arranged, in 2 rows Asplenium. 28 

s Indusia single, scattered irregularly. Frond simple or lobed Camptosorus. 29 

$ Indusia double, regularly arranged. Frond simple Scolopendrium 30 



4=18 Order 159.— FILICES. 

x Iudnsiunv •upforin, fringed, fixed beneath all around the sorus Woodsia. 31 

x Indnsium uoodform, fixed by the base and 2 sides Cistoptikis. 32 

x Indnsium reniform, opening only toward the margin of the segm. Fla...NEPHROLEPis exaltata. 
x lndusium round-reniform, fixed in the midst, open all around Aspidium. 33 

1. OPHIOGLOSSUM, L. Adder's Tongue. Sporangia roundish, na- 
ked, opening transversely, arranged in two rows along the margins of the 
ferlile, contracted, spike-like frond. Veins reticulated. 

1 O. "vulgatuni L. Root of thick fibres; stem simple, bearing 1 oblong-ovate, en- 

tire, smooth frond, 2—3', with no mid-vein, and a terminal spike, 1 — 2'. A curious 
little plant, in low grounds. Vernation straight, as in all this section,— not circinate. 

2 O. bulbosum L. Root a globular conn ; frond ovate to reniform, on the stem close 

to the ground. Wet pine-barrens, N. J., and S. Often 2 stems from 1 conn. 

2. BOTRYCHIUM, Swartz. Moonwort. Grape Fern. Sporangia 
subglobous, 1-celled, 2-valved, distinct, coriaceous, smooth, adnate to the 
compound rachis of a racemous panicle. Valves opening transversely. 

§ Frond ternately divided, segments palmately veined Nos. 1, 2 

§ Frond pinnately divided, segments pinnately veineC Nos. 3 — 5 

1 B. lunarioides Swtz. Scape 8 — 12', bearing a stalked frond near the base and a 

panicle of numerous little 2-ranked spikes at the top ; frond in 3 bipinnatifid divi- 
sions ; segment obliquely lanceolate, crenulate. Shady pastu~es and woods. 
jS. dissectum. Frond more numerously dissected, almost tripinnatifid. 

2 B. simplex Hitchcock. Frond simple, or 3-lobed or parted, segm. broad-wedge 

obovate, small, incised or subentire, unequal ; spike compound, interrupted, emalk 
Dry hills, Yt., Mass. Whole plant 3 — 6'. Frond 6— 12", short-stalked, near the base. 

3 B. neglectum Wood. Frond 1 — 2', simply pinnate, with oval or ovate incised pin- 

na?, short-stalked, on upper part of stem, which is 5 — 8' high. Pan. 1—2'. N. H., Vt., to 
Pa. — Prof. Porter regards both this and No. 2 as var. of B. matricariaefolium Braun 

4 B. lanceolatum Angst. Frond bipinnatifid, closely sessile, triangular in outline 

with lanceolate, incised segments ; panicle 2- or 3-pinnate. N. J., Pa., to L. Sup. (O. B. 
Wheeler). Certainly distinct from No. 3. 

5 B. Virginicum L. Rattlesnake Fern. Stem 1— 2f, with the large (5 — 8') tripin., tri 

angular frond sess. at or above the middle ; ultimate segm. obtuse, 3-5-toothed ; pan. 
decompound, 3—6', reddish br. A beautiful Fern, in damp woods, not uncom. Jn., Jl. 

3. OSMUND A, L. Flowering Fern. Sporangia globular, half 2- 
valved, roughened on the surface somewhat in lines, pedicellate and clus- 
tered on the lower surface of the frond or a portion of it, which is more or 
less contracted into the form of a panicle. Spores green. Tall, hand- 
some Ferns. Veins forked, straight. June. 

§ Frond bipinnate with distinct pinnae, the upper part contracted and fertile.... No. 1 
§ Frond pinnate with pinnatifid pinnae, partially or separately fertile Nos. 2, 3 

1 O. regalis Mx. A large and beautiful Fern in meadows and swamps ; fronds 3 — 4f, 

glabrous, bipinnate, fruiting above in an ample panicle ; pinnae with 6 — 9 pairs of 
distinct, oblong, serrulate, subsessile leaflets ; fruit rust-colored. 

2 O. cinnamome L. Sterile fronds pinnate, in clumps 3 — 5f ; pinnae pinnatifid with 

ovate-oblong, obtuse, entire segments ; fertile frond bipinnate, pinnae all contracted, 
panicled, clothed with c'.'jiamon-colored wool. 

3 O. Claytoniana L. Fronds ample, 2 — 3f, smooth, pinnate, the pinnae lance-linear, 

pinnatifid, some of the intermediate ones fertile, contracted and raceme-like. 

4. LYGODIUM, Swartz. Climbing Fern. Sporangia sessile, arranged 
iD 2-ranked spikelets issuing from the margin of the contracted frond, open- 



Order 159.— FILICES. 419 

lug on the inner side from the base to the summit. Indusium a scale-like 
veil covering each sporange. (Fig. 310.) 

Ii. palmtktum Swtz. Smooth throughout; stem flexuous, thread-like or wire-like, 

climbing 3— 5f ; fronds palmately 5-7-lobed, 2 on each short stipe, lobes entire, obtuse ; 
upper fronds contracted, fertile, each a cluster of spikelets. Abundant in a swamp in 
Windsor, Conn. (Dr. Wm. Wood) ; also rarely found in N. J., Ky., and S. 

5. SCHIZ2EA, Sm. Sporangia oval, crowned with a ring at top, sessile, 
opening laterally. Indusium continuous, formed of the inflexed margins of 
the lfts., which are contracted, spike-like, crowded at the top of the frond. 
S. pusilla Ph. Fronds clustered, simple, linear-filiform, tortuous, 3 — 6', the fertile 

bearing a few little spikelets at top in two rows. Barrens, Quaker Bridge, N. J. Aug. 

6. ANEIMIA, Swtz. Sporangia sessile, crowned with a ring, in 1-sided 
panicled spikes, in partially or wholly fertile fronds. Indusium none. 
Fronds erect. 

1 A. adiantlfolia Sw. Fronds 6—12', on a slender stipe, 3-parted, the middle division 
sterile, 2- or 3-pinnate, the lateral ones fertile panicles on long stalks. S. Fla. t 

1 A. Mandioccana. Fronds 12 — 15', long-stiped, 3-parted like the other, but the sterile 
division simply pinnate with lance-oblong serrulate pinnae. S. America. 

7. TRICHOMANES, L. Sporangia with a transverse complete ring, 
and arranged on the base of a thread-like receptacle, which is in and ex- 
eerted from a cup at the edge of the pellucid frond. 

1 T. radicans Sw. Fronds thin and delicate, 6', lance-ovate, bipinnatifid, pinnae 

triangular, obtuse, very oblique at base ; receptacle exserted. South. Rare. 

2 T. elegans. Sterile frond pinnate, fertile, long-linear, edged and fringed all around 

with the thread-like receptacles and their enps. From S. America. 

8. CYATHE A, Sm. Sori globular, on the veins, wholly enclosed in an in- 
dusium, which soon opens and remains cupform. Sporangia subsessile on 
an elevated receptacle. Jy With cylindrical trunks. 

C. arborea. Trunk 10— 20f, unarmed, simple, crowned with a spreading tuft of bipin- 
nate fronds 6 — 8f long, gracefully arched ; pinnulae again pinnatifid or lobed, cups in 
2 rows, smooth, round, entire. Grows near Panama ! t 

9. ALSOFHILA aspera. Another Tree Fern, from W. Indies, cult, by 
Mr. Buchanan, at Astoria, N. Y., under the name of Hematelia horrida. Trunk 6 — lOf, 
bearing a splendid crown of fronds 4— 5f long, arched and spreading, tripinnate. Pinl. 
deeply lobed, lobes obtuse, each with a double row of fruit-dots, which at first are covered 
with jagged scales, but finally naked. Stipe and rachis prickly.— A. prtjinata, very ele- 
gant, with a trunk near If, clothed with light-brown woolly hairs, and a crown of light- 
green bipinnate fronds, 3f long, is growing with the other. 

10. AOROSTICHUM, L. Fronds simple or pinnate. Sporangia 

scattered (not in sori), occupying the under surface of the whole or a part 

of the frond. Veins netted. 

A. aureum L. A noble Fern, 3 — 6f high, coriaceous, evergreen, pinnate, with altei- 
nate, lance-oblong, entire pinnae. Swamps, Fla., and in conservatories. 

11. PLATYOERIUM, Desv. Stag-horn Fern. Fronds coriaceous, 
net-veined, forking at the summit. Sporangia in large patches on the undei 
surface of the frond. From Africa, &c. 



420 Order 159.— FIL1CES. 

P. alctcorne. Sterile fronds roundish, lobed, spreading; fertile erect, 10— 16', darli 
green above, pale beneath, fruiting on its 2 — 4 lanceolate segments. Curious. 

12. POLYFODIUM, L. Polypody. Sori roundish, scattered on vari- 
ous parts of the under surface of the frond, with no indusium (cover or in- 
volucre). — Ferns of various habit. 

* Fronds simple and entire, pinni-veined, with cross veinulets Nos. 1, 2 

* Fronds pinnatifid or pinnate, with forking veinlets Nos. 3- * 

* Fronds bipinnatifid, the yeinlets forked (Phlegopteris) Nos. 7— S 

1 P. Ph.yllitid.is L. Fronds lance-linear, 1 — 2f, pointed, thin and papery, with the 
fruit-dots arranged in a double row between the veinlets. Fla., and W. Indies, t 

2, P. Lingua. Fronds lance-ovate, 6 — 12', obtuse, smooth above, rusty-downy beneath, 
and there covered with the innumerable sori, in rows. China. 

3 P. incanum Ph. Fronds deeply pinnatifid, 3 — 6', thick, clothed with whitish 

scales beneath ; pinnae oblong-linear, the upper fruitful ; sori distinct and separate ; 
veins invisible. Grows on the mossy bark of trees, W. and S. 

4 P. vulgare L. Fronds deeply pinnatifid, smooth, 6 — 12', pinnae linear-oblong, altei- 

nate, sori large, in 2 rows, distinct, yellow-brown. On shady rocks. 

5 P. Plumula Willd. Fronds lance-linear, If xl$'; pinnae linear-oblong, very numerous, 

attached to the hairy rachis by a broad base. Fla., and cultivated. 

6 P. angustifolia. Fronds lin. -lanceolate, 18' x 2', bright green ; pn. oblong attached 

to the chaffy rachis by the mid-vein only, the base auriculed on the upper side. 

7 P. Plilegopteris L. Beech P. Frond bipinnatifid, longer than wide (3—6'), the 

lower pinnae curved, but scarcely larger than the middle ones ; sori all marginal, 
about four on each segment ; stipe hairy. Woods, Can. to Penn., and W. 

8 P. hexagonopterum Mx. Frond bipinnatifid, broader than long, rachis pecu- 

liarly winged ; lower panicle much enlarged, deflexed ; sori partly marginal, many on 
each segment ; stipe smooth. Woods. Eather common. 

9 P. Dryopteris L. Ternate P. Frond ternate, the divisions stalked and bf ^innate, 

light green, thin and delicate ; sori marginal. Woods, Penn., and N. 
/3. calcareum. Divisions of the frond more rigid, erect. Northward. 

13. GYMNOGRAMMA, Desv. Fronds 2-3-pinnate, covered l-eneatc 
with a white or yellow farinaceous powder. Sori arranged in row^ along 
the veins. A beautiful genus, much cultivated. Tropical America. 

* Golden Ferns,— the fronds yellow-powdery beneath Nos. 1—3 

* Silver Ferns,— the fronds white-powdery beneath, 2-pinnate No. 4 

1 G. triangularis. Stipes clustered, slender, 3—12', polished, ebony-brown; frond 5- 

angled, 1 — 3', pedately pinnate ; pinnae triangular-oblong, finally the fertile covered 
with the russet sori beneath. Common in California. Very fine. 

*i G. sulphurea. Stipe and rachis brown, at first powdery ; frond 6 — 10', lanceolate, 
bipinnate ; pinnae lanceolate ; segments cuneate, cut-lob ed, crenate at the obtuse 
apex. From Jamaica (Rev. E. Wilson), and cultivated. Very delicate. 

* G. chrysophylia. Frond triangular-lanceolate, bipinnate ; pinnae lanceolate, necrly 
contiguous ; pinnae cut-crenate-lobed. Golden yellow beneath. 
/3. Mertensii. Pinnae rather remote, narrow lanceolate, long-pointed. 

t G. calomelanos. Frond 2— 3f, lance-ovate, stipe and rachis brown, polished ; Beg 
ments entire or with a single tooth, cream-white beneath. 
j3. Peruviana has the lower segment hastate-lobed and very rich green. 

14. NOTHOLiENA, Br. Frond 1-2-pinnate, scattered, coriaceous, 
(hafly, or powdery beneath. Sori marginal, linear, continuous, naked 
Sporangia short-stalked. 



Order 159.— FILICES. 421 

I 

1 Bf. kivea. Very delicate, 6—12', bright green aDove, covered with a dense white pow 

der beneath ; frond bipinnate ; pinnae roundish, top one lobed ; stipe black. Mex. 

2 N. Eckloniana. Rare and beautiful, clothed in white wool-like scales, bipinnate. 

pinnae ovate, remote, pinnulae pinnatifid, oblong, segments roundish. South Africa. 

15. ONOCLEA, L. Sensitive Fern. Fronds scattered, net- veined, 
the sterile broad, the fertile contracted and panicled, its convolute segments 
berry-like, enclosing the sori, which are otherwise nearly naked. 

O. sensibilis L. Fronds 1— 2f, common in low grounds, very sensitive to frost. The 
fertile dark-brown in color. Sterile fronds deeply pinnatifid, with few oblong entire 
or lobed pinnae, the upper confluent. July. 
0. obtusiloba. Fertile frond partially metamorphosed, the segments partly revo- 
lute on the fruit. Wendell, Mass. (Mrs. Piper), to N. T. and Penn. 

16. STRUTHIOPTERIS, Willd. Ostrich Fern. Fronds clustered, 
the sterile bipinnatifid, fork-veined, fertile much contracted, brown, with 
the pinnae revolute into a necklace form, enclosing the sori, which are 
otherwise destitute of an indusium. 

S. Germanica Willd. Sterile fronds in a circular clump, 3 — 5f ; pinnae numerous, 
long and crowded, with numerous oblong segments ; fertile fronds much smaller, 
their crowded pinnae 1 — 2' long, appearing later in the season. 

17. ALLOSORUS, Beruh. Fronds small, 2-3-pinnate, fork-veined; 
the fertile some contracted, margins of the leaflets refiexed and meeting 
over the confluent sori, but soon opening. 

A. acrosticb.oid.es Spr. Fronds in tufts, bipinnate, 3 — 6', pale green with whitish 
stipes ; seg. oblong, the sterile crenate, the fertile entire, petiolulate, 2 — Z'' long. Isle 
Royal, in L. Superior (Prof. Porter), W. to Washington Terr. (Rev. Mr. Gray). 

18. LOMARIA, Willd. Fronds clustered, of 2 forms, the fruitful con- 
tracted. Sori marginal, linear, continuous ; indusium linear, scarious, the 
refiexed edge of the frond, opening toward the mid-vein. 

1 Ii. spicant. Fronds pinnate, long, and narrow, the fertile nearly solitary in the midst 

of the numerous sterile ones, and twice as tall (2 — 3f) as they ; stipe purple, polished. 
Europe, Oregon. Very elegant. (Blechnum boreale.) 

2 Li. gibba. Fronds oblong-lanceolate, pinnate, pinnae linear-falcate, 1 — 3', their broad 

bases almost confluent. 

3 Ii. ciliateixa. Fronds oval to oblong; pinnae oblong, slightly lobed, truncate at 

apex, ciliolate-spinescent with the projecting veins. 

19. PTERIS, L. Brake. Sori borne on the ends of the veins forming 
a marginal line or band, covered with the membranous, reflected edge of 
the frond. Fronds once to thrice pinnate, or decompound. 

I PTERIS proper. Sori a mere line. Stipes greenish or pale. . ,{x) 

% PELLiEA. Sori forming a broad band. Stipes purple or brown. . . {y) 

x Frond triangular, twice or thrice pinnate, lowest pinnae long-stalked No. 1 

{£ Frond pedately pinnate, the pinnae few and long Nos. 2, 3 

x Frond pedately bipinnatifid, the pinnae numerous No. 4 

x Frond simply pinnate, with numerous long pinnae .No. 5 

y Frond pedate and pinnatifid, as broad as long, 5-angled. + No. 6 

y Fronds pinnate, pinnae few, the lower again divided. Native Nos. 7, 8 

y Fronde simply pinnate, or completely tripinnate Cultivated Nos. * -11 



±22 Order 159 — FILICES. 

1 P. aquiliiia L. Common Brake. Frond 3-parted, Dranches bipinnate, segment* 

oblong, obtuse, the terminal often elongated. Abundant everywhere. 2 — 6f. 
/3. cauddta. The terminal segment linear-oblong. Common South. 

2 P. Cretica L. Pale-bright-green, l—ljf, smooth; pinnae lin. -lanceolate, the Iowcj 

ones 2-parted and pet iolulate, serrulate; fertile longer, linear. Fla. Cultivated. 
j3. albi'lineata. Pinnae white-banded in the midst along the mid-vein. 

3 P. serrtjlata. Bright green, 1 — 1^-f ; pinnae long-linear, decurrent on the rachie, ex- 

cept the lowest pair, which are 2- or 3-parted and short-stalked. China. 
/3. cristata. Each segment expanded at apex into a fan-shaped blade. 

4 P. quadriattrita. Frond ample, ovate, 1— 3f ! smooth ; pinnae distinct, pinnatifid, 

lobes contiguous, oblong, obtuse, with the forked veins conspicuous. Jamaica. 
0. argyria. Pinna; whitened In the midst along the mid-vein. 

5 P. longlfolia L. Tall, 2— 3f, rigid ; pinnae lance-linear petiolulate, obliquely trun 

cate at base ; stipe, rachis, and mid-veins chaffy-hairy. Fla., and cultivated. 

6 P. pedata. Bright green, 4- -C. Frond 3-parted, as broad as long; lateral pinnae 2 

parted, all deeply lobed, sorl in a broad band all around. From the W. Indies. 

7 P. gracilis Mx. Delicate, smocth and shining, 4—6' ; fronds lanceolate, the sterile 

bipinnatifld, fertile bipinnate with narrow segments. Rocks, Vt., and W. 

8 P. atropurpiirea L, Bock Brake. Coriaceous; rachis hairy ; lower pn. ternate 

or pinnate ; segments opposite, oblong, margins conspicuously revolute, with edges 
often meeting behind, aa in Allosorus, 3 — 6 — 12'. On lime rocks, N. and S. 
j8. JHabamtnsis (Buckley). Taller (10— 200, bipin. below, some pn. ihauriculate. S. 

9 P. rotundifolia. Stipe, rachis, and chaffy hairs purple, 1 — ljf ; frond narrow, sim 

ply pinnate ; segments small, round or oval, alternate. From New Zealand. 

1 P. tremula. Bright green, 2 — 3f, tripinnate ; pnl. or segments linear-oblong, ob 
tuse, serrulate, the lower ones again pinnatifid. From N. S. Wales. 

IIP. hastata. Frond bipinnate, 12 — 18' ; pinnae cordate-hastate ; segments ovate, the 
terminal ones much larger, oblong or hastate, or 3-lobed. Varies much. From S. Afr. 

20. CHEILANTHES, Swtz. Lip Fern. Fronds small, mostly 2-3- 
pinnate, chaffy or baiiy, mid-vein central. Sori on the ends of the vein- 
lets, distinct, or some confluent, covered by an interrupted or continuous 
indusium from the edge of the frond. Stipes brown. — Hardly distinct 
from the preceding genus. 

1 C. vestita Sw. Indusia separate,— the reflexed, unchanged tips of the ovate segm. ; 

fronds 5—12', bipinnate, lin. -oblong, hairy ; pn. crenately lobed. Rocks, M. and S., rare. 

2 C. tomentosa Link. Indusia continuous, — the membranous margin of the small, 

obtuse segm. ; fronds tripinnate, lance-oblong, rusty, 12—18'. N. C, and W. 

21. ADIANTUM, L. Malden-hair Fern. Sori oblong or round- 
ish, marginal. Indusia membranaceous, formed from the reflexed margins 
of distinct portions of the frond, and opening inwardly. Stipe ebony-black, 
polished. Ultimate segments often dimidiate, the mid-vein on the loweT 
margin. — A large and beautiful genus, much cultivated. 

* Fronds pedately divided, the divisions 1-3-p innate ; segments oblique Nos. 1 — i 

* Fronds pinnately divided 2 — 4 times ; segments subequilateral Nos. 5 — 8 

* Fronds simply pinnate, with very large opposite oblique segments No. 9 

1 A. pedatum L. Very smooth ; branches of the regularly pedate frond pinnate ; 

segments rhombic-oblong, 1', toothed on the upper side, obtuse at apex ; sori oblong- 
lunulate, 8 — 14'. Damp, rocky woods. Our most elegant nat:~e Fern. 

2 A. pubescens. Stipe rough-pubescent ; pn. 5 — 7, irregularly pedate, hispid beneath. 

fl — 9' long ; segments oblong, 6—8", contiguous ; sori round, crowded N. Hoi. li 



Order 159.— FIL1CES. 423 

3 A. trapeziof6rme. Frond imple, decompound, glabrous, 2f ; segments light green, 

large (12 — 18'' x 6—10"), trapezoidal, some of them fan-shaped ; sori lunulate on 2 of 
the 4 margins ; stipe jet-black. Superb ! Jamaica (Eev. S. B. Wilson). 

4 A. Sancta-Katrlnta, has large obliquely fan-shaped segments cut-lobed and toothed, 

with the veins uncommonly distinct. Cultivated in Bridgman's Garden, Astoria. 
i A. Capillus-Veneris L. Delicate, bright green, 6—18', smooth, thrice pinnate at 

base ; segments round-cuneate, lobed, or the sterile toothed ; sori reniform, one on 

each lobe ; stipe and branches capillary. Lime-rocks, S. : rare. Eur. Cultivated. 
6 A. cttneatum. Very delicate, If, 4 times pinnate at base, bright green; segm. very 

numerous, sharply cuneafce, 2-4-cut-lobed, 4 — 6" ; sori round-reniform. Brazil. 
T A. ^Ethiopicum, tincttjm: and callopodes, are greenhouse species or varieties, with 

roundish segments more or less oblique and lobed, 4 — 7", with rounded sori, 6—12'. 

8 A. ALATTJM, has the rachis narrowly winged, segm. sessile, obovate-long-wedge-shaped 

at base, coarsely toothed at apex. (Greenhouse of Bridgman & Wiegand.) 

9 A. MACROPHTLLUM. Stipe jet-black, simple, bearing about 3 pairs of large, opposite, 

thick leaflets, and an odd one ; leaflets triang.-hastate, oblique ; sori linear. Jamaica. 

22. DIOKSONIA, L'Her. Dickson's Fern. Sori marginal, round-' 
ish, disftnct, terminating a vein. Indusium double, the proper one cup- 
Bhaped, opening outward, the other formed of a reflected lobule of the 
margin, and opening inward. 

1 I>. pilosiuscula Willd. Frond bipinnate, lanceolate, 2 — 3f, with minute glandu- 

lar hairs ; pn. sessile, lanceolate ; segm. finely pinnatifid, lobes toothed, each with a 
minute round sorus. Rocky pastures. Stipe yellowish. 

2 I>. (BALANTIUM) Antarctica. A beautiful tree-fern from New Zealand, 3— 20f, 

crowned with many long, heavy, dark-green, tripinnate fronds ; pn. and pnl. sessile ; 
segm. oval, 6-crenate ; sori globular, with 2 distinct valves. (Buchanan's Conserv.) 
i 

23. DAVALLIA, Smith. Sori globous, marginal, on the end of a 

vein, in a goblet or pyxis, half of which is formed by the scarious indusium 
opening outward. Root-stock creeping above ground, chaffy. 

1 D. tentjifolia. Fronds delicate, 6 — KK, tripinnate with few pinnae, triangular-lan- 

ceolate ; rachis narrowly winged ; segments spatulate, toothed. China. 

2 I>. Canareensis. Hare's-foot. Fronds 3-parted, decompound, ultimate segments el 

liptical, decurrent, bearing 1 pyxis. 1— 2f. Canaries. 

3 D. dissecta, is very different, irregularly pinnatifid, or almost entire. 

24. WOODWARDIA, Sm. Sori straight, linear-oblong, on transverse 
veinulets, parallel to the mid-vein, in 2 rows. Indusium from the same 
veinulet, opening inwardly. 

§ LORIN3ER1A. Fronds of 2 forms, net-veined throughout No. 1 

§ ANCBJSTEA. Fronds all similar, netted only close to mid-vein Nos. 2, 3 

1 W. angustifclia Sm. Fertile fronds pinnate, with distant linear pinnae covered 

with the fruit beneath ; sterile lance-oblong in outline, deeply pinnatifid ; segm. ob- 
long, 2— 3f. Resembles Onoclea. Mass. (Dr. S. Bowles), and S. 

2 W. Virginlca Sm. Fronds glabrous, lanceolate, pinnate ; pinnae remote, pinna- 

tifid, lance-linear; segments oblong, obtuse, 2 — 3f. Swamps, E. and S. 

5 W. Japostica. Rachis chaffy ; frond triangular, as broad as long ; pinnae lanceolate 

pinnatifid, with ovate segments. Bright green. 1 — 2f. 

25. DOODIA aspera. Fronds rough, lanceolate, pinnate, If, in clumps, 
the caudex a few inches above ground. Pinnae oblong-linear, contiguous, with spines- 
cent teeth. Sori in 1 or 2 rows each side. — D. caudata has linear-lanceolate, pinnate 
fronds, with remote serrate segments, the terminal one elongated. Both from Australia. 



4:24 Order 159.— FILICES. 

26. BLECHNUM, L. Sori continuous on the cross yeinulets, close tc 
and parallel with the mid-vein. Indusia opening inward. 

B. serrulatum Mx. Fronds pinnate, lanceolate, erect ; pinnae sharply serrulate, 

those of the fertile fronds contracted. Florida. 

27. ONYCHIUM lucidtjm (or Japonictjm). Delicately beautiful, from 
K, Ind., and of the easiest culture. Fronds 1— 2f, alternately pinnate 3 or 4 times into 
innumerable linear-acute segments 2 or 3" long. Few of the segments fertile with an 
oblong bivalved sorus on the mid-vein half its length. 

28. ASPLENIUM, L. Spleenwort. Sori linear or oblong, straight 
(curved in No. 9), separate, regularly arranged, oblique to the mid-vein, 
each arising with its indusium from the forward side of a lateral vein and 
opening forward. Veins forked or pinnate. 

* Fronds simple and entire, with regular linear fruit-dots No. 1 

* Fronds simply pinnate. — a Pinnae roundish, nearly as broad as long Nos. 2, 3 

— a Pinnae long, — much longer than wide Nos. 4, 5 

* Fronds partly bipinnate, with few divisions. Ferns small, 2—8' high Nos. 6, 7 

* Fronds twice pinnate, with very many divisions. Large native Ferns Nos. 8, 9 

* Fronds twice or thrice pinnate. Exotic Ferns cult, in conservatories. . .Nos. 10 — 12 

1 A. Nidus. Bird' s-JVest. Fronds thick and rigid, polished green, tongue-shaped, ob- 

tuse, 2 — 4f, clustered in a circle, forming as it were a nest. Oahu, &c. A noble Fern. 

2 A. flabellifolittm. Fronds very delicate, long and narrow (12—16'): rachis pro 

longed some 5' beyond thepn., and rooting at the end ; pn. broad-cuneate, lobed and 
toothed, remote and alternate on the rachis. Australia. Suitable for baskets. 

3 A. Tricliomanes L. Dwarf S. Frond 3 — 6', lance-linear, in tufts ; pn. roundish, 

small, subsessile, bearing several sori each ; stipe and rachis polished-black. Rocks. 

4 A. ebeneuni Wld. Ebony S. Fronds 8 — 14', erect, lance-linear; pn. lance-oblong, 

1', some curved, serrate, auriculate on the upper side ; stalk polished-brown. Dry. 

5 A. angustifolium Mx. Fronds 2 — 2}f, in tufts, the inner fertile ; pn. lance-linear, 

alternate, short-stalked, 2—5', of a thin texture ; stalks green. Woods, E. and S. 

6 A. Ruta-muraria L. Wall-rue. Very small and delicate, 2—3', 2-pinnate at 

base, pinnate above ; pn. petiolulate, cuneate, erose-dentate, few, 3— 4". Dry rocks. 

7 A. mon ta.ii urn Willd. Glabrous, 2-pinnate ; tufts 4 — 8' ; pn. oblong-ovate, parted 

into a few (5 or 6) 2- or 3-toothed segm. ; rachis green, winged. On cliffs, Penn., & S. 

8 A. tlielypteroid.es Mx. Silvery S. Fronds ample, ovate-acuminate, li— 3f; stipe 

pale ; pinnae lance-linear, pointed, distinct, subsessile ; segments oblong, obtuse, ser- 
rate, sessile on the winged rachis, with 2 rows of linear distinct sori. Shady banks. 

9 A. Filix-fcemina Bernh. Lady Fern. Fronds ample, 1 — 2f, lance-oblong; pn. 

lanceolate-acuminate, rachis not winged ; pnl. lance-linear, cut-pinnatifid ; segments 
minute, sharply 2-toothed ; sori oblong, curved, finally confluent. Moist woods. 

10 A. Govingiana. Slender and weak (in conservatories), If, lanceolate-acuminate ; pn. 
lanceolate, lon<r -pointed, stalked ; rach. winged ; seg. acute, sharp-serratj ; sori oblong. 

11 A. Belangeri. Fronds lance-linear, 1 — 2fx2 — 3', pinnate with deeply pinnatifid 
pinnae, segments linear, small, and very numerous, each with a sorus. From Java. 
Stipe stout, green The upper base (or axillary) segments are 2-parted. 

i!i A, BiiLBfpERUM. Frond lanceolate, bipinuate, 1 — 3f; pn. lanceolate from a broad 
base, deeply pinnatifid ; seg. oblong, cut-lobed and toothed, bearing 1—6 bold sori,— 
1 to a lobe. Often produces young plants from bulblets on the upper surface. N. HoL 

29. CAMPTO SORUS, Link. Walking Fern. Frond lanceolate, entire, 
or pinnatifid, with the apex prolonged and inclined to root. Veins more 
or less netted. Sori oblong, irregularly scattered, with the indusia lateral 
on the veinlets. (Antigramma, C-B.) 



Order 159.— FILICES. 425 

1 C. rliizopliyllus Lk. Frond 6—12', subentire, at base stipitate, cordate, or trun- 

cate, or somewhat auriculate, the apex attenuated in a long thread-like acnmination, 
arched, and rooting at the point. Rocky woods. Not common. 

2 C. pinnatifidus (Nutt). Frond 4 — 8', abrupt at base, pinnatifid, with a long at- 

tenuated apex inclined to root ; sori large, at length confluent. Pa. to Tenn. Rare. 

3 C etoeiioicles (R. R. Scott). Fronds 4—10' long, pinnate at hase, pinnatifid above, 

tapering and rooting at apex ; rachis black. Pa. to Ala. Rare. 

30. SCOLOPENDRIUM, Smith. Hart's-tongue. Sori linear, trans- 
verse, scattered ; indusium double (arising from 2 contiguous parallel veins), 
occupying both sides of the sorus, opening lengthwise along the middle. 

S. officiiiarmii Willd. Frond simple, ligulate, acute, entire, cordate at base, 8- 15'; 
stipe chaffy, 3—5'. Shady rocks, Chittenango, N. Y. (Sartwell). 

31. WOODSIA, Brown. Rock Polypod. Sori roundish, scattered ; 
indusium fixed beneath the sorus, early opening above it, with a nmltifid 
or fringed margin, including the pedicellate spore-cases, like a calyx. 
Small, tufted ferns, with pinnated fronds. 

§ Indusium closed over the sorus at first, toothed when open No. 1 

§ Indusium concealed under the sorus, fringed with cilise Nos. 2 — 4 

1 W. ototusa Torr. Fronds 6—12', lance-oblong, smoothish, almost tripinnate ; pn. 

distant, sessile ; segments pinnatifid, lobes rounded, toothed, each bearing a round 
fruit-dot, which dots at length almost meet. Rocks and cliffs. Vt. to Car., and W. 

2 W. ilvensis Br. Frond 4 — 7', lanceolate, bipinnate, the stipe, rachis, mid-veins and 

their bristly chaff rust-colored; pn. oblong-obtuse, sessile, with 13 — 17 obtuse, suben- 
tire segments. Dry or rocky woods, in tufts. Stipe as long as the frond. 

3 W. glabella Br. Frond glabrous, lance-linear, 2— 5' , pinnate ; pn. ovate, very ob- 

tuse, 2— 4", 3-7 -lobed, the upper only crenate. Cliff's, N. Y., Vt., and N. No chaff. 

4 W. Oregana Eaton. Frond glabrous, lance-elliptic, 2 — 8', pinnate ; pn. pinnatifid, 

obtuse; segments ovate, obtuse, denticulate; indusia with very short cilias. L. Sup. 

32. CISTOPTERIS, Bernh. Bladder Fern. Sori roundish. Indu- 
sium hood-shaped, vaulted, fixed by the broad base (or by the base and 
sides), soon opening toward the forward end of the frond and thrown off. 
— Delicate Ferns, 2-3- pinnate. 

1 C. fragilis Bernh. Frond lance-oblong, 6 — 10', on a slender stipe of the same length, 

with open divisions ; pn. lance-ovate ; segments pinnatifid below, only serrate above, 
oblong, with prominent veins and 4—10 sori. Shady rocks. Common. 

2 C. Ibulfoif'era Bernh. Frond long-lanceolate, 12—18', the stipe shorter ; pn. trian- 

gular-ovate, the lowest pair longest; segments oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid below, 
toothed above, 1 sorus to each lobe. Bears some bulblets. Shades. 

33. ASPIDIUM, L. Shield Fern. Sori orbicular, scattered, termi- 
nal or lateral on the pinnate veins. Indusium orbicular, peltate or reni- 
form with a deep sinus, covering the sorus, opening all around. 

§ ASPIDIUM. Indusium round, entire, centrally peltate. Pinnae mostly auricled on 

the upper side at base. — x Fronds simply pinnate Nos. 1 — 4 

— x Fronds bipinnate Nos. 5, 6 

§ NEPHRODTUM. Indusium roundish, with a sinus on one side (subrenif orm) . . (a) 

a Frond simply pinnate, with a few large pinna?. Cultivated No. 7 

a Frond once-and-a-half pinnate. — y Segments thin, quite entire Nos. 8—11 

— y Segments thick, finely serrate Nos. 12, 13 

a, Frond twice pinnate. — z Segments bluntly lobed, or crenate or entire. . .Nos. 14, 15 
— z Segments sharply serrate, or lobed or toothed . .Nos. 16, 17 



426 Order 159.— FILICES 

] A. acrosticlioid.es Swtz. Frond narrow-lanceolate, 15—18'; stipe chaffy; pn 
felcate-lanceolate, ciliate-serrulate, 1 — 2', auriculate on the upper side at base, the np 
per covered with frcit, smaller than the sterile. Eocky shades. Common. 
j8. incisum. Segments incised and sharp-toothed, most of them fertile. N. Y., <fcc. 

3 A. IiOnchitis Sw. Frond linear-lanceolate, rigidly erect, 8 — 18'; pn. triangular* 
ovate, auricled on the upper side at base, longest (1') in the middle, gradually les- 
sened to apex and base, all densely fertile. Lake Superior, and N. 

S A. mxtnitum. A splendid Fern from California, growing in clumps, 3— 5f, smooth 
rigid, evergreen, lance-linear; segm. oblong-falcate, spinulous-serrate ; son 2-rowed 

I A. falcatum. Frond thick, rich green, lanceolate, pinnate, 2 — 3f high, with ample 

lance-acuminate pinnae. A noble, hardy Fern from Japan. 

5 A. Floridanum (Hook). Rigidly erect, lance-oblong, pinnate and barren below, 

bipinnate, fertile, and contracted above ; lower pinnae cut-pinnatifld ; indusia large, 
rovnd, peltate, as in No. 1. Ga., Fla., La. (A. Ludoviciana C-B.) 

6 A. aeuleatum Sw. 0. Braunii. Fronds in tufts, dark green, 2 — 3f, pinnate, 

lanceolate, narrowed both ways; stipe short, shaggy with large scales; segm. o\ate- 
falcate, auricled on the upper side, bristle-tipped. Mts., Vt. (Eaton), N. Y. 
T A. podophyllum (or Sieb6ldii). Fronds of two forms, thick, smooth, pinnate, witt 
a few large oblong pinnae, in the fertile contracted and covered with sori. China. 

8 A Tlielypteris Sw. Lady Fern. Frond lance-ovate, 10— 16' ; pn. narrow, distant, 

deeply pinnatifid, the lowest pair as long as any ; margins reflexed in fruit. 

9 A. Novaboracense Willd. New York Fern. Frond elliptic-lanceolate, 12—18'; 

pn. narrow, gradually shortening from the middle both ways ; segm. oblong, obtuse, 
flat; sori close to the margin, at length confluent. Moist woods : com. Delicate. 

10 A. patens Sw. Frond soft and thin, downy with rusty hairs, lance., 12 — 18' : pn. 
linear-oblong, pinnatifid ; segm. oblong, obtuse, entire ; sori scattered. Dry, Fla. 

II A. molle, from S. Afr. and S. Am., is divided just like A. patens, and equally hairy, 
but is larger, finer, with straw-colored stipes, and the sori in regular marginal rows. 

12 A. cristatum Sw. Frond narrowly lanceolate, some 2fx6'; pn. deeply pinna 
tifid, triangular-oblong or -ovate, acute ; eegm. toothed, bearing a single row of large 
sori each side of the mid-vein. A beautiful dark-green Fern, common in woods. 

i3 A. Croldianiim Hook. Frond oval or ovate, about 15x10', stipe same length ; 
pn. broad (1|— 2'), deeply pinnatifid ; segm. subfalcate, crenate. Woods, E. and W. 

14 A. fragrans Sw. Fronds linear-laneeolate, 6 — 12', tapering both ways, bipinnate; 
stipe short, chaffy ; pn. ovate-oblong, 1 — 10" ; segm. lin. -oblong, with a dozen round- 
ish crenatures or lobes ; sori confluent. Rocks, Northern Mich, and Wis. 

15 A. marginale Sw. Fern ovate to lance-ovate, thick, glabrous, 1— 2f, bipinnate, 
stipe very chaffy at base ; pn. lanceolate ; segm. oblong-falcate, obtuse and entire at 
apex, the lower crenate-lobed ; sori round, at or near the margin. Rocky woods. 

16 A. Filix-mas. Fern lanceolate, 1— 3f; stipe very chaffy; pn. triangular-lance.; 
segm. oblong, obtuse, serrate at apex ; sori near the mid-vein. N. J. to Va. ? N. W. 

17 A. spinulosnm Willd. Stipe elongated, soon smooth, the chaff deciduous ; frond 
1 — 2f, ovate, acuminate, nearly or quite tripinnate ; pinnae lanceolate, acuminate, the 
lower longest ; pnl. oblong, acutish, segm. mucronate-serrate. Woods and pasture? 

fL dilatatum. Stipe permanently chaffy ; frond triangular-ovate ; pnl. obtuse 
9. Boottii* Stipe chaffy; frond oblong-lanceolate ; pnl. rather acntc. 



LATIN INDEX: 



INCLUDING ALSO A GLOSSARY OP THE GENERA. 



Abelmoschus, 62. From the Arabic ; a grain 
Abies, 313. The ancient name. [of musk. 
Abronia, 279. Greek, delicate. 
Abrotanum, 184. Absinthium, 184. 
Abutilon, 6i. Name of obscure origin. 
Acacia, 99. Gr., to sharpen ; sc. the spines. 
Acalypha, 296. Gr. word for the Nettle. 
ACANTHACE^E, 233. 
Acanthus, 233. Classic for spine or thorn. 
Acer, 74. The ancient name, sharp or strong. 
Acerates, 273. Gr., without horns. 
Aclweta, 178. Gr., without chaff. 
Achillsea, 183. Named for Achilles. 
Achimenes, 219. Meaning unknown. 
AcmeUa, 180. Gr., a point ; sense doubtful. 
Acnida, 289. Gr., negative of stinging. 
Aconitum, 22. The ancient Greek name. 
Acorns, 318. Gr., a remedy for sore eyes. 
ACROGENJ3, 412. 

Acrostichum, 419, Gr., a row at the top ? 
Actsea, 23. Gr., resembling the Elder. 
Actimeris, 178. Altered from the next. 
Actinomeris, 178. Gr., partly radiate, [ate 
Actinospermum, 182. Gr., seed pappus radi- 
AdenocaUon, 160. Gr., with stipitate glands. 
Adiantum, 422, Gr., not wetted by rain. 
Adlumia, 33. Named for John Adlum. 
Adonis, 19. Sacred to Adonis. ' 
iEschynomene, 87. Gr., modest, or sensitive. 
/Eseulus, 74. Name ancient and obscure. 
^Ethusa, 140. Gr., to burn; poisonous. 
Agapanthus, 345. Gr., a lovely flower. 
Agathaea, 160. Gr., good, or excellent. 
Agave, 333. Gr., admirable. 
Ageratum, 156. Gr., fadeless ; long in flower. 
Agrimonia. 108. Gr., prize of the field ? 
Agrostemma, 54. Gr., crown of the field. 
Agrostis, 384. Gr., of the field. & 386. 
Ailanthus, 72. Chinese ; tree of Heaven. 
Aha, 395. Gr., a weapon; misapplied. 
AIMzzia, 82. For an Italian botanist. 
ALhemilla, 108. Arabic, ''alkemelya. 
Aletris, 335. Gr.,& miller's wife ; sc. mealy. 
Alisma, 323. Celtic, alis, water. 
ALISMACE^E, 322. 

Ailamanda, 271. To Dr. Allamand, of Leyden. 
Allium, 343. Celt., all, hot or burning. 
Allosorus, 421. Gr., changing sorus, or sori. 
Alnus, 308. Celt., al Ian, near the river. 
Alonsoa, 222. To Zanoni Alonso. 
Alopecmis, 387. Gr., fox-tail. [Spain. 

Aloysia, 236. To Maria Louisa, Queen of 
Alpinia, 331. To P. Alpini, an Ital. botanist. 
Alsine, 56. Gr., in the grove Alsophila, 419. 
Altnsea, 60. Gr., to cure ; sc medicinal. 
Alyssum, 40. Gr., allaying anger. 



AMARANTACE^E, 288 

Amarantus, 288. Gr., unfading. 
AMARYLLIDACEiE, 332. 
Amaryllis, 333. Dedicated to that nymph. 
Amblygonum, 282. Gr., around the joiru 1 . 

sc. ochrese. 
Ambrosia, 174. Gr., food of the gods. 
Amelanchier, 110. The French name. 
Amianthium, 348. Lat., flowers pure, or white 
Ammannia, 124, To John Ammann, a Russian 
Ammobium, 186. Gr., living in sand. 
Amorpha, 93. Gr., formless or deformed. 
Ampelopsis, 78. Gr., resembling the Vine. 
Amphianthus, 228. Gr., flowers of two forme 
Amphicarpsea, 97. Gr., fruit of two forme. 
Amphicarpum, 391. Gr., fruit of two forms. 
Amsonia, 270. To Chas. Amson, of S. C 
Amygdalus, 102. The ancient name. 
Amyris, 72. Gr., myrrh ; perfumed gum. 
ANACARDIACE^E, 72. 
Anacharis, 324. Gr., uncomely. 
Anagallis, 213. Gr., laughing, cheering. 
Ananassa, 335. The name in Guiana is anas 
Anantherix, 273. Gr., beardless. 
Anchusa, 252. A name of obscure origin. 
Andromeda, 201. Like Andromeda of old, 

bound by the waters 1 edge. 
Andropogon, 410. Gr., a man's beard. 
Androsace, 211. Gr., a man's buckler, [cencc. 
Aneimia, 419. Gr., naked; sc. the inflores- 
Anemone, 1'7. (rr.,wind; or Wind-flower. 
Anethuin, 136, 139. Gr., burning, stimulating. 
Angelica, 137. Name of excellence. 
ANGIOSPERM^E, 15. 

ANONACEiE, 26. [the bristles of the pappus. 
Antennaria, 185. Lat., antennae ; alluding to 
Anthemis, 183. Flowering abundantly. 
Anthoxanthum. 395. Gr., yellow flower. 
Antigramma, 424. Gr., like writing. 
Antirrhinum, 223. Gr., like the nose. 
Anychia, 57. Altered from Paronychia. 
APETAL^E. 278. 

Aphyllon, 217. Gr., without leaves. 
Apium, 140. Celt., apon, water. 
Aplectrum, 328. Gr., without a spur. 
APOCYNACE^E, 269. 
Apocynum, 270. Gr., repelling doge 
Apogon, 190. Gr., without beard ; no pappus 
Apteria, 325. Gr., without wings. 
AQULFOLIACE^E, 207. [eagles' talona. 

Aquilegia, 22. Lat., an eagle ; petals llkr 
Arabis, 37. Originally from Arabia. 
ARACF^E. 317. 

Arachis, 87. Gr., without branches. 
Aralia, 142. Of unknown meaning. 
ARALIACEJS, 142. 



428 



LATIN INDEX. 



Archangelica, 137. Name of excellence. 
Archemora, 136. A fanciful name. 
Arctostaphylos. 201. Gr., Bear's Grape. 
Arcyplnjllum, 96. Gr., arched leaf. 
Arenaria, 55, (57). Lat., a sand plant. 
Arethusa, 331. Named for that nymph. 
Algernon e, 32, Remedy for sore eyes. 
Arisaema, 318. Of unknown meaning. 
Aristida, 38S. Lat., an ear of wheat, 
^ristolochia, 278. Gr., good in parturition. 
UJISTOLOCHIACEJE, 27S. 
irmenlaca. 102. Originally from Armenia, 
^rmeria, 2 -3. I^tin for the Sweet-William 
^rmoracia, 41. Native of Armorica. 
Arnica, 188. Lat., lamb's skin. 
Aronia, 112. [the staminate spikes awned. 
Arrhenatherum, 396. Gr., male— point — i. e., 
Artemisia, 1S4. To Artemis, = Diana. 
ARTOCARPE^E, 298. 
Arundinaria, 404. Altered from the next. 
Arundo, 398. Lat., a reed. Celt., am, water. 
Asarum, 278. Meaning unexplained. 
ASCLEPIADACE^E, 271. 
Asclepias, 272. Lat., ^Esculapius. 
Aseyrum, 48. Gr., soft to the touch. 
Asimina, 26. Of unknown meaning. 
Asparagus, 347. Gr., tearing; some are thorny. 
ASPHODELE^E, 341. [indusium. 

Aspidium 425. Gr., a little shield ; sc. the 
Aspleniam,424. Gr., without the spleen. 
Aster, 161. Lat., a star. 
ASTEROIDEiE, 152. 
Astilbe, 114. Gr., not shining ; opaque. 
Astragalus, 94. Gr., the vertebra. 
Atragene, 16. Gr., night-born. 
Atriplex, 287. Lat., black and straggling. 
Atropa, 264. To Atropos, one of the Fates who 
AURANTIACE^E, 71. [cut the thread of life. 
Avena, 396. Celt., atari, to eat ? 
Ayenia, 63. To th<? Duke of Ayen. 
Azalia, 203. Gr., arid ; grows in dry places. 
Azolla, 413. Gr., killed by drought. 
Baccharis, 171. Dedicated to Bacchus. 
Baldwinia, 182. To Dr. Wm. Baldwin. 
Ballota, 248. Gr., to cast away ; ill-scented. 
BALSAMINE^E, 67. 
Baptisia, 84. Gr., to dye,=to color. 
Barbarea, 39. Dedicated to St. Barbara. 
Bartonia. 268. To Dr. B. S. Barton, of Phila. 
Batatas, 259. Indian name of Potato. 
Batis, 303. The Indian name. 
BatracJiivm, 19. Gr., the frog ; amphibious. 
Begonia, 131. To Michael Begon, French, a 
BEGONIACE^E, 131. [promoter of Botany. 
Bejaria, 204. To M. Bejar, a Spanish botanist. 
Bellis, 165. Lat., bellus, pretty. 
Benzoin, 290. Fragrant like benzoin. 
BERBERIDACE^E, 27. 
Berberis, 27. The ancient Arabic name. 
Berchemia, 77. To M. Berchem, a French bot. 
Berlandiera, 173. To M. Berlandier, French. 
Beta, 28o. Celt., bett, signifying red. 
Betonica, 249. Celt., beutonic. 
Betula, 308. From betu, its Celtic name. 
BETULACE^E, 307. 

Bidens, 180. Lat., two-toothed ; sc. the seed. 
Bigelovia, 169. To Dr. Jacob Bigelow, Boston. 
Bignonia, 218. To Abbe Bignon, librarian to 
BIGNONIACE^E, 218. [Louis XIV. 

Biotia, 161. Gr., bioo, to live. 
Blechnum, (421) 424. Gr., blechnon. [calyx. 
BlephHia, 245. ur., eyelash: sc. the fringed 
Bletia. 328. To Louis Blet, a Spanish botanist. 



Bli turn, 286. o-r. , bliton, =ms\p\d. |M I) 

Bocconia, 32. To Paolo Boccoue, a SiciliaT' 
Bcehmeria, 300. To G. R. Boehmer, German. 
Boerhaavia, 279. To Boerhaave, of Holland. 
Boltonia. 166. To J. B. Bolton, an English bot. 
BORRAGINA CE^E, 250. [ing f 

Borrago, 251. Altered from cor ago— nourisii- 
Borreria, 147. To J. W. Borrer, F. L. S. 
Borrichia, 171. To Olof Borrich, Danish. 
Botrychium, 418. Gr., a cluster of grapes. 
Boussingaultia, 285. To J. B. Boussingault J 
Bouteloua, 408. [eel. German naturalist 

Bonvardia, 150. To Dr. Bouvard, of Paris. 
Boykinia, 114. To Dr. Boykin, of Georgia 
Brachychffita, 166. Gr., short hair ; sc. pappus 
Brasenia, 29. 

Brassiea, 40. Brassic was the Celtic name. 
Brickellia, 158. To Dr. Brickell, of Savannah 
Briza, 403. Gr., to nod ; sc. the spikeletfe. 
Brizopyrum, 402. Briza and pyros (wheat). 
BROMELIACE^E, 335. [the Wild Oat. 

Bromus, 397. Gr., food ; anciently applied tc 
Broussonetia, 299. To P. N. V. Broussonet, Fr. 
Browallia, 221. To J. Browallius, of Abo. 
Brunella, 246. German, a throat-disease. 
Brunfelsia, 221. To Otho Brunsfels, of Mentz 
Brnnnichia, 280. To F. Brunnich, Danish. 
Bryonia. 130. Gr., to grow (sc. rapidly). 
Bryophyllum, 119. Gr. ', growing from the leaf 
Buchnera, 230. T. J. G. Buchner, German. 
Buckleya, 291. To S. B. Buckley, Texas. 
Bumelia, 210. Greek name of the Ash. 
Bupleurum, 138. Gr., ox-rib. 
Burmannia, 325. To one Burmann, Germai 
BURMANNIACE^E, 325. 
Bursera, 72 To Joachim Burser, Naples. 
BURSERACE^E, 72. 
BUTTOMEiE, 323. 

Buxus, 298. Gr., dense? sc. the wood. 
CABOMBE.E, 28. Cabomba, 29. 
Cacalia, 186. Gr., exceedingly pernicious. 
CACTACE^E, 132. 
Cakile, 43. The Arabic name. 
Caladium, 319. Altered from Calla. 
Calamagrostis, 386. Calamus-Agrostis; 
Calamintha, 243. Gr., beautiful Mint. 
Calampelis, 219. Gr., pretty vine. 
Calandrinia, 59. To J. L. Calandrini, Italian 
Calceolaria, 222. Lat., a little dipper. 
Calendula, 188. Lat., kalendce, the first of the 
Calla, 318 (319). Gr., beautiful. [montb 

Calliastrum, 161. Gr., beautiful flower. 
Callicarpa, 236. Gr., beautiful fruit. 
Callirrhoe, 60, 61. A Greek name. 
Calliatachys, 100. Gr., beautiful spike. 
Callistemon, 122. Gr., beautiful stamens. 
Ca'.jAstephus, 165. Gr., beautiful crown. 
CALLITRICHACE^E. 301. 
Callitriche, 301. Gr., beautiful hair. 
Calluna, 200. Gr., to sweep ; sc. a broom 
Calochortus, 343. Gr., beautiful grass. 
Calonyction, 260. Gr., "good-night." 
Calophanes, 234. Gr., appearing beautiful 
Calopogon, 330. Gr., beautiful beard. 
Caltha, 21. Syncope for calat/ws, a goblet. 
CALYCANTHACE^E, 25. 
Calycanthus, 25. Gr., calyx flower. 
Calycocarpum, 27. Gr., calyx fruit. 
Calypso, 326. Dedicated to that nymph. 
Calyptranthes, 121. Gr., calyptra'flower 
Calystegia, 260. Gr., calyx covered. 
Camassia. 343 Indian, Quamass. 
Camelina, 42. Gr., dwan Flax. 



IATIN INDEX. 



429 



Camellia, 65. To Geo. J. Kamel, a Moravian 
CAMELLTACE^E, 64. [monk. 

Campanula. 106. Lot., a little bell. 
CAM PANU LACE M. 196. 
Camptosorus. 424. Gr., curved sorus. 
CANELLACEJS, 8. 
Canna, 33-2. Celtic for cane or mat. 
Cannabis, 301. The ancient name. 
CAPPARIDACEJS, 44. 
Capparis, 44. Arabic for capers. 
CAPRIFOLIACE^, 144. 
r aprifolium, 145. Lat., goat-leaf, 
(apsella, 42. Lat., a little capsule, [qualities. 
Capsicum, 263. Gr., to bite; sc. its pungent 
Cardamine, 37. Gr., heart-subduing. 
C'ardiospermum, 75. Gr., heart-seed. 
Carex, 368. Lat., to want ; upper spike want- 
Caricese, 356. [ing seed. 

Carphephorus, 156. Gr., chaff-bearing. 
Carpinus, 307. Celtic, head-wood; sc. good 
Carthamus, 189. Arab., to color, [for yokes. 
Carum, 138. From Caria, in Asia Minor. 
Carya, 304. Gr., the walnut. 
CARYOPHYLLACE^E, 52. 
Cassia, 83. Heb., ketzioth ; Lat., cassia. 
Cassiope, 201. Gr., the mother of Andromeda. 
Cassyta, 290. [Thessaly. 

Castanea, 306. From Castanea, a province in 
Jastilleja, 232. To Don Castilleja, a Spanish 
Catalpa, 218. The Indian name. [botanist. 
Catananche, 192. Gr., from necessity (must 

be admired). 
Caulophyllum, 27. Gr., stem-leaf. 
Ceanothus, 77. Gr., to prick; plant spiny. 
Cedronella, 246. Gr., fragrant like cedar, 
f'edrus, 314. From the river Cedron, in Judaea. 
CELASTRACEJ3, 75. [all winter. 

Celastrus, 76. Lat., winter; the fruit remains 
Celosia, 288. Gr., burnt ; appearance of the tie. 
Celtis, 299. Ancient name for the Lotus. 
Cenchrus, 394. Gr., oriental name of Millet. 
Centanrea, 188. To the centaur Chiron. 
Centradenia, 123. Gr., spur-gland ; sc. the ap- 
Centrosema, 98. [pendages of the anthers. 
Centunculus, 213. Ancient Latin name. 
Cephalanthus, 150. Gr., head-fi.; fls. in a head. 
Cerastium, 54. Gr., a horn ; the shape of the 

capsules. [native region. 

Cerasus, 102. From Cerasus, in Pontus, its 
Ceratiola, 303. Gr., a little horn; sc. the 
CERATOPHYLLACE.E, 302. [stigma. 

Ceratophyllum, 302. Gr., horn-leaf. [fruit. 
Ceratoschaenus, 367. Gr., horn-rush ; sc. the 
Cercis, 83. Gr., a shuttle; sc. the legume. 
Cereus, 133. Lat., wax ; the shoots are plastic. 
Cestrum, 265. Gr. name for Betony. 
Chaerophyllum,,137. Gr., rejoice, leaf ; lvs. fra- 
Chamaelirium, 349. Gr., dwarf lily. [grant. 
Chamarnielum, 183. The Greek name. 
C'hamaerops, 317. Gr., dwarf stem. [ist. 

Chaptalia, 194. To M. Chaptal, a French chem- 
Chapmania, 87. To Dr. A. W. Chapman, the 
CHARACE^E. 14. [Southern botanist. 

Cheilanthes, 422. Gr., lip-flower ; sc. the in- 
Cheiranthus, 38. Gr., hand-flower, [dusium. 
Chelidonium. 31. Gr., a swallow ; flowers 

with the arrival of that bird. 
Chelone, 224. Gr., tortoise; form of the 
CHENOPODIACE^E, 284. [flower. 

Chenopodina, 287. Altered fr. Chenopodium. 
Chenopodium, 285. Gr., goose-foot; shape of 

the leaf. [ter-green. 

^Siimaphila, 206. Or., lover of winter; win- 



Chiococca, 147. Gr., wimar berry. 

Cbiogenes, 199. Gr., winter-born. 

Chi onan thus. 276. Gr., snow (white) flower 

Chloris, 407. Gr., green. 

Chorozema, 100. Gr., dance, drink; found 

near a spring iu a thirsty land — N. Holland. 
Chrysanthemum, 184. Gr., golden flower. 
Chrysobalanus, 101. Gr. , golden acorn, or fr. 
Chrysogonum, 172. Gr., golden joint; fl?. ii 

the axils. 
Chrysopsis, 170. Gr., golden appearance. 
Chrysospleninm,113. Gr.. golden spleen (wort). 
Chihamalia, 274. Gr., on the ground ; trailii.g 
Cicer, 85. Gr., strength; its nourishing quafi- 
CICHORACE^E, 152. [ties. 

Cichorinm, 190. Greek name, adopted from the 
Cicuta, 141. Name unexplained. [Egyptians. 
Cimicifuga, 23. Gr., bug-repelling. 
Cineraria,\GO. Lat.. ashes ; clothed with aeh 

colored down. See also 1S7. 
Cinna, 385. An ancient name of a grass. 
Circsea, 128. To the enchantress Circe. 
Cirsium, 189. The old Greek name. 
Cissus, 78. The Greek name for the Ivy. 
CISTACE^E, 47. [sium inflated. 

Cistopteris, 425. Gr., bladder fern ; sc. indu* 
Citharexylum, 235. Gr., harp-wood; fiddle- 
Citrullus, 130. Derived from the next, [wood, 
Citrus, 71. From Citron, in Judaea. 
Cladastris, 84. Gr., brittle branches? 
Cladium, 367. Gr., a branch or twig. 
Clarkia, 126. To Captain Clark, the pioneer 

traveller in Oregon. 
Claytonia, 59. To John Clayton, of Virginia. 
Clematis, 16. Gr., a tendril ; the petioles act 
Cleome, 44. Gr., to shut ; fls. closed, [as such 
Clethra, 204. The Greek name of the Alder. 
Clianthus, 100. Gr., the flower ofglory. 
Clintonia (195), 346. To Gov. De Witt Clinton, 
Cliloria, 98. A fanciful name. [of N. Y. 

Clusia, 8. To Charles de TEcluse, of Artois. 
Cnicus, 189. Gr., to prick. 
Cmdoscolus, 290. Gr., nettle-prickle. 
Cobaea, 258. To B. Cobo, a Spanish botanist 
Cocculus, 27. Lat., cochineal; berries red. 
Coix, 411. A Greek name of a grass. [try. 
Colchicum, 348. From Colchis, its native coan- 
Coleus. 239. Gr., a sheath; of the stamens. 
Collinsia, 225. To Z. Collins, of Philadelphia. 
Collinsonia. 241 . To Peter Collinson, F. R. S. 
Collomia, 257. Gr., glue ; referring to the seeds. 
Colocasia, 319. [mens. 

Colubrina, 76. Gr., snake; the twisted sta 
Colutea, 95. [character. 

Comandra, 291. Gr., hair stamens; see the 
Comarum, 107. Greek name of the Arbutus. 
COMBRETACEJE, 12. [mous Dutch botanists. 
Commelyna, 353. To J. and G. Commelyn, fa 
COMMELYNACE^E, 353. 
COMPOSITE, 152. [Bishop of Londoi. 

Comptonia, 309. To Henry Compton, Lorx 
CONIFERS, 312. 

Conioselinum, 140. i. e., Conium-Selinura. 
Conium, 139. Gr., dust ; unexplained. 
Conobea, 226. Name unexplained, 
Conoclinium, 160. Lat., conical receptacle 
CONOIDE^, 311. 
Conopholis, 217. Gr., scale, cone. 
Conostytis, 335. Gr., cone, style. 
Consolida, 22. Lat., styles all in one ? 
Convallaria, 346. Lat., a valley. 
Convolvulus, 260. Lat., to entwine, or tavolvt 
Conyza, 171. Unexplained. 



430 



LATIN INDEX. 



Coptis, 2 /. Gr., to cut ; sc. the cleft leaves. 

Corallorhiza, 328. Gr., coral-root. 
Corchorus, 64. Gr., to purge ; laxative. 
Cordia. 250. To E. Cordius, a Germ, botanist. 
Corema, 303. Lat., a broom; sc. the habit. 
Coreopsis. 178. Gr., bug-like ; sc. the seeds. 
Coriandrum, 141. Gr., bug; from the odor. 
Corispermum, 287. Gr., bug-seed. 
CORNACE.E, 142. [of the wood. 

Cornus, 143. Lat., a horn ; from the hardness 
Coronilla, 87. Lat., a little crown. 
CorydaMs, 33. Greek name for Fumitory. 
Corylus, 307. Gr., a helmet ; the involncrate fr. 
Corythium, 332. Gr., a helmet ; sc. the flower. 
Cosmanthus, 255. Gr., elegant flower. 
Cotula, 172. The old Latin name. 
Cranichis, 330. Derivation uncertain. 
Crantzia, 135. To Prof. Crantz, Eng. 
Crassula, 119. Lat., thick ; leaves fleshy. 
CRASSULACE^E, 117. [ness of the wood. 
Crataegus, 110. Gr., strength ; from the hard- 
Crinum, 333. The Greek name of the Lily. 
Crocus, 337. The name in Chaldaic. 
Croomia, 339. To H. B. Croom, of Florida. 
Crotalaria, 90. Gr., a rattle ; sc. the sds. in pod. 
Croton, 297. Gr., a tick ; sc. the seeds. 
Crotonopsis. 297. Croton-like. 
CRUCIFERJE, 34. [are in the sheaths. 

Crypsis, 387. Gr., concealed; as the flowers 
CU\ PTOGAMIA, 412. [the calyx). 

Cryptotsenla, 138. Gr., concealed border (of 
Ctenium. 409. Gr., a comb ; sc. the beard. 
Cncumis, 131. Lat., crooked? (.fruit). 
Cucurbita. 130. Lat., crookedness : the fruit. 
CUCURBIT ACEjE, 129. 
Cuniia, 240. 

Cuphea, 123. Gr., curved; sc. the capsule. 
Cupressus. 315. Gr., equal growth ; referring 
CUPULIFER^E. 304. [to the reg. branches. 
Cuscuta, 2(i0. Name from the Arabic. 
Cyathea. 419. Gr., little cup; sc. indusium. 
CYCADACE^E, 311. 

Cycas, 312. A name in Greek for a Palm. 
Cyclamen, 212. Gr., circular; sc. the leaves. 
Cyclolorua. 285. Gr., circle, border (of the cal.) 
Cydonia, 112. From Cydon, in Crete. 
Cynara, 1S8. Gr., a dog; involucre spiny. 
Cynodon. 407 Gr., dog tooth ; sc. the spikelets. 
Cynoglossum, 251. Gr.. dog tongue ; sc. the lvs. 
Cvnthia, 191. A name of Diana. 
CYPERACE^E, 356. 
Cyperus, 357. A name of Venus. 
Cypripedium, 326. Gr., Venus' slipper. 
Cyrilla, 205. To Dom. Cyrillo, M. D., Naples. 
Cyrtanthera, 235. Gr., curved flower. 
Cytisus, 100. First found in Isl. Cythrus. 
Dactyjis, 398. Gr., a finger; spikes digitate. 
Dactyloctenium, 408. Gr. finger comb; the 

spikes digitate-pectinate. 
Dahlia, 166. For A Dahl, a Swedish botanist. 
Dalea, 93. For Thos. Dale, an English botanist. 
Dalibarda, 105. To Dalibard, a Fr. botanist. 
Danthonia, 396. To M. Danthoine, a Fr. bot. 
Daphne, 292. A nymph transformed by Apollo. 
Dasystoma, 230. Gr., hairy mouth ; sc. the cor. 
Datura, 265. From the Arabic, Totorah. 
Daucus. 139. The Greek name. 
Davallia, 423. M. Davall, a Swiss botanist. 
Decumaria, 116. Lat., decern, ten ; fls.lO-parted. 
Delphinium, 22. Gr., a dolphin. 
Dentaria, 37. Lat., a tooth ; the root toothed. 
Desmanthus, 82. Gr., bundle (of) flowers. 
Deamodium. **. Gr., a bond ; sc. the lomeut. 



Deutzia, 116. For Deutz, a Dutch botanist. 
DIALYPETAL^E, 15. [the pod 

Diamorpha, 119. Gr., peculiarly formed ; sc 
Dianthera. 234. Gr., two anthers. 
Dianthus, 52. Gr., the flower of Jove. 
Diapensia, 258. Gr., flowers by 5 1 s ; 5-cleft. 
Diarrhena, 399. Gr., two rough (keels in th« 
Dicentra, 33. Gr., two spurs. [pales, 

Dicerandra, 242. Gr., anthers two-horned. 
Dichondra, 260. Gr., two grains (carpels). 
Dichromena. 364. Gr., two-colored, [amist 
Dicksonia. 423. To Jas. Dickson, cryptog 
Dicliptera, 234 Gr., double-valved (capsule) 
Dictamnus, 70. Greek name of the Ash. 
Didiplis, 124. Gr., twice double. 
Dielytra, 33. Gr., two wings. 
Dier'villa, 146. To M. Dierville, M.D., French 
Digitalis, 228. Lat., finger of a glove. 
Digitaria, 389. Lat., a finger ; sc. the spikes. 
Diodia, 149. Gr., wayside (plants). 
Dionaea, 51. A name of Venus. 
Dioscorea. 338. To Pedacius Dioscorides, a 
DIOSCOREACE^E, 338. [Greek physician. 
Diospyros, 209. Gr., the pear of Jove. 
Dipholis, 210. Gr., two scales (bet. the petals) 
Diphylleia, 28. Gr., two-leaved. 
Diplopappus, 164. Gr., double pappus. 
DIPSACE^E, 151. [hold water. 

Dipsacus, 151. Gr., to thirst; the leaf-axils 
Dipter acanthus, 234. Gr., 2- winged Acanthus. 
Dirca, 292. Gr., a fountain. 
Discopleura, 341. Gr., disk, ribs (united). 
Dodecatheon, 211. Gr., twelve deities (flowere). 
Dodonaea, 74. To R. Dodomeus, M. D. 
Dolichos 98. Gr., long ; sc. the twining stems. 
Doodia, 423. To S. Doody, botanist, Londou. 
Downingla, 195. To J. Downing, florist, &c. 
Draba, 41. Gr„ acrid or biting ; sc. the leaves 
Dracocephalum, 246. Gr., dragon head. 
Dracopsis, 176. Gr., dragon-like. 
Dracunculus, 184. Gr., little dragon. 
Drosera, 51. Gr., dew (drops on the lea-ves;. 
DROSERACE^E, 50. 

Dryas, 105. Gr., Oak nymph ; sc. its leaves. 
Dulichium, 356. First found on that island. 
Duranta, 235. To Castor Durant, 1580. 
Dysodia, 181. Gr., ill-scented. 
Eatonia, 400. To Prof. Amos Eaton, the well- 
EBENACE/E, 209. [known botanist 

Eccremocarpus, 218. Gr., pendent fruit. 
Echeveria, 119. To M. Echeveri, botanic artist 
Echinacea, 175. Gr., hedgehog ; sc. the spines. 
Echinocactus, 132. Gr., hedgehog cactus. 
Echinocystis, 129. Gr., hedgehog bladder ; Tt 
Echinodorus, 323. Gr., hedgehog sac ; carpelb 
Echinospermum, 251. Hedgehog seed. 
Echites, 271. Gr., a viper ; the smooth shoots, 
Echium, 251. Gr., a viper ; sc. the seeds. 
Eclipta, 172. Gr., deficient ; sc. no pappus. 
Ehretia, 250. To D. G. Ehret, German artist, 
ELiEAGNACE^E, 292. 

Elseagnus, 292. Gr., the olive; reeemb^nce. 
ELA1TNACE.E, 51. 
Elatine, 51. Gr., the fir ; resemblance. 
Eleocharis, 359. Gr., marsh delight. 
Elephantopus, 156. Gr., elephart's foot. 
Eleusine. 407. A name of Ceres. 
Elliottia, 205. To Stephen Elliott, S. Car. 
Ellisia, 254. To Joseph Ellis, F, R. S. 
Elodea, 50. Gr., a marsh. [in the sheath. 
Elymus, 405. Gr., enveloped ; sc. the sprkt 
Elytraria. 233. Gr., enveloped ; the fls.in bracts 
EMPETRACEJE, 302. 



LATIN INDEX. 



431 



Empotrnro, 303. ffr., on a rock. 
ENDOGEN.K, 316. 
Enslenia, 2TS. To Aloysius Enslen. 
Epidendrum, 331. Gr., on a tree. 
Epigjea, 200. Gr., on the earth ; trailing. 
Epilobium, 124. Gr., on the pod (sc. the fls.) 
Eoiphegus, 21 V, Gr., on the Beech (root*). 
Epiphyllum, 13ft. Gr., on a leaf (sc. the fls.) 
EQUISETACE,E, 415. 
Equisetum, 415. Lai., horse-hair. 
Eragrostis, 400. Gr., lovely grass. 
Erectites, 1S6. Gr., to trouble. 
Erianthus, 410. Gr., wool-flower. 
Erica. 200. Lat., the old name. 
ERICACEAE, 197. 
Erigenia, 140. Gr., spring-born. 
Erigeron, 165. Gr., in spring (early) old. 
Eriocaulon, 355. Gr., woolly stem. 
ERIOCAULONACE^E, 355. 
Eriogonum, 280. Gr., woolly joint. 
EriophOrum. 362. Gr., wool-bearing. 
Erithalis, 147. Gr., to grow green. 
Ernodea, 147. Gr., branched ; much branched. 
Erodium, 68. Gr., a heron's (bill). 
Erophila, 41. Gr., lover of Spring. 
Eryngium, 135. Gr., to belch ; a remedy. 
Erysimum, 39. Gr., to draw (blisters). 
Erythraea, 267. Gr., red ; sc. the flowers. 
Erythrina, 97. Same as the last. 
Lrythronium, 341. Ditto. 
Escallcnia, 116. To Escallon, Spanish. 
Eschscholtzia, 32. To Eschscholtz, German. 
Eucalyptus, 121. Gr., well covered ; sc. the cal. 
Eugenia, 122. To Prince Eugene, of Savoy. 
Eulophus, 141. Gr., handsome crest. 
Euonymus, 76. Gr., well named. 
Eupatorium. 158. Named for Eupator. 
Euphorbia, 293. To Euphorbus, of Mauritania. 
EUPHORBIACE^E, 293, 
Euphrasia, 232. To the Muse Euphrosyne 
Evstachys. 407. Gr., handsome spike. 
Eustoma, 267. Gr., handsome mouth. 
Eutoca, 255. Gr., fruitful. 
Euxoius, 288. Gr., well closed. 
Evolvulus, 260. Lat., to roll out, to trail. 
Excoecaria, 296. Lat., to blind ; the poisonous 
EXOGEISLE, 15. [juice destroys the sight. 
Exostemma, 147. Gr., stamens exserted? 
Faba, 85. Gr., to eat. 
Fabiana, 265. To F. Fabiana. of Valencia. 
Fagopyrum, 284. Gr., beech-nut wheat. 
Fagus, 307. The ancient name. 
F'edia, 151. From fedus, a kid. 
Fenzlia, 257. To Dr. Fenzl, a botanic author. 
Festnca, 399. Ge\t.,fest, pasture. 
FICOIDE^E. 133. 

Ficus, 299. The ancient Latin name. 
Filago, 185. Lat., thread-spinning ; the plant 
FILICES, 416. [is clothed in cotton. 

Fimbristylis, 363. Gr., fringed style. 
Floerkea, 68. To Floerke, a German botanist. 
FLORLDEJE, 322. 

Fceniculum, 139. Lat., a kid ; why ? 
Forestiera, 277. To M. Forestier, French. 
Forsteronia, 270. To T. F. Forster, an Eng.bot. 
Forsythia, 276. To Mr. Forsyth, horticulturist. 
Fothergilla, 120. To J. Fothergill, M.D., Lond. 
Fragaria, 106. Lat., fragrant ; sc. the fruit. 
Francisea, 221. To Francis, Emperor of Aust. 
Franklinia, 65. [plants in the South. 

Frasera, 268. To John Fraser, collector of 
Fraxinus, 2*77. Lat., a hedge ; hedge plants. 
Fritillaria.. 242. Lat. a chess-board. 



Froelichia, 290. To J. A. Froelich, a Germ, bot 

Fuchsia, 127. To Leonard Fuchs, German. 

Fuirena, 359. To G. Fuiren, Danish. 

Fumaria. 34. Lat., smoke ; sc. the emell. 

FUMARIACE^E, 33. 

FUNGI, 14. 

Funkia, 345. To Henry Funk, German. 

Gaillardia, 181. To M. Gaillard, French. 

Galactia, 97. Gr., milk. 

Galanthus. 334. Gr.. milk-flower. 

Galax, 2U6. Gr., milk ; flowers milk-white ? 

Galeopsis, 248. Gr., weasel-like ; sc. the fl. 

Galinsoga, 172. To M. Galinsoga, Madrid. 

Galium, 148. G?'., milk (to curdle). 

GAMOPETAL^. 144. 

Gardoquia, 246. To Diego Gardoqui, Spanish. 

Gaultheria, 201. To Dr. Gaulthier, Quebec. 

Gaura, 126. Gr., superb. [French chemist. 

Gaylussacia, 198. To Gaylussac, the celebrated 

Gazania. 181. Lat., riches (richness). 

Gelsemium, 269. Italian for Jessamine. 

Genista, 90. Celt., gen, a bush. 

Gentiana, 267. To Gentius, £ing of Ulyria. ' 

GENTIANACE^E, 266. 

GERANIACE^E, 67. 

Geranium, 68. Gr., crane's (bill) : sc. the fruit. 

Gerardia, (230) 231. To John Gerard, English. 

Gesneria, 219. To Conrad Gesner, German. 

GESNERIACEJ3, 219. [of G. urbicum. 

Geum, 105. Gr., to give relish : sc. the roots 

Gilia, 257. To P. S. Gil], Spanish. 

Gillenia, 104. Named for A. Gille, German. 

Ginkgo, 316. The name in Japanese. 

Ginseng, 142. The name in Chinese. 

Gladiolus, 338. Lai., a little sword ; so. the lvs. 

Glaucium, 31. Gr., glaucous (in color). 

Glaux, 212. Ditto. 

Glechoma, 246. An old Greek name. 

Gleditschia, 83. To Prof. G. Gleditsch, Berlin. 

Glottidium, 93. Gr., tongue ; sc. the pods. 

Gloxinia. 219. To P. B. Gloxin, of Colmar. 

GLUMIFER^E. 356. 

Glyceria, 402. Gr., sweet ; sc. the herbage. 

Gnaphalium, 185. Gr., soft down. 

Godetia, 125. To M. Godet, French. 

Gomphrena, 2S9. Gr., a club ; sc. the flowers. 

Gonolobus, 274. Gr., angular pods. 

GOODENIACE^E, 10. 

Goodyera, 330. To John Goodyer, English. 

Gordonia, 65. To Alex. Gordon, London. 

Gossipium, 63. Arabic, a softness. 

GRAMINE^E, 380. 

GRAMINOIDE^E, 356. [bearded at base 

Graphephorum, 398. Gr., pencil-bearing; 3a, 

Gratiola, 227. Lat., grace (medicinally). 

GROSSTJLACEiE (113). 

Grossularia, 117. Name of doubtful meaning 

Guettarda, 147. To Etienne Guettard, Franca 

(jruiacum, 67. Tho aboriginal name. 

GUTTIFER^E, 8, 

Gymnadenia, 326. Gr., naked gland. 

Gymnocladus, 83. Gr., naked branches. 

Gymnogramma, 420. Gr. , naked writing (sori) 

Gyninopogon. 407. Gr., naked beard. 

Gymnospermaa, 311. Gr , naked seeds. 

Gynandropsis. 44. Gr., like gynandria. 

Gynerium, 398. Gr., style woolly. 

Gypsophila, 53. Gr., loving chalk (cliffs). 

Hahenaria, 326. Lat., thong,=the long spur 

Habrothamnus, 265. Gr., a gay branch. 

H.EMODORACEJE, 335. 

Halenia, 268. A personal name. 

Halesia, 209. To S. Hales, D. D., F. &. S, 



432 



LATIN INDEX. 



HALORAGE^E, 120. 
H VMAMELACE^E, 120. 
Hamamelis, 120. Gr., (flower) with the fruit. 
Hunelia, 147. To H. L. Duhamel. [berg. 

Hardenbergia, 99. To the Countess of Harden- 
Hedeoma, 2-41. The Greek name for Mint. 
Hedera, 142. Celt., a cord. 
He lychium, 331. Gr., sweet snow (white fls.) 
H sdysarum, 87. An old Greek name. 
Hilenium, 181. Dedicated to Helen. 
Heliant he/la, 177. Diminutive of Helianthus. 
Helianthemum, 47. Gr., Sun-flower. 
Helianthus, 176. Ditto. 
Helichrysum, 1S6. Gr., golden sun. 
ILdiophytum, 251. Gr., Sun -plant. 
Heliopsis, 175. Gr., sun-like. 
Heliotropium, 250. Gr., turning (with) the sun. 
Helleborns, 21. Gr.. killing (poisonous) food. 
Helonias. 349. Gr., a marsh. 
Helo<ciadium, 140. Gr., marsh umbel. 
Hematelia, 419. 

Hemerocallis, 345. Gr.. beauty of a day. 
Hemicarpha, 363. Gr.. half (of the) chaff. 
Hepatica, 18. Gr., of or resembling the liver. 
HEPATKLE, 14. 

Heraclenin, 136. Sacred to Hercules. 
Herpestis, 226. Gr., a creeper. 
Hesperis, 39. Gr., the evening. [anthers. 
Heteranthera, 350. Gr., other (two kinds of) 
Heterotheca, 170. Gr., other (2 kinds of)fruits. 
Henchera, 115. To Dr. H. Heucher, Wittembg. 
Hibiscus, 62. From ibis, the stork. 
Hieracium, 191. Gr., hicrax, the hawk. 
Ilierochloa, 395. Gr., holy Grass. 
HIPPOCASTANE.E, 73. 
Hippomane, 293. Gr., horse madness. 
Hippophae, 293. Gr., horse destroyer. 
Hippuris, 121. Gr., mare's tail. 
Holcus, 395. Gr.. to extract (thorns). 
Holosteum, 54. Gr., all bone (by antithesis). 
Honkenya, 56 A personal name. 
Hordeum, 404. Gr., heavy (sc. bread). 
Hottonia, 211. To Prof. P. Hotten, of Leyden. 
Houstonia, 149. To Win. Houston. M.D., Eng. 
Hova, 275. To Thos. Hoy, F. L. S. 
Hudsonia. .8. To Wm. Hudson, F. P.S. 
Humea, 194. To Lady Hume, of Wormleybury. 
Humulus, 3)1. Lett., on the ground, — trailing. 
Hyacinthus, 314. A boy killed by Zephyrus. 
Hydrangea, 116. Gr., a water-vessel. 
Hydranthelium, 228. Gr., a little water-flower. 
Hvdrastis, 23. In or near water. 
HYDROCHARIDACE^E. 324. 
Hydrocleis, 323. Gr., enclosed in water. 
Hydrocotyle. 135. Gr., a water-vessel. 
Hvdrolea, 255. Gr.. water, oil ; sc. an oily 
HYDROPHYLLACE^E, 253. [water-plant. 
Hydrophyllum, 254. Gr., water leaf. 
Hygrophila, 234. Gr., loving moisture. 
Hymenopappus, 181. Gr., membranous pap- 
Hyoscyamus, 264. Gr., hog-bean. [pus. 

Hypelate, 74. Unexplained. 
HYPERICACE^E, 48. 

Hypericum, 49. Not satisfactorily explained. 
Hijpobrychia, 124/, [the pod). 

Hypoxis, 334. Gr., sharp under ; (the base of 
Hyptis, 239. Gr., resupinate; sc. the cor. upper 
Hyssopus, 241. The old Hebrew name. [lip. 
Iberis, 42. From Iberia, now Spain. 
Ilex, 207. The ancient name. 
Illicium, 24. Lat., alluring ; sc. the perfume. 
Ilysanthes, 227. Gr., mud-flower, [touched. 
Impatiens, 69. Lat., impatient ; not to be 



Indigofera, 95. Lat., indigo-bearing. 
Inula, 171. A corruption of Hellenium. 
Iodanthus, 36. Gr., violet-flower. 
Ipornaea, 259 (260). Gr., like bindweed. 
Ipomopds, 257. Gr., like Ipomsea. 
Iresine. 289. Gr , eiros, wool. 
IRIDACE^E, 336. 
Iris, 336. From its varied colors. 
Isanthus, 239. Gr., equal (regular) flower. 
Isatis, 43. Gr., to smooth (the skin) ; a cos- 
Isoetes, 412. Gr., equal (all the) year, [metic. 
Isopappus, 170. Gr., equal pappus. 
Isopyrum, 20. Gr., equal wheat. 
Itea, 115. Greek name of the Willow. 

Iva, 174. Leaves resembling the Greek Iva. 

I.ria, 337. Lat., bird-lime ; sc. sticky. 

Jacquemontia, 258. To Victor Jacquemont. 

Jasminum, 275. Gr., violet smell: sc. fragrant. 

Jatropha, 296. Gr., physician, food; sc. medi- 
cinal. 

Jeff ersonia, 28. To President Thos, Jefferson. 

JUGLANDACEiE, 303. [walnut. 

Julians, 304. Gr., the nut of Jove ; sc. the 

JUNCACEJE, 350. 

JUNCAGINE^E. 323. [of these rushes. 

Juncus, 351. Lat., to join ; ropes were made 

Juniperus, 314. Celt., rough or rude. 

Jussipea, 125. To Autoiue Jussien, the elder. 

Jusiicia, 235. To J. Justice, a Scotch botanist. 

Kallstroemia, 67. A personal name. 

Kalmia, 200. To Prof. Peter Kahn, of Abo. 

Kennedya, 99. To Mr. Kennedy, of Ham- 
mers worth. 

Kerria, 104. To Mr. Kerr, botanist, Ceylon. 

Kceleria, 398. To Prof. Koeler, of Mayence. 

Koelreuteria, 75. To J. G. Koelreuter, German 

Kosteletzkya,62. A personal name, [botanist. 

Krameria, 80. To J. G. and W. H. Kramer, Ger. 

Krigia, 191. To Dr. David Kreis:, German. 

Kuhnia, 158. To Adam Kuhn, of Pennsylvania. 

Kuhnistera, 93. From Kuhnia. 

Kyllingia, 359. To P. Kyllin^, Danish, 1690. 

LABIAT^E, 237. L ABIATIFLORJE, 153, 155. 

Laburnum, 91. The old Latin name. 

Lachnocaulon, 355. Gr., wool-stem. 

Lachnanthes, 335. Gr., wool-flower. 

Lactuca, 193, Lat., tac,=milk; sc. milk-weed. 

Lagenaria, 130. Lat., a bottle; sc. the gourd. 

Lagerstrcemia, 123. To Marcus Lagerstrcem, 

Laguncularia, . Lat., a small bottle. [Ger. 

Lamium, 248. Gr., throat; sc. gaping-flowers. 

Lampsana, 190. A personal name. 

Lantana, 237. Old Latin name for Laburnum. 

Lapithoea, 266. 

Laportea, 300. To M. Laporte, French. 

Lappa, 190. Old Latin name of Burdock. 

Larix, 314. Celt., fat or resinous ; from lar. 

Lathyrus, 85, Gr., stimulating. 

LATJRACE^E, 290. [made of lavender, 

Lavandula, 239. Lat., to wash ; from the use 

Lavatera, 60. To the two Lavaters, of Zurich. 

Leavenworthia,38. To Dr.LeavenworthJJ.S. A. 

Lechea, 47. To G. Leche, Sweden, 1760. 

Ledum, 204. An old Greek name. [nist. 

Leersia, 383. To J. D. Leers, a German bota- 

LEGUMINOS^E, 80. 

Leiophyllum, 204. Gr., smooth leaf. [Florida. 

Leitneria, 309. To Dr. Leitner, collector in 

Lemna, 319. The Greek name of some water- 

LEMNACE^E, 319. [plant. 

Lens, 100. The seeds are shaped like a lens. 

LENTIBULACE^E, 215. 

Leouotis, 249. Gr., lion's ear; sc. the flowed 



LATIN INDEX. 



433 



Leontodon, 191. Gr., lion'e-tooth ; sc. the lvs. 
Leonurus, 2-19. Gr., lion's-tail ; sc. the spike 

of flowers. 
Lepachis, 176. From Upis, Gr. word for scale. 
Lepidium, 42. Gr.. a little scale ; sc. the sili- 
Leptocaulis, 140. Gr., slender stem. [cles. 

Leptochloa, 406. Gr., slender grass. 
Leptopoda, 182. Gr., slender foot or stem. 
Leptosiphon, 257. Gr., slender tube; sc. the 

flowers. 
I epturus, 404. Gr.. slender tail ; sc. the spikes. 
Lepuropetalon, 115. Gr., husk petal. [ida. 
Lespedeza, 89. To M. Lespedez, Gov. of Flor- 
Leucanrhemum. 183. Gr.. white flower. 
Leucas, 238. Gr., whiteness ; sc. of the flowers. 
Leucojum. 334. Gr.. white violet. 
Liatris. 157. A name unexplained. 
LICHENES, 14. 
LIGULIFLOR.E, 152, 155. 
Ligusticum, 140. Originally found in Liguria. 
Ligustrum. 276. Lat., Ugare, to tie; sc. its 
LILIACEJE. 341. [flexible branches. 

Lilium. 312. Celt., li, whiteness. 
Limnanthemum. 268. Gr., marsh-flower. 
Limnanthes, 68. Ditto. 
Limnobium. 324. Gr., marsh-life. 
Limnocharis. 323. Gr., marsh-joy. 
Limosella, 228. Gr., little mud (plant). 
LLNACEJE. b6. [resembles. 

Linaria, 222. From Linum, flax ; which it 
Lindera, 290. Name unexplained. 
Limiiea, 144. To the great naturalist. Carl von 
Linum. 66. Celt., lin,=a, thread. [Linnasus. 
Liparis, 329. Gr.. liparo?-, unctuous. 
Lipocarpha, 363. Gr., oil chaff; why ? 
Lippia, 236. To Aug. Lippi, French traveller. 
Liquidambar, 120. "Lat.. liquid amber. 
Liriodendron,25. Gr., lily-tree; sc. tulip-tree. 
Listera, 329. To Dr. Martin Lister, English. 
Lithosperroum. 252. Gr., stone-seed. 
Loasa, 128. N*me unexplained. 
LOASAOE.E, 128. [to James I. 

Lobelia. 194. To Matthew Lobel, physician 
LOBELIACE^E, 194. [nist.) 

LOGANIACE.F:, 269. (Jas. Logan, Eng. bota- 
Loiseleuria, 203. A mythological name. 
Lolium. 405. The Celtic name is loloa. [sori. 
Lomaria, 421. Gr., the edge ; position of the 
Lonicera, 145. To Adam Lonicer. Germ., 1580. 
Lophanthus. 245. Gr., crest-flower. 
Lophiola, 335. Lat., diminutive ; little crest. 
Lophospermum. 223. Gr., crest-seed. 
LORANTHACEiE, 291. Lorinseria, 371 
Ludwigia, 127. To Prof. C. D. Ludwig, Leipsic. 
Lunaria. 40. Lat., the moon; sc. the silicles. 
Lupinus, 90 Lat., a wolf; devours the soil? 
Luziola. 383. Lat., lux, light ; sparkling with 
Lnzula. 351. Germ., the glow-worm. [dew. 
Lychnis, 54. Gr., a lamp (wick), 
lycinm. 264. The old Greek name. 
Lycopersicum. -.62. Gr., wolf-peach. 
I.YCOPODIACE.E. 413. 
Lycopodinm. 413, (414). Gr.. wolf-foot. 
Lyeopsis. 251. Gr.. wolf-like ; the flower is 

fancied to resemble a wolfs eye. 
Lycopus. 240. Gr., wolf-toot. 
Lygodesmia. 193. Gr., flexible band. 
Lysodium. 418. Gr.. a flexible (vine). 
Lysimachia. 212. Gr., dissolution of strife; 
LYTHRACE^E. 123. [sc. loose-strife. 

Lythrum, 123. Gr., black blood: sc. purple. 
Macbridea. 247. To Dr. Jas. McBride. of S. C. 
iluclura, 299. To Wm. Maclure, Pennsylvania. 



Macranthera, 230. Gr., long anthers. 
Macrotis, 23. Gr., long ears ; sc. racemes. 
Madia. 173. The name in Chili. 
Magnolia, 24. To Prof. Pierre Magnol, MonJ 
MAGNOLIACE.E, 24. [pelier, France 

Majanthemum, 346. Lat., May-flower. 
Malachodendron, 65. Gr., Mallow-tree. 
MALPIGHIACE^, 8. 

Malus, 112. Lat., the apple. [=soft 

Malva, 60. Altered from the Greek malache 
MALVACEAE. 59. 
Malvastrum, 61. From Malva. 
Malva viscus, 62. Lat., glue mallow. 
Mammilaria. 132. Lat., mamma, nipple; sc. 
the protuberances. [Ayres. 

Mandevilla. 271. To H. B. Mandeville, Buenoe 
Manisurus, 407. Gr., lizard's-tail. [1550. 

Maranta, 331. To B. Maranti, M. D., Venice, 
Marrubium, 249. Hebrew, bitter juice. 
Marshallia.182. To Humphrey Marshall, Phila. 
Marsilia. 112. To Count F. Marsigli, Bologna. 
MARSILIACEJE, 412. [bridge, 1765. 

Martynia, 219. To Prof. John Martyn, Ca'm- 
Maruta, 183. Meaning unexplained. 
Matricaria, 183. An anatomical word. [1750. 
Matthiola, 38. To Dr. P. A. Matthioli, Italy. 
Maurandia, 223. To Prof. Maurandi, Cartha- 
Mayaca, 354. Name unexplained. [gena-. 

Maytenus. 76. The Chilian name. 
Meconopsis, 32. Gr., poppy-like. 
Medeola, 340. From Medea, the sorceress. 
Medicago, 92. An ancient name, [(branches). 
Melaleuca. 122. Gr.. black (trunk), white 
Mtlampyrum. 233. Gr., black wheat. 
MELANTHACE^E. 347. 
Melanthera, 174. Gr., black anthers. 
Melanthium. 348. Gr., black flower. 
MELASTOMACE^E, 122. [Ash. 

Melia. 65. The Greek name for the Manns 
MELIACE.E. 65. 

Melica, 400. Italian, from met, honey. 
Melilotus. 92. Lat., honey lotus. 
Melissa, 243. Lat.. a bee; yields honey. 
Melocactus. 133. Gr., melon cactus. 
Melothria, 130. The old Greek name. 
MENISPERMACE.E, 26. 
Meuispermum. 26. Gr., moon-seed. 
Mentha. 240. Minthe. daughter of Cocyton. 
Mentzelia, 128. To C. Men tzel. of Brandenburg. 
Menyanthes. 268 (269). Gr., moon-flower. 
Menziesia. 201. To Archibald Menzies, F.L.S. 
Mercurialis. 297. Dedicated to Mercury. 
Mertensia, 253. To Prof. F. C. Mertens, Bremen 
Mesembryanthemum,133. Gr., mid-day flower 
Metastelma. 274. Gr., with a girdle. 
Micranthemum, 227. Gr., minute flower. 
Microstylis, 329. Gr., minute style. 
Mikania. 160. To Prof. Joseph Mikan, Prague. 
Milium, 391, Lat., a thousand (seeds). 
Mimosa, 82. Gr.. a mimic; sc. its motions. 
Mimulus, 226. Gr., an ape; sc. its flowers. 
Mimusops. 210. Gr., ape-.like. 
Mirabilis, 279. Lat., wonderful; sc. the lis. 
Mitchella, 148. To Dr. John Mitchell. Va. 
Mitella, 113. Lat., a little mitre ; sc. the fruit 
Mitreola. 269. Ditto. 

Modiola. 61. Lat., a little measure or cup. 
Mosnchia, 56. To the Germ, botanist, Mcench 
-Nloeringia. 55. To Dr. P. H. G. Moehring, Germ. 
Mollugo. 58. Name applied by Pliny. [1730 
Moluccella. 248. Natives of the Moluccas. 
Monarda, 245. To Dr. N. Monardez, Seville. 
Moneces, 206. From moiws,=one \ sc. 1-flU. 



*34 



LATIN INDEX. 



Monotropa, 206. Gr., one, turning : flowers 
Montelia, 289. [turned one way. 

Moriuda. 147. i. e., Indian Mulberry. 
Moms. 300. Celt., black; sc. the fruit. 
Muhlenbergia, 385. To Rev. Henry Muhlen- 
MULISIACE^E, 153. [berg, D. D. 

Mulgedium, 193. Meaning unknown. 
Musa, 331. To Antonius Musa. 
MUSACELE, 331. 

Muscari, 344. From moscfats, musk. 
MUSCI, 1.4. 

Myginda, 76. To Francis von Mys;ind, Germ. 
Mylocarium, 205. Gr., mill-nut; form of the 

fruit. 
Myosotis, 252. Gr., mouse-ear; sc. the lvs. 
Myosurus, 20. Gr., mouse-tail ; sc. the torus. 
Myrica, 309. Gr., (On the banks of) flowing 
MYRICACE^E, 308. [(rivers). 

Myriophyllum, 121. Gr.. a thousand leaves. 
MYRSLNACEJS, 10. (Gr., myrrh.) 
MYRTACE^E, 121. 
Myrtus, 122. Gr., perfume. 
Nabalus, 192. The meaning unknown. 
NAIADACE.E, 3"20. 
Najas, 320. Gr., a water-nymph. 
Napaea, 61. Gr., dell-nymph, [on tbe nerves. 
Narcissus. 332. From narke, stupor ; its eft'ect 
Nardosmia, 160. Gr., smell of nard, or spike- 
Narthecium, 351. Gr., a rod, or wand. [nard. 
Nasturtium, 36. Lat., twisted nose ; on ac- 
Naumbergia, 212. [count of its acridity. 

Negundo, 74. Of unknown meaning. 
Nelumbium, 29. Nelumbo is the Cingalese 
Nemastylis, 337. Gr., thread style. [name. 
Ncmesia, 222. An old name revived. 
Nemopantlies, 208. Gr., grove-dower. 
Nemophila, 254. Gr.. loving the grove. 
Nepeta. 245. From Nepet, a town in Tuscany. 
Nephrodium, 425. Gr., the kidney ; sc. the sori. 
Nephrolepis, 418, Gr., kidney scale. 
Neptunea, 82. Dedicated to Neptune. 
Nerium, 271. Gr., humid; sc. the habit. 
Nesrea, 124. The name of a sea-nymph. 
Neurophyllum, 136. Gr.. nerve-leaf. 
Neviusia, 104. To Rev. R. Nevius. 
Nicandra, 263. [duced tobacco into France. 
Nicotiana, 265. To John Nicot, who intro- 
Nierembergia, 264. To J. E. Nieremberg, 
Nigella,21. Lat., black ; the seeds. [Spanish. 
Nolana, 262. Lat., a little bell ; sc. corolla. 
Nolina. 343. To P. C. Nolin, American. 
Notholaena, 420. Gr., false cloak ; the indusia. 
Nuphar, 29. The Arabic name of Water-lily. 
NYCTAGINACE^E, 279. 
NYMPILEACE^Fl, 28. 
Nymphaea, 29. Gr., a water-nymph. 
Nyssa, 143. The name of a water-nymph. 
Obione, 287. Gr., a shield ; the round leaves. 
Obolaria, 263. Gr., a pieee of money. 
Ocimum, 238. Gr., to smell; strong-scented. 
(Enothera, 125. Gr., wine-hunting; incentive 
OLACAGELE, 10. [to wine-drinking. 

Oldenlandia, 150. To H. B. Oldenland, Danish, 
01ea,276. The Greek name of the Olive. [1695. 
OLEACFLE, 27S. 

Omphalodes. 25i. Gr., navel-like. 
ONAGRACE^E, 124. 
Oncidium, 328. Gr., a tumor; sc. the form of 

the depressed stem. 
Onoclea, 421. Gr., closed vetsscl ; sc. the fruit. 
Onopordon, 189. Gr.. an ass, to explode ; its 

supposed effects. 
Onosmodium, 252. Compared t' theOnoeira. 



Onychium. 42t. Gr., the finger nail; a fana 
ful name. [the frond 

Ophiosjlossum. 418. Gr., serpent's tongue ; sc 

Oplismenns.393. Gr., strong weapon ; cock 

Opuntia. 132. From Opus, in Locris. [spur 

ORCHTDACE^E, 325. 

Orchis, 326. Name a physiological conceit. 

Origanum. 242. Gr., mountain joy. 

Ornithosralum, 343. Gr., bird milk. 

OROBA'NCHACE^E. 217. [sc. the Vetch 

Orobus, 100. Gr., to excite (nourish) the ox; 

Orontium, 318. Name adopted from the Greek. 
Orthodanum. 96. Gr.. a true gift. 

Oryza, 383. The Arabic name is eruz, =Rice. 

Oryzopsis, 388. Gr., Oryza-like.=P.ice-like. 

Osmanthm, 276. Gr., fragrant flower. 

Osmorhiza, 137. Gr., fragrant root. 

Osmunda, 418. Ostnunder was a Celtic divinity. 

Ostrya, 307. Gr., a scale ; sc. the scaly catkins. 

Otophylla. 231. Gr., ear-leaf. 

OXALIDE^, 67. [taste. 

Oxalis, 67. Gr., acid ; the plant has a sour 

Oxybaphus, 279. Gr., acid dye. 

Oxycoccus, 199. Gr., acid berry. 

Oxydendrum, 203. Gr., acid tree. 

Oxyria, 280. Gr., acid. 

Pachysandra, 298. Gr., thick stamens. 

Paeonia, 23. To the physician Paeon, [ance. 

Paepalanthus, 355. Gr., dust-flower ; its appear- 

Palafoxia, 1S1. To Palafox, a Spanish general 

PALMACEiE, 31b. 

Panax, 142. Gr., all-healing ; sc. the Ginseng. 

Pancratium, 333. Gr., all-potent. 

Panicum, 391. Lat., a panicle. 

Papaver. 32. Lat., pap, or thick milk ; Poppy 

PAPA VERACE^, 31. [seeds were used in pap 

PAPILIONACE^E, 80. [for children. 

Pardanthus, 337. Gr., leopard flower, [cality. 

Parietaria, 301. Gr., a wall ; their frequent lo- 

Parnassia, 115. Mt.Parnassus was feigned their 
nativity. [dy for felon. 

Paronychia, 57 (58). Gr., near the nail ; reme- 

Parthenium, 173. Gr., a virgin ; sc. its medi- 
cinal properties. [Millet. 

Paspalum, 389. One of the Greek names for 

Passiflora, 129. Lat., passion-flower; the floral 
organs resembling the Cross ind nails. 

PASSIFLORACE^E, 129. [its form. 

Pastinaca, 136. Lat., a garden dibble ; from 

Paulownia. 225. To Paulownia, princess of Rus- 

Pavia, 75. To Prof. Peter Paiv, Leyden. [sia. 

Pedicularis, 232. Lat., a louse ; sc. Lousewort. 

Pelargonium, 6S. Gr., a stork ; sc. Stork-bill. 

Pellaia, 421. Gr., little cup. [character. 

Peltandra, 318. Gr., shield anther; from the 

Penicillaria, 393. Lat., a pencil ; sc. the spikes. 

Penthorum. 119. Gr., five bounds; sc. 5 styles. 

Pentstemon, 224. Gr., five stamens. 

Perilla, 240. A word unexplained. 

Periploca, 274. Gr., intertwining. 

Persea, 290. Adopted from the Egyptian. 

Persicaria, 282. Lat., Peach-like. 

PETALIFER^E, 316. [mens. 

Petalostemon, 93. Gr., petals (joined to) sta- 

Petiveria, 284. To Dr. J. Petiver, F. R. S. 

Petunia, 264. Adopted from the Brazil'n petun. 

Peucedanum, 136. Gr., parched pine ; sc. it* 

Phaca, 94. Gr., to eat ; food, [resinoua smcil. 

Phacelia. 255. Gr., a bundle ; sc. the flowers. 

PHJENOGAMIA, 15. 

Phalaris, 394. Gr., brilliant ; its shining seeds 

Pharbitis, 259. Meaning not known. 

Phaseolus, 96. Lat., a little boat ; so. the pods. 



LATBT INDEX. 



43$ 



Pheiipaea, 2iT. ToL. & J. Phelipaux, French. 
Philadelphus, 116. Adopted from Aristotle. 
PMegopterU. 368. Gr., burning wing or fern. 
Phleum, 387. Adopted from the Greek. 
Phlomis, 248. Gr., iiame ; used for lamp-wicks. 
Phlox,236. ffr.,flame ; the appearance of the fis. 
Phorouendron, 291. Gr., thief of the tree ; tree 
Phragmites, 404. Gr., a hedge ; its use. [thief. 
Phryma, 236. The meaning unknown. 
Phygelius, 225. [on the leaf-like stems. 

Phyllanthus, 297. Gr., leaf-flower ; the flowers 
Phyllocactus, 133. Gr., leaf Cactus, [leaves. 
Phyllodendron, 319. Gr., leaf-tree ; immense 
Phyllodoce, 201. A mythological name. 
Physalis, 263. Gr., a bladder ; sc. the calyx. 
Physostegia, 247. Gr., bladder covering; calyx. 
Phytolacca, 284. Gr., plant lac ; the crimson 
PHYTOLACCACE.E, 284. [fruit. 

Pilea, 300. Lot., a cap ; one of the sepals. 
Pimpinella, 139. Altered from bipinnate. 
Pinckneya, 150. To Gen. Pinckney, of S. Car. 
Piuguicula, 215. Lat., fat ; the greasy leaves. 
Pinus, 312. The ancient Greek name. 
Piriqueta, 129. Meaning unknown. 
Pisonia, 279. To M. Piso, M. D., Amsterdam. 
Pistia, 318. Meaning unexplained. 
Pisum, 85. Celt., pis,=a pea. 
PITTOSPORACEiE, 9. 

Planera, 299. To J. Planer, a German botanist. 
fLANTAGINACE^E, 213. [in footpaths. 

Plantago . 213. Lat., the sole of the foo* ; grows 
PLATANACE^E, 303. 
Platanthera. 326. Gr., broad anther. 
Platanus, 303. G?\, ample ; the branches & Ws. 
Platycerium, 419. Gr., broad horn ; the split 
Platycodon, 197. Gr., broad bell. [frond. 

Pleea, 349. Gr., the Pleiades ; seven white fls. 
Pluchea. 171. Meaning unexplained. 
PLUMBAGINACE^E, 214. [der of the eyes. 
Plumbago, 215. A cure for plumbago, a disor- 
Poa. 401. The general Greek word for grass. 
Podocarpus, 316. Gr., fruit-stalks (long). 
Podophyllum, 28. Gr., foot leaf; duck's-foot. 
PODOSTEMIACEJE, 302. 
Podostemum. 302. Gr., foot stem ? 
Podostigma, 273. Gr., foot (stalked) stigma. 
Pogonia, 330. Gr., beard ; flowers fringed. 
Poinciana. 99. To M. de Poinci, gov. Antilles. 
Polanisia, 44. Gr., many unequal (stamens). 
POLEMONIACEJ3, 256. 
Polemonium, 257. Gr., war; Pliny says that 

two kings fought for its honors. 
Polianthes, 334. Gr., polished flower. 
Polyanthes, 334. Gr., many flowers. 
Polycarpon, 57. Gr., much fruit. 
Polygala, 78. Gr., much milk ; effect on goats. 
POLYGALACE^E, 78. 
POLYGONACE^E, 280. 
Polygonatum, 346. Gr., many joints. 
Polygonella, 2S2. From Polygonum. 
Polygonum, 282. Gr., many joints. 
Polymnia, 172. The name of one of the Muses. 
Polypodium, 420. Gr., many feet (roots). 
Polypogon, 386. Gr., much beard. 
Polypremum, 269. Gr., many stems. 
Polypteris. 181. Gr., many wings. 
Poly taenia, 136. Gr., many fillets (vittae). 
Pontederia, 350. To Prof. Julius Pontedera, 
FONTEDERIACE.E. 350. [of Padua. 

Ponthieva. 330. To M. de Ponthieu, W. India. 
Populus, 311. The arbor populi of the Romans. 
Portulaca, 59. Lat., to carry milk, or juice. 
^ORTULACACE^E. 58. 



Potamogeton, 321. Gr., neighbor of the rivet, 
Potentilla, 107. Lat., powerful (in medicine* 
Poterium, 108. Lat., a cup ; used in cool drinks. 
Primula. 211. Lat., the first; early flowering, 
PRLMULACE^E, 210. 

Prinos, 208. The Greek name of the Holly. 
Priva, 235. Derivation unknown. [dulous. 
Prosartes, 347. Gr., to suspend ; sc. fls. pen 
Proserpinaca, 120. Lat., to creep ; sc. the roots 
Prunus, 101. The old Greek name. 
Psilocarya, 364. Gr., slender Carex. 
Psilotum. 415. Gr., naked (of leaves). 
Psoralea, 92. Gr., scurfy; from the appeal. 
Psycotria, 147. Gr., psyche, life ? [ance 

i Ptelea, 71. The Greek name for the Elm. 
Pteris, 421. Gr., awing; the fronds. 
Pterocaulon, 171. Gr., winged stem. 
Pterospora, 207. Gr., winged seed. 
Pulsatilla, 17. A coined name. 
Punica, 123. Lat., of or near Carthage. 
Pycnauthemum, 241. Gr., dense flowers. 
Pyrethrwn, 184. Gr., fire ; taste of the roots. 
Pyrola, 205. From Pyrus, pear-tree ; its lvs. 
Pyrrhopappus, 193. Gr. , flame-colored pappus. 
Pyrularia, 292. Meaning unexplained. 
Pyrus, 112. Peren was the Celtic word for Pear. 
Pyxidanthera, 258. Gr., box anther, [cyamos, 
Qnamoclit, 258. Resembles the ber.n-vine,= 
Quercus, 305. The orig. name, from the Celtic. 
Randia. To J. Rand, a London botanist. 

RANUNCULACEiE, 15. [phibious. 

Ranunculus, 19. Lat., a little frog; sc. am- 
Raphanus, 43. Gr., quick to appear ; rapid 
Reseda, 45. Lat., to calm, or soothe, [growth. 
RESEDACE^E. 44. 
RHAMNACE^. 76. 

Rhamnus, 77. The old name, from the Celtic 
Rheum, 281. First found on the banks of th« 

River Rha (Volga). 
Rhexia, 122. Lat., a rupture ; an astringent. 
Rhinanthus, 232. Gr.. snout-flower. 
RHIZOPORACE^E, 8. 
Rhodanthe, 186. Gr., rose-flower. 
Rhododendron, 203. Gr., rose-tree. 
Rhodora, 204. Gr., the rose ; sc. the color. 
Rhus, 72. From the Celtic rhudd, red. 
Rhynchosia, 96. Gr., a beak ; flower beaked 
Rhynchospora, 365. Gr., beak-seed. 
Rhytiglossa, 234. Gr., wrinkled tongue. 
Ribes, 117. Adopted from the Arabic. 
Richardia, 319. To L. C. Richard. French. 
Ricinus, 297. Lat., a tick ; sc. the seeds. 
Rivina. 284. To A. Q_. Rivinus, of Saxony. 
Robinia, 95. To Jean Robin, hot. to Henry r\' 
Rochea, 119. To M. de la Roche, French. 
Rosa, 108. Celt., red; the prevailing colore/ 
ROSACEA, 101. [the flower 

Rosmarinus, 244. Lat., dew of the sea. 
Rottbcellia, 409. To C. F. Rottboall, Danish. 
Roubieva, 286 To G. J. Roubieu. French. 
ROXBTJRGHIACE^E, 339. 
Rubia, 148. Lat., red ; the color of the roots. 
RUBIACE.E, 147. 

Rubus, 104. Celt., red ; color of the fruit. 
RudbSckia, 175. To Prof. Olaf Rudbec, Upsal 
Ruellia, 233. To John Ruelle, bot. to Francis I 
Rugelia, 188. To Mr. Rugel, collector in ITH 
Rumex, 281. Lat., to suck ; the lvs. allay thirst 
Ruppia, 321. To H. B. Ruppia, German. 
Russelia, 225. To Alex. Russel, M.D., P. B «* 
Ruta, 70. Gr.. to flow ; Eng., Bui. 
RUTACE^E, 70. 
Sabal, 317. Word not explained. 



436 



LATIN INDEX. 



Sabbatia, 266. To L. Sabbati, an Italian bot. 
Saccbarum, 410. Tbe Arabic name is soukar; 
Sageretia, 76. ToM. Sageret,Fr. [Eng., sugar. 
Sagina, 56 (55). Lat., fatness; for pasturage. 
Sagittaria. 323. Lat., an arrow; shape of the 
SALICACE^E, 309. [leaves. 

Salicornia, 287. Lat., salt horn ; the locality 

and shape. [Salisbury, Eng. 

Salisbnria, 316. To tbe distinguished R. A. 
Salix, 309. Celtic, near the water. [style. 

Salpiglossis, 221. Gr., tube tongue; sc. the 
Salsola, 288. Lat.. salt; grows in salt marshes. 
Salvia, 244. Lat., salvo, to save; salutary. 
Sambucus, 146. Lat., a musical instrument, 

made of elderwood. 
Samolus, 213. Celtic, pig's food. [juice. 

Sanguinaria, 31. Lat., blood ; filled with red 
Sanguisorba, 108. Lat., to absorb (stanch) 
Sanicula, 125. Lat., to beal. [blood. 

SANTALACEiE, 291. 
SAPINDACE.E, 73. 

Sapindus, 75. Sapo Indicus ; Incuan soap. 
Saponaria, 53. Lat., soap; sc. Soapwort. 
SAPOTACE^E, 210. [corona. 

Sarcostemma, 272. Gr., fleshy crown ; the 
Sarracenia. 30. To Dr. Sarrasin, of Quebec. 
SARRACENIACE^E, 30. 
Sassairas, 290. The aboriginal name. 
Satureja, 242. The Arabic Sattar, a labiate 
SAURURACE.E, 301. [plant. 

Saurnrns, 301. Gr., lizard-tail. 
Saxifraga, 113. Lat., to break a stone: grow- 
ing in the clefts of rocks. 
SAXIFRAGACEyE, 112. 
Scabiosa, 152. Lat., the itch ; which it cures. 
Screvola, 10. Lat., the left hand; sc. the corolla. 
Scandix, 137. The Greek name of an eatable 

plant. [a German botanist. 

Bchrefferia, 76. To Jos. Christian Sclueffer, 
Scheuchzeria, 324. To John and Jas. Scheuch- 

zer, German. [flowers. 

Schizaea, 419. Lat., to cut: applied to the 
Schizandra. 25. Lat., to cleave (the stamens). 
Schizanthus, 221. Lat., cut flower. 
Sehizopetalon, 40. Lat., cut petals. 
Schizostylis, 337. Lat., cut style. 
Schoenocaulon, 348. Gr., rush-stem. 
Schcenolirion, 344. Gr., Rush-lily. 
S~.hollera. 350. To one Scholler, a Germ. bot. 
Schrankia, 82. To F. de Paula Schrank. Germ. 
Schwalbea, 232. To one Schwalb, Germ. bot. 
Schweinitzia, 207. To Rev. Lewis de Schwei- 

nitz, North Carolina. 
Scilla, 343. Or., to injure: bulb poisonous. 
Scirpus, 361. Celt., cirs, rushes. 
SCITAMINE^E, 331. 
Scleranthus, 5S. Gr., hard flower. 
Seleria, 367. Gr., hard ; referring to the fruit. 
Sclerolepis, 156. Gr., hard scales. 
3colopendrium, 425. Lat., a centipede; its 

appearance beneath. 
Scrophularia, 224. Good in the scrofula. 
SCROPHULARIA CE^E, 220. [sc. the calyx. 
Scutellaria, 246. Lat., a, little cup, or vizor; 
Scutia, 76. Lat., a shield. [lian. 

Sebastiania,293 (296). Dedicated to St. Sebas- 
Secale, 406. The ancient name of Rye. 
Sedum, 118. Lat, to sit ; habit of the plants. 
Selaginella, 414. Diminutive, from Selago, 

club-moss. [ley. 

Selinum. 139. Selinon is the Greek for Pars- 
Sempervivum, 119. Lat,, to live forever. 
Senehiera. 43. To John de Sencbier, Gaueva. 



Senecio, 187. Lat. , an old man ; the receptacle 
Sequoya, 315. The Indian name. [naked. 
Sericocarpus, 160. Lat., silken fruit. 
Sesamum. 219. From the Egyptian, Sempsen. 
Sesbania, 93. The Arabic name is Sesban. 
Sesuviutn, 133. Not explained. 
Setaria, 394. Lat., a brittle; sc. the involucre. 
Seutera, 274. Not cxplaiued. 
Seymeria, 230. To Henry Seymer, English. 
Shepherdia, 293. To John Shepherd, Liver- 
Shortia, 206. To Dr. Short, Kentucky, [pool. 
Sibbaldia. 107. To Prof. Robert Sibbald, Edin- 
Sicyos, 130. The Greek for Cucumber, [burgh. 
Sida, 61. Adopted from Theophrastus. 
Sideroxylon, 210. Gr., iron-wood. [tions. 
Silene, 53. Gr., saliva ; from the viscid secre 
Silphium, 172. Adopted from the Greek. 
Simaruba, 72. The name in the West Indie? 
SIMARUBACE^E, 71. [bage-plantt- 

Sinapis, 40. A general name in Greek for cab 
Siphonychia, 58. Gr.. tube, and Anychia. 
Sisymbrium, 39 (37). The old Greek name. 
Sisyrinchium, 337. Gr., pig-snout ; sc. tht' 

spathe. 
Sium, 141 (140). From a Celtic word for water. 
SMILACE^E, 338. 

Smilacina. 346. Derived from Smilax. 
Smilax, 338. Gr., a scraper; from its rough- 
SOLANAOE^E, 261. [ness. 

Solanum, 262. Etymology doubtful. 
Solea, 45. To W. Sole, of England. 
Solidago, 166. Lat., to unite; good for wounds. 
Soliva, 185. To Salvator Soliva, M. D., Spain. 
Sonchns, 194. Gr., hollow; its stems are ho) 
Sophora, 100. Adopted from the Arabic, [low. 
Sorbus, 112. Old name for Mountain Ash. 
Sorghum. 411. The Italian name is Sorghi. 
SPADICIFLOR^E, 316. [like leaves 

Sparganium, 320. Gr., a fillet ; for the ribbon 
Spartina, 408. Gr., a rope ; the use of its lvs. 
Spartium, 90. Gr., a rope ; use of its twigs. 
Specularia, 196. Lat., a mirror; suggested bj 

the flowers. 
Spergula, 57. Lat., to scatter (its seeds). 
Spergularia, 57. From Spergula. 
Spermacoce, 149. Gr:, seed-points ; the pod 

pointed with the calyx lobes. 
Sphenogyne, 173. Gr., wedge-shaped pistil. 
Spigelia, 269. To Prof. Adrien Spigelius, Pa 

dua, 1620. [brow j, 

Spilanthus, 180. Gr., spot-flower ; the d'.sk 
Spinacia, 287. Lat., a spine or prickle, 
Spii^a, 103. Gr.. to wind; sc. into wreaths. 
Spiranthes, 329. Gr., spiral fls. ; spike twisted 
Spirodela, 319. Gr., spiral bait ; duck-meat. 
Sporobolus, 3S4. Gr., to cast the seeds ; drop- 
Sprekelia. 334. A personal name. [sned 

Stachys, 248. A spike (of flowers). 
Stachytarpha, 235. Gr., spikes dense, [dam 
Stapelia, 275. To Dr. Boderus Stapel, Amster 
Staphylea, 74. Gr., a cluster (the scarlet fr.) 
Statice, 215. Gi\, to stop; an astringent. 
Stellaria. 55. Lat., a star. 
Stenaitthiwn, 349. Gr., narrow flower. 
Stenotaphrum. 410. 
Stephanotis. 275. Gr., crown, ear; crows 

with ear-shaped segments. 
Sterculia. 63. Lat.. stercus: from its bad odor, 
STERCULIACE^E. 63. 

Stillingia, 296. To Dr. Benj. Stillingfleet, Eng 
Sfipa, 388. Lat., something silky or feathery 
Stipulicida, 57. Lat., cut stipules. 
Stokesia. 156. To Dr. Jonathan Stoked, Ene 



LATIN INDEX. 



437 



Strelitzia, 331. To tho Queen of George in., 

of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. 
Streptopus. 347. Gr., twisted foot (-stalk). 
Strumpfia, 147. A personal name. 
Struthiopteris, 421. Gr., ostrich-wing (fern). 
Stnartia, 65. To John Stuart, Marquis of Bute. 
Stylisma, '260. Refers to the two styles. 
Stvlosanthes, 87. Gr., style, flower; style 1( ng. 
STVRACACE.E. 208. 

tyrax. 209. The Arabic name i« Assthiac. 

nbularia, 42. Subula is the Latin for an awl. 

ullivantia, 114. To Wm. S. Sullivant, Ohio. 

wietenia, 66. To Gerard van Swieten, Hol- 
SUK1ANACEJE, 8. . [land. 

Symphoricarpus, 144. Gr., to accumulate fruit. 
Symphytum, 252. Gr., to cause to unite ; heal- 
Symplocarpus, 318. Gr., connected fruit, [ing. 
Symplocos, 209. Gr., connected (stamens). 
Synandra, 247. Gr., united anthers. 
Syndesmon, 17. Gr., with a bond. 
Synthyris, 228. Gr., door (valves) closed. 
Syringa, 276. Gr., a pips ; the slender shoots 

are tilled only with pith. [god. 

Tagetes, 188. Dedicated to Tages, a Tuscan 
Taiinum, 59. From thalia, a green branch? 
Tamarix. 64. Found on the river Tamaris, 
TAMARISCINEiE. 63. [France. 

Tanacetum, 183. Altered from Athanasia ? 
Taraxacum. 193. Gr., a cathartic. 
TAXACE^E, 315. 

Taxodium, 315. Gr., like the Yew. 
Taxus, 316. Gr., the bow ; used for making. 
Tecoma, 21b. The Mexican name, [flowers. 
Telanthera, 289. Gr., complete or perfect 
Tephrosia, 94. Gr., ash-colored (herbage). 
Tetragonotheca, 175. Gr., four-angled en- 
Tetranthera. 291. Gr., four anthers, [velope. 
Teucrinm. 239. To Teucer, founder of Troy. 
Thalia, 332. To J. Thalins, M. D., Germ., 1585. 
Thalictruin, 18. Gr., to grow green. 
Thaspium, 13S. From the Me of Thaspia or 

Thapsus. 
Thea. 65. Teha is the Chinese for Tea. 
THEOPIIRASTACE^E. 210. . 
Thermopsis, 85. Gr., like a Lupine. [F. R. S. 
Thunbergia, 233. To Charles P. Thunberg, 
Thuya. 315. Gr. ihijou. a sacrifice ; the wood 

'Imuopm, 315. Like Thuya. [soused. 

THYMELACE^E, 292. [Thyme is reviving. 
Thymus. 213. Gr., courage ; the smell of 
rhysanella, 2S2. Gr. thysanotus. fringed. 
Tiarella, 113. Tiara, a Persian diadem, [burg. 
Tiedmannia, 136. To Prof. Tiedmann, Heidel- 
rigridia, 337. Lat., like a tiger; lis. spotted. 
Titia. 64. Etymology unknown. 
TILIACE^E. 64. 

?illnea, US. To M. A. Tilli, Italian, 
iilandsia, 335. To Prof. Elias Tillands, Abo. 
Rpnlaria, 328. Lat., Tijnda, the crane-fly. 
Tofieldia, 349. Dedicated to a Mr. Tofield. 
Torreya, 316. Dedicated to Dr. John Torrey. 
Tournefortia. 250. To Joseph P. de Tournefort. 
Tradescantia, 353. To J.Tradescant, gardener. 
Tragia, 296. To Jerome Bock Tragus, German. 
Tra<ropogon,191. Gr.. goat's beard; the pappus. 
Trautvetteria, 19. To one Trautvetter, Gt rm. 
Tribulus, 67. Gr., 3-pointed ; sc. each carpel. 
Trichelostylis, 363. Gr., triple style. 
Trichomanes, 419. Gr., soft hair ; the stipes. 
Trichostema, 239. Gr., hair stamens. 
Tricuspis, 398. Gr., 3-cusped ; the chaff. 
Trientalis, 212. Lat., triens, 3 inches (high). 
"fWoMmn. 91 Lat... three-leaf : lvs. 3-foliate. 



Triglochin, 324. Gr., three points ; pod 3 ftngl 

Trisfonella, 100. Gr., 3-angled ; so the corolla 

TRILLIACE.E. 340. 

Trillium, 340. Parts of the plant all in 3s. 

Triosteum, 144. Gr., three bones (bony seeds) 

Tripsacum. 409. Gr., to thresh. 

Trisetum, 397. Lat., three bristles (awns). 

Triticum. 406. Lat. trito, to rub or grind. 

Tritoma, 345. Gr., thrice-cutting ; lvs. 3-ed<?ed 

Trollius. 21. German, trol, something round. 

Tropaeolum. 69. Gr., trophy ; shield and hoi- 

Troximon. 193. Gr., something eatable, [met. 

TUBULIFLORiE, 152, 153. 

Tulipa, 341. The Persian name is T/loulyban 

Turnera. 129. To Wm. Turner, M. D., London. 

TURNERACE.E, 128. [1550. 

Turritis, 36. Lat., a tower ; remarkably erect. 

Tussilago. 160. Lat., tussis, a cough : cure for 

Typha. 320. Gr., a marsh ; the habitat. 

T'YPHACE^. 319. 

ULMACE.E, 298. 

Ulmus. 298. The Saxon name was uhn. 

TJMBELLIFER.E, 133. 

Uniola, 403. Lat., unity; many fls. in on* ? 

Urtica. 300. Lat., to burn (uro) ; stinging. 

URTICACE^E, 298. 

Utricularia, 216. Lat.. utriculu, a little bladder. 

Uvularia, 347. Used for diseases of the uvula 

Vaccinium, 198. The ancient name. 

Vachellia, 99. Noc explained. 

Valeriana. 150. To King Valerius. 

VALERIANACEiE. 150. 

ValerianeHa, 151. Derived from Valeriana. 

Vallesia, 270. ToF.Vallesio. phys. to Philip 11 

Vallisneria. 325. To Ant. Vallisner. Italy. 

Vattota, 333. To Pierre Vallo, French, [root 

Veratrum, 348. Lat., true black ; the fls. oi 

Verbascum. 222. LmL, beard ; plant woolly. 

Verbena. 235. From the Celtic Ferfcen. 

VERBENACE.E, 235. 

Verbesina, ISO. Same meaning as Verbena. 

Vernonia, 155. To Wm. Vernon, collector it 

North America. 
Veronica, 229. Not well explained. 
Vesicaria, 42. Lat., a blister; the inflated pods. 
Viburnum, 146. Lat., to tie; twigs pliant. 
Vicia. 86. Lat.. vincio. to bind ; its' tendrils. 
Victoria. 30. To Queen Victoria, of England 
Vigna, 96. To Dominic Vigni. 
Vilfa, 384. Of unknown meaning. 
Vinca. 270. Lat. vinculum, a band. 
Vincetoxicum. 274. Meaning unexplained 
Viola, 45. The old Latin name. 
VIOLACE.E, 45. 

Visiania 276. To Prof. Visiani, Patavia. 
VITACEJE, 77. [ible 

Vitex, 237. Lat., vieo, to bind ; branches flex- 
Vitis, 77. Celtic, gwyd, = best of trees. 
Vittaria. 417, Lat., vitta, a riband ; its form. 
Waldsteinia. 107. To Franz de Walds-tein. 
Waltheria, 63. To Prof. A. F. Walt her, Leipsic, 
Warea, S9. To Mr. Ware, its discoverer. 
Whitlavia, 255. A personal name. 
Wiegela, 445. A personal name. [rania. 

Wigandia. 256. To Bishop Wigand, of Pome 
Wistaria, 96. To Prof. Caspar Wistar. Phila 
Wolflia. 319. A personal name. 
Woodsia, 425. To Joseph Woods, English. 
Woodwardia. 423. To Thomas J. Woodward 
Xanthium, 174. Said to dye the hair yellyvo. 
Xanthosoma, 318. Gr., yellow month. 
Xanthoxylum. See Zanthoxylum. 
Xeranthemum, 186. Gr., drv flowers 



438 



ENGLISH INDEX. 



Xerophyllum, 349. Qr. x jky leaf. [monk. 

Ximenia. 10. To P. Ximenes, a Spanish 
Xylosteon. 145. Gr., wood bone ; hard wood. 
XYRIDACE^E, 354. 
Xyris, 354. Gr., acute ; sc. the leaves. 
Yucca, 345. The Peruvian name. [Italy. 

Zannichellia, 321. To John J. Zannichelli, 
Zanthorhiza. 21. Gr., yellow root. 
Zanthoxylum, 70. Gr., yellow wood. 
Zauschnena, 125. A personal name. 



Zea, 409. Gr., zoo, to live ; plants nutritive. 
Zephyranthus, 333. Gr., zephyr flower. 
Zigadenus, 348. Gr., joined glands (on the 

petals). 
Zinnia, 175. To Prof. John G. Zinn, Gottingen. 
Zizania, 383. A Greek name adopted. 
Zizia, 138 (139). To J. B. Zizi, German. 
Zornia, 86. To John Zorn, Bavaria. 
Zostera. 321. Gr., a riband ■ sc. the loner lvs. 
ZYGOPHYLLACEJ3, 66. 



ENGLISH INDEX. 



Abcle Poplar 311 

Acacia, Rose 95 

ACANTHADS 233 

Aconite 23 

ACROGENS 412 

Adam and Eve 328 

Adder's-tongue 418 

Agrimony 108 

Alder (208) 3<)8 

Alexanders 138 

All-seed 57 

Almond 103 

Aloe 333 

Alum-root 115 

AMARANTHS 288 

Amaranth, Globe 289 

AMARYLLIDS 332 

American Cental' ry 266 

American Laurel 200 

Angelica 137 

Angelica-tree 142 

Angelico 140 

Anise (24) 139 

ANONADS 26 

Apple 112 

Apple Haw Ill 

Apple of Peru 263 

Apple of Sodom 263 

Apricot 103 

ARALIADS 142 

Arbor-vitae 315 

AROIDS 317 

Vrrow Grass 324 

Arrow-head 323 

Arrow-root 312 

Arrow-wood 146 

Artichoke (177) 1S8 

ASCLEPIADS 271 

Ash (70,112) 277 

Ajsa Maple 74 

As-pen 311 

Aster 160 

ASTERWORTS 152 

Atamasco Lily , 333 

Auricula 211 

Avens 105 

Awlwort 42 

Bachelor's Button 188 

Balm (72, 241, 311) 243 

Balm-of-Gilead 72, 31 1 

Balsamine 70 

Baltimore Belle 109 



Banana 331 

Baneberry 23 

Banyan 299 

Barley 404 

Basil (23S, 243) 241 

Bass-wood 64 

Bastard Toad-Flax 291 

Bath-flower 340 

Bay 24. 35, 124, 203, 290 

Bayberry 309 

Bay-galls 290 

Bayonet Rush a53 

Bean ... (26S) 96 

BEAN CAPERS 66 

Bear-berry 201 

Beard ttrass 410 ... 388 

Beard-tongue 224 

Bear's Grass 345 

Bear's Thread 345 

Bed-straw 148 

Beech 307 

Beechdrops (207) 217 

Beet 285 

Beetleweed 206 

Beggar- ticks 180, 251 

BEGONIADS 131 

BELLWORTS 196 

Bellwort 347 

Bent Grass 384 

BERBERIDS 27 

Berberry 27 

Bergamot 245 

Betony 249 

Bhotan Pine 312 

Big Laurel 24 

Bilberry 198 

Bindweed (283) 260 

BINDWEEDS 258 

Birch 308 

BIRCH WORTS 307 

Bird's-nest 206, 424 

Birthwort 278 

BIRTH WORTS 278 

Bishop's-cap 113 

Bishopweed 141 

Bitter Cress 37 

Bitter-nut 304 

Bittersweet 262 

Bitter Vetch 100 

Black Alder 208 

Blackberry 104 

Blackberry Lily 337 



Black Grass 


353 


Black Haw 


147 


Black Hoarhound . . 


248 




305 


Blackroot 


171 


Black Snakeroot. . . . 


23 


Black Thorn 


Ill 


Bladder Campion . . . 


53 


Bladder Fern 


425 


Bladder-nut 


74 


Bladder-pod ... 


12 


Bladder Senna 


95 


Bladderwort 


216 


Blazing Star 


..157, 349 




33 


Blessed Thistle 


189 


Blite 


286 




31 


BLOOD WORTS.... 


335 


Bluebell 


196 




198 




246. 239 




198 




337 


Blue Flag 


336 




402 




230 




317 


Bluets 


149 




367 


Boneset 


(160) 158 


Borrage 


.. . 251 


BORRAGEWORTS. 


... . 250 


Boston Iris 


. . . 336 


Bottle-brush 


122 




. . 53 


Boursault 


.110, 109 




.... 101 


Box Elder 


.. .. 74 




298 


Brake 


421 


Bramble 


104 


Bridal Rose 


105 


Brier (82, 


338) 109 


Broccoli 


4C 




.... 397 


BROMELIADS 


.... 335 




229 




.,90, 100 




411 




. .. 411 




... 217 



ENGLISH INDEX. 



m 



BROOMRAPES 217 

Bryony 133 

BuckBeau 268 

Back-eye 74 

Buckthorn 77 

BUCKTHORNS 76 

Buckwheat 284 

Buckwheat-tree — 205 

Buffalo-berry 293 

Bugbane 23 

Bugleweed 240 

Bngloss (251) 252 

EullRush 361 

Burdock (173) 190 

Burnet 108 

Burning-bush 76 

Burr Grass 394 

Burr Marigold 180 

Burr Reed 320 

Burr-seed 251 

BURSERIDS 72 

Bush Clover 89 

Bush Honeysuckle 146 

Bush Trefoil 88 

Buttercups 19 

Butterfly-weed 273 

Butternut 304 

Butterweed 187 

BUTTER WORTS 215 

Button-bush 150 

Buttonwood 303 

Cabbage 40 

Cactus 132 

Cajeput 122 

Cale 40 

Calaminth 243 

Calamus 319 

Calico-bush 200 

California Poppy 32 

CALYCANTHS 25 

CAMELLIAS 64 

Campion 53, 54 

Canada Thistle 190 

Canary-bird 69 

Canary Grass 394 

Candleberry 309 

Candytuft 42 

Cane 404 

Canterbury Bells 196 

CAPERS 66 

Caper Spurge 295 

CAPPARIDS 44 

Caraway 138 

Cardinal-flower 195 

Cardoon 188 

Carnation 52 

Carolina Beech-drops 207 

Carpet Cress 43 

Carpet-weed 58 

Carrion-flower 275, 339 

Carrot 139 

Cassena Tea 20S 

Castor-oil Plant 297 

Catalpa 218 

Catchfly 53 

Catchfly Grass 383 

Cat-gut 94 

Catmint 245 

Catnep 246 

Cat-tail 387, 320 

Cauliflower 40 

Cayenne Pepper 263 

Codor 314. 315 



Cedar-of-Lebanon 314 

Celandine 31 

Celery 140 

Centaury 266 

Century Plant 334 

Chaff-seed 232 

Chamomile 183 

Chaste-tree 237 

Cheat 397 

Checkerberry 201 

CHENOPODS 284 

Cherry (262, 2(53) 102 

Cherry Laurel 102 

Chequered Lily 342 

Chervil 137 

Chess 897 

Chestnut 306 

Chick Pea 85, 86 

Chickweed 54,55 

Chickweed Wintergreen.. 212 

Chicory 190 

China Aster 165 

Chinquapin 307 

Chokeberry 112 

Chokecherry 102 

Christmas Rose 21 

Cinnamon Fern 366 

Cinquefoil 107 

Citron .. (71) 130 

Cives 344 

Cleavers 148 

Climbing Boneset 160 

Climbing Fern 418 

Clotweed 174 

Cloudberry 105 

Clover (89,92)91 

Club Moss 413 

CLUB MOSSES... 413 

Club Rush 361 

Cock's-coinb 288 

Cockspur Grass 393 

Cocoa Plum 101 

Coffee Bean 85 

Coffee-tree 83 

Cohosh 27 

Colic-root 335 

Colocynth 131 

Colt's-foot 160 

Columbine 22 

Columbo 26S 

Oomfrey 252 

Cone-flower 175 

CONIFERS 312 

Coontie 312 

Coral-root 328 

Coriander 141 

Corn Cockle 54 

Cornel 143 

CORNELS 142 

Corn Flag 338 

Cotton 63 

Cotton Grass 362 

Cotton Rose 185 

Cotton Thistle 189 

Cottonwood 311 

Couch Grass 406 

Cowbane 136 

Cowslip (211)21 

Cow- wheat 233 

Crab Grass 390, 407 

Crab Tree 112 

Cranberry (146) 199 

Crane's-bdl 08 



Crape Myrtle 123 

Creeping Greenhead ... . 15C 

Cress 36, 37, 39. 43, 69 

Crest-flower. 335 

Crookneck Squash 130 

CRO WBERRIES 302 

Crowberry 303 

Crowfoot 19 

CROWFOOTS 15 

Crow Garlic 3*4 

Crownbeard J80 

Crown Imperial 343 

CRUCIFERS 34 

Cuckoo-flower 38 

Cucumber (130) 131 

Cucumber-root 340 

Cucumber-tree 24 

CUCURBITS 129 

Cudweed 185 

Culver's Physic 229 

Cup-plant 173 

Cupseed 27 

Currants 117 

Cutflower 221 

Cut Grass 383 

CYCADS 311 

Cypress ....(257) 315 

Cypress Vine 258 

Daffodil 333 

Dahlia 166 

Dahoon 207 

Daisy 165 

Dandelion (191) 193 

DAPHNADS 292 

Darnel 405 

Daughter-of-Spring 140 

Day Lilv 345 

Deadly Nightshade 264 

Deerberry 198 

Deer-grass 122 

Deer's-tongue 157 

Dewberry 105 

Dickson's Fern 423 

Did 136 

Ditch Grass 321 

Ditch Moss 324 

Dittany 240 

Dock 281 

Dockmackie 146 

Dodder 260 

Dogbane.. 270 

DOGBANES 269 

Dog Fennel 181, 183 

Dogwood 73, 143 

Doorweed 282 

Dragonhead 246 

Dragon-root 318 

Drop-flower 192 

Dropseed 385, 384. 

Dry Strawberry 10T 

Duckmeat 319 

Dundee Rambler 1C9 

Dutchman's Pipe 278 

Dwarf Clubmoss 414 

Dwarf Dandelion 191 

Dwarf Pink 149 

Dyer's Broom 90 

Dyer's Cleavers 148 

Dyer's-weed. 45 

Ear-drop 33, 127 

Earth-gall? 192 

EBONADS 209 

Eel-srraee 391 



440 



ENGLISH INDEX. 



(110) 



Egg-plant . . . 

Eglantine 

Egyptian Calla 

Elder (74, 142, 174) 

Elecampane 

Elephant's-ear 

Elephant's-foot 

Elm 

Enchanter's Nightshade.. 

Endive 

ENDOGENS 

English Mint 

English Moss 

Eternal Flower 

Evening Primrose. 

Everlasting 

Everlasting Pea 

EXOGFNS 

Eyebright 

False Dosrfeniiel 

False Flax 

False Goldenrod 

False Hellebore 

False Mermaid 

False Nettle 

False Pennyroyal 

False Pimpernel 

False Re. It op 398, 

False Rice 

False Pocket 

False Rue-Anemone 

False Syringa 

False Violet 

False Wallflower 

Felwort 

Fennel 

Fennel-flower 

Semiirreek 

FERNS 

Fescue Grass 

Festoon Pine 

Fetter-bush 

Feverfew 

Fevervvort 

Fig 

Figwort 

FIGWORTS 

Filbert 

Finger Grass 

Fireweed 

Fir 

Fir Balsam 

Flag 318, 

Flam in <z Pinxter 

FLAXWORTS. Flax 

Fleabane 

Fleur-de-lis 

Flixweed 

Flcating-heart 

Florida Arrowroot 

Florin Grass 

Flower-de-luce 

Flowering Fern 

FLOWERING PLANTS. 
FLOWERLESS PLANTS 

Flower-of-an-hour 

Fly-poison 

Fogfruit 

Fool's Parsley 

Forget-me-not 

Forked Spike 

Poul-meadow 

Four-o'clock ... 



363 

109 
319 
146 
171 
131 
156 
298 
1-28 
191 
316 
1S3 
118 
1S6 
125 
185 

86 

15 
232 
1S1 

42 
166 
348 

68 
300 
239 
213 
403 
3fc3 

36 

20 
116 
105 

39 
268 
139 

21 
100 
416 
399 
414 
202 
1S3 
114 
299 
224 
220 
307 
390 
186 
313 
314 
336 
203 

66 
165 
337 

39 
268 
312 
3m 
336 
418 

15 
412 

63 
348 
236 
140 
252 
411 
402 
279 



Foxglove (230) 228 

Foxtail 394, 387 

Fraxinella 70 

French Mulberry 236 

Frino-e Grass... 392 

Fringe-tree 276 

FROGB1TS 324 

Frost-plant 47 

FUMEWORTS 33 

Fumitory 34 

GA LE W ORTS 308 

Gale 309 

Galingale 357 

Garge-tweed 284 

Garden Orache 287 

Garlic ,. 343 

Gay- feather 157 

Gentian 267 

GENTIANWORTS 266 

GERANIA 67 

Geranium 68 

Germander 239 

GESNERWORTS 219 

Gilia 257 

Gill-over-the-ground 246 

Gineer, Wild 278 

GINGERWORTS 331 

Ginseng 142 

Glasswort 287 

Globe Amaranth 2<s9 

Globe-flower (101) 21 

Glue Mallow 62 

Gnatbane 171 

Goat's-beard 104 

Goat's Rue 94 

Golden Alexanders 138 

Golden Bartonia 128 

Golden-chain 91 

Golden Club 318 

Golden Fern 420 

Goldenrod 166 

Goldthread 21 

Good-kimj-Henry 286 

Good-night 260 

Gooseberry 117 

Goosef'oot '. 285 

GOOSEFOOTS 284 

Goosegrass 1 07, 148 

Gourd 130 

GRAMINOIDS 356 

Grape 77 

Grape Fern 418 

Grape Hyacinth 344 

GRASSES 380 

Grass of Parnassus 115 

Grass Pink 330 

Grass-poly 123 

Greek Valerian 257 

Green Brier 338 

Green Dragon 318 

Green-head : 150 

Green Violet 45 

Grom well 252 

Ground Cherry. 263 

Ground Fir 414 

Ground Pine 414 

Ground Ivy 245 

Ground-nut 96, 142 

Groundsel 187 

Groundsel-tree 171 

Guava 122 

Gum-tree (120) 143 

GYMNOSPERMS 311 



Hair Grase . .3*4, bod 

Hardback 10S 

Hare-bell 196 

Hare's-foot 91, 423 

Hart's-tongue 422 

Haw (146,147) 111 

Hawthorn 1 10, 111 

Hawkweed 191 

Hazelnut 307 

Heart's-ease 47 

Heart-seed 75 

Heath, Heather 200 

HEATHWORTS 197 

Hedgehog 92 

Hedgehog Grass 405 

Hedge Hyssop 227, 245 

Hedge M nstard 39 

Hedge Nettle 248 

Hedae Bindweed 283 

Heliotrope 250 

Hellebore.... (348) 21 

Hemlock (139, 141) 313 

Hemp (289) 301 

Hemp Nettle 248 

Henbane 264 

Henbit. 248 

Herb Robert 68 

Hercules' Club 142 

Herd's Grass 387 

Heron's-bill 68 

Hickory 304 

High Cranberry 146 

High-water Shrub 174 

IIIPPURIDS 120 

Hoarhound (159, 248) 249 

Hobble-bush 146 

Hogweed 174 

IIOLLYWORTS, Holly... 207 

Hollyhock 60 

Honesty 40 

Honewort 138 

Honey Locust 83 

Honeysuckle 144-6 

HONEYSUCKLES 144 

Hoop-petticoat 333 

Hop 301 

Hop Hornbeam .. 307 

Hornbeam 307 

Horn Pondweed 321 

Horn Poppy 31 

HORNWORTS 302 

Horse Balm 241 

Horse Chestnut 74 

Horsemint 240, 245 

Horse Nettle 263 

Horse Radish 41 

Horse-tail 415 

Horse-weed 174 

Hound'*s-tongue . 251 

Houseleek 11 1 

HOUSELEEKS 11" 

Huckleberry 1% 

Hyacinth 344 

Hydrangea 116 

HYDRO PHYLLS 253 

Hyssop (227,245) 241 

Immortal-flower 186 

Indian Corn 409 

Indian Cress 69 

Indian Cucumber- root. .. . 34( 

INDIAN FIGS 13S 

Indian Mallow 6i 

Indian Millot 411 



ENGLISH INDEX. 



441 



Indian Physic 104 

Indian Pipe 206 

Indian Rice 383 

Indian Shot 332 

Indian Tobacco 195 

Indian Turnip 318 

India-rubber tree 299 

India Wiieat 284 

Indigo Plant (84) 95 

Inkberry 203 

Innocence 149. 225 

IRIDS 336 

Iron weed 155 

Iron-vvood 307 

Ivy (73, 188) 142 

Ivy, Poison 73 

Jack-in-the-pulpit 318 

Jacobaea 187 

Jacobaea Lily 334 

Japan Giobe-flower 104 

Japan Quince 112 

Japan Rose 65 

Japonica 65 

Jersey Tea 77 

Jerusalem Artichoke 177 

Jerusalem Cherry 262 

Jerusalem Sai^e 248 

Jessamine. ...... (269, 392) 275 

Jewel weed 69 

Jimson-weed 265 

Job's-tears 411 

Jonquil 333 

Judas-tree 83 

July-flower 38 

June Grass 402 

Juniper 314 

Kidney Bean 96 

Knap-weed 188 

Knawel 58 

Knot Bindweed 283 

Knotgrass 2S2 

Labrador Tea 204 

Lady-Fern 424, 426 

Lady's Eardrop 127 

Lady's Mantle 108 

Lady's Slipper 326 

Lady's Tresses 329 

Lamb Lettuce 151 

Larch 314 

Larkspur 22 

Laurel 24, 102, 200 

LAURELS 290 

Laurestine 147 

Lavender 239 

Lead Plant 93 

Leadwort 215 

LEADWORTS 214 

Leaf-cup 172 

Leather-flower 17 

Leather-leaf 202 

Leather-wood 292 

Leek 344 

LEGUMINOUS PLANTS 80 

Lemon 71 

Lentil 100 

Lettuce (151. 192,) 193 

Leverwood 307 

Lignum-vitae 67 

Lilac. 276 

Lily (333-4, 337, 345,) 342 

Lily-of-the-valley 346 

LILYWORTS 341 

Lime 71 



Lime-tree (143) 64 

Linden 64 

LIXDENBLOOMS 64 

Lion's-ears 249 

Lion's-foot 192 

Lion's-heart 247 

Lip Fern 422 

Liquorice 148 

Live-forever 118, 119 

Liver-leaf, Liverwort 18 

Lizard-ia n 407, 301 

LOASADS 128 

LOBELIADS 194 

Loblolly Bay 65 

Locust (83) 95 

Long Moss 335 

Loosestrife 212 

LOOSESTRIFES .. .(127) 123 

Lopseed 236 

LORAXTHS 291 

Lousewort 362 

Lovatre 140 

Love-lies-bleeding 2S9 

Lucerne 92 

Lungwort 253 

Lupine 90 

Lychnidea 256 

M'adder (283) 148 

M ADDER WORTS 147 

Mad-dog Skull-cap 247 

Maawort 40 

MAGXOLIADS 24 

Mahogany 66 

Maidenhair 422 

Maize 409 

Mallow 60-62 

MALLOWS 59 

Mangel-wurzel 285 

Manna Grass 402 

Maple 74 

M APLE WORTS 73 

Mare's-tail 121 

Marigold (21) 188 

Marjoram 242 

Marsh Cress 36 

Marsh Elder 174 

Marsh Mallow 60 

Marsh Marigold 21 

Marsh Rosemary 215 

Marvel-of-Peru 279 

MARVEL WORTS 279 

MASTWORTS 304 

Matrimony- vine 264 

May Apple 28 

May-flower 200 

May-weed 183 

Meadow-Rue 18 

Meadow-sweet 104 

Medick , . . 92 

MELANTHS 347 

MELASTOMES 122 

Melic Grass 400 

Melilot 92 

MEXISPERMADS 26 

Mercury . 296 

Mermaid... 68 

Mermaid-weed 120 

MESEMBRYAXTHS .... 133 

Mexican Tea 286 

Mexican-vine 285 

Miami-mist 255 

MIGNONETTES 44 

Milkweed 272 



MILKWORTS, Milkwort, 78 

Milk Vetch .' 94 

Millet 391, 393, 394 

Millfoil (121) 183 

Mint (183, 245) 240 

Mistletoe 291 

Mitrewort 113 

Mockernut 304 

.Mock-Orange 116 

Molucca Balm 248 

Moneywort 212 

Monkey-flower 22{? 

Monk's-hood 22 

Moon-seed 26 

Moonwort ' 418 

Morello lu2 

Morning-glory 259 

Moss Campion ... 53 

Moss Pink 257 

Mother Carey 183 

Motherwort 249 

Moth Mullein 222 

Mountain Ash 112 

Mountain Fringe 33 

Mountain Heath 201 

Mountain Mint 245 

Mountain Sorrel 280 

Mourning Bride 15? 

Mouse-ear Chickweed ... 54 

Mouse-tail 20 

Moving-plant 89 

Mud Purslane 51 

Mudwort 228 

Mugwort 184 

Mulberry. . . (105, 236, 299) 300 

Mullein 222 

Mullein Pink 54 

Muscadine 78 

Musk Melon 131 

Musk-plant 226 

Mustard (36,39) 40 

Myrtle (123, 204, 309) 122 

MYRTLEBLOOMS 121 

NAIADS 320 

Nailwort 57 

Narcissus 332 

Nasturtion 69 

Navelwort 251 

Neapolitan 47 

Neckweed 229 

Neca,ine 1U3 

Nelumbo ^, 29 

Nettle (248, 263, 296) 300 

Nettle-tree 299 

NETTLEWORTS 298 

New York Fern 42b 

Nightshade (128, 264) 2^2 

NIGHTSHADES 261 

Ninebark 103 

Nipplewort 190 

Noisette 110 

Nonesuch 92 

Nutmeg-flower 21 

NYMPHIADS 28 

Oak 305 

Oak, Poison 73 

Oak-of-Jerusalem 286 

Oat (347) 396 

Ogeechee Lime 143 

Okra 63 

Oil-nut 292 

Oil-seed 21S 

Oleander W 



442 



ENGLISH INDEX. 



Oleaster 292 

Olive 276 

OLIVEWORTS 275 

ONAGRADS 124 

Onion 343 

Opium Poppy 32 

Orache 287 

Orange (116,299) 71 

ORANGEWORTS 71 

ORCHIDS 325 

Orris-root 337 

Osage Orange 299 

Osier (143) 309 

Ostrich Fern 421 

Oxeye (171) 175 

Oxheart 102 

Pseony 23 

Painted-cup 232 

Palmetto 317 

PALMS 316 

Pampas Grass 398 

Panic Grass 391 

Pansy 45 

Paper Mulberry 299 

Pappoose-root 28 

Parsley . 138 

Parsley-piert 108 

Parsnip (141) 137 

Partridge-berry 148 

Pasque-flower 17 

Passion-flower 129 

PASSION WORTS 129 

Pawpaw 26 

Pea (83, 86)85 

Peach 103 

Peanut 87 

Pear 112 

Pearlwort 56 

Pea-vine 97 

Pecan-nut 304 

Pellitory 301 

Pencil-flower 87 

Pennyroval (239) 241 

Pennywort 135, 268 

Pepper 203 

Pepper-and-Salt 140 

Pepper-bush 204 

Pepper-grass 42 

Peppermint 240 

PEPPERWORTS 412 

Periwinkle 270 

Persimmon # . 209 

Pettimorrel 142 

Pheasant's-eye 19, 52 

Phlox. (39) 256 

PHLOXWORTS 256 

Pickerel-weed 350 

Pie-plant 281 

Pigmy-weed 118 

Pignut 304 

Pigweed (289) 285 

Pimpernel 213 

Pine 312 

Pineapple 335 

Pine-sap 206 

Pink (54, 203, 257, 330) 52 

Pink-root 269 

PINKWORTS 52 

Pinweed 47 

Pinxter-bloom 203 

Pipes 416 

Pipewood 202 

Pipcworts .. .. 355 



Pipsessiwa 206 

Pitcher-plant 30 

Planc-treo 303 

Plantain (323, 330) 213 

Plum 101 

Plume Grass 410 

Poet's Narcissus 333 

Poison Haw 146 

Poison Hemlock 139 

Poison Ivy 73 

Poison Oak 73 

Poke 284 

Pokeworts 284 

Polar-plant 173 

Polypody (373) 420 

Pomegranate 123 

Pond Lily 29 

Pond Spice 291 

Pond-weed 321 

PONTEDERIADS 350 

Poor-man's-weather-glass 213 

Poplar 311 

Poppy 32 

POPPYWORTS . 31 

Possum Haw 147 

Potato (259) 262 

Poverty Grass 388 

Prairie Burdock 173 

Prairie Queen 109 

Prickly Ash 70 

Prickly Pear 132 

Prickly Poppy 32 

Pride-of-India 65 

Pride-of-Ohio 211 

Pride-of-the-Meadow 104 

Prim 276 

Primrose (125) 211 

Primrose-peerless 333 

Primworts 210 

Prince's-feather 283 288 

Prince's Pine 206 

Privet 276 

Puccoon 252 

Pumpkin 130 

Purple Cone-flower 175 

Purple Jacobsea 187 

Purslane (51, 127, 133) 59 

PURSLANES 58 

Putty-root 328 

Quake Grass 403 

Quamash 343 

Quassia 72 

QUASSIAWORTS 71 

Queenrof-the-Prairie — 104 

Quillwort 412 

Quince 112 

Radish 43 

Ragged Lady 21 

Ram's-head 326 

Raspberry 105 

Rattle-pod 90 

Rattlesnake Fern 418 

Rattlesnake Plantain 330 

Red Bay 290 

Red-bud a3 

Red Osier 143 

Red Pepper 263 

Red-root (77) 335 

Redtop 384 

Red-wood 315 

Reed (385) 404 

Reed-mace 320 

Resurrection Moss . . . 415 



Rheumatism-root 26 

Rhubarb 281 

RIBWORTS 213 

Rice 383 

Rich weed 300 

Riverweed 302 

Robin's Plantain 165 

Rock Cress 37 

Rocket (36, 43) 39 

Rock Polypod 425 

ROCK ROSES, Rock Rose 47 

Roman Wormwood 184 

Rose (21,105) 108 

Rose Acacia 95 

Rose Apple 122 

Rose Bay 124, 203 

Rose Campion 54 

Rosemary. . . (202, 215, 303) 244 

ROSEWORTS 101 

Rosin-weed 172 

Rue (18,94,372)70 

Rue Anemone (20) 18 

RUEWORTS 70 

Rush 361,413, 363 

Rushes 350 

Rutland Beauty 260 

Rye 406 

Saffron 189,337 

Sage 248,244 

Saltwort 212, 287, 288 

Samphire 287 

SANDALWORTS 291 

Sand-hill Rosemary 303 

Sand Myrtle 204 

Sand Orache 287 

Sand Reed 387 

Sand Spurry 57 

Sandwort 55 

Sanicle 135 

Sarsaparilla 142, 338 

Sassafras 290 

Satin-flower 41 

SAURURADS 301 

Savory 24i 

Saxifrage 113 

SAXIFRAGES 112 

Scabish 152, 182 

Scarcity 285 

Scorpion Senna 87 

Scotch Broom 100 

Scouring Rush 415 

Scratch-grass 284 

Screw-stem 268 

Scuppernong 78 

Scurvy-grass 39 

Sea Aster *64 

Sea Oxeye . . 171 

Sea Purslane 138 

Sea Rocket 43 

Sea Wormwood 185 

Sea-wrack. 321 

SEDGES, Sedge .356, 35 r . 

Seed-box 127 

Self-heal. 246 

Seneca Snakeroot ^9 

Senna (87,95)83 

Sensitive Brier 82 

Sensitive Fern 421 

Sensitive Pea 83 

Sensitive Plant 83, 82 

Serpent Cucumber 131 

Service-tree 110 

Sesame Grass ; 409 



ENGLISH INDEX. 



M3 



Shandoik-tree 71 

Shad-flower aid 

Shagbark ... . W 

Shamrock 41 

Sheep-poison. 200 

Sheep Sorrel 281 

Shell-flower . . 248 

Sbepherd's-puroc. 42 

Shield Fern .. 425 

Shrub Trefoil 71 

Sickle-pod. 37 

Sidpsaddle-flowor 30 

^ILK COTTONS 63 

s. Ik-tree . ...... 82 

Silk-weed 272 

Silver-berry 292 

Silver Pern 420 

Silver-weed 107 

Si nffle-seed Cucumber . 130 

Skullcap 213 

Skunk Cabbage 318 

Sloe 147 

Slipper-flower 222 

Smartweed 283 

Smoke-tree 73 

Smooth Lungwort 253 

Snails 92 

Snake-head 224 

Snake-root 23, 79, 192, 278 

Snapdragon 223 

Snapdragon Catchfly 53 

Sueezewort 183 

Snowball 146 

Snowberry 144 

Snowdrop 334 

Snowdrop-tree 209 

Snow-flake 334 

Soapberry 75 

ooapwort 63 

SOAPWORTS 210 

Soft Grass 395 

Solomon's Seal 346 

Sorrel (67) 28! 

Sorrel-tree 203 

SORRELWORTS 280 

Southernwood 184 

Sow-Thistle 194 

Spanish-daggers 345 

Spanish-needles 180 

Spear Grass 401 

Spearmint 240 

Spearwort 19 

Speedwell 229 

Spice- wood 290, 291 

Spider-flower 44 

SPIDERWORTS 353 

Spinach, Spinage 287 

Spleeuwort (133) 424 

Spouge-tree 99 

Spoonwood 200 

Spring-beauty 59 

Spruce 313 

Spurge 293 

Spurge Nettle 296 

SPURGEWORTS 293 

Spurry 57 

Squash 130 

Squaw-root 217 

Squill 343 

Squirrel Corn 33 

Staff-tree 76 

STAFF-TREES 75 

Stagger- bush 202 



Standing Oyprese . 
Staghorn Fern. 
St. Andrew's Cross 
Star Anise . 
Star-of-Bethlehem 
Star-grass. 
Star Thistle. . 
STARWORTS 
St. John's- wort.. . 
ST. JOHN S- WORTS 

Stock. 

Stone-crop 

Stork's-bill 



.... 267 

.. 419 

.. 48 

24 

343 

334. 335 

189 

301 

49 

48 

38 

119 

68 



118. 



St. Peter's-wort 48 

St. Peter' s-wreath 103 

Strawberry . (107) 106 

Strawberry Blite. .. 286 

Strawberry Tomato . . 263 
Succory (Chicory) . . 190 

Sugar-berry 299 

Sugar Cane . . . 410 

Sugar-tree (Maple) ... 74 
SUMACS, Sumac ... 72 
Summer Savory 242 

SUNDEWS. Sundew. 50 

Sunflower 176 

Supple Jack 77 

Swamp Laurej 200 

Swamp Pink 203 

Sweet Basil 238 

Sweet Brier 109 

Sweet Cicely 137 

Sweet Fern 309 

Sweet Flag 318 

Sweet Gale 309 

Sweet Gum 120 

Sweet Pea 86 

Sweet Pepperbush 204 

Sweet Potato 259 

Sweet Reed 385 

Sweet-scented Clover 92 

Sweet-scented Shrub 25 

Sweet Sultan 189 

Sweet Vernal Grass 396 

Sweet Viburnum 147 

Sweet William 54, 52 

Swine Cress 43 

Sycamore 74, 303 

SYCAMORES 303 

Taomehac 311 

Tallow-tree 296 

Tamarac 314 

TAMARISKS 63 

Tansy 183 

Tansy Mustard 39 

Tares 86 

Tassel-flower 1S6 

Tassel-tree 62 

Tea (77,204,286) 65 

TEAWORTS,Tea-Rose..S4, 65 
TEASELWORTS,Teasel. 151 

Thimbleberry 105 

Thistle 189 

Thorn 110 

Thorn Apple 265 

Thorough wax 138 

Thoroughwort 152 

Threadfoot 302 

THRE ADFOOTS 302 

Three-birds 223, 330 

Three-seed Mercury 296 

Thrift 215 

Thyme 243 



Tick-seed 178 

Tiger-flower 337 

Timothy (394) 387 

Toad Flax (291) 223 

Tobacco (195) 265 

Tomato (263)262 

Tongue-grass 43 

Toothache Grass 409 

Touch-me-not 69 

Torch wood 72 

Tower Mustard 3C 

Trailing Arbutus 20< 

Tree Fern 419, 425 

Tree Hibiscus 68 

Tree of Heaven 72 

Tree Orchis 331 

Trefoil 71, 88 

TRILL1ADS 340 

Trumpet-flower ... 218 

Trumpet-leaf . . 30 

Trumpet Milkweed . . .. 193 
Trumpet-tongue . .. -221 

Trumpet-weed. 159 

Tuberose 334 

Tulip 341 

Tulip-tree 26 

Turk's-cap 842 

Turmeric-root 23 

Turnip 40 

Turnip Beet 285 

Turtle-head 224 

Twayblade 329 

Twin-flower 144 

Twin-leaf 28 

Twist-foot 347 

TYPHADS 319 

UMBEL WORTS 133 

Umbrella-leaf 28 

Umbrella-tree 25 

Unicorn-plant 219 

Valerian .... ... (257) 150 

Vanilla-plant . . . . ... 157 

Vegetable Marrow. ...130 

Vegetable Oyster . . . . 191 

Venus' Comb 137 

Venus' Flytrap 51 

Venus' Looking-glass.... 197 

Vervain 235 

Vetch (94, 100) 86 

Victoria Lily 30 

VINES 77 

VIOLETS, Violet (105) 45 

Vioer's Bugloss 251 

Virginia Creeper 78 

Virginia Lass 109 

Virginia Snakeroot 278 

Virginia Stonecrop lit 

Virgin' s-bower 16 

Wake Robin 340 

Walking Fern 424 

Wall-flowei (39) 36 

Wall Rue 424 

Walnut 304 

WALNUTS 303 

Watc-carpet 113 

WaterCress 36 

Water-feather 211 

Water Hemlock 141 

Water Hemp 289 

Water Hoarhound 24C 

Water-leaf 254 

Water Lily 29 

Water Melon 130 



444 



ADDENDA. 



Water Milfoil 121 

Water Nymph 320 

Water Parsnip 141 

Water Pepper 283 

WATER PEPPERS 51 

Water Pimpernel 213 

WATER PITCH ERS 30 

WATER PLANTAINS. .. 322 

Water Plantain 323 

Water Purslane 127 

Water Smartweed 283 

Water Target 29 

Wax-plant 275 

Whahoo 299 

Wheat 406 

Wheat- thief 253 

Whistlevvood 74 

White Bay 24 

White Lettuce 192 

W hite-tipped Aster 160 

Whiteweed 165, 183 

Whitowood 25 

Whitlow-grass 41 

Wild Basil 243 

Wild Bergamot 245 

wiidButjlo&s 251 



Wild Elder 142 

Wild Foxglove 230 

Wild Ginger 278 

Wild Indtgo 84 

Wild Liquorice 148 

Wild Oats 347 

Wild Pink 54 

Wild Potato 259 

Wild Rosemary 202 

Wild Sarsaparilla 142 

Wild Sensitive-plant 83 

Wild Service 110 

Willow 309 

Willow-herb 124 

WILLOW- WORTS 3t0 

Wind-flower 17 

Winter-berry 208 

Winter Cress 39 

Winter-green 201, 205 

Witch Grass 359 

Witch Hazel 120 

WITCH HAZELWORTS, 120 

Woad 43 

Woad- waxen 90 

Wolf bane 22 

Wolf berry 145 



Woodbine I4i 

Wood Cress 3fi 

Wood Nettle 30G 

Wood Sorrel 67 

Woolmouth. 230 

Worm-seed 28G 

Wormwood 184 

XYRLDS 354 

Yam 33S 

Yarrow , . 183 

Yellow-eyed Graes 354 

Yellow Jeosamine 269 

Yellow Phlox 39 

Yellow Pond-lily 29 

Yellow Poppy 3S 

Yellow Rattle 235 

Yellow-root £. 

Yellow-seed 4? 

Yellow Sweet Sultan 18$ 

Yellow-wood 8< 

Yew 31< 

YEWS 315 

Yulan 25 

Zigadene 348 

Zizia 159 



ADDITIONAL INDEX,— Latin and English. 



a gropyrum 406 

Ai?'opsis 396 

ALGJ3 14 

Allspice 121 

Alsophila 419 

Althaea 63 

Alstrcemeria 334 

Amethystea 239 

Ammophila 386 

Anchintea 423 

Apios. 96 

Atheropogon 4U8 

Avicennia 235 

Balantium 423 

Beacn Pea 86 

Beach Plum 102 

Belladonna 264 

Bengal Grass 394 

Bermuda Grass 407 

Bird-seed 395 

Black Oat-grass 388 

Blue-joint."] 387 

Bottle Grass 394 

Brachyelytrum 385 

Brompton Stock 38 

Burr-flower 254 

Byrsonima 8 

Cape Jessamine 445 

Oarduus 445 

Chaetospora 368 

Qhondrosi urn 408 

Ckrysastrum 166 

Ckrysoma 166 

f\nchomo& 147 

Clementine 109 

Clot-grass 359 

Clothof-gold 110 

Coccolobus 280 

CONVOLVULACE M. . . 258 

Cord-grass 408 

Cow Parsnio 136 



Cunninghamia 315 

Decodon 124 

Deyeuxia 386 

Dicotyledonous Plants.. 15 

Dog's Bent 384 

Echinocaulon .. ^82 

Egyptian Grass 408 

Euthamia 167 

Feather Grass 388 

Gardener's Garters 398 

Gardenia 445 

German Ivy 188 

Giant-of-Battles 110 

Glumaceous Endogens. . 356 

Gyinnostichum 405 

GjpsumPink 53 

Hypoporum 367 

Ice Plant 133 

Indian Grass 411 

Lorinseria 423 

Lyme Grass. 105 

Madaria 173 

Mahernia 445 

Mariscus 357 

Marsh Fleabane 171 

Marsh Grass 408 

Meadow Beauty 122 

Meadow Grass" 401 

Monocotyledonous 

Plants 316 

Monopetalous Exogens. 144 

Moss Plant 201 

M-oun tain Rice 388 

Muskit Grass 408 

Nut Grass 358 

Nut Sedge 367 

Oat Grass 396 

Orchard Grass 398 

Pavonia 62 

Poinsettia 296 

Polypog Grass 886 



Pycreus 357 

Quick Grass 406 

Ragged Robin 54 

Rat-tail Grass 409 

Rescue Grass 397 

Ribbon Grass 394 

Saw Grass 367 

Sea-side Oats 404 

Seneca Grass 395 

Seven Sisters 109 

Sieversia 106 

Spiked Rush. 359 

Squirrel-tail Grass 404 

Star Chickweed 5*> 

Stellatae 147 

Striped Grass 395 

Saceda 287 

Tarragon 185 

Tiniaria 282 

Torenia 226 

Tovaria 282 

Trichochloa. 3S5 

Trichophorum 361 

Trichodium 38 1 

Tupelo 143 

Union Grass 40? 

Uralepis.. 398 

Vaccaria 5S 

Villarsui., 269 

Water Locust. .... 8S 

Weather Grass. , , . 388 

Whip Grass .367 

White Thorn ..... HI 

Wild Rye 405 

Windsoria — 398 

Winterece 24 

Wood Grass 411 

Wood Rush 351 

Yard Grass . 407 

Youland-of-Aragon . . . . IK 



ADDENDA. 

Page 42. After V. (Vesicaria) Shortii, add, 
t V. Legcuril Gray. Pubescent ; stems many, ascending 6 — W ; lvs. oblong, clasp 
ing, with a sagittate base ; flowers yellow, in lengthening terminal racemes ; silick 
roundish, hispid, twice longer thaD its style ; seeds 1 — 4 in each cell. Meadows 
Tenn. {Mr. Hamlin.) 

Page 63. After S. (Sterculia) platanifdlia, add, 

2. MAHBRNIA verticillata. A shrubby perennial from S. Africa, 
cultivated in conservatories. It has slender, vine-like branches, small pinnatifid leave6 
arid stipules forming verticils. The flowers are small, yellow, bell-form, very sweet- 
Bcented, with 5 petals, stamens, and styles. 

Page 68. After O. (Oxalis) versicolor, add, 
7 O. cerntja. Leaflets 3, obcordate ; scapes bearing umbels of many large, yellow, 

drooping flowers ; styles very short. S. Afr. 

Page 69. After T. (Tropaeolum) perigrinum, add, 
5 T. (CHYMOCARPUS) pentephyllus. Climbing high ; lvs. digitate, of 5 small lfts. ; 
fls. curious, green and red, the spur V long ; sepals valvate ; petals 2, small ,' carpelfi 
3 round berries. From Buenos Ayres. 

Page 74. After A. (Acer) macro phyllum, add, 
9 A. platanoides. Nortoay Maple. Tree 40— 50f ; leaves bright green both sides, afi 
broad as long, 5 lobed, lobes toothed and short-acuminate; corymbs nearly erect: 
fruit smooth, 2' long, wings very diverging. 

Page 106. After G-. (Geum) album, add, 

0. luteum,) a variety with yellow flowers, rarely occurs in Pennsylvania. 

Page 111. After C. (Crataegus) spatulata, insert, 
9a C. Pvracantha Pers. Shrub lOf, thorny; lvs. evergreen, lance-ovate or oblong, 
crenulate-serrate, smooth and shining. § Near Philadelphia, and southward. 

Page 146. After D. (Diervilla) sessilifolia, add, 
4 1>. Jap6nica, /3. rosea. Wiegelia. Shrub from Japan, 4— 6f, with straight branches ; 
lvs. oblorg-ovate, acuminate, large ; flowers funnelform, rose-colored, V broad, covor- 
ing the plant in Spring ; ovaries and pods linear. Common in cultivation. 

Page 150. After Bouvardia, add, 

11. GARDENIA Florida. Cape Jessamine. From China. Mucb 
-nitivated South. Shrubby evergreen, 2 — 4f. Lvs. elliptical, acute both ways, very smooth 
P.oweiT white, corolla 5-lobed or often many-lobed and double, sal ferform, 2' broad- 

On page 175, after E. (Echinacea) atrorubens, add, 
a E, Porteri (Gray). Leaves lanceolate to lance-linear, remotely toothed, the higleel 
entire ; heads corymbed, 1' broad ; scales about 9, lance-linear ; rays 6 — 8, ovate-^An- 
ceolate, yellow ; chaff spinescenl. Stone Mountain, Ga. (Prof. Porter). Has the habit 
of Rudbeckia, but its chaff is plainly that of Echinacea. 



146 ADDENDA. 

On page 190, before Lappa, may be inserted, 

99a OARDUUS nutans, L. Bristles of the pappus notplumous, nearly 
naked. Stem 2f, slender ; lvs. narrow, sinuate-spinescent, decurrent, 2 — 3'. Heads few, 
large, nodding, pnrple. Ach. linear-oblong, rugulous, 2", crowned with a many-bristled 
deciduous pappu3 three-quarters of an inch long. Harrisburg, Pa. (Prof. Porter). § Ear. 

Page 208. After P. (Prinos) laevigatas, add, 
&a P. pubescens Mx. Shrub 6— 8f. with smooth, virgate branches ; lvs. large, ovate 
acuminate, serruiute, soft pubescent beneath ; clusters umbellate, axillary, shortei 
than the petioles ; berries dark red, 2— 3" in diameter. AUeghanies, Pa. 

Page 281. Next before R. (Rumex) crispus, insert, 
1 R. patieii tia L. Patience- T)ock. Stem 3— 5f, stout ; leaves lance-oblong, 6'— 2f ; 
valves large (2 — 3"), broad-coraate, one of them bearing a small grain or all naked 
Grows at New Baltimore, N. Y. (Dr. Howe.) § Eur. 

Page 388. Next before S. (Stipa) aven&cea, insert, 

1 S. Ricliardsonii Link. Culm 15—20', very erect and slender ; lvs. shorter, fili- 

form ; pan. loose, 3 — 4' ; glumes near 2", acutish ; pales not bearded at the blunt 
base, the crooked awn about 6" in length. Mt. Marcy, N. Y. (C. H. Peck.) 

Page 394. After C. (Cenchrus) tribuloides, add, 

2 C. ecliinatus L. Differs from No. 1, in the globular, purplish, downy involucre*, 

beset above with rough, stiff bristles, and cleft into 8—10 segments inclosing *— d 
flowers ; grain brown. South. 

Page 44. After C. (Cleome) pungens, a<*d, 
2 C. integrifolia (Nntt.) Smooth, glaucous, 1— 2f; lvs. 3-foliate, lfts. lance-oblong, 
entire, mucronate ; rac. dense; calyx 5-toothed ; pet. rose-color, subsessile, 4" ; 
stam. 6, equal ; pod much longer than its stipe. Banks of the Mississippi R., N 
Illinois. (Mr. V. Friese.) and Westward. 

Page 340. After T. (Trillium) cernuum, add, 

/3. atrorubens. Petals brownish purple, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. Hanover, 
Indiana. (Mr. A. H. Young.) 

Page 291. After Phorodendron, insert, 

2. ARCEUTHOBIUM, Bieb. Differs from Phorodendron in having its 
anthers 1-celled, the ? perianth 2-toothed, the herbage yellowish and 
leafless. 

\. Oxycedri, /3. abigenium (Wood). Found growing on the branches of small 
starved spruce-trees (Abies nigra), in a marsh in Sandlake, N. Y. (C. H. Peck). 
Stems 8—9", jointed, each joint terminating in a truncated sheath. Fls. terminal 
and opposite ; berry some 3-angled. The variety a grows on lines and Cedars in 
Cal. and Oreg.l and is much larger. 

Page 133. Under Sesuvium, insert, 

3. pentandrum Ell. Lvs. spatulate-obovato ; fls. eossile ; stamens 5. ®? Be* 
coast, E. Hampton, L. I. (J. S. Merriam), Cape May (C. F. Parker), Cape Henlopec 

Dr. Lii'ij), to Fla. Hitherto mistaken for S. Portulacastrum. 

Page 164. After 45 A. (Aster) ericoides, insert, 

/3. vill'osus (Mx.) Stem, branches, and often the leaves villous-hirsute. 

Page 167. After 8 S. (Solidago) latifolia, /?. pubens, insert, 

j8. eilidta (DC.) Upper racemes elongated and spreading. Dl. (Mr. WoifJ 



ADDENDA. 447 

Page 168. After 30 S. (Solidago) Canadensis, insert, 

/3. ncabra. Stem and leaves scabrous ; leaves narrow, rigid, subentire. 

Page 173. After 6 S. (Silphiurn) scaberrimum, insert, 

0. sessile. Leaves nearly all sessile, lance-oblong to ovate. (S. Radula N.) EL 

Page 180. After 5 B. (Bidens) connata, insert, 

/3. petiolata. Leaves more or less petiolate. (B. petiolsta N.) 111. (Mr. Wolf.') 

Page 283. After 10 P. (Polygonum) Careyi, insert, 
JOa P. persficarioides K. Glabrous, 2 — 4f : stip. ciliate ; lvs. lin.-lanceolate, sub 
sessile, spotted, not acrid ; spikes linear, erect, pale-purple ; sta. 6—8 ; styles S-cleft ; 
ach. 3-angled, shining. Low ground. HI. (Mr. Wolf.) New to our flora. 

Page 346. At bottom insert, 

22a MYRSIPHYLLUM asparagoides. A delicate vine, twining 
and climbing, from S. Africa. Cult. Branches very slender and smooth. Lvs. V or more, 
ovate, pointed, thin, and polished. Ped. in pairs, with an empty bract-like one. Fls. simi- 
ter to those of Asparagus, 6-parted, white. Filaments flattened. Popularly called Smilax. 

Page 405. After E. (Elymus) Yirginicus, fi. arcuatus, add, 

y. villbsus. Flowere villons-pubescent (E. villosus Muhl.) El. (Mr. Wolf.) 

Order LXXX. OLACACE^E. 

Trees or shrubs chiefly tropical, with alternate, ex- stipulate, petiolate 5 
entire leaves, regular, hypogynous flowers, and drupe-like fruit; repre- 
sented in our limits by the following genus only. 

XIMENXA, Plum. Calyx small, 4-toothed. Petals 4, woolly within, 

barely united at the base. Stam. 8. Style 1, Ovary 4-celled, with several 

ovules, but forming a 1- seeded drupe. £ ^ Thorny. Flowers axillary, 

single or in small corymbs. 

X. Americana L. Leaves smooth, coriaceous, oval or oblong, obtuse; peduncles several- 
flowered, shorter than the leaves; petals oblanceolate, thick, spreading above, 4 — 5" 
long. — Fla. from Picolata (Mr. Fry) and S. Fls. yellow, fragrant. Drupe as large as a 
plum, yellow, well-flavored. Thorns | an inch. 

Page 76, under Celastreceae, insert, 

3. PACHYSTIMA, Raf. Petals and stam. 4, inserted on the throat of 
the 4-lobed calyx. Style very short, expanded at base into the disk which 
covers the ovary and lines the calyx tube. Caps, oval, 2-celled, seeds 2 — 
4, inclosed in a white dissected aril. — Low shrubs, with opposite, crowded, 
^hort-petioled, evergreen leaves, and minute axillary flowers. 
^. myrsinites Raf. j3 Canbyi (Gray). Stems and branches creeping, ascending, 

bark Wackish ; lvs. oblong and linear-oblong, obtuse, with a few minute teeth ; caps. 

obtuse.- Mountain bogs, Wytheville, Va. (H. Shriver.) Stems 8—15'. Lvs. ft— 9", 

margins revolute. 

Fage 234, after R. (Ruellia) strepens L., insert, 

0. ttUerantha (Eng. and Gr.). Flowers crowded in the axils, with corolla reduced 
to a slender tube with an obsolete lip-shaped border, or quite apetalous, fertil- 
ised in the bud.— In ponds, Mount Carmel, HI. (Dr. Schneck.) 



448 ADDENDA. 

Page 253, under Lithospermum, insert, 

8 I*. lutescens Coleman. Minutely strigous ; Ivb. lanceolate, pointed, roughlali 

above, about 5-veined ; sepals subulate, shorter than the conspicuous yellow 

corolla. — Grand Rapids, Mich. (N. Coleman.) Allied toL. latifolium. 

9 li. tuberosum Rugel. Hispid-bristly, erect, branching ; lvs. obovate-oblong. 

dotted above with white glands, the upper lance-oblong ; calyx lobes linear, as long 
as the yellowish corolla, twice as long as the polished nutlet. — Fla. to La. (Dr. Joor.) 
Page 256, under Hydrophyllaceae, insert, 

8. NAMA, L. Calyx 5-parted. Cor. tubular-funnelform, 5-cleft, Stain. 
5 equal, included, stylos 2 distinct. Caps oblong. Seeds oo , pitted. — 
Hairy diffuse herbs. Lvs. alternate, entire. Fls. cyanic. 

If . Janiaiceusis L, Pubescent, prostrate, branched ; stems angular ; lvs. obovate, 
obtuse ; fls. 1 — 8 in the axils ; calyx lobes linear, as long (5") as the corolla ; caps. 
2-, then 4-valvedand the placentae free. — Ditches, etc., Baton Rouge, La. (Dr. Joor.) 

Page 263, under Solanum, insert, 

14 S. verbascifolium L. Shrubby, hoary-tomentous ; lvs. large, ovate-oblong, 
entire ; cymes dense-flowered, on a long stout forking peduncle ; flowers in bud 
obovoid, coi\ lobes obtuse ; anthers lin.-oblong ; ovary woolly. — Picol&ta, Fla. (Mr 
Fry) and southward. 

Page 140, after 3 A. (Apium) nodiflorum, read, 
3a \. angustifolium Wood. Weakly erect 8 — 2(y ; lvs. pinnate, elongated; lfts, 
toothed, cut, or piunatifid, oblong in outline; ped. as long as the rays ; invol. and In- 
volucels 5 — 7-bracted ; fr. round-oval, ribs and vittae obscured by the thick pericarp. 
—Wet places, Peoria, 111., (Dr. Stewart) and W. Used as celery. (Sium, L. Berula, 
Kotch.) 

Page 173, after Silphium, insert, 

41a. ACANTHOSPERMUM, Schrank. Heads radiate, rays (small) 
? fertile, disk $ sterile, Invol. herbaceous, inner scales closely investing 
the ray cypselae. Recep. chaffy. Cyp. few, oblong, without pappus, each 
enclosed in the hardened prickly scale. — ©Diffusely branching. Lvs 
opposite, toothed or incised. Fls. yellow. 

A . xauthoides DC. Stems creeping, rooting at base ; scabrous-pubescent ; lvs. ovate 
or obovate, the lower petiolate ; heads stalked ; rays about 5 ; cyp. 5, spreading, 
6" long, the sack muricate. —Atlanta, Ga. ( T. B. Goulding.) § S. Am. Jl. Aug. 

Page 237, after Vitex, may be inserted, 

7. CLERODENDRUM, L. Corolla salverform, limb some unequal 
5-cleft. Drupe baccate, of 4 (or fewer) 1-celled, 1-seeded drupes. — Shrubs 
or trees. Lvs. simple, entire, opposite or ternate. Cymes axillary, or 
terminal, trichotomous. 

C. Slpnonantlius R.Br. Glabrous, virgate, erect 4— 8f. ; lvs. whorled in 8s and 4s, 
long-lanceolate, pointed at both ends ; cymes once or twice trichotomous ; cor. 
white, tube 4' long, limb 1' broad ; stam. long-exserted.— Macon, Ga., naturalized in 
flelds, waysides. (Dr. J. Mercer Green.) 

Page 358, after 17 C. (Cyperus) divergens, read, 
ITa C. WolfliWood. Glabrous, slender, erects— 3f. ; lvs. at base, narrowly linear, 
3f, of the invol. 2f ; rays about 5, very unequal, each bearing a dense globnlar head ; 
spikes many, 4 — 5-fiowered, oblong, scales imbricated, obtuse, ft— 11-veinod ; rachlt 
broadly toinged.—Ann&, 111. (J. Wotf.) 



ADDENDA. 



449 



Page 30, after N. tuberosa, insert, 
4 N. flava, Leitner. Yellow Water-Lily. Leaves ovate-orbicular, lobes acutely pointed ; 
root-stocks erect ; flowers yellow.— Figured in Audubon's " Birds of America," 1843. 
Otherwise unknown until re-discovered by Mrs. Mary Treat, May, 1877, in the St. Johns 
River, Fla. (See Meehari's Native Flowers and Ferns, Series 2, p. 121.) 

Page 206, in place of genus 29, insert, 

29. SHORTIA, T. & G. Calyx of 5 ovate, distinct, imbricated sepals. 
Corolla of 5 oblong-obovate, crenulate petals, united at base. Stamens 5, 
included, inserted on the base of the corolla and alternating with the 
petals ; anthers innate, cordate. Style slender, persistent on the roundish, 
3-celled, 3-valved capsule. Seeds numerous and small. — Plant glabrous, 
acaulescent, with the round-oval, crenate-dentate leaves on long petioles 
and shorter than the scapes. Each scape bears several small bracts above, 
and 1 white flower. 

S. galacifolia T. & G. — High mountains of Carolina. Michaux, a.d. 1780. Re-discovered 
in 1878, by Geo. M. Hyams, in McDowell Co., N. Car. ! Scapes about 3' high. Flowers 
white, near 1' diam. Leaves 1 — 2' long, resembling those of a Pyrola more than Galax. 



